Irrigation Engineering

In the humid and sub-humid areas, agricultural production is largely rain fed and this needs to be urgently supplemented by irrigation practice if the country is to meet its food demand. A two years study was carried out at the experimental site of the Institute of Agricultural Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Johan Heinrich von Thünen Institute (vTI), Braunschweig, Germany to compare performance of maize crop for silage production using three different irrigation systems; rain fed, drip and rain-gun sprinkler. Growth parameters such as plant height, stem diameter were measured. The total yields of silage were obtained for all treatments at the harvesting. The experimental results reveal that total yields obtained from different treatments were 25.76, 24.23 and 9.30 Mg ha -1 in drip, rain-gun and rain fed irrigated maize, respectively. The results also showed that the water use efficiency reached 11.01 kg m -3 for drip irrigation in while it was 8.84 kg m -3 for rain-gun syste...

As the water is the life force, essential for every living creature on the earth, saving and protecting it are the basic necessities. This paper study the characteristics of sewage of Erbil city, and also study methods of treatment by stabilization ponds and aerated ponds and comparing between them for reusing
it for irrigation of total gross area about 2000 donum within the boundary of Erbil city and also to reduce pollution hazards.

La papa tiene una alta sensibilidad a los excesos y deficiencias de humedad en el suelo. Con la aplicación del modelo basado en el concepto grados día (°D), se obtiene un pronóstico del riego más preciso debido a que este modelo se ajusta automáticamente a las variaciones climáticas locales, lo cual permite determinar con mayor precisión el inicio de cada etapa fenológica del cultivo y sus correspondientes necesidades hídricas, incrementando así las eficiencias de riego. Esta investigación se realizó durante dos años agrícolas para el ciclo otoño-invierno (2005-2006 y 2006-2007) en el norte de Sinaloa, contando con un total de 23 parcelas (746.54 ha) de las cuales 12 fueron experimentales aplicándoles el modelo basado en el concepto grados día y las 11 restantes fueron testigo aplicándoles el sistema de pronóstico del riego en tiempo real (SPRITER-FAO) que utilizan algunos de los módulos de riego del Distrito 075 Río Fuerte. De esta forma se compararon las láminas de riego aplicadas (Lra) y requeridas (Lrr) por las dos vías de pronóstico, obteniendo la eficiencia, así como la variación en el número de riegos debido a la variabilidad climática. Para el ciclo 2005-2006 y 2006-2007, se obtuvo en parcelas experimentales de 7 y 9 Mg ha-1 más de rendimiento con respecto a las parcelas testigo, respectivamente, así como un 22.2 y 17.5% de mayor eficiencia en los riegos aplicados.

This study was carried out to assess the water quality of Rugende dam located in Eastern Province of Rwanda and its suitability for irrigation purposes based on various physicochemical parameters and water quality indices. Water samples were collected from eight different locations in the dam and analyzed for general, physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochemical modeling was done and Schoeller Berkaloff diagram showed that the predominant cation trend in water from Rugende dam is ordered as Ca 2+ ˃ Na + ˃ Mg 2+ ˃ K + with the Calcium (Ca 2+) as the dominant cation. The predominant anion trend followed the order Cl − > SO4 −2 > HCO3 − + >NO3 − and the Chloride (Cl −) was found to be the dominant. Water quality indices (TDS, SAR, TH, %Na, PI, SP, SSP, MAR, RSC and KR) were determined and the results showed mean values of 283.6±18.4mg/l; 2.2±0.3; 122.2±9.3mg/l; 23±2.3; 42.5±2.9%; 16.6±6%; 23±3%; 27.1±2.4%; 98.1±12mg/l and 0.2±0 respectively. According to FAO standards for irrigation water quality, all samples analyzed showed that all indices figured in normal ranges. EC was plotted to %Na using Wilcox's diagram and the classification showed that all the samples belong to the excellent category. US Salinity Laboratory's diagram was used to indicate the salinity hazard and sodium hazard by plotting EC to SAR and showed that water samples are found in class C1S1 (low-low) and class C2S1 (medium-low). Based on the findings, water from Rugende dam has low ionic concentration with no salt effects and it is suitable for irrigation. Further researches may focus on seasonal quality assessment and temporal trends analysis of those parameters.

