Land Policy

Land reform is one way in which the 'new' South Africa set out to redress the injustices of apartheid and, by redistributing land to black South Africans, to transform the structural basis of racial inequality. During the first decade of democracy, land reform has fallen far short of both public expectations and official targets. This article describes the progress of the programme and its changing nature. It is argued that a recent shift in land policy, from a focus on the rural poor to 'emerging' black commercial farmers, is consistent with changes in macroeconomic policy and reflects shifting class alliances. The programme now appears to pursue a limited deracialisation of the commercial farming areas rather than a process of agrarian restructuring. Most fundamentally, land reform has not yet provided a strategy to overcome agrarian dualism.

The most important component needed in realizing a sustainable land development is a parcel-based data which acquired from the cadastral records. These data define not only size, shape, location, value of the real estate but also land-related rights, restrictions and responsibilities. While cadastre provides a guarantee and protects landowner's rights in many countries, it is also used for new land policy aims. Therefore, cadastre plays an important role on states in order to develop and supply new services such as spatial-based information systems in urban areas. Urban Information Systems (UIS) can be considered as an implementation of GIS in urban extent. It is an effective tool for local authorities with respect to manage urban relevant data and well-qualified service offer. Many geospatial data should be examined at the same time in UIS because of land planning, development and other decision-making procedures. However, land parcel-based information is very significant within this entire management task. From land taxation to environmental works in urban areas, cadastral documents are the main references which are always needed for a meaningful decision-making. Because cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties within a certain area, up-to-date cadastral data should be available for any time. If such data is in a digital form then it could be more valuable for an UIS application. But, the availability of cadastral data is also depending on the existing institutional structure and data use policy of a certain country as well. In this paper, firstly, the role of cadastral data in urban information procedures will be emphasized, and then the data quality and legal issues of introducing cadastral data to UIS applications of Turkey will be examined with regard to an organizational perspective. TS21

This paper addresses sale as a specific case of real property transfer. Special emphasis is on the administrative procedure and legal framework of such property transactions in Slovenia. The article is concentrated on the rural land sale with the main aim to present and expound the models of transactions for international comparisons, and for comparisons of the real estate transfer among different real estate markets. A detailed transfer of the ownership of rural land is presented, where standardized modelling language UML serves for visualization of the models. The outcomes of this research are presented on different UML diagrams. Besides the comprehensive presentation of the transaction procedures also the roles of involved actors are introduced. The modelled transaction could be the base for the simplification and optimization of the rural land transaction procedures; and consequently, development of the rural land market. Furthermore, such models can serve as the starting-point for the rural land market analysis, providing basic information on spatial planning, progress in land policy, land management, real estate appraisal and property taxation.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2007). "A Method in The Context of Urban Planning and Urban Design", LIVENARCH III Livable Environments & Architecture 3rd International Congress - Contextualism in Architecture, Trabzon, Türkiye, 5-7 Temmuz 2007 (vol. 2, pp.569-580), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi.

ABSTRACT:
Creating livable urban environments with identity becomes possible as long as the combination of urban planning and urban design are provided. For this reason, it is important that planning from high level planning to design to be applied should overlap with urban design. However, this fact has not been able to be realized in such countries as Turkey. In the west on the other hand, the role of design and planning system in the planning process is well described and they are both taken as a whole mechanism and successful examples are given. Within this mechanism design is a part of the planning on every scale and is accepted as an inseparable part of planning. It is seen that in Turkey, urban planning and urban design was not combined, nor was effective regulations to do this established. For this reason, in the planning process how urban design as an effective mechanism should be places must be questioned.
In this context there is a need for a complete planning-design guide to be prepared through detailed studies in our country. In this study, a method that will foster the preparation of the above-mentioned guide by means of a research model, and its operation, evaluation and the results. Through the method introduced it is aimed to;
bring urban design dimension into planning in macro level ana in the light of the principles and policies to prepare a control list/checklist that will act as a guide for the designer,
to prepare a method for the compilation of the design data, effective evaluation and the transfer of this method into plan,
to develop a strategic evaluation approach that considers different dimensions and properties of the city (such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats).

