History of Translation

This article demonstrates historically and statistically that conversionary Protestants (CPs) heavily influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy around the world. It argues that CPs were a crucial catalyst initiating the development and spread of religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, and colonial reforms, thereby creating the conditions that made stable democracy more likely. Statistically, the historic prevalence of Protestant missionaries explains about half the variation in democracy in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania and removes the impact of most variables that dominate current statistical research about democracy. The association between Protestant missions and democracy is consistent in different continents and subsamples, and it is robust to more than 50 controls and to instrumental variable analyses.

Türkiye odaklı çeviri tarihi çalışmalarında Tercüme, Metis Çeviri ve Yazko Çeviri gibi çeviri odaklı yayınlar dışında kalan süreli yayınlardaki çeviri eleştirilerinin genellikle göz ardı edildiği bulgusundan yola çıkan bu çalışmanın iki temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki, 1935-1945 yılları arasında Yücel, Varlık, Oluş, Marmara, Harman ve Kalem gibi edebiyat dergilerinde yayımlanan eleştirel metinlerin geniş çeşitliliğine dikkat çekerek söz konusu metinlerin içerikleri ve biçimsel zenginlikleri sebebiyle çeviri eleştirisi, inceleme ya da tanıtım gibi kavramların akademik tanımlarıyla uyumsuz olduğunu göstermektir. Bu sebeple, mevcut çalışmada bu metinlerin daha kapsayıcı bir isimlendirmeyle "çeviri üzerine eleştirel metinler" olarak tanımlanması önerilmekte ve yeni bir sınıflandırmanın gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı ise, yukarıda sözü geçen dergilerin 1935 ve 1945 yılları arasında taranması ile oluşturulmuş metinler derlemi içerisinde, Türkiye odaklı çeviri tarihi araştırmaları açısından dikkat çekici özellikler taşıyan iki büyük 'tercüme münakaşasını' eleştirilerin erek kültürde meydana getirdiği etki ile birlikte özgünlük, yazarlık, tercüme, intihal ve adaptasyon kavramları üzerinden sorunsallaştırmaktır. Çalışma sonucunda, çeviri üzerine eleştirel metinlerin erek kültürde büyük çapta tartışma ve sorgulamalara sebep olabildiği ve dönemin birçok yazar ve aydınının gizli çeviri veya adaptasyon gibi sınırdaki çeviri faaliyetleri karşısında sorgulayıcı ve eleştirel bir bakış açısı benimsediği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada, ayrıca, 1935-1945 yılları arasında edebiyat dergilerinde yayımlanmış olan çeviri üzerine eleştirel metinlerin incelenmesinin Türkiye odaklı çeviri, eleştiri ve edebiyat tarihine yeni veriler aracılığıyla katkıda bulunabileceği ve dönemin daha bütüncül temsiline olanak sağlayacağı görüşü savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: çeviri eleştirisi tarihi, çeviri tartışmaları, süreli yayınlarda çeviri, Hamlet, Ercüment Ekrem Talu.

We are witnessing exciting advances in cognitive translation studies (CTS), which has become an established area within translation studies. CTS boasts today an increasing number of researchers, diversified approaches to cognition and an expanded list of research topics. CTS-themed international conference series are contributing to the constant advances in this area in the new decade. Hence the title of this volume. In the first part of this introduction, we present a short history of the development of this area that, in a way, frames the introductions to each chapter in its second part by offering a wider perspective. Based on the “invisible college” thesis on the growth of scientific knowledge, our historical sketch is structured around CTS's emergence, early development, reckoning, rapid rise, and gradual diversification. As this book gets out of press, we emerge from a Covid-ridden year, and our CTS scientific community has paradoxically become more and better interconnected worldwide.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction: One More Step Forward—Cognitive Translation Studies at the Start of a New Decade - Sanjun Sun, Ricardo Muñoz Martín, Defeng Li
2. Spillover Effects in Task-Segment Switching: A Study of Translation Subtasks as Behavioral Categories Within the Task Segment Framework - Ricardo Muñoz Martín, Matthias Apfelthaler
3. Situated Translators: Cognitive Load and the Role of Emotions - Andrea Hunziker Heeb, Caroline Lehr, Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow
4. Measuring the User Experience of Computer-Aided Translation Systems: A Comparative Study - Sanjun Sun
5. Bridging Paradigms to Approach Expertise in Cognitive Translation Studies - Fabio Alves, Igor A. Lourenço da Silva
6. Translation Competence Revisited: Toward a Pedagogical Model of Translation Competence - Zhihong Yang, Defeng Li
7. The Effort Models of Interpreting as a Didactic Construct - Daniel Gile
8. Temporal Eye-Voice Span as a Dynamic Indicator for Cognitive Effort During Speech Processing: A Comparative Study of Reading Aloud and Sight Translation - Hao Zhou, Yu Weng, Binghan Zheng
9. Eye Tracking Uncertainty Management in Sight Translation: Differences Between Professional and Novice Interpreters - Yan He, Jiayi Wang
10. The Impact of Directionality on Cognitive Patterns in the Translation of Metaphors - Yifang Wang

