Internet voting

This paper reviews the piecemeal introduction of internet voting in a highly federalised political setting, Switzerland. We trace the processes leading to the implementation of internet voting and the network of actors involved in its governance. In the empirical analysis we report usage patterns and take stock of what we know about the individual and socio-demographic profiles of internet voters.

This volume contains papers presented at the 5th InternationalJoint Conference on Electronic Voting (E-Vote-ID 2020), held during October 6-9, 2020. Due to the extraordinary situation provoked by the Covid-19 pandemic, the conference was held online during this edition, instead of at the traditional venue in Bregenz, Austria. The E-Vote-ID conference resulted from the merging of EVOTE and Vote-ID, and now totaling 16 years since the 1st E-Vote conference in Austria.
Since that conference in 2004, over 1,000 experts have attended the venue, including scholars, practitioners, authorities, electoral managers, vendors, and PhD students. The conference collected the most relevant debates on the development of electronic voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social or political aspects, amongst others; turning out to be an important global referent in relation to this issue.
This year, the conference also consisted of the following tracks:
- Security, Usability and Technical Issues Track
- Administrative, Legal, Political and Social Issues Track
- Election and Practical Experiences Track
- PhD Colloquium, Poster and Demo Session (held on the day before the
conference).
E-Vote-ID 2020 received 55 submissions, each of them being reviewed by three to ve Program Committee members, using a double-blind review process. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected with electronic voting, including experiences and revisions of the real uses of e-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections. We would like to thank the German Informatics Society (Gesellschaft fur Informatik) with its ECOM working group, and KASTEL for their partnership over many years. Further we would like to thank the Swiss Federal Chancellery for their kind support. Special thanks go to the members of the International Program Committee for their hard work in
reviewing, discussing, and shepherding papers. They ensured the high quality of these proceedings with their knowledge and experience. We are also thankful for the nancial support received through the European Union (H2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Grant Agreement No 857622).

This volume contains papers presented at E-Vote-ID 2017: International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting held from 24 to 27 October 2017 in Bregenz, Austria. The current edition represents the Second International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting (E-Vote-ID), after
merging EVOTE and Vote-ID.
Together with last years' conference more than 800 experts from over 35 countries over the last thirteen years have attended the conference series. With this, the conference continues as one of the major events in the eld of electronic voting providing ample room for interdisciplinary and open discussion of all issues relating to electronic voting.
Also this year, the conference consists of:
 Security, Usability and Technical Issues Track;
 Administrative, Legal, Political and Social Issues Track; and
 Election and Practical Experiences Track; as well as
 PhD Colloquium on the day before the conference.
This publication compiles the 25 papers accepted in the conference to be presented in their specic tracks, three invited papers for keynote speakers and the 9 PhD presentations to be discussed in the PhD colloquium. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected
with Electronic Voting including experiences and revisions of the real uses of E-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections.

Internet Voting (i-Voting) is an online electronic voting process where a voter can vote staying online from anywhere or connected to a wireless network of a target place. In this paper, a wireless network built with a MANET has been considered for the voting process. National parliamentary voting process of Bangladesh has been taken as the case study. The MANET of the voting process is built using some stationary wireless nodes and mobile wireless nodes. Voters carry mobile wireless nodes using which they can vote. Stationary wireless nodes are installed and deployed in the MANET built in a polling area selected by the National Agency of Election process. These nodes are directly in connection with the national database of voters. Stationary nodes perform the authentication and validation processes of the voter (a mobile node) before the vote is given and casted. The secured transaction of data is the goal to be occurred and routed after a strong authentication and validation of the user has been confirmed. The whole process is completed in a scalable wireless network with a distributed goal based approach. Total processes are followed by secured routing of data in this MANET. The optimal routing protocol among OLSR, AODV, DSR, TORA and GRP has been chosen. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks have been considered as the major threat on nodes in this MANET. The simulation work is done in the OPNET simulator.

Assessing the influence that socio-economic characteristics have on the division between traditional voters and those who choose to vote via the internet is crucial to political debate as well as for the future development of democracies.
Does the introduction of internet voting technology simply widen the divide between voters and non-voters, further isolating the part of the electorate already underrepresented in the political process? We address these issues by reviewing
the current state of research in 22 empirical studies relating internet voting to socio-economic variables. The results are not homogeneous but suggest that although socio-economic factors do play an important role in explaining the choice
of voting channel, they are strongly moderated by the general use of and trust in the internet.

