History of Translation

Co-edited by Christopher Rundle and Pekka Kujamäki

Routledge Research on Translation and Interpreting History showcases cutting-edge research in English on the interdisciplinary dialogue between translation and interpreting studies and historical perspectives. Building off the emergence of translation and interpreting history as a subdiscipline of the field in its own right, the series features interdisciplinary work spanning a range of cultural and geographical contexts which engages in the treatment of translation and translation practice as social and historical events. Primary research in translation and interpreting history will be explored, as will critical reflections on theoretical and methodological developments and innovations in the field. The series brings together and pushes forward original research in translation and interpreting history, making the series of particular interest to graduate students, researchers, and scholars in translation and interpreting studies, as well as related fields including comparative literature, history, and cultural studies.

For more information about the series or to submit a proposal, please contact the editors at: TIHseries@gmail.com.

RÉSUMÉ
Le présent article décrit une série de tentatives – toutes échouées – par la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) et la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites. Sur un premier plan, il examine les raisons pour lesquelles la traduction journalistique paraît à des moments de crise comme un outil pour résoudre certaines questions identitaires au Canada, ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles l’idée de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites n’est pas réalisée. Sur un deuxième plan, il considère un dilemme méthodologique et épistémologique auquel les historiens doivent faire face : que faire quand les documents qu’ils cherchent ne sont pas conservés parce que les journalistes conçoivent la traduction d’une manière différente ? Cet article recommande que les historiens se tournent vers des « para-archives », ou des collections créées et conservées par des organismes non-journalistiques, qui contiennent des descriptions des documents qui n’existent plus. Ces para-archives peuvent fournir de quoi créer des récits plausibles au sujet des intérêts contradictoires qui militent contre la production d’émissions de nouvelles traduites. Elles peuvent aussi rendre plus claire la manière dont les historiens produisent les catégories qu’ils emploient pour définir leur objet d’étude.

ABSTRACT
This article describes a series of failed attempts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Société Radio Canada to present translated news. On one level, it is concerned with the impulse that prompts people during moments of crisis to suggest translated news as a solution to a problems related to Canadian identity and the reasons their suggestions to translate news programs are not acted upon. On a deeper level, it is concerned with a methodological and epistemological problem facing translation historians: what happens when the relevant documents are not preserved because journalists’ notions of translation differ from those of historians? It recommends that historians turn to “para-archives,” or collections created and preserved by non-news organizations, that contain descriptions of the documents journalists have not kept. These para-archives can provide evidence for the creation of plausible narratives about the competing interests shaping decisions not to produce translated news. They can also reveal how historians actively produce the categories they use to define their object of study.

El 1948 una breu onada de permisos atorgats per la censura franquista va esperonar la represa de la traducció catalana. Establerts els precedents de les primeres autoritzacions, l'editorial Aymà va sol•licitar el permís per publicar la traducció al català de Sept dialogues de bêtes (1905), de l'autora francesa Colette. Després d'una negociació entre Aymà i el Director General de Propaganda, Florentino Pérez Embid, el Ministerio de Información y Turismo (MIT) va autoritzar la publicació, en edició de bibliòfil i tiratge reduït, a condició que l'editor suprimís una part cabdal del text. L'obra, traduïda per Joan Oliver i publicada l'any 1952 a Barcelona, constitueix una de les escasses traduccions catalanes autoritzades pel franquisme de la primera etapa. Aquest article ressegueix el trajecte de Set diàlegs de bèsties dins dels circuits de la censura administrativa, mostra els criteris pels quals es van regir les recomanacions dels censors i presenta les estratègies que va emprar l'editor per obtenir-ne el permís. Paraules clau: història de la traducció; traducció al català; censura; Joan Oliver; Colette Abstract. The Catalan translation of Colette's Set diàlegs de bèsties under the Francoist censorship