This article addresses the ways in which Thomas Hawkins, a translator engaged in the cultural and literary activities of early Stuart court culture, but also in the transnational, Anglo-French Catholic networks of the time, appropriates certain Odes of Horace to assert his cultural, literary, and ideological values at the courts of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. Focusing in particular on the paratexts of the printed volume in its various editions (1625-1638), which include a translator’s preface as well as a number of commendatory poems from contemporary writers and courtiers, this article revisits Theo Hermans’s (2014a [1985]) and André Lefevere’s (2006 [1992]) seminal methods for analyzing the ‘manipulation of literary fame’ in early modern England. While confirming Hermans’s and Lefevere’s attention to issues of patronage and cultural norms, as well as the pivotal importance of paratexts as markers of such factors, I argue that the strategies of ideological and political encoding at work in the productions of English seventeenth-century court culture are best understood when approached from an “enlarged” (Tymoczko, 2005, 2007) methodological stance. This means complementing well-established analyses of literary manipulation in terms of patronage and cultural norms with specific attention to the material conditions in which translations were produced and circulated; their significance to the complex and ideologically conflicted milieu of the early Stuart court; and the social, political, and religious networks in which translators operated, well beyond the immediate circles of courtly patronage and influence.

CHAPTER: The history of the European translations of Charles Darwin’s [On] The Origin of Species is discussed to demonstrate how ideological manipulation, censorship, and publishing strategies affected the reception of one of the most influential texts in the history of science. Darwin's involvement in the translation process is herein traced in his autobiographical writings and in the letters he exchanged with his continental translators and publishers. Aware of the decisive influence of translation on the correct understanding of his work abroad, and, in spite of his wishes to control the dissemination of his theories, Darwin had to cope with instances of overt ideological manipulation in some of the first versions he authorized, which forced him to seek out other translators to undertake new non-biased translations. The worldwide publishing success of the book came after his death, although manipulated, fragmented, or illegal editions in English and other languages also seem to have proliferated thereafter, in an increasingly complex book market not either exempt from the havocs wreaked by censorship or spurious commercial interests. The resulting overall picture sheds some light on central issues pertaining to the reception of classical texts in science barely examined in the field of Translation Studies to date. VOLUME: This volume invites us to revisit ideology, censorship and translation by adopting a variety of perspectives. It presents case studies and theoretical analyses from different chronological periods and focuses on a variety of genres, themes and audiences. Focusing on issues that have thus far not been addressed in a sufficiently connected way and from a variety of disciplines, they analyse authentic translation work, procedures and strategies. The book considers the ethical and ideological implications for the translator, reexamines the role of the ideologist or the censor-as a stand-alone individual, as representative of a group, or as part of a larger apparatus-and establishes the translator's scope of action. The chapters presented here contribute new ideas that help to elucidate both the role of the translator throughout history, as well as current practices. Collectively, in demonstrating the role that ideology and censorship play in the act of translation, the authors help to establish a connection between the past and the present across different genres, cultural traditions and audiences. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice.

For any target discourse, translation, as a confrontation with the nonidentical, is a potential threat to its own identity. Via a broad definition of translation as “discursive migration,” this paper discusses the possible ways in which a discourse may react to the intrusion of alien discursive elements. Two basic questions function as guidelines: Does a discursive practice acknowledge the otherness of intruding elements? And, does it allow their intrusion without transforming them according to target codes? Thus, four prototypical stances (imperialist, defensive, trans-discursive and defective) are extensively discussed. Finally, this framework is applied to the conflicts characterizing the identity construction of translation studies as a discipline in itself.