Irrigation extremely important practice is agricultural and most water-consuming which has to be reduced. An efficient irrigation system which includes soil moisture sensors can help in the efficient management of irrigation practices. The research includes detailed lab calibration of Df robot soil moisture sensor and development of wireless auto irrigation system using NodeMCU microcontroller. Sensing unit which measures soil moisture and sends data wirelessly. The controlling unit was able to receive & display soil moisture data and take irrigation decision. Microcontroller with relay was used for switching action. An android application is also developed for displaying and manually controlling the water pump. Calibrated DF robot soil moisture shows reading similar to the gravimetric analysis for sandy loam soil. Developed wireless automatic irrigation system worked satisfactorily for sandy loam soil with efficient measurement of soil moisture.

Despite the impressive gains in global food production over the last half century, an estimated 790 million people remain hungry. Many of the chronically hungry are poor farm families, who have neither the means to produce the food they need nor sufficient income to purchase it. For them, access to irrigation water-or the means to use the water they have more productively-is a key to increasing their crop production, their incomes, and their household food security. Ironically, a technology typically associated with wealthy farmers-drip irrigation-may hold the key to alleviating a significant share of rural hunger and poverty. A new spectrum of drip systems keyed to different income levels and farm sizes (beginning with a $5 bucket kit for home gardens) now exists and can form the backbone of a second green revolution-2 this one aimed specifically at poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. We describe the experience with affordable drip irrigation to date-including its growing use in India and Nepal-as well as the wide range of geographic areas and conditions where these systems may be useful. We propose a major new international initiative to spread low-cost drip irrigation through private microenterprise, with the aim of reducing the hunger and increasing the incomes of 150 million of the world's poorest rural people over the next 15 years. Our estimates suggest that such an initiative could boost annual net income among the rural poor by some $3 billion per year and inject two or three times this amount into the poorest parts of the developing world's economies.

Intensity, duration and frequency are identified as the principle characteristics of a rainfall, which influences the planning design, operation and maintenance of soil and water conservation structures. The relationship between rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency trio is an important tool for the proper implementation of different water resources technology projects. Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves are graphical representations of the amount of water that falls within a given period of time in catchment areas (Dupont et al. 2006). Rainfall intensity is expressed as the rate of rainfall in millimetres per hour (Okonkwo and Mbajiorgu, 2008). Duration represents the total time period during which the storm occurs. Frequency is how often a storm of specified intensity and duration may be expected to occur (Rick, 2007).

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

Evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration) represents vegetated soil water loss to the atmosphere and can be estimated by various empirical methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of methods of Blaney-Criddle, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Solar Radiation, Hargreaves-Samani, Makkink, Thornthwaite, Camargo, Priestley-Taylor and Penman in the estimation of potential evapotranspiration comparing to the standard method Penman-Monteith (FAO56) regarding the climatic conditions of the city of Araxá, MG. A set of 35 years of monthly data (1976 to 2010) was used, working with the climatic elements: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and insolation. The empirical methods to estimate reference evapotranspiration were compared with the standard method using linear regression, simple statistical analysis, Willmott agreement index (d) and performance index (c). The method of Makkink showed the best performance according to the set of parameters evaluated and it is recommended to calculate ETo in Cerrado of Minas Gerais, for coffee irrigation management.

