Rock Climbing

This pilot study compared the energy expenditure required to climb an indoor rock wall, in amputees utilizing five prosthetic configurations. Three experienced climbers (1M age 21 yr, 2F ages 30 and 49 yr) with unilateral transfemoral amputation climbed a 9.14 m indoor rock wall, 5.9 Yosemite Decimal Scale rating, using the following prosthetic configurations: 1. no prosthesis; 2. stubby prosthesis-foot forward; 3. stubby prosthesis-foot backward; 4. articulated prosthesis-knee unlocked; 5. articulated prosthesis-knee locked. Subjects climbed three times with each configuration resulting in 15 climbs per subject. Metabolic data was collected using the COSMED K4b(2) system. VO(2) was 15, 18 and 20% greater in the articulated unlocked condition (mean+/-SE: 20.5+/-0.8 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)), and 11, 13 and 15% greater in the articulated locked condition (19.7+/-0.9 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)), compared to the no prosthesis (17.8+/-0.7 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)), stubby backward (17.4+/-0.7 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)) and stubby forward (17.1+/-0.9 ml.kg (-1).min (-1)) conditions. Participants expended 11-20% more energy using the articulated prostheses than with the stubby and no prosthesis conditions. In persons with transfemoral amputation, use of an articulated prosthesis in indoor rock climbing may be a disadvantage in many aspects including competition, training, rehabilitation and satisfaction with the activity.

In this narrative essay, I draw from Bakhtin (1990) and Baxter (2004, 2011) to forward writing aesthetic moments in autoethnographic inquiry. Through storying experiences with my father, I offer writing aesthetic moments as an approach to writing about mundane—yet deeply meaningful—experiences that may be overlooked in epiphany-driven autoethnography.

The goal of this study was to (i) assess the physical and anthropometric differences between three levels of climbers and (ii) predict climbing ability by using a multiple regression model. The participants were divided into novice (n = 15), skilled (n = 16), and elite (n = 10) climbers. Anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, percentage of body fat and muscle, bi-acromial breath, arm span, and ape index were measured. General and specific strength were assessed through an arm jump test, a bench press test, and a hand and finger grip strength test in maximal and endurance conditions. All variables were combined into components via a principal component analysis (PCA) and the components used in a multiple regression analysis. The major finding of this study is that climbing ability is more related to specific rather than general strength. Only finger grip strength shows a higher level of initial strength between all samples while the arm jump test discriminates between climbers and non-climbers. The PCA reveals three components , labeled as training, muscle, and anthropometry, which together explain 64.22% of the variance. The regression model indicates that trainable variables explained 46% of the total variance in climbing ability, whereas anthropometry and muscle characteristics explain fewer than 4%.

abstract The first consideration in maintaining or enhancing performance is to endeavor to ensure That climber's are in a well-hydrated, rested and well-nourished state, including optimal Amounts of all essential micronutrients, plus the best in climb training, both physical and mental, in advance of anticipated periods of stress. The overriding requirement of the mountain climbing to achieve and to maintain the highest level of operational effectiveness. To perform effectively, climber must be sufficiently robust to cope with the physical and psychological demands of a role that may expose them to numerous types and intensities of operational stress. Strategies to minimize the resulting operational strain in preparation for impending duty may serve to promote operational readiness. The energy expended during climbing work (i.e., training and operations) has been shown to reach levels that compare with the most extreme of competitive sporting events Large decrements in total body water (TBW) and prolonged negative energy balance have often been reported for such work, particularly when undertaken in hot environments. Meeting the nutritional requirements of climber plays a key roll in determining whether the outcome of their climb, and indeed the entire mountain, will be successful. Water is a critical requirement without which no climber can operate effectively. There is a need to identify the water requirements of climb personnel in order to reduce performance-degrading dehydration and mitigate the consequent risk of heat illness.

Masticatory muscle activity during teeth clenching is associated with changes in many physiological parameters throughout the body. Clenching can improve muscle activity, force production, rate of force development, and joint fixation. Hence, teeth clenching and masticatory muscle activity can be important in competitive sports activities. Sport climbing is becoming increasingly popular and will be included for the first time in the Summer Olympic Games, Tokyo, 2020. However, masticatory muscle activity in sport climbers has not yet been studied. The aim of the presented study is to compare the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles in sport climbers and non-climbers in order to determine the relationship between these muscles and climbing activity. 44 subjects without masticatory system disorders (16 women and 28 men, average age 26.3) were divided into two groups of 22 sport climbers (8 women, 14 men, climbing experience >4 years), while 22 people (8 women, 14 men, w...