The author studies the Latin American writers’ visits to the USSR from 1954 till beginning of 1960s realized via the Foreign Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers. After Stalin’s death, the activity of all departments of the Commission expanded significantly; the lists of those invited from abroad now included writers who were absolutely loyal to the USSR as well as new and yet unknown names. As a result, the staff of the Foreign Commission had to face an unprecedented pluralism. Based on the Commission’s Spanish and Portuguese translators’ reports, stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the study analyses the criteria based on which the stay of a guest was perceived as favorable or undesirable for continuing cooperation in order to improve the image of the USSR in foreign literary circles. The study also analyses somewhat of a loyalty marker, reflecting the guests’ perception of the results of the XX Congress of the CPSU and the state of Soviet-Chinese relations as sensitive topics important for the political self-determination of communist writers. The study of these new sources allows us to conclude that when choosing new foreign partners, the Foreign Commission often relied on the advice of its’ “faithful friends”, and the protégés of the latter did not always withstand the test of compatibility with the Soviet regime. At the same time, there was no specific criteria for the new friends’ selection. The translators, who were the first to report on the visit, were invited from outside, sometimes just for one particular job; they did not receive clear instructions from the Commission and were guided by their own ideas about the importance of the writer in their care and the expediency of cooperation with him. Later their opinion could not be taken into account; presumably, it was the journalistic and novelistic production of the invited writers published as a result of the visit to the USSR that was of greater importance to decide whether they were worth further attention. The study reviews Soviet Writers’ Union cooperation with P. Neruda, F. González-Urízar, N. Parra, V. Teitelboim, A. Cassigoli, F. Coloane (Chile), J. Amado, M. Rebelo, E. de Moraes, G. Figueiredo, H. Silveira (Brazil), I. Abirad, J.C. Pedemonte, M. Rosencof (Uruguay), N. Guillen, C. Leante, O. Hurtado, Samuel Feijoo (Cuba), E. Barrios Villa (Bolivia), C.A. Leon (Venezuela).

Статья посвящена визитам писателей из Латинской Америки в СССР c 1954 до начала 1960-х гг. по линии Иностранной комиссии Союза советских писателей (ИК ССП). После смерти Сталина работа всех отделов Комиссии значительно расширилась; списки приглашённых из-за границы отныне включали и безусловно лояльных СССР коллег, и новые, ещё неизвестные имена. В результате сотрудникам Иностранной комиссии пришлось столкнуться с невиданным плюрализмом. На основе отчётов испанских и португальских переводчиков ИК ССП, хранящихся в Российском государственном архиве литературы и искусства (РГАЛИ), рассматриваются критерии, по которым пребывание иностранного деятеля воспринималось как благоприятное или нежелательное для продолжения сотрудничества с ним с целью улучшить имидж СССР в заграничных литературных кругах. Отдельное внимание в статье уделяется своеобразным маркерам лояльности: оценкам гостями результатов XX съезда КПСС и состояния советскокитайских отношений как чувствительных тем, важных для политического самоопределения писателей-коммунистов. Изучение источников позволяет сделать вывод, что при выборе новых заграничных партнеров ИК часто полагалась на советы уже состоявшихся «друзей», а протеже последних не всегда выдерживали проверку на совместимость с советским режимом. Конкретных критериев оценки не было. Переводчики привлекались со стороны, чётких инструкций от Комиссии не получали и руководствовались собственными представлениями о важности своего подопечного и целесообразности сотрудничества с ним. Впоследствии мнение переводчиков могло и не учитываться; предположительно, большее значение имели опубликованные по результатам визита в СССР публицистические и художественные произведения приглашённых писателей.