CONCLUSION:
Having a check questions list which leads planner step by step so as to strengthen the dimesion of the design will exhibit a requirement that the planner has to take into consideration during the planning. Because, collecting and evaluating all kinds of data about city (or a part of the city) will be mora systematic.
All characteristics of the city, potentials and weaknesses of it will be described locally. Thus the process of the planner and the designer’s evaluating/ examining the city (or the part of the city) during the planning will be clear.
The strategies will be put forward which turns the data found into a plan and makes it concrete.
While developing strategies in the process of planning and designing of the newly developing places except settled areas, in the attempt to renew/ enliven a problematic area in the city check questions will be beneficial. Taking local characteristics in the foreground, highlighting some historical elements as a reference may lead the design during problem definition and analyze. In addition, as the check list has the potential to serve for both the whole area and the part of it, it will control the planned/desined area.
The checklist is thought to be a guide for the planner in the process of problem solving. During the planning, consulting different disciplines such as architecture, landscape architecture will be helpful. The list’s benefits will be completely seen when directors and guiders (planners, designers and local managers) start to use this means actively which has not been used in urban planning and design.
Such kind of a study, when evaluated from the perspective of legacy, serves as an input focused survey. The process put forward in the study can be defined as output focused. Since the findings/ evaluations have equivalent on the field, they will be reflected on the plan easily. Therefore, there will be no need to make any reforms in the discussion of plan-design relationship or using design in public improvement plans. The process that is put forward in the study can be applied to a city (or a part of the city). Execution tools of the reforms (18th subject application, nationalization and taxation) should be applied actively. Different execution tools should be produced. Technical and administrative substructure should be constructed.
When it is evaluated from the perspective of the strategy, time, and the effort, the procedure of acquiring data, evaluation of the data and production take part in the current planning.

Very often, underground land values appear to be a missing factor in land economics and planning, both at academic and practitioner level. In general, ignoring such a variable and potentially valuable resource may seriously delay any underground land policy to be undertaken. It can lead the public as well as the private sector to a short-sighted over-consumption of shallow subsurface space and under-consumption of deep underground space. Considering subsurface land values in economic studies of underground projects increases their reliability for the decision-making process. This paper shows a theoretical and empirical way to estimate underground land values, with applications.

Since the late twentieth century, culture has entered the domain of urban development. This thesis studies a case study of the West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) in Hong Kong, which is the most controversial urban project since the handover. This project has been planned for over 15 years and undergone several years of negotiations on its meaning of culture, district design, development approach and mode of participation. Specifically, the purpose of this study is: firstly, I study the planning process of the WKCD from 1998 to 2013; secondly, I analyse the major stakeholders’ roles and interests; thirdly, I discuss the negotiations on the symbolic, material, and political dimensions of culture in the case of the WKCD; fourthly, I compare the practices in the WKCD with the general practices in land policy, urban planning policy and cultural policy, and find out the unusual practices in the WKCD; fifthly, I discuss my findings and analyse the relationship between culture and urban development in culture-led urban development in the post-colonial context in Hong Kong.
The theoretical framework is built on Sharon Zukin’s concept of culture (1995). Zukin suggests that, culture has three dimensions: symbolic meaning, material consequence, and political values. In order to understand the dynamics and negotiations of a culture-led urban development, I identify the key issues in planning process and relevant policy areas based on the three dimensions.
The data was collected from primary sources including the documents from the Legislative Council, the government, private developers, the WKCDA and the newspapers. Documentary research and thematic analysis are adopted. Three themes are identified on the basis of the theoretical framework and the collected data. They are: (1) symbolic dimension: meaning of culture; (2) material dimension: production of space; (3) political dimension: power of vision. Key findings are presented as follows.
The WKCD project was originally planned in a public-private partnership with a single package approach. The original district plan was featured by an iconic Canopy-shaped architecture. However, due to the different level of opportunity for participation and the improper public consultation, the project received widespread opposition and suspended in early 2006. Later the government re-started the project in a statutory-body development approach, and established the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority (WKCDA) to implement the planning. It allowed more channels for public participation and finally the construction started in 2013. For the stakeholders’ interests, different stakeholders (the government, developers, the arts and culture sector, and the Legislative Council) all have specific interests. There were no clear-cut interests uniting the stakeholders. Some members formed alliance across sectors to defend their interests.
Regarding the symbolic dimension of culture, different stakeholders negotiated the interpretation of culture to influence the planning. The negotiation on the material consequences are analysed through discussing the production of space: the district plan has changed from “iconic plan” to “a place for everyone”, and the development approach has changed from public-private partnership approach to statutory-body development approach. The political dimension refers to power of vision; the government and developers legitimated their political and economic claims through controlling the way of participation.
Through analysing the unusual practices in land policy, urban planning policy and cultural policy, I find two important issues to understand the relationship between culture and urban development in culture-led urban development in this case. Firstly, the provision of land subsidy aimed at privatisation of cultural facilities; secondly, planning of space and framing of culture are inextricably intertwined in culture-led urban development. It is unavoidable to frame the culture to shape the space, or through shaping the space, in culture-led urban development.