Devido ao considerável aumento de praticantes de escalada no nosso país, principalmente nas camadas jovens que participam no Desporto Escolar, torna-se fundamental a publicação de um livro relativo à modalidade. Há a realçar que, até aos nossos dias, são raras as edições portuguesas relativas a esta modalidade, sendo a publicação deste livro de enorme importância.
Neste livro encontrará informações essenciais relativas ao mundo da escalada, os materiais e seu manuseio, técnicas básicas e aspetos respeitantes à segurança a ter em conta quando se pratica a modalidade.
Este livro será um importante apoio didáctico, metodológico e pedagógico para o praticante que está a dar os primeiros passos na escalada, assim como, para professores e treinadores envolvidos no processo de ensino e treino da modalidade.

Objective.-Rock climbing is a challenging and demanding sport that requires specialized equipment and training. One significant area of training involves being familiar with first aid and rescue skills. This study reports climbers' self-perceptions of their first aid, safety, and rescue skill competencies. Actual technical skills were not measured. Methods.-Data were collected through a World Wide Web (WWW)-based questionnaire administered over a 15-month period. The questionnaire requested information on respondents' climbing history, first aid training, personal safety practices, and partner and self-rescue skills. Results.-Two hundred forty-one climbers completed the Web-based survey. Findings showed that the majority of climbers reported receiving some form of first aid training, were attentive to personal safety practices, and perceived themselves to be confident in partner and self-rescue techniques. Conclusions.-On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it appears that training and specialized skills are considered by rock climbers to be important components of managing risk.

This paper analyzes the skilled performance of rock climbing through the frame- work of Embodied and Enacted Cognitive Science. It introduces a notion of enactive planning that is part of one mindful activity of ongoing responsiveness to the affor- dances of the wall. The paper takes two distinct planning activities involved in rock climbing—route-reading and visualizing—and clarifies them through the enactivist and ecological concepts of nested affordances, prospecting, recalibrating, marking, and corporeal imaginings, as well as Rylean concept of heeding. The paper shows that an enactive approach to planning can make sense of both the planning done in preparation of the climb, and re-planning done during the mindful performance, without invoking additional cognitive architectures.

En el contexto de la clase de educación física usualmente se trabajan diferentes propuestas
de enseñanza a través de juegos y tareas que presentan un grado de planificación acorde a los propósitos docentes especificados en cada año. Ahora bien, las actividades relacionadas con los deportes no convencionales como las prácticas deportivas en la naturaleza son en ocasiones actividades aisladas cuya práctica depende de diferentes variables.
Esta investigación que se encuentra en sus etapas finales, implica una realización de entrevistas a docentes de Educación Física del distrito de José. C Paz, que en sus prácticas docentes insertan la escalada deportiva como propuesta de enseñanza. Dichas entrevistas y observaciones de clase fueron realizadas en el año 2016.
Tomando la escalada como actividad escolar no convencional, puede afirmarse que esta actividad queda confinada a ser realizada únicamente en campamentos y muchas veces tercerizadas a manos de empresas que se subcontratan, quitándole al docente la posibilidad de integrar a sus clases la enseñanza de este deporte. Así mismo, la práctica de la escalada deportiva no resulta dependiente de la región geográfica.
Este trabajo de investigación permitirá elaborar propuestas pedagógicas relacionadas con deportes escolares en la naturaleza promoviendo la escalada deportiva como deporte apto para ser realizado dentro de la escuela durante las clases regulares y fuera de ella cuando se realicen salidas educativas y campamentos.

Traditionally, spatial knowledge has been conceptualised and explained through the use of the cognitive map hypothesis, in which the metaphor of the topographic map is used to construct an explanation of the way in which knowledge about space is stored and used. I argue that the topographical metaphor confuses the map with the territory and is therefore inadequate for approaching the study of peoples' spatial knowledge, as the necessary logical reduction that accompanies the practice of transforming the territory into the map is fundamentally alienating of contextual dynamics and particularities. Furthermore, the topographical metaphor requires and thereby reinforces the Cartesian split, and its implicit privileging of the mind as primary, which disqualifies spatial knowledge from the realm of practical consciousness. Drawing on my participant observation of rock climbing throughout 2003, I propose a model of spatial knowledge anchored in corporeal simulation rather than mental representation, and demonstrate the necessity of this conceptual shift by showing that one's perception of the environment proceeds from the culturally inscribed and extended body, just as the body is imaginatively extended and inscribed in order to meet the requirements of effective and acceptable functioning in the context of a particular located activity.