From the history of the Polish translations of Croatian literature. The fourth chapter of the book "Croatica. Croatian literature and culture in Poland between 1944 and 1989" about the second part of the whole period. The Words in the title "The Yugoslav bomb" used Jerzy Putrament, prominent writer in PRL, to describe the political situation after the Cominform Resolution of June 28, 1948; Jerzy Putrament: Pół wieku. Zagranica. Warszawa 1965.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşundan hemen sonraki süreçte, yeni Türk ulusunun inşası için geliştirilen politikalarda çeviri ve ideoloji konusunu incelemektedir. Cumhuriyetin kuruluş aşamasında hayata geçirilen birçok devrim ve reformlar sayesinde siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal hayatı etkileyen yenilikler Batı dünyasından Türk kültürüne aktarılmıştır. Fakat toplumun bir ulus bilinci kazanması ve yeni nesillerin bu bilinç üzerine inşa edilmesi için kültürel bir devrim yapılması gereği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda ağırlıklı olarak Batı medeniyetinin modernizm ve hümanizm akımlarından beslenen hem yeni ulusal bir Türk kültür repertuarı hem de edebiyat dizgesi oluşturulması için girişimler başlamıştır. 1939 yılında Birinci Türk Neşriyat Kongresi’nde alınan kararlar doğrultusunda Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı nezdinde yabancı saygın edebiyat eserlerinin yeni Türk ulusal repertuarına ve çeviri edebiyat dizgesine kazandırılmasını koordine edecek bir “Tercüme Bürosu” kurulması, aynı zamanda yayınlar hakkında bilgi verecek, yabancı kaynaklardan bazı çevirileri okurlara doğrudan sunacak bir “Tercüme” dergisinin yayımlanması kararlaştırıldı. “Tercüme Bürosu”, 1940-1967 yılları arasında planlı, sistemli, bilinçli tercihlerle seçilen saygın çevre edebiyat dizgelerindeki eserlerin düzenli bir şekilde Türkçeye aktarılmasını hedeflemiştir. Hasan Âli Yücel’in Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı döneminde, Yücel ve ekibinin önemli katkılarıyla kurulan Tercüme Bürosu yıllar içinde istikrarlı olmayan bir tablo ile Türk ulusal yazınına birçok çeviri eser kazandırmıştır. Bu çalışmayı diğer çalışmalardan farklı kılan en önemli özellik, Tercüme Bürosu’nun faaliyette olduğu süreçte Türkçeye kazandırdığı eserleri yıl bazında, kaynak edebiyat dizgeleri ile birlikte göstermesi ve eserlerin tamamını, yazar ve çevirmen bilgileri ile birlikte sunmasıdır. Bu bilgiler ışığında Even-Zohar’ın Çoğuldizge kuramının Türkiye’de Tercüme Bürosu örnekleminde gerçekleştiğine tanıklık edilmektedir. Ayrıca ülkedeki egemen güç (siyasi iktidar) değiştikçe büro faaliyetlerinin arttığı, azaldığı ya da kaynak edebiyat dizgelerinin değiştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu durum bir yandan Türkiye’de 1940-1967 yılları arasında çevirinin ideolojik boyutunu gözler önüne sererken, diğer yandan edebî eser seçimleri bakımından Batı modernizmi ve hümanizminin de katkılarıyla yeni Türk ulusal repertuarının kaynaklarını açık bir şekilde sunmaktadır.

https://thelicham.com/essay/indian_ocean_circulation_of_text_sound_padappattu/
This study concerns the Paṭappāṭṭu (War Songs) genre of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, surviving among the Muslims of Malabar, ashore of the southwestern Indian coast of the Indian Ocean. It explores the genesis of the Paṭappāṭṭus in a colonial historical time connected through the Indian Ocean, and its textual and meta-textual claims to be part of Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit literary traditions.

By positing that translation is the main manifestation of “interliterarity” (in D. Ďurišin’s conceptualization) that brings to the fore the meta-creational capacities of the target literature, the present article attempts (1) to study a translatability potential of a hypertext as based on the Ukrainian translation of James Joyce’s novel-hypertext Ulysses, and (2) to justify the role of its reception in the Ukrainian literary field as a force for language and culture development. The synthesis of a “verbal music” with a mosaic of texts and narratives – imitated, playfully transformed or directly quoted – is claimed to be a key source of hypertextuality in Ulysses. In this line of reasoning, the paper particularly focuses on (1) the role of both overcoming cultural barriers and leaving a space for reader’s co-creativity while transferring of intertexts; (2) the approaches to interpretation of parody and pastiche as forms of writing-as- translation practice; (3) J. Wawrzycka’s concept regarding translation of musicalized fiction as trans-semantification, i. e. attending to literariness of the text; (4) the idea of translator’s visibility attributed to the Ukrainian re-languaging of musicalized fiction.

"In the 1930s translation became a key issue in the cultural politics of the Fascist regime due to the fact that Italy was publishing more translations than any other country in the world. Making use of extensive archival research, the author of this new study examines this 'invasion of translations' through a detailed statistical analysis of the translation market. The book shows how translations appeared to challenge official claims about the birth of a Fascist culture and cast Italy in a receptive role that did not tally with Fascist notions of a dominant culture extending its influence abroad. The author shows further that the commercial impact of this invasion provoked a sustained reaction against translated popular literature on the part of those writers and intellectuals who felt threatened by its success. He examines the aggressive campaign that was conducted against the Italian Publishers Federation by the Authors and Writers Union (led by the Futurist poet F. T. Marinetti), accusing them of favouring their private profit over the national interest. Finally, the author traces the evolution of Fascist censorship, showing how the regime developed a gradually more repressive policy towards translations as notions of cultural purity began to influence the perception of imported literature.

Contents: Establishing the Fascist Regime: Systems of control and censorship - The Statistics of the Translation Industry: Italy, Germany and France compared - The Translation Invasion: 1929-1934: The first signs of hostility - Translation and Cultural Autarky: 1936-1938: Italy becomes a colonial power - Translation as Cultural Pollution: 1938-1943: The impact of official rascism - Conclusions: Translation and fascism.