Very often, underground land values appear to be a missing factor in land economics and planning, both at academic and practitioner level. In general, ignoring such a variable and potentially valuable resource may seriously delay any underground land policy to be undertaken. It can lead the public as well as the private sector to a shortsighted over-consumption of shallow subsurface space and under-consumption of deep underground space. Considering subsurface land values in economic studies of underground projects increases their reliability for the decision-making process. This paper shows a theoretical and empirical way to estimate underground land values, with applications.

This paper reviews the emerging wild land policy in the United Kingdom-in England and Wales in particular-and the environmental, social, political and economic drivers that make extensive protected wild land areas a possibility in what is otherwise a crowded and intensively developed island nation. Various future scenarios for wild land and rewilding in England and Wales are described including some warnings about the threats from renewable energy developments. Should there develop a strong political will, the paper concludes that there remains a core of significant wild lands in key areas that can be built on to create a spatially continuous network of wilder areas for the benefit of people and wildlife.

Catatan lapangan dari kunjungan delegasi Indonesia ke Filipina untuk belajar tentang pelaksanaan Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) di Filipina. CARP merupakan kebijakan reforma agraria yang telah berjalan selama puluhan tahun di Filipina.

There is an increasing concern that land transactions in Papua New Guinea are perceived by some landowners and key government officials as unsustainable due to inequitable sharing of benefits among the tripartite stakeholders. This paper investigates issues surrounding the perceived inequality of benefits derived from land transactions in forestry, mining, oil and gas projects in the South Pacific country using contiguous Western and Hela Provinces as case study. With regards to the land leasing practices of indigenous customary landowners, the paper adopts stratified random sampling to collect primary data from a representative sample of 180 indigenous landowners, state land officials and project operators in the two provinces. One research question and one overarching hypothesis are used to probe whether forestry and mining land transactions and profits sharing in the projects' areas are sustainable. Based on a chi square value of 2.133 and a p-value of 0.85% that are statistically significant at 0.01 levels, the paper accepts the hypothesis, which strongly suggests that land transactions and profits sharing in the two contiguous provinces are sustainable, contrary to criticisms. Since PNG's 22 provinces are largely homogeneous in terms of common land tenure, local Melanesian culture and languages spoken, it is contended that land transactions are consistent with PNG's national land policy. Results also suggest that project stakeholders in the country are consistently adopting land transactions that are convenient and sustainable. The paper, therefore, calls for government intervention to streamline national land transactions for consistency and sustainability under a common national land policy.

This paper charts out pivotal state policies on land in Sri Lanka and discusses the politics and the philosophies that underpin them. The first part of the paper focuses on changes in land policy during the colonial period in light of land use patterns of the colonial administration. The second part of the paper discusses the shift in land policy during the post-colonial period particularly in the context of major irrigation and agricultural schemes. The third and final part of the paper focuses on the recent approach of the state, in light of controversial agreements such as the Millennium Challenge Corporate (MCC) compact. This paper takes the 2018 National Budget, particularly its propositions to loosen regulation over land in Sri Lanka, as a point of departure, as it marks the most recent attempt to ‘neoliberalise’ the way we think about land in Sri Lanka. A fairly convincing case can be made that the cumulative effect of the proposed reforms in Land (Restrictions and Alienation) Act, No. 38 of 2014, Rent Act, No. 7 of 1972, Paddy Land Act, No. 01 of 1958 and the Agricultural Lands Act, No. 42 of 1973, point to a specific political economy ‘naturalizing’ neoliberal ideas as the guiding principles of the Sri Lankan state and economic organization. The paper argues that neoliberal ideas have inveigled into policy and law-making on land over the past four or five decades, not as a “neoliberal takeover”, but as a logic of governing (Ong 2007) that is selectively taken up in diverse political economic contingencies. Using primarily archival methods, this paper positions land policy within the national and global political economic assemblage.