Limited research exists exploring the relationship between climbing and spirituality. This study aims to understand how experienced climbers develop spiritually, in the context of rock climbing. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with three participants who met the study’s criteria. Verbatim transcripts were then analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The analysis produced five master themes: Interpretation of spirituality, Climbing as meaningful, States of consciousness, The self, and Shared experience. A description of these themes and subsequent subordinate themes is presented and a tentative model of spiritual growth in the context of rock climbing is proposed for further research. This study builds on the research of Pond (2013) and Levenhagen (2010) and is considered in light of their findings. The results of the current study suggest that spiritual growth in the context of rock climbing can be achieved in both the indoor and outdoor environment. This has implications for climbers and practitioners in their application of climbing as a spiritual practice.

The Lake District has played a central role in the development of the sport of rock climbing in the British Isles, the late Nineteenth Century witnessing increasingly athletic and gymnastic approaches to the crags and fells of the Lake District. Climbing as we know it today emerged as a sub-cultural development, gradually establishing the legitimacy of an increasingly sporting approach to mountains, changing as it did so the accepted notions of what it meant to be a mountaineer. Despite the accumulated Romantic and literary reputations of the Lake District landscape, mountaineering in the Lake District was slow to emerge, the cultural significance of the Lake District landscape to mountaineers remaining for most of the Nineteenth Century, if not entirely negligible, then certainly subordinate. Why this should be so forms the basis of the first part of this chapter, focussing on the cultural significance of mountains in a European context and the pre-eminence of Alpine mountain landscapes as tourist destinations amongst the bourgeoisie. The élite tourist focus on "being elsewhere" 1 , on social distancing, exclusive locations and internalized notions of Romantic individualism and self-cultivation meant that Alpine mountain landscapes emerged as the locus of the British middle classes fascination with mountaineering in the middle of the Nineteenth Century. The second half of this chapter examines the emergence of the Lake District as a tourist destination for British mountaineers and rock climbers in the 1880s and 1890s as the regional middle classes sought to exploit the recreational hinterlands of the industrial cities of the North of England by adapting élite cultural approaches to mountain landscapes and applying them to regional upland landscapes. Part of a drive to express regional self-identity and exceptionalism, the cultural meaning of the Lake District landscape to mountaineers and climbers, always multi-layered, became enmeshed in new recreational paradigms, gradually differentiating itself from the Alpine mountaineering tradition that had gone before.

The scope of this thesis is to explore the attitudes of climbing women towards niche media. Few studies were conducted so far on issues key for this task: climbing as a lifestyle sport, femininies in lifestyle sports and the role of niche media in creation of participants’ subjectivities. Literary review and research data point to shortcomings of frameworks routinely deployed in researching these topics. The thesis becomes a search for more applicable means of theorising female presence in lifestyle sports. Its issues are inseparable from the issues of niche media, which play a key role in disseminating and negotiating subcultural capital.

Drawing on findings from an in-depth qualitative study of 19 women climbers, this chapter explores climbing subculture in relation to gender and identity. Whilst the data suggests that some structural boundaries relating to gender persist in this ‘alternative’ sporting space, the women’s experiences evidence that multiple and fluid identities were being lived. Therefore this chapter will draw on post-structural and third-wave feminist ideas of difference to consider the increasing fluidity of gender and sports identities.

Kekayaan alam yang kita miliki merupakan suatu aset yang tak ternilai harganya. Apabila dimanfaatkan dengan cara yang salah, maka akan merugikan bagi seluruh manusia. Keterkaitan dengan hal itu, maka muncul lah para penggiat alam dengan semangat melestarikan lingkungan dan rasa cinta dengan kegiatan yang lepas dan penuh tantangan. Seperti yang telah dirumuskan dalam kongres II Forum Komunikasi Keluarga Besar Pecinta Alam se-Bandung Raya (FK-KBPA-BR) tahun 2002, maka definisi pecinta alam yaitu sebagai berikut: " Sekelompok manusia yang bertakwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, terdidik, bertanggung jawab, dan bertujuan untuk menjaga serta memelihara alam. " Maka sebagai pecinta alam kita pun perlu menguasai materi rock climbing dan akses tali karena kita bukan hanya akan menjelajahi gunung dan lautan, adakalanya kita bertemu tantangan baru salah satunya dalam memanjat. Apabila kita tidak menguasai materi tersebut, tentunya akan sulit untuk melakukan pemanjatan dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu yang menjadi faktor penentu keselamatan dalam melakukan pemanjatan adalah mengenai faktor jatuh yang dialami pemanjat juga kemampuan tali dalam meredam hentakan ketika pemanjat terjatuh. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian mengenai fall factor dan impact force untuk menambah pengetahuan serta sebagai suatu peringatan keselamatan untuk anggota khauf dan pecinta alam yang akan melakukan kegiatan rock climbing.