Italian Modernities. Vol. 6
Edited by Pierpaolo Antonello and Robert Gordon"

This paper looks at specialized translation from the perspectives of the history of translation and Translation Studies academic publishing. Four aspects of specialized translation are discussed, namely its relationship with translation studies, professional translator training, history of translation and finally translation studies journals. We start by looking at the concept of ‘specialized translation’, contrasting it with other types of ‘translation’. Second, we discuss the place of specialized translation in the academic training of professional translators and researchers, which we illustrate with a specific case study. Third, we offer a glimpse of the relationship between specialized translation and the history of translation. Finally, we look at the place of specialized translation articles in Translation Studies academic journals, with a special emphasis on Meta.

کتابِ تحفه النظّار فی غرائب الأمصار و العجائب الأسفار، که امروز با نام سفرنامۀ ابن‌بطّوطه شناخته می‌شود، یکی از ارزشمندترین منابع تاریخی قرن هشتم هجری به شمار می‌رود. این کتاب دست‌آورد سفرهای جهانگردی از اهالی طنجه با نام ابن‌بطّوطه است که بیست و نه سال و اندی از عمرِ خود را در سفر گذراند. از ویژگی‌های مهم این سفرنامه، که در تاریخ‌نویسی آن زمان به ندرت دیده می‌شود، توجه نویسندۀ کتاب به جنبه‌‌های مختلف اجتماعی، فرهنگی و سیاسیِ سرزمین‌ها و آداب و رسوم مردم است. هدفِ پژوهش حاضر شناختن و پی بردن به زوایایی از زندگیِ مترجمانِ قرنِ هشتم هجری با تکیه بر اطلاعات کمیاب و باارزش سفرنامۀ ابن‌بطّوطه است. به این منظور، دو ترجمه از سفرنامۀ ابن‌بطّوطه، متنِ اصلیِ سفرنامه به عربی و دو ترجمۀ انگلیسیِ آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که در نیمۀ نخست قرن هشتم هجری، در سرزمین‌های اسلامی و مناطق دیگری که ابن‌بطّوطه از آنها گذر کرده، به ندرت کسی یافت می‌شده که شغلِ اصلیِ او مترجمی باشد. دیدارها گاهی بدون حضور مترجم و بدون ارتباط کلامی و گاهی با حضور افرادی با شغل‌هایی غیر از شغل مترجمی که تسلطِ نسبی به زبانی دیگر داشته‌اند صورت می‌گرفته است. تنها گاهی در دربار پادشاهان و سلاطین بزرگی همچون سلطان روم و سلطان بخشی از سرزمین مالی با کسانی مواجه می‌شویم که شغل نخستِ آنها مترجمی است و عهده‌دار کار ترجمه هستند.

Bigdeloo, Milad (2021). Translators of the 8th Century AH: The Case of Ibn Battuta's Travels. Proceedigs of the 5th National Conference of Interdisciplinary Research on Translation. Birjand University, 13-20.