During the past few decades, transit-oriented development (TOD) has emerged as a popular and influential planning concept around the world to integrate transit with land use. This is a promising strategy where compact, mixed-use neighborhoods are being realized around existing or new public transit stations, restrict urban sprawl and simulate sustainable travel mode. TOD is not a 'one-size-fits-all' concept rather more context sensitive. TOD literature unveils numerous forms of TOD in terms of definition, implementation strategies and purposes. This study is an attempt to shed light on those theoretical aspects includes the context specific form, purpose of TOD and the common mechanism that underpin the success of TOD through reviewing broad literature on TOD. Study found that despite of the differences, there are some common features and prerequisite for successful planning of TOD This theoretical insight about the purpose and form of emergence, role of transport land-use feedback cycle and their underpinning forces in TOD planning would help the urban planner and policy makers of the cities aspiring to become transit-oriented.

China has launched a series of land policy reforms to improve land-use efficiency, to rationalize land allocation, to enhance land management, and to coordinate urban and rural development. These land policy reforms have yielded positive impacts on urban land use as well as negative socioeconomic consequences. On the positive side, they have contributed to emerging land markets, increased government revenue for the financing of massive infrastructure projects and provision of public goods, and improved the rationalization of land use. On the negative side, problems such as loss of social equity, socioeconomic conflicts, and government corruption have emerged. This paper reviews China's land policy reform in a historical context and then examines the impacts on urban development and land use. Policy implications are discussed at the end. r : S 0 2 6 4 -8 3 7 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 7 3 -X * large cities (with a population of over one million people) charge 0.50-10.00 RMB, * medium cities (with a population of between one and half a million) charge 0.40-8.00 RMB,

The overall objective of the Maputo Urban Poverty and Inclusive Growth Study is to inform the municipal governments of Maputo and Matola in the Greater Maputo Area (GMA) on how to  better target and finance urban poverty reduction programs by building critical knowledge on urban poverty and land-based municipal revenue enhancement. The study carried out an in-depth poverty and vulnerability mapping and analysis in order to better understand the spatial distribution of poverty in the GMA. It showed that poverty has significantly reduced in most of the neighborhoods in GMA from 1997 to 2007. The study also showed a strong correlation between poverty reduction and access to basic services and urban infrastructure, though it was not possible to identify a correlation between poverty incidence of natural hazards based on availability data. The study also carried out for the first time in the GMA a comprehensive housing market assessment in order to collect primary data on real estate market value, which was used as basis for estimating the net present value of different policy options to increase property tax. It suggested that municipal revenue for property taxation could significantly increase if municipalities would improve tax compliance, increase tax rate from actual 0.4 to 1.0 percentage, and use market value to assess property tax. In this case, Maputo City Council would generate Mt 44 billion and Matola Mt 29 billion in NPV terms. Finally, study provided specific policy and institutional development recommendations at national and municipal levels with the ultimate objective to increased urban infrastructure finance, and better target pro-poor interventions not only in GMA, but also benefiting other cities in Mozambique.

Border is demarcated to designate a territory united by a common political and legal system. Broder issues means the disputes between two countries about the imaginative boundaries line. The main reason behind the border disputes can be the possession of natural resources such as river, mineral, fertile land and other causes of border issues are the rapid increasing population, political reason, cultural, religion and many more. From the ancient time Nepal is regarded as the sovereign country India surrounds Nepal on its three sides-West, South and East, running to a distance of 1751 Km. Currently the border dispute over Nepal India over Lipulekh region is a burning issue. Besides to this there are other various border issues along various territories of Nepal-India border. The main problem to Nepal-India border is due to open border that is prominent between these two countries due to friendly relation from past.