Dari perincian diatas sehingga dapat di simpulkan Tingkat kesulitan
(grade) dari titik awal sampai pitch 1 yaitu 5.7 karena dari titik awal sampai pitch 1 masih banyak pijakan dan pegangan tetapi jarak per hanger sekitar 3-7 meter. Dan dari pitch 1 sampai pitch 2 grade nyayaitu 5.9 karena pijakan dan pegangan agak berjauhan dan mulai agak sedikit sulit dan banyak batuan teplek dengan jarak per-hanger sekitar 5-8 meter. Dan dari pitch 2 sampai pitch 3 (250 meter) grade nya yaitu 5.10 karena disamping pegangan dan pijakan mulai sulit dan berjauhan disitu juga mulai sedikit bervariasi besar kecilnya.

This article closely interrogates the cultural meanings and embodied history of climbing Beachy Head on the south coast of England. The history is traced through the escapades and accounts of leading protagonists, such as Edward Whymper and the famed occultist and mystic Aleister Crowley. The article contends that Beachy Head offers an enduring topography of mortal terror which can be seen through Romantic depictions of the cliffs in art and literature in the early nineteenth century and in the semiotic meanings attributed to the Head by climbers as they negotiate the steep and crumbling face. The article argues that an enduring ‘chronotopic’ relationship between climber and surface, geography and memory, persists on the Head; its dark reputation as a famed suicide spot is reaffirmed in the embodied agency of adventure climbers as they activate topological memories of British Alpinism at the site and so continue to mark it as a perilous space defined by risk and victimhood in ways that limit its wider sporting appropriation.

Academic Duties/Recognition/Esteem Markers: Dr Clive Palmer
Principal Fellow Higher Education Academy (PFHEA) 2022
PhD Supervisor of the Year: The Postgrad Awards Winner (2022) FindAUniversity.com
Times Higher Award for Research Supervision (national shortlist 1/8) (2021)
National Teaching Fellow (2019)
Senior Fellow Higher Education Academy (SFHEA) (2020)
Senior Research Fellow: THRiVE Research Centre. CLiP Collaborative Learning in Practice [Project 1]. Student Midwife Continuation of Carer [Project 2]. Coaching for learning in Midwifery teams, UCLan and Lancashire Teaching Hospitals North West (2020/2021). PI: Dr Anna Byron NTF
Higher Education Academy Reviewer: National Teaching Fellow Award (2022/2023 cycle).
UKCGE Recognised Research Supervisor (UK Council for Graduate Education) September 2020
UKCGE National Reviewer (UK Council for Graduate Education) March 2021
Visiting Professor in Sport and Physical Education (Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China, 2019)
Ethics and Research Lead for Taught UG/PG Programmes. Allied Health & Wellbeing Faculty Research, Innovation & Ethics Committee (2018-date)
Teaching Excellence Steering Committee UCLan (2020): [ongoing] Institutional.
Co-Chair of ICE Inter-Collaborative Education UCLan (2020): [ongoing] Institutional: [Clive Palmer NTF and Emma Gillaspy NTF]
Editor in Chief: Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies ISSN: 1745-2375 (2007-date)
Series Editor: Sporting Image and Outdoor Image. SSTO Publications Sport and Wellbeing Press (2009-date)
Fellow Higher Education Academy (2013)
External Subject Specialist (Outdoor): School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences. Bangor University.
External Advisor: (PE and Outdoor) University of Chichester, Institute of Sport Periodic Review Panel (2020)
External Examiner: Chester University: BA Outdoor Education and Adventure Management. 2006-10.
Association of National Teaching Fellows (member)
International Federation of National Teaching Fellows (member)
Web of Science Researcher ID: ABG-5003-2020
      https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9925-2811
      Publons Academy (2020) Qualified Reviewer MDPI Open Access Journals, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basal.
      Publons Academy (2020) Qualified Review Mentor. MDPI Open Access Journals, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basal.
Programme Leadership:
UCLan: Appointed at in 2008 to lead UKCC Level 4 Masters degree in Elite Sport Coaching. Then subsequently led course teams on the BA Sports Studies and BA Coaching degrees, and MA Outdoor Practice.
2000-2008 Liverpool Hope University: Curriculum Lead for Physical Education on BA Sports Studies.
1990-2000 Halton College, Cheshire: Course Leader: GCSE PE, Access Sports Science, BTec ND Sports Science 
Editorial Board Positions:
Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies (JQRSS) ISSN: 1754-2375
Sep 2007 to date (University of Central Lancashire, UK)
Annals of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy (APhOT) ISSN: 2640-2734
Jan 2021 to date (MedWin, USA)
Social Sciences ISSN: 2076-0760
June 2022 (MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel, Switzerland)
Active Peer Reviewer for:
• Philosophies (ISSN: 2409-9287)
• Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1477-5085)
• Religions (ISSN: 2077-1444)
• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1661-7827)
• Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050)
• Sports Biomechanics (ISSN: 1476-3141)
• Innovations in Education and Teaching International (ISSN: 1470-3297)
• Developing Academic Practice ISSN 2732-5725  (Online: University of Liverpool, UK)