There is a significant hydropower potential in irrigation canals worldwide. Much of this potential exists as energy dissipating ramp-type fall structures. Hydropower could be employed to pump water for water saving irrigation, or to generate electricity. This hydropower is unused, since there are no cost-effective hydropower converters for the specific conditions in irrigation canals, i.e. head differences from 0.3 to 5 m and flow volumes ranging from 0.1 to 15 m 3 /s. At Southampton University, a simple undershot impulse-type waterwheel with 180° jet deflection was developed specifically for this application. Large scale tests, with a scaling ratio of 1:2.4, showed efficiencies of 53%, confirming predictions from theory. The model employed a novel roller-type power takeoff which eliminates the requirement for a cost-intensive gearbox. The impulse wheel has considerable development potential, and could be a cost-effective solution for small hydropower sites at ramp structures.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to determine the best agricultural production planning in the territory of Agios Athanasios irrigation network, which is located in the northern region of Greece. The goal is to determine the minimum possible usage of the available water resources. This aim can be accomplished by combining economic science and hydrology for the development of a suitable method. In this paper the proposed method is based on a linear programming model, which gives the optimal cropping patterns of the irrigation area. The records of annual flow, irrigated areas, crop water requirements, evapotranspiration and effective rainfalls of the region were used for this application. The constraints were formulated taking into consideration several economic factors such as water costs, production costs and agriculture prices. Results showed that the proposed linear programming model gives the optimum crop pattern for the region, obtaining the highest profit both for the ...

Provincializing Bollywood argues that Bhojpuri cinema exemplifies the overflow of a provincial derivative form that defies its place in the given scheme of things. Situating it at the intersection of vernacular media production and the infrastructural-political reordering of provincial north India, the book shows that Bhojpuri media's characteristic 'disobedience' is marked by a libidinal excess - simultaneously scandalizing and moralizing - to address the inexact calculi of Bhojpuri speaking region's'underdevelopment'. Bhojpuri media therefore demands that it is assessed not merely for its internal content but within the comparative media crucible, marked by interpenetrating forms and histories as diverse as those of ecological distress, musical traditions, gendered segregation, real estate, urban resettlements, and highway modernities. Foregrounding the libidinal excess, language politics, and curatorial informalities, Provincializing Bollywood synthesizes Bhojpuri media's spectacular public insubordination and its invocation of a shared debt, which is by no means regional in its provenance.

Irrigation and water management have lagged behind other industries in terms of technological advancements, but with innovations like variable rate, real-time systems, it is now embracing the 21st century. More efficient methods of delivery are suggested to face the limited water resources challenges. Precision irrigation can be a successful application mechanism to reach these goals.
Precision irrigation is a method for conserving water and energy while boosting agricultural productivity. Its major purpose is to apply optimum watering throughout fields, and it has been cited by several researchers as the most likely way to conserve significant water. Precision irrigation, as opposed to the 'uniform irrigation' treatment that underpins traditional irrigation management, involves the 'differential irrigation' treatment of field variance. Precision irrigation, on the other hand, entails being adaptable and relevant to all irrigation technologies, including those used in locations where surface irrigation systems are still prevalent.
Precision irrigation is an important technology for increasing water efficiency in both off-farm and on-farm operations. Precision irrigation could be a significant tool for avoiding water conflicts among water users and establishing water security, as is the situation in Egypt, which is experiencing water scarcity. These technologies are examined in this study, and it is obvious that fresh developments and intervention strategies are necessary.
The purpose of this peer-reviewed article is to describe the outlines, components, functions, and implementation of precision irrigation systems/technology, as well as its potential in future farming techniques. This article looks at how available irrigation technologies, such as precision irrigation, real-time sensing, adaptive control, and decision support technology, can be used to achieve a Water SMART strategy in Egypt's irrigation system.