This article addresses issues of urban land development in Indonesia, including urban land use; ownership and transfers; land taxation; and land information systems. Until very recently, urban land-use planning in Indonesia was largely top-down in character and neglected to include the public as a stakeholder. This article argues that the role of government in urban land-use development needs to change at all levels and that the capacity of local government in land-use management needs to be strengthened. The presence of private developers in urban development should be encouraged. Land development permits-as a means of urban development control-while they may still be necessary should be granted primarily in relation to urban land-use plans (RUTR). Land taxation instruments have not been effectively applied to control land utilisation in the cities. Data and information on land affairs are lacking. r

Effective governance of residential development and housing markets poses difficult challenges for land regulators. In theory, excessive land restrictions limit the buildable supply, tilting construction toward lower densities and larger, more expensive homes. Often, local prerogative and regional need conflict, and policymakers must make tradeoffs carefully. When higher income incumbents control the political processes by which local planning and zoning decisions are made, regions can become less affordable as prices increase. Housing assistance programs meant to benefit lower income households could be frustrated by limits on density and other restrictions on the number and size of new units.

Pernicious threats to tribal sovereignty and Indigenous empowerment at local scales of governance have often evaded the scrutiny applied to other formations of the settler state. To illustrate this point, I draw on recent attempts to divide and redistrict county jurisdictions that overlap with the Navajo Nation. I argue that such efforts become a pretext to treat Navajo citizens as an economic liability and to exclude them from upwardly mobile settler polities in historically racialized ways. As a result, rural politics becomes a crucial site for understanding the contemporary struggles of the 573 federally recognized tribal nations in the United States. I conclude that considerations of rurality must be attentive to how histories of dispossession continue to surface in and permeate the present political moment.

Uganda has a rich legal and regulatory environment hailed for its outstanding recognition
of women’s rights. Policy and legal frameworks for redressing gender imbalances,
harmonizing, and streamlining the complex tenure regimes for equitable access to land and
security of tenure exist. However, the presence of such impressive frameworks on the
gender equality has not curtailed gender disparities. Even though Uganda’s economy has
been steadily growing in the past 25 years and a significant reduction in poverty has been
recorded, over 7 million Ugandans are still trapped in chronic poverty.
In the first chapter of this report, an overview of the status of women is shown in the various sectors that are pivotal to women’s rights over land. Women are involved in elective politics at the highest level filling more than 30% of the elective posts in the country, which is above the internationally recommended quota of 1/3. In all land tenure systems of women are excluded from owning land and only retain secondary rights. In the agricultural sector, women contribute 83% of the labor force, and yet few of them own land. For example, women are not able to access mortgage financing. Women’s ownership of housing is very limited as the housing finance sector lacks long-term funding schemes within the domestic banking system, which can assist women, acquire land and houses. In the second chapter, an analysis of the legal and policy framework undertaken with a view to locating the premise on which women’s land rights hinge and the effectiveness that such recognition places in the hands of women. The 1998 Uganda Constitution protects women against historical discrimination and, guarantees women equal rights with men. Uganda is a signatory to international level agreements, declarations, and protocols, which promote gender equity. Succession laws recognize a women’s right to inherit from their husbands and fathers, though directly and indirectly, women’s inheritance rights in the succession laws are not equal with those of men. In chapter three, the reality of delivering rights within a socio-economic context is dealt with and shows, that despite the progressive legal and policy dispensation, the cultural context and the economic reality deal a blow to much of the anticipated gains, articulated in the legal and policy framework. It is therefore the conclusion of this study, that a clear gap exists between what is in law and policy, and what is practiced, mainly because, the implementers are not able to enforce values ascribed to in the laws, policies, and instruments are limited by capacity or political will. In such a vacuum culture and custom has thrived as the de facto norms to the detriment of statutory provisions that support the right of women over land.

The purpose of this study is to examine the existing real property valuation practice for expropriation in Ethiopia and to suggest potential bases and approaches compatible to the Ethiopian real property market system. The study is grounded on desk review research in which existing literature is the main source. The study found that, there is no standard and responsible institution for real property valuation. Due to this valuation variation and inaccuracy is common. The study suggests market value can be a potential base as it reflects the actual value of the property expropriated. Moreover, market and income approaches can be the potential approaches to Ethiopian setting. But discretion should be given to the valuer to choose the appropriate approach. The study recommends the establishment of independent institution responsible for overall valuation activities including establishing standards and introducing valuation certification by considering the real property market system of Ethiopia.