1. Einleitung

Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt mehrere Ziele - manche davon entsprechen denen einer Geschichte und/oder Historiographie des Übersetzens, andere sind Prototheorien des Übersetzens. Ein erstes translationswissenschaftliches Ziel besteht in der Herausarbeitung der expliziten Verbindungen, die sich bilden zwischen induktiven Vor-theorien zum Übersetzen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, der Entlehnung westlicher Theoriemodelle zu Kultur und Geschichte und linguistischer Theorien sowie zwischen einzelnen Zweigen der Translationswissenschaft: Übersetzungsgeschichte, Historiographie, Theorie, praxisorientierte Theorie und Philosophie des Übersetzens. Diese Arbeit, die sich vor allem auf Untersuchungen stützt, die in Scurta istorie a traducerii Repere traductologice (2007) [Kurze Übersetzungsgeschichte. Translationswissenschaftliche Herangehensweisen], Un capitol de traductologie românească (2008) [Ein Kapitel rumänischer Translationswissenschaft] und Tendinţe în cercetarea traductologică (2005) [Tendenzen translationswissenschaftlicher Forschung], aber auch in Repertoriile (RTR I, 2006) [Bestandsaufnahme der Übersetzungen] und (RTR II, 2006) [Bestandsaufnahme der Übersetzer], erschienen sind, versteht sich als Neuinterpretation der historischen Daten. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv-statistisch erfasst und werden nun aus einer argumentativen Perspektive präsentiert, wobei ähnliche, zeitlich abweichende, Konstellationen in Westeuropa vergleichend herangezogen werden. Es soll die Art und Weise dargestellt werden, wie sich induktive und empirische Übersetzungstheorien des 19. Jahrhunderts mit vorwiegend deskriptiver Herangehensweise und eher normative, deduktive, linguistische Theorien (Latinismus, Purismus, Italienismus), miteinander verbinden. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Untersuchung der logischen Regeln, auf denen die konkreten sprachlichen Fakten aufgebaut sind, die die Grundlage bilden für die Herausbildung der rumänischen Sprache. Diese sollen komparativ und/oder kontrastiv untersucht werden. 
Außerdem soll gezeigt werden - und das ist für die Übersetzungsgeschichte ebenso relevant wie für die Translationswissenschaft -, dass es eine vortranslationswissenschaftliche, sich entwickelnde, induktive Forschung gibt und dass diese die Grundlage bildet für die aktuelle Translationswissenschaft, die geformt ist von den jeweiligen Referenz-Gebieten, auf die Bezug genommen wird und von der Ausbildung jedes einzelnen Übersetzers. Auch die vorliegende dialektische Herangehensweise hat ein Korpus als Basis, ist also induktiv, ohne aber den absolut notwendigen Übergang zwischen induktiver und deduktiver Herangehensweise an das Phänomen, das untersucht werden soll, auszuschließen - was eine retrodiktive Perspektive und implizit eine Bestätigung beobachtbarer Auswirkungen erlaubt – und eine historisch-komparatistische Perspektive des übersetzerischen und übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Phänomens .

Ich gehe also von einer analytischen Methode (Dekomposition) zur synthetischen (Rekompostion) über, die Perspektiven und Ideen verknüpft und verbindet, um ein Gesamtbild des Phänomens der Übersetzung in Rumänien, der Methoden der übersetzerischen Praxis und der vor-translationswissenschaftlichen Reflexionen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zu bieten.

Zheng Zhenduo, the Chinese translator, has made great contributions to the translation and introduction of Greek literature, and also put forward unique insights for the construction of Chinese translation theory. Based on Zheng Zhenduo 's translation theory, this article takes Zheng Zhenduo’s translation of Apollo and Daphne (Aipoluo yu Dafen), contained in Lian’ai de gushi (1929), a collection of Greek mythological stories that he selected and translated from English into Chinese as an example, it compares Zheng’s version and English version to analyze whether or not he remained consistent to his own translation theory when translating Greek mythological stories.

The classics of English children’s literature are works that have survived the test of time. These are wise and beautiful books that are simultaneously exceptionally challenging to translate. The eighty-year period of the “Golden Age” of English-language children’s literature was inaugurated with Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and continued with works by authors such as Louisa May Alcott, J.M. Barrie, L. Frank Baum, Frances H. Burnett, Kenneth Grahame, Rudyard Kipling, Hugh Lofting, A. A. Milne, L.M. Montgomery, Edith Nesbit, Beatrix Potter, R.L. Stevenson, P. L. Travers and Mark Twain, who together comprise the canon of best-known literary works for children. The first Polish translations of these English-language classics appeared, in turn, around 150 years ago, towards the end of the nineteenth century. The work of translating the canon has continued throughout the entire twentieth century and into the present day, frequently producing substantial translation sets for individual titles. Polish translation theory has thus far lacked a means for treating the English-language canon and the history of its translations from any other perspective but that of close-reading and comparative analysis of the original and translated texts of individual titles. This essay’s objective is to propose the model of the macropoetics of translation, which might facilitate research on Polish translations of English-language masterpieces for younger readers in the form of overviews, profiles, and intersections, leveraging perspectives that are quantitative (the volume of translations), chronological (how they emerged over time) and qualitative (their reception and critical status), all in keeping with Franco Moretti’s proposition of “distant reading.”