Within the framework of its implementation, PDIDAS plans to develop irrigation infrastructure for 2,555 ha of secondary irrigation and 832 ha of tertiary irrigation in the
Lac De Guiers and Ngalam areas in the regions of Saint-Louis and Louga. The Californian irrigation system is the model adopted in this area. This system is easy to set up
and low cost. However, there are other irrigation systems that could optimize the use of
water resources, such as drip and sprinkler systems. Our final year project comes within
this context and aims to make a comparative study for the design and dimensioning of
drip, sprinkler and Californian irrigation systems for the Ngnith perimeter in the Lac De
Guiers area. To carry out this work : (i) basic data (climatic, pedological, topographical,
on crops and on water resources) of the site were collected and processed, (ii) the technical
design and the sizing of the different networks were carried out, (iii) an evaluation of the
development cost of each system was made, (iv) the potential environmental and social
impacts were identified as well as the measures that can mitigate them. The results show
that the water demand is highest for the California system with an irrigation flow rate
of 630m3/ha, followed by the sprinkler system at 590m3/ha, then the drip system which
is the most economical with 490m3/ha. The delivery and primary pipes have the same
diameters of 630 mm and 500 mm respectively for all three networks. But the secondary
pipes have smaller diameters in the drip system (between 160 mm and 315 mm), followed
by the sprinkler system (between 160 mm and 355 mm) and larger in the Californian
system (between 315 mm and 400 mm). The drip system allows the watering of 110 plots
in 4.5 hours with a total flow rate of 1650 m3/h, the sprinkler system can water 95 plots
in 4.5 hours with 1602 m3/h, while the Californian system with 1620 m3/h allows the
watering of 60 plots in 3.5 hours. For energy consumption, the sprinkler system requires
more energy with 152 solar panels to operate the photovoltaic generator against 134 for
the Californian, while the drip system needs only 46 solar panels. As for the development
cost, it is higher for the drip system with 7,974,412 FCFA/ha slightly exceeding that of the
sprinkler system with 7,850,085 FCFA/ha, and the Californian is considerably less expensive with 6,038,395 FCFA/ha. The social and environmental impacts are more perceptible
with the californian system, which provides more direct employment during the exploitation but promotes land loss, pollutions and the development of diseases such as malaria.

This study was mainly aimed at determining the irrigation water requirement of wheat, cropping
pattern in the area and effect of CRIWAR software as a modeling technique. Kura Local
Government area of Kano State of Nigeria was used as the study area, where the size of the farm
used (irrigable area) was 3 hectares.
In order to use the software, the General Data File on the irrigated area, a Meteorological Data
File and a Cropping Pattern File were input into the CRIWAR software. The Meteorological
data of Kano state was collected from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMeT).
CRIWAR calculated the irrigation water requirements, created tables and graphs of reference
evapotranspiration, crop irrigation water requirements per 10-day period or month, cropping
intensity, cropping pattern and effective precipitation. All tables and graphs can be imported
into commonly used word-processing software. The CRIWAR strategy component was applied in
a three hectare irrigated perimeter to estimate the irrigation water requirement and FAO
Modified Penman Method was used throughout the modeling.
It was found that the length of crop development stages for wheat planting period was 200 days
were initial stage (40days), development (60days), mid-season (60 days) and late season (40
days). From the research, it was observed that according to CRIWAR the wheat should be
planted and harvested in 8 months from November to June.
It was found that the total water requirement for wheat irrigation in Kura local government area
was determined to be 520.67 mm/cropped area.

The declining availability of fresh water has become a worldwide problem, which maintains the development of alternative, secondary quality water resources for agricultural use. Several studies recommend that give attention for selected crops that can tolerate a degree of water and salinity stresses when saline water is used for irrigation. In this study, the effects of different irrigation intervals at different salinity levels of irrigation water on Soybean yield and their impacts investigated using three irrigation intervals (I1 =3 days, I2=4 days and I3=5 days) with four salinity levels (S1=4 dSm-1, 5 dSm-1 and 6 dSm-1) in a factorial combination using CRD with three replications. The result showed that salinity, irrigation interval and their interaction were highly significance effects (p<0.001) on number of pod per plant, number of seed per plant and grain yield of Soybean. The highest number of pod number (88.33), grain yield (2.31 ton/ha) and number of seed per plant (172...

Despite the impressive gains in global food production over the last half century, an estimated 790 million people remain hungry. Many of the chronically hungry are poor farm families, who have neither the means to produce the food they need nor sufficient income to purchase it. For them, access to irrigation water, or the means to use the water they have more productively, is a key to increasing their crop production, their incomes, and their household food security. Ironically, a technology typically associated with wealthy farmers, drip irrigation, may hold the key to alleviating a significant share of rural hunger and poverty. A new spectrum of drip systems keyed to different income levels and farm sizes (beginning with a US$5 bucket kit for home gardens) now exists and can form the backbone of a second green revolution, this one aimed specifically at poor farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. We describe the experience with affordable drip irrigation to date, including its growing use in India and Nepal, as well as the wide range of geographic areas and conditions where these systems may be useful. We propose a major new international initiative to spread low-cost drip irrigation through private microenterprise, with the aim of reducing the hunger and increasing the incomes of 150 million of the world's poorest rural people over the next 15 years. Our estimates suggest that such an initiative could boost annual net income among the rural poor by some US$3 billion per year and inject two or three times this amount into the poorest parts of the developing world's economies.