Durante el gobierno de Frei Montalva (1964-1970) surge en Chile el pro­grama habitacional Operación Sitio, el cual, intentando hacer frente a la proliferación de tomas de terreno, promueve la auto­construcción por parte de los pobladores. A través de él se accede a créditos para la adquisición de lotes urbanos unifamilia­res, dotados de servicios básicos de urba­nización y equipamiento comunitario. La lógica del programa era, previo ahorro de los beneficiarios, en­tregarle loteos semi-urbanizados (en algunos casos solamente el suelo rayado) de 9m x 18m, en los cuales de­sarrollarían planes de auto-construcción. Este sistema, si bien continuaba con la se­gregación espacial urbana de las clases po­pulares promovida por los planes de erra­dicación precedentes, permitía que éstas se convirtieran en propietarias del suelo a través de su entrada a los sistemas finan­cieros existentes.

Desde hace cuatro décadas estas urbanizaciones de la ciudad han recibido planes y programas de mejoramiento urbano de los más distintos enfoques e ideologías, simultáneamente al desarrollo de soluciones habitacionales que buscaban homologar y completar lo que Operación Sitio había desplegado. La radicalización de las luchas por el suelo y la vivienda durante la Unidad Popular, la reforma al sector de vivienda y la liberalización de los mercados de suelo durante la dictadura, la aparición de los Programas de Mejoramiento de Barrios financiados por BID desde 1982 y la aceleración de la dinámica inmobiliaria ocurrida desde 1990 en adelante, han dado nueva forma al pericentro metropolitano. El mercado, pero también los gobiernos locales y regionales, han venido configurando las áreas residenciales pericentrales. La presente investigación mostrará los cursos, procesos y resultados de distintas acciones que han definido la forma urbana de esta particular porción del Gran Santiago.

This study presents an overview of the property rating valuation practice in Uganda's growing urban areas. It reflects on the valuation procedures and practices, highlights a number of key problem areas and tenders possible solutions to some of these problems.

China began to introduce market principles and establish price mechanism to better manage land and improve land use efficiency in the late 1980s. Since then, land m.arkets begin to emerge. A benchmark land price system, providing guidelines for land use rights selling and transferring, was established in order to overcome lack of market data and experiences in land transaction. The benchmark prices of land use rights are determined by land use, land use density (floor-land ratio), land gravies, land improvement, and tenant resettlement costs. This paper first conducts a formal analysis based on modem urban economic theory. The formal model provides a theoretical foundation in which the benchmark land price system is assessed and evaluated in terms of land use and urban development. The paper then concludes that the benchmark price system has two theoretical problems. One is associated with the fact that floor-land ratio plays an important role in land price determination whereas the theory suggests the other way around. That is, floor-land ratio depends on land prices. The other problem is that the benchmark land price system does not provide adequate room for the substitution between land and capital inputs. The substitution is a key in achieving land use efficiency in land markets and urban development process. It is concluded that the practice of the benchmark land price system is at odd with reforms that aim to introduce market principles and mechanism to guide resource uses. Therefore, it is recommended that further land policy reform should be taken. KEY WORDS: urban economics; land development; land prices; urban land use; floor-land ratio CLC number: F293.2 Document code: A Biography: DING Cheng-ri(1963 -), male, a native of Jilin Province, Ph. D., associate professor. His research interests include urban economies, housing, real estate and land development, quantitative research, neighborhood and local economic development, and spatial analysis and GIS.

This paper critically examines the impact of major land reforms in changing the unequal and exploitative agrarian structure. The paper also seeks to provide the context in which the reforms were introduced, their objectives and the measures that they put forth. The three major land reforms introduced since India gained independence, i.e., abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms and ceilings on landholdings have been dealt with in the paper in detail and thereafter, the researcher has attempted to come up with the defects in them. Recommendations for future land policy regarding these reforms have also been put forth.