S in lugar a dudas, William Shakespeare es hoy en día el dramaturgo extranjero más integrado en el "campo" teatral español (siguiendo el concepto de Bourdieu). Así viene sucediendo al menos desde los años ochenta del pasado siglo, cuando el nuevo orden democráti-co y constitucional de España lo "adoptó" como autor teatral extranjero preferido. Hay muchas Vicisitudes de Shakespeare en su recepción y traducción en España (1764-1900) Resumen. La incorporación de Shakespeare al canon español de autores clásicos, que ha sido plena desde co-mienzos del siglo XX, fue un proceso lento y complicado. En el período histórico que transcurre desde las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII a 1900, se presenta en escena un Shakespeare sometido a las normas neoclásicas o a otras alteraciones, como la refundición, con alguna significativa excepción como el Hamlet de Leandro Fernández de Moratín o el Macbeth de José García de Villalta. Se alega para ello, entre otras razones, que el público teatral es-pañol no está preparado para entender al Shakespeare auténtico. La crítica literaria sobre su obra, por otro lado, la descalifica al posicionarse también desde postulados neoclásicos y plantea la comparación de Shakespeare con los autores del siglo de oro español. Estas tendencias, que no terminarán hasta el siglo XX, serán ilustradas mediante muestras selectivas, tanto de traducciones escénicas como de opiniones críticas sobre el dramaturgo inglés. Palabras clave: Shakespeare | España | traducción | recepción | canon

A majority of African student translators manifest weakness at two major levels: the conceptual and productive. From different perspectives, this is either termed 'language' or 'cognitive' problem. This dual view is a pointer to the tacit but intractable bond between language and cognition. The language↔cognition↔translator education relationship that begins with the mother tongue (L1), as well as its impact on the African translation learner constitutes the essence of this write-up. Working from the hypothesis that the cognitive development of the African child is adversely affected by the lack of a 'veritable' L1 blueprint, this reflection qualitatively substantiates this claim, and then concludes that mother tongue inclusion in the African school syllabus through appropriate language planning is, more than before, an imperative, given that as a contextual L1, it engenders and nurtures cognitive skills which are indispensable in translation learning and practice.

本文討論流衍於晚清時際的兩組詞彙、概念：「群」／「群學」和「社會」／「社會學」。「群」與「群學」這組詞彙、概念，原是為回應晚清政治問題而形成，後又成為時人翻譯、引介來自西方，轉道日本的“society”、“sociology”，從而與「社會」／「社會學」交織為一複雜的語言、概念、思想論述的網絡。本文認為，當我們要脈絡化地思考新名詞、概念於晚清時論、思想界的問題時，或許得將之想像成一種複合體。晚清語境中的新語詞或概念，其意義內涵於各類論述裡的展演，皆是在與其它可能是舊的、意義相近，甚至相反的詞彙、概念交織互動中體現。這樣的「複合式語言」，提供知識分子一套足以描寫世界，及試圖想像扭轉、重整世界的思想工具。「複合式語言」之形成和運作，更反映了晚清政治、思想文化脈絡中，幾個相互關聯的議題：進化論、歷史書寫、群體組成與內部秩序規劃。此一問題群組就如同一盤棋局，「群」／「群學」、「社會」／「社會學」就為棋盤中的兩方對手；時論者選用不同的詞彙，在語言、概念上或有區隔，亦有匯通，展示了相異的觀察社會、政治變遷之角度，卻又是立基於高度思想關聯性的問題邏輯上。而棋局中的問題群組，就適度具現了傳統中國於現代轉型過程中遇到的困難。

L´article (en tchèque) présente le panorama des traductions poétiques tchèques des œuvres de Paul Verlaine. Parmi ses premiers traducteurs figuraient à la fin du 19e siècle de telles personnalités de la vie littéraire tchèques comme Jaroslav Vrchlický ou Emanuel z Lešehradu. Dans les années vingt et trente, Paul Verlaine fut traduit en tchèque surtout par Karel Čapek, Jaroslav Seifert, Bohuslav Reynek, et après la seconde guerre mondiale par František Hrubín, Zdeňka Bergrová, Gustav Francl, Petr Kopta, Jan Vladislav, Patrik Ouředník, et bien d´autres poètes tchèques.

This article seeks to decipher the intricate relationship between translation, the translator’s ideology, the dominant ideology, and the use of pseudonym. It does so through analysing
Liang Shiqiu’s Chinese version of George Orwell’s political satire Animal Farm, written under the pen name of Li Qichun. We will investigate the similarities and differences between Liang’s translations under the pseudonym and the ones written under his real name. In addition, we will explore the conflicts that existed between the translator’s ideology and the dominant ideology of the time when the translation was produced, trying to solve the riddle of why he used the pen name Li Qichun when translating Animal Farm. The study indicates that although there is a similarity between Liang’s translation of Animal Farm under the pen name of Li Qichun and his translation work under his real name, the differences are significant. In terms of the translator’s ideology, Liang was against any form of totalitarianism. The purpose behind translating Animal Farm was to combat totalitarianism, but ironically and paradoxically the society in which the translation was produced was also a totalitarian society. Through reference to the pseudonym we may discover the interactions and conflicts that exist between the translator’s ideology and the dominant ideology of a certain special historical period.