L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger le concept de souveraineté hérité de la modernité européenne à partir de sa « traduction » en maori dans le traité de Waitangi conclu en 1840 entre les chefs maoris d’Aotearoa (Nouvelle-Zélande) et l’Empire britannique. Le concept de souveraineté est difficilement traduisible en maori puisqu’il ne possède pas d’équivalent direct. Le terme kawanatanga choisi par le missionnaire-traducteur Henry Williams n’est qu’une translittération du mot anglais governor auquel le suffixe -tanga a été ajouté; ce terme rend mal l’idée du pouvoir absolu du souverain. Est-ce une « mauvaise » traduction pour autant? Henry Williams était-il incompétent? A-t-il plutôt voulu sciemment tromper les Maoris, comme le laissent entendre certains chercheurs? Le concept était-il lui même intraduisible? Lorsqu’on analyse la traduction du terme souveraineté, on découvre qu’il n’y a pas d’équivalence formelle préétablie avant sa réalisation et que la souveraineté ne se transfère pas, mais se performe. Le contenu du concept est ainsi isomorphe à sa production : la souveraineté est une performance, et la traduction comme opération de création de termes participe à son actualisation. En utilisant un terme étranger mais profane pour rendre le concept, Henry Williams, sans peut-être le vouloir ou en être conscient, refuse la souveraineté dans son abstraction et, ce faisant, résiste aux tentatives de sceller l’interprétation du texte dans une unicité souveraine. Vue sous ce nouvel angle, la traduction de Williams participerait d’une « pensée sauvage » au sens de l’anthropologue Pierre Clastres, instituant une relativité toujours vulnérable, mais essentielle dans la perspective d’une traduction postcoloniale.

This article presents a microhistory of Puerto Rico that investigates the role of translation and language policy during the transition from Spanish to U.S. colonial rule. Two specific periods, namely the transitional military government from 1898 to 1900 and the first civilian government from 1900 to 1917, provide the framework within which the study is conducted. Analyses of official language and translation policies, as well as historical documents from governmental and educational contexts, illustrate the multiple, conflicting agendas employed by the new colonial power to Americanize the island. Results also demonstrate how codified policies do not fully account for the linguistic and cultural landscape in colonial contexts, thereby requiring closer examination of translation practices and beliefs and their interplay with translation policy.

Between 1933 and 1945, hundreds of German-speaking academics who had to leave their posts and their countries under the Nazi regime went to Turkey to work at Istanbul University and later at other institutions. This paper looks at this unique exilic experience from a translational perspective and sheds light on the various translation processes operational during the émigré professors’ time in Turkey. It examines the professors’ contribution to Turkish scientific and legal terminology, their involvement in literary translations and the use of translation in their classrooms. The paper argues that Istanbul and Ankara in the 1930s and 1940s formed a singular setting for translation that was linguistic, cultural and culture-changing. In these multicultural and multilingual spaces, translation in both its literal and metaphorical sense transformed all the subjects involved in the encounter.

RÉSUMÉ
Le présent article décrit une série de tentatives – toutes échouées – par la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) et la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites. Sur un premier plan, il examine les raisons pour lesquelles la traduction journalistique paraît à des moments de crise comme un outil pour résoudre certaines questions identitaires au Canada, ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles l’idée de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites n’est pas réalisée. Sur un deuxième plan, il considère un dilemme méthodologique et épistémologique auquel les historiens doivent faire face : que faire quand les documents qu’ils cherchent ne sont pas conservés parce que les journalistes conçoivent la traduction d’une manière différente ? Cet article recommande que les historiens se tournent vers des « para-archives », ou des collections créées et conservées par des organismes non-journalistiques, qui contiennent des descriptions des documents qui n’existent plus. Ces para-archives peuvent fournir de quoi créer des récits plausibles au sujet des intérêts contradictoires qui militent contre la production d’émissions de nouvelles traduites. Elles peuvent aussi rendre plus claire la manière dont les historiens produisent les catégories qu’ils emploient pour définir leur objet d’étude.

ABSTRACT
This article describes a series of failed attempts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Société Radio Canada to present translated news. On one level, it is concerned with the impulse that prompts people during moments of crisis to suggest translated news as a solution to a problems related to Canadian identity and the reasons their suggestions to translate news programs are not acted upon. On a deeper level, it is concerned with a methodological and epistemological problem facing translation historians: what happens when the relevant documents are not preserved because journalists’ notions of translation differ from those of historians? It recommends that historians turn to “para-archives,” or collections created and preserved by non-news organizations, that contain descriptions of the documents journalists have not kept. These para-archives can provide evidence for the creation of plausible narratives about the competing interests shaping decisions not to produce translated news. They can also reveal how historians actively produce the categories they use to define their object of study.