 

The present-day Slovenian Alps aroused the interest of individual domestic and international natural scientists in the 18th century mostly due to the richness of their flora, fauna and geological features. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Baltazar (Belsazar) Hacquet and Žiga (Sigismund) Zois are credited with the discovery of these summits. At the end of the 18th century, Triglav, which was at the time already considered the highest mountain of the region, became the focal point of Hacquet’s research. His first attempt to ascend
Triglav took place in 1777, however, he only reached the summit of Mali Triglav. ”Four brave men” undertook the first recorded ascent of the summit of Triglav in the framework of Baron Zois’ expedition as early as the following year.

Cine eşti tu, la urma urmei, spune?" "O parte din acea putere Ce veşnic răul îl voieşte Şi veşnic face numai bine." Goethe, Faust prăvălea învăluit într-o pâclă uscată undeva, dincolo de Sadovoe Kolţo, nimeni nu poposea sub umbra teilor, nimeni nu şedea pe vreo bancă; de la un capăt la altul aleea era pustie.

Alex Honnold, the death-defying rock climber known for scaling thousand-foot granite walls without a rope, has a well-rehearsed rule for survival: The key to climbing, he likes to say, is knowing when to quit. This applies in the small sense, as in knowing when to go home for the day. But it also applies in the larger sense, as in knowing when to stop altogether. This is a rule most adventure-minded people are not good at following-including rock climbers and other mountaineers, for whom the costs can be especially high.

Kozina Zh., Ryepko O.A., Prusik
Krzysztof, Prusik Katarzyna,
Cieślicka Mirosława. Theoreticalmethodological
study of
development of power-speed in
climbing. Purpose: of the work was to
develop theoretical and methodological
foundations of power-speed in climbing.
Material: 19 analyzed the literature
on the problem of the relationship of
the various components of speedstrength
training. Results: the concept
of speed-strength training climbers,
which in its general form can be used
at any stage of training. It was revealed
that the components of the speedforce
readiness (strength, speed and
speed-strength endurance) are in an
inverse relationship to each other.
These dependences are hyperbolic.
The relationships between strength,
speed and the time limit for execution
of work are summarized in the form of a
hyperboloid. It is shown that the inverse
relationship between the components
of speed-strength readiness is a
difficulty in the construction of the
training process, as required in climbing
all three aspects of speed strength
training. The solution to this problem is
the interchange of the funds allocated
for the development of contradictory
qualities. Conclusion: it is shown that
there are particular manifestations of the
various components of speed strength
training of elite climbers, specializing in
climbing to the complexity, speed, and
mountain climbers.

Gracía Rodríguez, M. (2019).La Pedriza. Geología y escalada. Ed. Cordillera Cantábrica, 120 pág.