Tecnología y democracia: el quién y el cómo en la toma de decisiones. Los casos de Estonia y Cataluña Technology and democracy: the who and how in decision-making. The cases of Estonia and Catalonia Rosa Borge; Joaquim Brugué; David Duenas-Cid Cómo citar este artículo. Este artículo es una traducción. Por favor cite el original inglés: Borge, Rosa; Brugué, Joaquim; Duenas-Cid, David (2022). "Technology and democracy: the who and how in decision-making. The cases of Estonia and Catalonia".

For the first time, French citizens living abroad elected in 2014 their consular councillors, i.e., the local representatives of emigrants. Based on an analysis of the results of consular elections at the district and list levels, this article aims at investigating the forms and modalities of these elections. We first focus on the electoral supply and demand for an election that turns out to be more political than advertised, and we determine the structural variables of turnout. Then we compare more specifically the differences between paper voting and Internet voting. This article therefore enriches our knowledge of the political participation of French people living abroad, but also of the influence of the Internet in a de-territorialized local ballot and more broadly the characteristics of extraterritorial votes.

In 2008 the first Swiss canton introduced internet voting for expatriates, complementing the trials involving residents initiated back in 2003. More cantons soon followed, and as of this writing, expatriates from 12 out of the 26 cantons can vote online. This paper focuses on the second phase in the Swiss i-voting roll-out involving expatriates. We address three questions at the core of the internet voting research agenda. First, the popularity question: to what extent do expatriates make use of the new online voting channel? Second, the 'who' question: what is the profile of the typical expatriate i-voter? Finally, the turnout question: did the extension of internet voting to expatriates have an effect on electoral mobilisation? Our findings indicate that the online channel is very popular among expatriates, both when compared to other trials in Switzerland and internationally. Leaving aside i-voting's comparatively high popularity, familiar patterns seem to replicate in the expatriate trials. Expatriate i-voters tend to be young, male, and there is some evidence of an upper-class bias. Thus, use of the online channel by expatriates seems also driven by the digital divide. Finally, similarly to the residents' trials, we find some evidence that i-voting does not affect electoral mobilisation. Acknowledgement: We thank Fernando Mendez, Jonathan Wheatley, Maja Harris, panel participants at the 14 th Conference for eDemocracy and Open Government (CeDEM), four anonymous reviewers and the editors for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. All remaining errors are our own. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding through the E-Democracy (edc) project. Replication files are made available on http://www.ivotingproject.com/ upon publication.

Few governments have introduced electronic voting so far. They are all facing criticism regarding the trustworthiness of their systems. The project ―Selectio Helvetica‖ aims at developing an Internet voting system that can withstand such doubts more easily. It offers full transparency by publishing all the relevant voting data on a public bulletin board. This enables voters to verify the inclusion of their votes and the correctness of the tallying. The underlying cryptographic protocol differs from other protocols since it involves mixing the voters‘ public signature keys, rather than mixing the votes themselves. This paper introduces the Selectio Helvetica project and the  cryptographic protocol in a way that is meant to attract an audience that does not necessarily have much technical background; namely representatives from legislation, jurisdiction, governmental  chancelleries and, not least, the electorate itself.

In 2014, French voters living abroad participated for the first time in consular elections and could choose to vote in the consular venues or via the Internet. 43.21% of them decided to use the dedicated online platform to fill in their ballots. With the help of an analysis of the election outcomes for all the lists competing in these elections, this short paper aims at exploring whether ballot box and Internet voters display different voting behavior. It concludes that both types of voters tend to vote for the same lists and candidates, even if right-wing lists receive slightly more votes among Internet voters.

Internet voting has been available for French citizens living abroad since 2006, and 43.21% of them filled out their ballots online for the first election of their consular delegates in 2014. Using a multivariate analysis of turnout figures at the district and country levels, this research note explores if ballot box and Internet voters differ in their electoral participation patterns. It concludes that turnout must be understood based on the voting modality that French voters choose. While the characteristics of the electoral district (community size, geographical, and historical proximity with France, and party competition) impact ballot box voter turnout, Internet voter turnout is most influenced by the host country’s economic and infrastructure development.