The purpose of this essay is to begin an examination into how the fascist regime reacted to the high number of translations which were being published in Italy; in particular translations from English during a period, the 1930s, when Britain was often a political antagonist and Anglo-American culture in general was seen by the regime as a harmful and decadent influence on the Italian people. The article focuses on non-periodical publications: this means that the figures given do not take into account, for example, the many translations which were published in literary journals.

Produced for the purpose of facilitating the learning of Greek, Johannes Crastonus’s Greek and Latin edition of the Psalms was printed in Milan in 1481. This article is a first investigation into Crastonus’s methods. On the basis of Psalm 1 and some additional examples, it explores how he employed the layout and changed the Latin text in order to achieve his goal. Furthermore, this article argues that the combination of works produced by Crastonus and his publisher Bonus Accursius were designed to provide a complete corpus for self-instruction in Greek.

"In the fascist regimes of the mid twentieth century – this volume the focuses on Italy, Germany, Spain and Portugal – translation was a carefully, though not always successfully, managed cultural practice. Translation policies attempted to steer public perceptions and promote or brake ideological change.

Translation Under Fascism examines translation practices under fascism within their historical context – from publishers' biographies, institutional constraints and long-term literary trends right down to the textual choices made by translators and editors in individual translations. All these aspects of a translation analysis allow insight into the workings of international cultural exchange in times of dictatorship, and are of interest equally to translation scholars and historians of culture in the periods concerned.

The spectrum of translation policies and practices presented here indicates different paradigms, different obsessions and different institutional frameworks, but also shared rhetorical motifs such as the ideas of translation as a cultural weapon and translation as a form of cultural contamination.

CONTENTS:
Notes on Contributors

PART I: INTRODUCTION
Translation and the History of Fascism; C.Rundle & K.Sturge

PART II: OVERVIEW ESSAYS
Translation in Fascist Italy: 'The Invasion of Translations'; C.Rundle
'Flight from the Programme of National Socialism'? Translation in Nazi Germany; K.Sturge
It was what it wasn't: Translation and Francoism; J.Vandaele
Translation in Portugal during the Estado Novo Regime; T.Seruya

PART III: CASE STUDIES
Literary Exchange between Italy and Germany: German Literature in Italian Translation; M.Rubino
The Einaudi Publishing House and Fascist Policy on Translations; F.Nottola
French-German and German-French Poetry Anthologies 1943-45; F-R.Hausmann
Safe Shakespeare: Performing Shakespeare During the Portuguese Fascist Dictatorship (1926-74); R.P.Coelho

PART IV: RESPONSE
The Boundaries of Dictatorship; M.Philpotts

Bibliography

Index"

The history of translation has generally occupied a secondary position within translation training programs, despite the fact that numerous scholars, such as D'Hulst, Woodsworth and Malmkjaer, have argued that it is relevant for the education of translators. In the same vein, attempts have been made to highlight the link between theory and practice, outlining the contribution that more comprehensive approaches would make to tackling the limited professional recognition faced by translators and the discipline as a whole. In order to assess to what extent the integration of the history and theory of translation should be pursued in the design and improvement of translator training programs, this paper presents an exploratory study in which lecturers at a number of UK universities have given their professional opinion on a range of relevant issues, focusing particularly on the role and status that the history of translation should have within translation degree programs. The results reveal the existence of different approaches to curriculum design and the limited presence of history in translation degree programs; nevertheless, the majority of lecturers acknowledge the potential benefits of the history of translation for the education of translators-to-be.

The author studies the Latin American writers’ visits to the USSR from 1954 till beginning of 1960s realized via the Foreign Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers. After Stalin’s death, the activity of all departments of the Commission expanded significantly; the lists of those invited from abroad now included writers who were absolutely loyal to the USSR as well as new and yet unknown names. As a result, the staff of the Foreign Commission had to face an unprecedented pluralism. Based on the Commission’s Spanish and Portuguese translators’ reports, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the study analyses the criteria based on which the stay of a guest was perceived as favorable or undesirable for continuing cooperation in order to improve the image of the USSR in foreign literary circles. The study also analyses somewhat of a loyalty marker, reflecting the guests’ perception of the results of the XX Congress of the CPSU and the state of Soviet-Chinese relations as sensitive topics important for the political self-determination of communist writers. The study of these new sources allows us to conclude that when choosing new foreign partners, the Foreign Commission often relied on the advice of its’ “faithful friends”, and the protégés of the latter did not always withstand the test of compatibility with the Soviet regime. At the same time, there was no specific criteria for the new friends’ selection. The translators, who were the first to report on the visit, were invited from outside, sometimes just for one particular job; they did not receive clear instructions from the Commission and were guided by their own ideas about the importance of the writer in their care and the expediency of cooperation with him. Later their opinion could not be taken into account; presumably, it was the journalistic and novelistic production of the invited writers published as a result of the visit to the USSR that was of greater importance to decide whether they were worth further attention. The study reviews Soviet Writers’ Union cooperation with P. Neruda, F. González-Urízar, N. Parra, V. Teitelboim, A. Cassigoli, F. Coloane (Chile), J. Amado, M. Rebelo, E. de Moraes, G. Figueiredo, H. Silveira (Brazil), I. Abirad, J.C. Pedemonte, M. Rosencof (Uruguay), N. Guillen, C. Leante, O. Hurtado, Samuel Feijoo (Cuba), E. Barrios Villa (Bolivia), C.A. Leon (Venezuela).