Keywords: translation – translator’s ideology – dominant ideology – pseudonym– Liang Shiqiu – George Orwell – Animal Farm

Who Profits from Literary Translation?

The article, originally inspired by the studies of Pascale Casanova and Pierre Bourdieu, attempts to answer the question who in Poland profits from literary translation. The concept of “profit” is understood very broadly, both in financial or economic context, and in context of the acquiring and losing cultural, social, and symbolic capital. It is analysed both from the point of view of an individual (translator, publisher, and reader) and social (cultural and language community).
The article seeks to deal also such issues as the influence of foreign literature available in translation on the local literary market and locally produced literature. In Polish.
Published as:
“Komu opłaca się przekład literacki?” (“Who Profits from Literary Translation?”), in: Wilczek, Piotr and Maciej Ganczar (eds.) Tłumacz i przekładu - wyzwania współczesności (Studia o przekładzie tom 36). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Śląsk, Stowarzyszenie Inicjatyw Wydawniczych, 2013, pp. 211-224.

I need to say first of all that I like the English Standard Version (ESV). After all, the ESV is a moderate revision (about 6% I believe) of the Revised Standard Version (RSV, 1952), which itself was done by competent scholars. Like the New Revised Standard Version (also a revision of the RSV), the ESV generally makes good exegetical decisions. Both the ESV and NRSV also significantly improve the gender language of the RSV. 2 So I like the ESV. I am writing this article, however, because I have heard a number of Christian leaders claim that the ESV is the "Bible of the future"-ideal for public worship and private reading, appropriate for adults, youth and children. This puzzles me, since the ESV seems to me to be overly literal-full of archaisms, awkward language, obscure idioms, irregular word order, and a great deal of "Biblish." Biblish is produced when the translator tries to reproduce the form of the Greek or Hebrew without due consideration for how people actually write or speak. The ESV, like other formal equivalent versions (RSV, NASB, NKJV, NRSV), is a good supplement to versions that use normal English, but is not suitable as a standard reading Bible for the church. This is because the ESV too often fails the test of "standard English." This paper is a constructive critique of the ESV and an encouragement for its committee to make a good translation much better by doing a thorough review and revision of its English style and idiom. Critical questions we will ask include: (1) Does this translation make sense? (2) If comprehensible, is it obscure, awkward or non-standard English? Would anyone speaking or writing English actually say this? A few clarifications are in order. First, as a Greek professor and a Bible translator, I am a strong advocate for using multiple Bible versions, especially those from across the translation spectrum. Both functional equivalent (idiomatic) and formal equivalent (literal) versions have strengths and weaknesses, and both are useful tools for students of the Word. Functional equivalent versions (NLT, NCV, TEV, CEV, GW, etc.) are helpful for communicating clearly, naturally and accurately the meaning of the text. Formal equivalent versions (KJV, NKJV, NASB, RSV, ESV, NRSV, etc.) help to reproduce formal features of a language like metaphors, idioms, word-plays, allusions, ambiguities and structural markers. Mediating versions, which lie somewhere in the middle (NIV, [H]CSB, NET, NAB, NJB, REB, ISV, CEB), are a nice balance, retaining more formal features than functional equivalent versions but with more clarity than literal ones. I have addressed these issues in depth elsewhere and will not repeat them here. Concerning my personal experience, I have served on three translation committees and have consulted for a fourth. My desire is for all English versions to reproduce clearly and accurately the meaning and message of God's Word.

本文以清末嚴復、章炳麟兩本社會學的翻譯文本為中心,環繞著文本思想內容,描繪翻譯者的在翻譯工作上的取捨與詮釋,並從社會學的 思想論辯,勾勒出論爭中的政治意涵,析論其自清季衍生至民國的發展 軌跡,及至中國自由主義和馬克思主義的交鋒。由此可知,晚清民初所 譯介的社會學,實為知識分子展示政治思想、學術理論與傳統思想淵源 的重要場域。此一社會學傳統,是在馬克思主義盛行前,中國思想界最 盛行的社會理論。其中的演化觀念,一方面促成人們對馬克思主義的接 受,另一方面,它所支持的資產階級民主制度,亦會受到馬克思主義的 批判。1949 年革命成功後,社會學學科被取消了將近三十年,其中一個 重要原因,即是其理論背後的政治立場,與馬克思主義「歷史唯物論」 格格不入。