ABSTRACT: The following 58 questions follow the documentary (no.6),  PBS: The Lost Gardens of Babylon (60 minutes) (2014; 60 min.). The question sheet aids in furnishing a summary of the documentary's coverage and sequence of specific topics. A very good documentary detailing Stephanie Dalley's theory about the later traditions concerning the "(Hanging) Gardens of Babylon " as reflecting an actual origin and location in King Sennecherib's garden at Nineveh, over 100 years earlier (ca. early 7th century BCE) and at a site much further to the north (i.e., at Sennecherib's palace at Nineveh, in Assyria, versus in Nebuchadnezzar II's palace at Babylon). WEB LINK: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-gardens-of-babylon-watch-the-full-episode/1203/.  The documentary introduces some of the traditions and evidence concerning the location and date of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and proceeds to Dalley's research and theories for equating it with an earlier garden built by Sennacherib beside his palace at Nineveh: This earlier garden is attested from diverse evidence in the British Museum (e.g., a cuneiform prism; palace wall panels), publications on earlier excavations at Nineveh, recent visits to and assessments of key sites in Iraq (e.g., Khinis; Jerwan; Nineveh), plus consultation with other specialists (e.g., Dr. Jason Ur: using Corona satellite imagery analysis and landscape interpretation). A very enjoyable documentary showing features and issues in both Ancient and modern Iraq.

This is a study of the water-raising wheels of western Syria from the aspects of sources, terminology, typology, origin, history, technology and architecture, and gives a survey of these installations, discussing their present state of conservation. By making use of historical, architectural and iconographical material, the study shows that Syrian water-wheels constitutes a particular type of water-architecture, which successfully combines the functional with the aesthetic and displays sophisticated forms of construction. These devices are visually impressive, present a variety of shapes and are of great historical, environmental and iconographical importance, being of extraordinarily accurate and detailed design. An attempt is made to present evidence of their ancient origin, and to gain an understanding of how their design evolved over time, the reasons for their significance and uniqueness, and for their great concentration in Syria.

Subsurface drip irrigation systems, compared to other irrigation systems, enhance delivery of water and chemicals directly into the root zone. However, in light-textured soils, certain quantities of water may percolate below the root zone due to the subsurface position of drip lines. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate three technologies to enhance a spatial distribution of water and solutes in the root zone and to limit downward leaching. The three technologies include a) a physical barrier, b) a dual-drip system with concurrent irrigation, and c) a dual-drip system with sequential irrigation. To achieve this objective, we performed computer simulations and field experiments. Numerical simulations were carried out using the HYDRUS (2D/3D) software for both bare and cultivated soils. The results indicate that the physical barrier is more efficient than dual-drip systems in enhancing the water distribution in the root zone while preventing downward leaching.

Irrigation system layout and canal design is a subject that has not been dealt with enough. This manual tries to bring all the available works in the area so that further researches and works can be encouraged. The manual can serve as a reference in various courses in civil and irrigation engineering.

Optimasi dan pola operasi waduk/bendungan dapat digunakan dengan beberapa metode diantaranya Program linier, Program Dinamik maupun simulasi.
This writing can inform for you all, how to optimum the reservoir so can fulfill water needs irrigation in Agricultural lands.