Статья посвящена визитам писателей из Латинской Америки в СССР c 1954 до начала 1960-х гг. по линии Иностранной комиссии Союза советских писателей (ИК ССП). После смерти Сталина работа всех отделов Комиссии значительно расширилась; списки приглашённых из-за границы отныне включали и безусловно лояльных СССР коллег, и новые, ещё неизвестные имена. В результате сотрудникам Иностранной комиссии пришлось столкнуться с невиданным плюрализмом. На основе отчётов испанских и португальских переводчиков ИК ССП, хранящихся в Российском государственном архиве литературы и искусства (РГАЛИ), рассматриваются критерии, по которым пребывание иностранного деятеля воспринималось как благоприятное или нежелательное для продолжения сотрудничества с ним с целью улучшить имидж СССР в заграничных литературных кругах. Отдельное внимание в статье уделяется своеобразным маркерам лояльности: оценкам гостями результатов XX съезда КПСС и состояния советскокитайских отношений как чувствительных тем, важных для политического самоопределения писателей-коммунистов. Изучение источников позволяет сделать вывод, что при выборе новых заграничных партнеров ИК часто полагалась на советы уже состоявшихся «друзей», а протеже последних не всегда выдерживали проверку на совместимость с советским режимом. Конкретных критериев оценки не было. Переводчики привлекались со стороны, чётких инструкций от Комиссии не получали и руководствовались собственными представлениями о важности своего подопечного и целесообразности сотрудничества с ним. Впоследствии мнение переводчиков могло и не учитываться; предположительно, большее значение имели опубликованные по результатам визита в СССР публицистические и художественные произведения приглашённых писателей.

By positing that translation is the main manifestation of “interliterarity” (in D. Ďurišin’s conceptualization) that brings to the fore the meta-creational capacities of the target literature, the present article attempts (1) to study a translatability potential of a hypertext as based on the Ukrainian translation of James Joyce’s novel-hypertext Ulysses, and (2) to justify the role of its reception in the Ukrainian literary field as a force for language and culture development. The synthesis of a “verbal music” with a mosaic of texts and narratives – imitated, playfully transformed or directly quoted – is claimed to be a key source of hypertextuality in Ulysses. In this line of reasoning, the paper particularly focuses on (1) the role of both overcoming cultural barriers and leaving a space for reader’s co-creativity while transferring of intertexts; (2) the approaches to interpretation of parody and pastiche as forms of writing-as- translation practice; (3) J. Wawrzycka’s concept regarding translation of musicalized fiction as trans-semantification, i. e. attending to literariness of the text; (4) the idea of translator’s visibility attributed to the Ukrainian re-languaging of musicalized fiction.

This article argues that Cicero's rejection of the interpreter as a literal translator was not just a rejection of a particular style of translation but an attempt to keep translation of Greek literature in Rome an elite activity. I discuss the social status and role of Roman interpreters and their repeated association with limited education in our sources, finally concluding that the interpreter is despised as a translator by Cicero not necessarily because he translates literally, but because he is a potential rival translator from a lower social rank who may allow the spread of inappropriate translations of Greek material to Rome.

"In the 1930s translation became a key issue in the cultural politics of the Fascist regime due to the fact that Italy was publishing more translations than any other country in the world. Making use of extensive archival research, the author of this new study examines this 'invasion of translations' through a detailed statistical analysis of the translation market. The book shows how translations appeared to challenge official claims about the birth of a Fascist culture and cast Italy in a receptive role that did not tally with Fascist notions of a dominant culture extending its influence abroad. The author shows further that the commercial impact of this invasion provoked a sustained reaction against translated popular literature on the part of those writers and intellectuals who felt threatened by its success. He examines the aggressive campaign that was conducted against the Italian Publishers Federation by the Authors and Writers Union (led by the Futurist poet F. T. Marinetti), accusing them of favouring their private profit over the national interest. Finally, the author traces the evolution of Fascist censorship, showing how the regime developed a gradually more repressive policy towards translations as notions of cultural purity began to influence the perception of imported literature.