"Muchos, bueno, todos los montañeros y escaladores conocen bien lo que es un garbancito, un orejón o una placa rugosa; frecuentemente les ha salvado de una caída.
Como el afán de conocimiento del ser humano es incontenible y le anima a ir más allá de la educación formalmente adquirida, seguro que muchos se han preguntado sobre el origen de estos paisajes aparentemente tan caóticos, pero en esencia ordenados y armoniosos. Encontrar la respuesta adecuada para esas preguntas a veces puede resultar difícil.
Son muchos los libros publicados sobre la Pedriza dedicados a la escalada o el senderismo. También, aunque muchos menos, hay trabajos sobre la Geología y Geomorfología de la Pedriza. Sin embargo, la conexión entre esas dos maneras de acercarse a la naturaleza, la contemplativa y la analítica, ha sido muy escasa en lo relativo a los valores geológicos y geomorfológicos de este entorno."
No dudo que este libro va a contribuir de forma destacada a mejorar esa aptitud en muchos visitantes de la Pedriza."

(Prólogo de Javier de Pedraza)

ISBN: 978-84-949964-3-6

BAC KG ROUND
There have not been many studies on the role of
muscular strength and finger strength and their
relationship to climbing ability.
O BJ E C T I V E
To evaluate the role major muscle groups and finger
strength strength-to-weight ratios in sport climbers
and boulderers to climbing ability in a gym setting.
M E T H O D S
Strength measurements were taken using a force
measuring device. Climbers were then given
standardized exercises for different muscle groups
and then later weighed to calculate their
strength-to-weight ratio. Climbers were then
questioned on their highest redpoint in bouldering,
and sport climbing using a standardized
questionnaire.
R E S U LT S
The majority of high level climbing athletes showed a
significant difference in overall muscular strength,
and hand strength. High-level climbers reflected high
ratios for each hand excelling above 100% of their
body weight on a 19mm wooden crimp, with the
highest being 120%. Women and men were both
tested.
CO N C LU S I O N
Though other factors play a role in successful
climbing ascents, not limited to height, experience,
flexibility, or endurance of a climber, a climbers ability
to recruit and sustain higher muscular forces in
relative to their body weight, sustained higher
climbing grades.

Background: Success in sport climbing depends both on physiological and psychological factors. Personality, a psychological factor influencing daily functioning, is connected with sport activities such as the choice of discipline and the approach to workout. Personality also affects athletic performance, emotional balance during sport activity and gaining new sports experiences. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the personality traits in male and female sport climbers. Material and methods: We examined 60 sport climbers (30 men, 30 women) aged 23±1 years. The average time of climbing training was 6 years. The study used the Big Five Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) in Polish adaptation. The questionnaire consists of 60 assertive statements, the truthfulness of which is assessed by the investigator on the five-point scale Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion. Results: The results showed there were significant differences between the two groups on the Openes to experience and Agreeableness scales. There were no significant differences in Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Extraversion scales. Conclusions: Male sport climbers were more liberal in views and experience, whereas female sport climbers were more competing. Sport climbers of both sexes had high levels of emotional balance and extroversion, and the average level of conscientiousness
KEYWORDS: personality; Big Five Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI); sport climbing

Our cultural concept of the ideal rock climber has lately shifted from the mythic, countercultural "dirtbag," concerned only with climbing, to the politically and socially invested, brand-based entity engaged with social media as a primary means of the continuation of their professional identities. This movement is informed by the need for professional climbers to be active gear representatives on social media and also to display and perform increased political literacy as climbing itself gains popularity and as environmental issues continue to be of great public concern and debate. Occasioned by the recent popularity of climbing documentary Free Solo and Elizabeth Brunner and Veronica Dawson's work on the "recreational sublime," this paper takes an interest in the evolving identity of the major lights within the climbing subculture and how they make use of existing political perspectives to maintain a sense of the environmental and social virtues integral to the self-image of the sport. The challenge that professional climbers face is twofold: they need to compete with the saturation of social media with the images generated by recreational climbers and they need to retain their hold on the legitimacy of their professional status via athletic excellence and productive social and environmental activism.

Sport climbing relies materially on the existence of routes equipped with bolts: vertical itineraries with anchors that allow climbers a safe ascent. Without bolting, sport climbing simply would not exist. In many countries, bolting is an altruistic individual activity that is usually neither organized nor regulated. Sport climbing bolting requires expensive hardware and sophisticated technical skills. However, equippers earn no money or prestige for this effort, which benefits many climbers. This paper develops a sociological approach to rock climbing bolting as a common-pool resource facing a deep crisis. In its early years, bolting was ruled by generalized reciprocity. The popularization of sport climbing quickly changed this framework. A small group of very active equippers has become net providers of public goods without compensation in economic or status terms.