The chapter provides analytical discourse regarding land policy ambiguities, tenure security and subsequent ethnic conflict in Kibale drawing on various existing literature that has been reviewed. While elements of ambiguities have been found in existing literature, there are also stunning gaps which suggest inability to act systematically in provision of tenure security and subsequent reduction of ethnic conflicts in Kibale district.
The proposition of this chapter focuses on the NLP drafts and the 1998 Land Act which legislatively actualized most of the land policy reforms in the 1995 Constitution of Uganda.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2006). Bütünleşik Kent Planlama ve Tasarımına Yönelik Bir Yöntem (Published doctoral dissertation / YÖKTEZ Database). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13845.78569

ÖZET:
Planlamanın üst ölçekli planlama sisteminden, uygulamaya yönelik tasarımlara kadar kentsel yaşam kalitesini artırmak, yaşanabilir, kimlikli kentlere sahip olmak bağlamında kentsel tasarımla bütünleşmesi önemlidir. Ülkemizde kent planlama eylemini biçimlendiren ve yasal çerçeveyi oluşturan teknik veya hukuksal belgelerde kentsel tasarım kavramı yer almamakta, planlama süreci içinde kentsel tasarımın hangi ölçekte ve nitelikte, disiplinler arası nasıl bir işbirliği içinde, hangi aşamada yapılacağı bir belgeye bağlanmamıştır. Kısaca, Türkiye’de kent planlama ve kentsel tasarım bütünlüğünün sağlanamadığı, bunu gerçekleştirecek etkin düzenlemelerin kurulamadığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, planlama sürecinde kentsel tasarımın etkin bir mekanizma olarak nasıl yer alması gerektiğinin sorgulanması gerekir. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde ayrıntılı araştırmalar sonucunda gerçekleştirilen bir bütünleşik planlama-tasarım rehberine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada, temelde makro düzeyde kent planlamaya kentsel tasarım boyutu kazandıracak bileşenlerin neler olduğu ve bu noktada ortaya konan ilke ve politikalar ışığında plancıya rehber olacak bir “kontrol listesi” hazırlamak amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle genel olarak planlama sürecinde kentsel tasarım yeri ve önemi, planlama ve kentsel tasarım bütünlüğü ve bu doğrultuda konunun gerekliliği ve kapsamı irdelenmiştir. Daha sonraki bölümlerde kent planlama ve kentsel tasarıma ilişkin tanımlar, kavramlar, günümüzde kentsel tasarımın gerekliliği ve önemi, tasarım ilke ve politikaları, araçları, Türkiye ve örnek ülkelerde kent planlama süreci ve bu süreçte kentsel tasarım yeri tartışılmıştır. Alan çalışması bölümünde ise, çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Akçaabat kentsel yerleşmesine ilişkin genel bilgiler, araştırma modeli ve işleyişi açıklanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, kentsel tasarım ilkeleri çerçevesinde çalışma alanına ilişkin makro ve mezo ölçekli değerlendirmeler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış ve sonuçta, kent planlama-kentsel tasarım bütünlüğü bağlamında çalışma alanına ve Türkiye’ye ilişkin değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir.

SUMMARY:
Planning, from an uppermost planning system to a design approach, should be in coherence with urban design in order to possess a livable and identified urban. In Turkey, urban design concept has not yet been included in technical and juridical records which are forming and framing the planning operation. The details associated with the scale and quality, the extent of interdisciplinary cooperation, and the stage at what urban design will be performed have not been documented precisely in the planning process. Shortly, it can be said that coherence between urban planning and urban design have not been achieved in Turkey and related effective modifications have not been arranged as well. In this regard, it has to be inquired that how urban design should be included in the planning process as an effective mechanism. Hence, in Turkey, there is a need for putting into operation a complementary planning-design guidance constructed upon carrying out comprehensive investigations. In the study, it is aimed to prepare a “control list” as a guidance which sets forth the components of urban design that may be considered to be the basis for a macro scale urban planning process. Initially, urban location and its importance, planning and urban design coherence, and relating with this the necessity and the content of the topic are roughly interpreted in the planning process. In the remaining chapters, urban planning, terms and definitions relating urban design, the necessity and importance of urban design today, the design principles and policies, design tools, along with urban planning process in Turkey and some sample countries together with urban design location is discussed. In the site investigation, general information associated with Akçaabat, which is chosen as the study site in the investigation, the research model and its operation is underlined. In addition to this, macro and mezzo scale assessments with regard to the field of study set forth in the frame of design principles. In the end, assessments relating to the field of study and Turkey within the frame of urban planning-urban design coherence are carried out.