Contents: Establishing the Fascist Regime: Systems of control and censorship - The Statistics of the Translation Industry: Italy, Germany and France compared - The Translation Invasion: 1929-1934: The first signs of hostility - Translation and Cultural Autarky: 1936-1938: Italy becomes a colonial power - Translation as Cultural Pollution: 1938-1943: The impact of official rascism - Conclusions: Translation and fascism.

Italian Modernities. Vol. 6
Edited by Pierpaolo Antonello and Robert Gordon"

The Translator’s Roles and Tasks According to German Pre-Romantic and Romantic Reflection on Translation (Herder, Schlegel, Goethe, Schleiermacher)

The current article studies the changing attitudes of the German thinkers of the Pre-Romantic and Romantic periods towards the roles and tasks of the literary translator, based on opinions expressed by J.G. Herder, A.W. Schlegel, J.W. Goethe, F. Schleiermacher. The analysis is performed in an attempt to determine the extent of valuation of the roles imposed on literary translators and the current relevance of the ideas on translation advanced in the period under discussion.

Keywords: German Pre-Romanticism, German Romanticism, hermeneutics, history of German translation studies, J.G. Herder, A.W. Schlegel, J.W. Goethe

The article traces the history of the Secretaría de Interpretación de Lenguas (Language Interpreting Secretariat), which was created by Charles V in 1527 to support the Consejo de Estado (Council of State) and which can be considered as a pioneering organization in Europe in the field of “official” translation. Here we can find also the origin of the sworn translation in the Iberian Peninsula. At the same time and from the 18th century so-called traductores de Estado (State translators) started to work directly for other state offices, whose activity is also described. At the end of the 18th century a new figure emerges, namely the joven de lenguas (jeunes de langues), which can be considered as the first step in the development of the diplomatic career. More specifically, the following main questions will be answered: When and why was an official translation and interpreting service first created in Spain? What was its incumbent? Who worked for this service and how did applicants enter the office? Which languages and what type of documents were translated? How were these linguistic services remunerated?

This paper is a report on a 10-month period of archival research aimed at uncovering key data related to the translation of the Indian Buddhist canon into Tibetan, a remarkable achievement that took some 900 years to complete. Our previous research relying on secondary (English-language) sources found that much information was either missing or unsubstantiated. In particular, the seemingly simple question of how many translators were involved in producing the Tibetan canon could not be satisfactorily answered. Without this foundational data, it is impossible to determine how many texts each translator produced, or who the most prolific translators were in Tibet’s history. Thus, Phase 1 of the archival research was to record the names, dates, and other relevant data of all the translators listed in the Tibetan canon. Phase 2 focused on researching biographical materials of some of the translators discovered during Phase 1. Pym calls this type of work “translation archaeology,” which is concerned with answering questions such as “who translated what, how, where, when, for whom and with what effect” (Pym 1998: 5). The data gathered at the end of the research period is presented and analyzed, difficulties encountered are discussed, and areas of further research are suggested.

For centuries, the art of translation has been misconstrued as a solitary affair. Yet, from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, groups of translators comprised of specialists of different languages formed in order to transport texts from one language and culture to another. Collaborative Translation uncovers the collaborative practices occluded in Renaissance theorizing of translation to which our individualist notions of translation are indebted. Leading translation scholars as well as professional translators have been invited here to detail their experiences of collaborative translation, as well as the fruits of their research into this neglected form of translation.
This volume offers in-depth analysis of rich, sometimes explosive, relationships between authors and their translators. Their negotiations of cooperation and control, assistance and interference, are shown here to shape the translation of prominent modern authors such as Günter Grass, Vladimir Nabokov and Haruki Murakami.
The advent of printing, the cultural institutions and the legal and political environment that regulate the production of translated texts have each formalized many of the inherently social and communicative practices of translation. Yet this publishing regime has been profoundly disrupted by the technologies that are currently revolutionizing collaborative translation techniques. This volume details the impact that this technological and environmental evolution is having upon the translator, proliferating sites and communities of collaboration, transforming traditional relationships with authors and editors, revisers, stage directors, actors and readers.