"Quote from article:

"When we carry out research on translation history, we face a choice. Are we going to attempt to extrapolate the translation features we uncover in the historical context we are examining in order to contribute to a wider, general or more global history of translation – thereby also making our work more accessible to Translation Studies (TS) in general – or are we going to address those scholars who share our historical subject and introduce them to the insights which the study of translation can offer? In short, is translation the object of our research, or is it the lens through which we research our historical object?  In this paper I will discuss this choice and, drawing on my own area of research in translation history, I will argue that seeking to introduce the insights that the study of translation can bring to a wider community of cultural historians, who do not usually take translation into consideration, should be at least one of the objectives of historians of translation."

"

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

The articles concentrates on issued connected with the cooperation between literary translators and their editors. The issue of training for the job of editors as well as possible problems are presented and discussed. In Polish.
The article was originally presented at at a conference and published in conference proceedings in Polish. Its English later and more advanced version is available here: http://www.academia.edu/233204/The_Art_of_Translation_vs._the_Art_of_Editing

Over the recent decades, a close relationship among linguistics, translation, and ideology has drawn the attention of many linguists and translators. The researches reveal that both source text (ST) and target text (TT) embody hidden ideologies and so it can be mentioned that ideology affects the writer's/translator's linguistic selections. Equipped with specific strategies and using special diction potentially, translators may manipulate words and structures, either intentionally or unintentionally, to reflect their own ideologies or the dominant ideologies of their societies and as a result influence and control the mind of recipients. To uncover the fact, focusing on syntax, the present study attempts to investigate whether syntactic structures/strategies play a role in reflecting Persian translators' dominant or intended ideologies or not. For answering this question, this paper utilized Critical Discourse Analysis framework (CDA) and Van Dijk's model (2004) and it was conducted in two phases. In the first phase of the research, the English socio-political texts and their Persian translations were collected from variant sources considering Iran's regional and international issues during 2014-2015. Then in order to find any ideological syntactic manipulation used by translators (as a syntactic strategy), English texts as a source text and their Persian translations as a target one were closely compared. In the second phase, the percentages of various ideological syntactic structures/strategies were computed and the instances extracted from Persian translations were analyzed using Van Dijk's Ideological Square. Results of the study and analysis of target language instances reveal the salient role the syntactic strategies and manipulation play in representing Persian translators' ideologies mainly deletion and addition through the polarization of Us and Them.

This article demonstrates historically and statistically that conversionary Protestants (CPs) heavily influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy around the world. It argues that CPs were a crucial catalyst initiating the development and spread of religious liberty, mass education, mass printing, newspapers, voluntary organizations, and colonial reforms, thereby creating the conditions that made stable democracy more likely. Statistically, the historic prevalence of Protestant missionaries explains about half the variation in democracy in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania and removes the impact of most variables that dominate current statistical research about democracy. The association between Protestant missions and democracy is consistent in different continents and subsamples, and it is robust to more than 50 controls and to instrumental variable analyses.

By focusing on the Enlightenment philosopher Christian Wolff, the article intends to shed light upon an author who both played an important role in the process of substitution of Latin with German as a means of scientific communication and in the development of discipline-specific language varieties in 18th century Germany. Against this background,the coexistence of explicit rules proposed by Wolff to render German more scientific and an implicit undercurrent of his translation theory inherited from rhetorical tradition will be identified as the common origin of two increasingly bifurcating strains of thought destined to govern linguistic practice in future science and poetics respectively. To this end, it will first be shown that Wolff’s precepts for Bible translation on the one hand tend to construe translation as a process of conceptual specification and clarification, and therefore as an instance of scientification, while on the other hand unintentionally promoting a positive outlook on polysemy due to the reception of the rhetorical concept of emphasis. In a second step, these results will be interpreted from the point of view of the history of disciplinary differentiation, yielding the hypothesis that the further development of the concept of emphasis will allow for the justification of the autonomy of poetic language up to Herder, whereas the concept of translation as conceptual specification and clarification may be traced forth via Condillac to Lavoisier, where in the guise of chemical nomenclature it will finally help to build up a specific language for a newly evolving scientific discipline.

This article reviews methods by which the censor made minor, standardized
changes to translations of Western fiction in order to adapt them to the
reigning communist ideology.
Keywords: censorship of translation, political misrepresentation in translations

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.