In accordance to studies by G.S.Hawkins, the author of this paper continued decoding of ancient monument Stonehenge in Great Britain. The method of decoding by J.-F.Champollion was used with success. The author discovered mathematical code and several images which look like Egyptian hieroglyphs. The author worked out the vocabulary of Stonehenge. It became possible to decode several words and short message with the help of the vocabulary. Mathematical theory of Hydrogen atom and atomic mass (1.0079...) were coded in Stonehenge. A part of message looks like the phrase: "Eternally living Atom". Where Atom (or Atum) is well-known name of Egyptian solar god. Also knowledge of partial differential equations is demonstrated by builders of Stonehenge. The author considers that Stonehenge was distant Egyptian solar temple and ancient center of science and higher education simultaneously. Probably Stonehenge was used for military purposes and for forecasting of results of wars with the help of mathematical modeling too. It explains military power of ancient Egypt. Also the author describes process of building of Stonehenge with the method of hydraulics.

A solar powered evaporative cooling system of 0.6 m 3 capacity was designed and constructed to increase the shelf life of stored vegetables. The evaporative cooler was tested and evaluated using tomato (Roma). The equipment operates on the principle of evaporative cooling and increasing the relative humidity (RH) in the preservation chamber. The storage system was made up of aluminum sheets of 1mm thick while a side of the system is made of jute pad which get moist by water flowing through a series of perforated pipe from the reservoir located at the top of the storage system. The water flows with the influence of gravity. The RH and weight loss of tomato was statistically analyzed using student T – test and the result revealed that there was significant difference in using the evaporative cooling system for storing tomatoes as compared to ambient condition. The average cooling efficiency was found to be 83%. The temperature in the system dropped drastically when compared to the ambient condition which ranges from 6 to 10°C and the relative humidity in the cooling chamber increased considerably to 85%. However, the testing of the evaporative cooling system shows that the tomatoes can be stored for an average of five (5) days with negligible changes in weight, color, firmness and rotting as compared to ambient condition which started rotting after three (3) days. Hence, it is on this note that farmers, house holders and tomatoes processing factories should adopt the use such evaporative cooling system for the storing of fresh tomatoes as this increases the shelf life of tomatoes.

With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most
important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life, but equally essential for
socio-economic development. Water is the unique gift of God and the basic requirement of life. Due to the high
indulgence and exploitation of human being with nature, the global environment is changing every day. As a
result the water resources are depleting gradually. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related
to the teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more
pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available
for any given use has become increasingly scarce. The rapidly growing population, expanding of irrigation areas,
and growing urban & Industrialization are putting more stresses on water resources. The problem of water
shortage particular in Sindh is crucial as being the end user and lower riparian on the Indus basin irrigation
system.

Ditulis oleh Syamsul Arifin (Koordinator KMB P3-TGAI BBWS Brantas tahun 2019)
Abstrak Indonesia merupakan negara yang sedang melaksanakan pembangunan disegala bidang, termasuk sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu sektor yang diandalkan untuk menunjang laju pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, karena sektor pertanian terbukti mampu menunjang pemulihan ekonomi bangsa. Program P3-TGAI dilaksanakan untuk mendukung kedaulatan pangan nasional sebagai perwujudan kemandirian ekonomi dengan menggerakkan sektor strategis ekonomi domestik sebagaimana termuat dalam program nawa cita ke tujuh melalui pemberdayaan masyarakat petani dalam perbaikan, rehabilitasi dan peningkatan jaringan irigasi secara partisipatif di wilayah pedesaan. Program P3-TGAI dilaksanakan untuk melakukan perbaikan jaringan irigasi, rehabilitasi jaringan irigasi dan peningkatan jaringan irigasi dengan melibatkan partisipasi aktif masyarakat petani adalah merupakan bagian dari pemberdayaan masyarakat petani secara terencana dan sistematis untuk meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan jaringan irigasi. Penerima Program P3-TGAI BBWS Brantas pada tahun 2017 adalah 179 desa yang terdiri dari 154 Daerah Irigasi di 86 Kecamatan, 13 Kabupaten, pada tahun 2018 adalah 350 desa yang terdiri dari 267 Daerah Irigasi, 162 Kecamatan di 18 Kabupaten, dan pada tahun 2019 terdapat 622 Desa, 520 Daerah Irigasi, 165 kecamatan 15 Kabupaten. Pada pelaksanaan program P3-TGAI BBWS Brantas pada tahun 2017 sampai dengan 2019 dapat digambarkan secara umum bahwa respon masyarakat petani cukup baik dan sangat antusias yang ditunjukkan dengan partisipasi aktif mereka pada pelaksanaan program tersebut yang dimulai dari tahap persiapan sampai dengan penyelesaian pekerjaan. Peningkatan kinerja saluran irigasi dapat dilihat dengan peningkatan kapasitas layanan saluran dari semula 44.593,62 ha menjadi 51.424,27 ha. dengan panjang saluran yang tingkatkan adalah 256.630,18 m selama tahun 2017 sampai dengan 2019 Manfaat langsung terhadap perekonomian masyarakat petani dapat dilihat dari penyerapan tenaga kerja pada program ini dari tahun 2017-2019 sebesar 980.906,00 hari orang kerja (HOK), dan jumlah petani yang menerima manfaat dari perbaikan saluran sebesar 82.130,00 orang. Kata Kunci : kedaulatan pangan, jaringan irigasi, pemberdayaan masyarakat