Using extensive archival research this article looks in detail at how Arnoldo Mondadori, the most important publisher of translations in Italy in the 1930s, negotiated the complex political situation and the often unpredictable censorship that was applied. It provides a fascinating insight into both the efficiences and also the inconsistencies of Fascist cultural policy and censorship.

This paper focuses on the practice of intralingual translations in Turkey, which are generally regarded as original writings and thus have remained outside the realm of Translation Studies. In an attempt to offer a different conceptualization of translation that would contribute to the reconsideration of the nature and definition of translation, this paper looks at the specific use of intralingual translation seen as modernization of the language in twentieth-century Turkey. Using Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil's Mai ve Siyah (Blue and Black) as a case in point, this paper will argue that, concealed under the rubric of different terminology, intralingual translations in Turkey accomplish more than an updating of the language and reveal linguistic, translational, and ideological norms of the periods in which these translations were produced. This study will furthermore claim that the presentation of intralingual translations also sheds light on the practice and perception of interlingual translations and on our relationship with the past. Thus this paper argues that enlarging the definition of translation by encompassing intralingual translations would expand the boundaries of research in Translation Studies in general, and in Translation History in particular.

The methodological task of defining “translation” across languages forms an apparent aporia, since there is no guarantee that the different terms that might express “translation” are in fact translations of each other. One solution is to propose a formal conceptualization of “translation”, in practice a set of criteria, a research filter, that the scholar imposes on the prior multilingual data. However, this act of imposition may neutralize the dynamic variability and historicity of the many culturally different ways of thinking about translation. Here the extent of that imposition is gauged by taking three examples of formal conceptualizations, from Toury, Gutt and Pym, and testing them on three cases of potentially borderline translational practices. It is found that the formal conceptualizations are not simple cultural impositions and can in fact allow considerable space for the historical study of textuality, receptive positions, and the semi-concealed subjectivities of translators.

Christian missions to China have sought to make their message more acceptable to their Chinese audience by expressing, in translations of Christian texts, Christian terms and concepts in language borrowed from China’s indigenous Buddhist, Confucian, and Daoist traditions. The Jesuits were especially renowned for their accommodation policy. Interestingly, when the Jesuit Figurists arrived in China in the early Qing dynasty, they conducted exhaustive studies on the Chinese classics, studies in which they identified Tian and Di of Chinese culture with God or Deus in Latin; their descriptions of Jesus and Adam were decorated with “chinoiserie” through their association with the Yijing and Chinese mystical legends. Each Figurist, in investigating Figurism and interpreting the Yijing, had his own identity, focus, and trajectory. The Figurist use of sheng ren was employed in this paper to distinguish each signature approach and how they explained the image of Jesus and prelapsarian Adam using the ethical emotions and virtues of a sheng ren 聖人 in their reinterpretation of the Yijing and the Dao. This also led to the European people aspiring for a more in-depth understanding and more discussion of the Yijing and the Dao.

Suele afirmarse que en tiempos de Alfonso X la práctica traductora motivó el desarrollo de una prosa más elaborada, una de cuyas consecuencias habría sido la especialización sintáctica y la complicación de las relaciones textuales. Faltan, sin embargo, estudios que demuestren cuál es el peso efectivo que la configuración discursiva del texto fuente tiene en los procesos de elaboración sintáctica de la prosa alfonsí, se relacionen o no dichos procesos con los fenómenos tradicionalmente considerados latinizantes. En este trabajo ofrecemos un análisis cuantitativo que pretende clarificar en lo posible esta cuestión. Para ello, se aplica una tipología de la interferencia lingüística a la traducción latino-romance con el fin de delimitar los procesos de transposición, hipercorrección, convergencia y divergencia que ocurren entre el latín y el castellano por lo que respecta a las relaciones inter- y extraoracionales en la versión de la heroida VII, de Dido a Eneas (Estoria de España).

This essay analyzes what is likely Benjamin Franklin's best known text, “Father Abraham’s Speech” from the last ever edition of Poor Richard’s Almanack (1757), and it maps, on the basis of a new bibliography available on the affiliated website waytowealth.org, its global diffusion up to 1850, demonstrating its extraordinary and so far largely unknown popularity in the European world and, ultimately, well beyond it. The text, eventually known as "The Way to Wealth," was, doubtlessly, one of the cardinal vehicles of a recognizably capitalist ethos in the modern world and its legacy continues to color our understanding of “American capitalism.”