Land Management: -Land management is the process of managing the use and development in both urban and rural settings, of land resources. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which may include  Organic agriculture,  Reforestation,  Water resource management  Eco-tourism projects.

Whilst there are economic viability, moral, productivity, egalitarian, equity and political issues that have topped academic, political and interventionist agendas since the onset of the Fast track land reform program in Zimbabwe this paper, seeks to look at the Human Security issues associated with Zimbabwe's land reform program. This paper assumes the position that the debate around land in Zimbabwe has for long been steeped in the tradition of national security focusing more on the state's functionality and economic viability and its ripple effects on general political and socio-economic issues of other states in the region. . It is therefore timely and prudent to analyze the land reform in Zimbabwe using the Human Security lens. The paper therefore seeks to focus on the 'individuals' in the state rather than the 'state' by asking the question; how has the Fast track land reform policy affected Human security in Zimbabwe?

This chapter examines how contestation over land ownership and belonging to the land have shaped lines of conflict in the world’s newest state, South Sudan. He argues that the South Sudanese government has actively, if unwittingly, worsened the situation by enacting community-based land legislation that pushes people to exclude others from their group and what they claim as their soil. This has ignited a debate over federalism and decentralisation with severe overtones of ethnic cleansing. At the same time, land has become an increasingly valuable asset both for the state in its attempt to diversify away from oil revenues, and for individuals and groups eager to cash in. He further contends that the alleged foreign grab is a chimera that may change once the ongoing fighting in the country subsides. Therefore, highlighting and understanding how much and in what way land matters will not only be of academic interest but will lay out a map of sources of potential future conflicts in the country.

Large-scale land acquisitions by investors, which are often called ‘land grabs’, can deprive rural women and communities of their livelihoods and land, increasing their food insecurity. This report argues that the current rise in land grabbing needs to be urgently addressed, and focuses on the actions that developing countries can take to mitigate land grabs through strengthening national land governance so that it is transparent, is accountable and protects communities’ rights.

Land administration ('the process of determining, recording, and disseminating information about ownership, value and use of land when implementing land management policies' according to UN Land Administration Guidelines 1996) facilitates -inter alia-land tenure security, the land market, land use planning and control, land taxation and management of natural resources. In textbooks usually two processes are determined for the initial establishment and maintenance of the system, namely the adjudication process and the cadastral boundary survey. This paper aims at identifying unconventional approaches from the point of view of land registrars and land surveyors, which might contribute to the development of appropriate land administration systems in countries that desire to use a land register and cadastre as a tool for the implementation of its land policy.

This report is prepared as a reference document for the National Land Policy. It gives the context for understanding key reforms and the process by which policy statements and strategies were arrived at by presenting the alternative views and options that the drafters and the national land policy working group dealt with in prescribing solutions.

In the first chapter, the process for formulation and development of the national land policy for Uganda is detailed, highlighting the key milestones and issues that influenced the pace and content. Stakeholder involvement, consultations and participation and the values that were added as result of these processes are also covered in this chapter. 

In the second chapter, the background for land policy reform in Uganda is meticulously put across and an elaboration of the key aspects of the land question in Uganda, as envisaged at the start of the policy making process, including the location of the land sector in national development as land development and land use take centre stage in reform processes.

The third chapter concentrates summarises the views and recommendations that emerged from regional consultations, the fourth chapter captures the views that emerged from the national land conference in the respective framework of the national land policy draft.

The fifth Chapter which is also the last chapter of this process report, on key reform issues that provoked intense public debate across the country during the formulation process, giving prominence to areas of contention or points of departure and contradictions in policy solutions. Justification is offered for policy choice made by rationalising the various views from the public or on the basis of expert opinion, the technical views of experts, government ministries, agencies and departments or cabinet that emerged.

This report is invaluable to understanding rational choices in made the various policy statements and strategies articulated in the national land policy

SUMMARY Systems of Land Administration are not an end in themselves. The design and development of those systems find their rationale and justification in the broader framework of land policy and land management. The way governments intend to deal with the land issue in their society, determines the requirements to the institutional and operational set up of land administration systems.