his work was conducted for two successive seasons (2015/2016) on Shemlaly 15 years old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cultivated under semi-arid conditions of Egypt (sandy soil at spacing of 4x5 m) at a private orchard located in Cairo–Alexandria desert road, The tested trees were almost uniform in growth vigor, healthy, subjected to drip irrigation and received the same culturel practices adapted in the region such as fertilization, irrigation, pruning, and hoeing as well as pest management. The main objective of the present research is to investigate the effect of water regimes and fertilization with urea (over than the rates recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture) on Oleuropein content of leaves and pruning residues The treatments were T1 : control (farmer " s conventional technique of irrigation and fertilization), T2 (75% of ETc by drip + 1% urea), T3 (75% of ETc by drip + 2% urea) T4 (75% of ETc by bubbler + 1% urea), T5 (75% of ETc by bubbler + 2% urea), T6 (60 % of ETc by drip + 1% urea), T7 (60% of ETc by drip + 2% urea), T8 (60% of ETc by bubbler + 1% urea), T9 (60% of ETc by bubbler + 2% urea) and two level of urea (1 and 2kg/100 liter) were injected through the irrigation system during March over than the fertilization rates recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. Oleuropein content of The leaves and pruning residues were measured at flowering phenological stage.

As stated by one of the pioneer irrigation scientists
Orson Winso Israelsen (1887-1968), irrigation is an age-old
art that has been influencing the well-being of civilizations
for thousands of years. Irrigated agriculture has been a
vital part of human civilization and has been significantly
contributing to food security and aiding in reducing poverty
since its beginning. Today, irrigation continues to play
a crucial role in meeting the food and fiber demands of a
rapidly growing modern civilization as irrigated agriculture
currently contributes to about 40 percent of the world's
total food/fiber production on only about 20 percent of
the total cultivated land. Currently, a little over 800 million
acres of land is irrigated globally with surface irrigation
methods being the dominant irrigation methods practiced.
A fast-growing world population, coupled with changing
climate variables and increasing extreme events (both
drought and floods), will likely impose substantial demand
on future food and fiber production worldwide, which will,
in turn, limit the availability of freshwater in producing agricultural commodities. Increasing extreme events can also
increase the uncertainty in food productivity due to the uncertainty of the impact of climate change on water resources
and crop response to these changes.
Estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO; 2010), indicate that the world’s
population may reach over 9 billion by year 2050, based on
the current rate of population growth. Increasing limitations
in freshwater resources, coupled with population growth,
have increased the competition for water between various
sectors and will likely continue to increase the pressure on
all disciplines to use water resources more efficiently.
However, this pressure will most likely be imposed on
irrigated agriculture more than other sectors because over
70 percent of the total freshwater resources withdrawn
worldwide are for irrigated agriculture. Therefore, novel
ideas and quality research, as well as effective and carefully
designed agricultural water management programs, need
to be implemented in production fields. This will enhance
crop water productivity (crop water use efficiency) to deal
with these important issues and be able to keep pace with
increasing food and fiber demand.