Attraverso un’approfondita ricerca di archivio e un’analisi dettagliata delle statistiche del mercato librario, il volume ricostruisce l’“invasione delle traduzioni” degli anni Trenta, quando l’Italia pubblicava più traduzioni di qualunque altra nazione. Questa ricettività era in chiaro contrasto con le ambizioni del regime di creare una cultura riconoscibilmente fascista e di espandere la sua influenza nel mondo. Autori e intellettuali, che vedevano minacciate la loro produzione e la salute spirituale e intellettuale del paese, reagirono contro l’impatto commerciale di questo boom di narrativa popolare tradotta. Il libro analizza la campagna condotta dal Sindacato autori e scrittori contro la Federazione degli editori, accusata di favorire, attraverso la pubblicazione delle numerose traduzioni, il profitto sull’interesse nazionale. Infine, il libro illustra in dettaglio l’evoluzione della censura fascista, dimostrando che misure repressive contro le traduzioni furono introdotte solo sulla scia delle leggi razziali, quando le nozioni di purezza culturale cominciarono ad essere applicate anche alla letteratura importata.

(Traduzione in italiano di "Publishing Translations in Fascist Italy", Peter Lang: 2010)

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare BA and MA students of Translation in terms of their abilities in IT skills, (b) to compare them in terms of their learning of IT related competences in the translator training programs, and (c) to compare their viewpoints about the importance of IT skills in their professional activities. The participants of this research were Iranian male and female students of Translation Studies at the BA and MA levels (BA=110, MA=100) at the Alborz University and the Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. The instrument of this research was a questionnaire on IT skills developed by Mikhailov (2015). The results revealed that BA students reported to be more competent at using Internet, Word processing and Computer maintenance, while MA students were found to be more familiar with the Internet, Formatting and publishing, Word processing, Presentation software, and Computer maintenance, respectively. Both BA and MA translators reported that they were not taught to work with IT tools such as Markup languages,

The paper aimed to investigate the role of translator's religious ideology on his/her translation of the Nobel Quran by focusing on English translations of four verses from Surah An-Nisa (Women), Surah Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) and Surah An-Nur (Light) which are mostly referred to with the aim of imagining Islam as a religion that oppresses women and abuses their rights. To this end, four English translations of the Nobel Quran by four translators from Muslim, Christian and Jewish backgrounds, with different ideologies, were selected as the corpus of this study. The research applied Farahzad's model of translation criticism (Based on Fairclough's approach to CDA) as the theoretical framework of this paper. Based on this framework, English translations of selected verses were compared with their original versions at the textual level and paratextual level. The result of this study demonstrated that it is difficult to conclude that there is relationship between translator's religious ideology and his/her translation of Quran.

This article looks at the impact of the Ethiopian Campaign (1935-6) and Italy's new status as an imperial power on attitudes towards translation. On the basis of archival research it shows how the increased xenophobia that followed in the wake of the League of Nations sanctions against Italy, and the hightened nationalism that was engendered by the foudning of the Empire, provoked a wave of hostility towards translations - perceived as a channel through which foreign culture was 'invading', 'penetrating' and 'polluting' Italian culture.

Reprinted as “Resisting Foreign Penetration in Fascist Italy: the Antitranslation Campaign in the Wake of the Ethiopian War”. In Khyst i Gluzd: teoria i praktyka perekladu. Issue 1. Edited by Kalnychenko, Oleksandr, Lada Kolomiyets, Igor Orzhyts'ky, Maksym Strikha. Kharkiv, Akta, 2011: 10-27.

The demand on the target side of the translation process has often been interpreted as the decisive translation force: it is the target system and its agents to decide what should be translated. While exploring the trends of translation support in smaller European countries throughout the 20th century, this paper argues for a more balanced approach taking into account supply-driven translation as a widely accepted practice of cultural diplomacy and book industry, compensating for the lack of demand on the target side while integrating source system policy-driven agenda and market logic. It discusses the typology of supply-driven translation, the gradual paradigm-shift of the past century as well as the implications for translators as agents.

This paper outlines the history of translations of twentieth century Chinese literature in Spain both in Spanish and in Catalan. Not only direct translations, but also indirect versions are the object of study. The evolution of indirectness is used as an indicator to examine the relationship between these two literary systems and to consider the trends of the present globalized literary polysystem. The mediation of Anglophone and Francophone literary systems in the reception of this literature in Spain is examined and questioned. The assumption that indirect translation is a practice that diminishes with the development of cultural exchanges will be proved false. This paper raises such questions as: What was the development of modern and contemporary Chinese literature translations in the 20th century? How have “power” positions developed? What kinds of text are received in Spain? In which direction is the relationship between these two literary systems evolving? Ultimately, my interest extends to the norms that govern the transmission of texts and the nature of the new literary global system.