Town planning

Adaptive reuse of office buildings into apartments has been touted as a successful regeneration model, tackling the blight of vacant commercial premises whilst also delivering new housing. Since 2013, office-to-residential conversions have been classed as ‘permitted development’ in England: a pared-down ‘prior approval’ process allows planning authorities to assess only limited aspects of proposals compared to normal planning applications. Research has shown a vast increase in conversion activity resulting from these reforms, but many commentators have expressed concerns over poor housing standards and the removal of occupied space from office markets.

With previous studies focusing mostly on economic and environmental aspects of conversions, and much commentary disproportionately dominated by outcomes in the South East, this dissertation focuses instead on social impacts in the northern city of Newcastle upon Tyne. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, involving interviews and questionnaire research with various stakeholders connected with two case study conversion schemes. Secondary data analysis of planning documents was also used to estimate how widespread conversion activity has been in Newcastle as a whole.

Findings demonstrate that Newcastle has been less severely affected by permitted development than other cities, with case study schemes generally considered to be of adequate quality. However, conversion activity is predominantly delivering housing for temporary residents which fails to integrate into localities and build strong communities. It is recommended that additional requirements be added to the prior approval process in order to ensure consistent housing quality and social integration in future office conversions.

« Une idée, une cité et l’humanité » telle est la devise du B.I.E. (Bureau International des Expositions). Pour cette année 2002, Master villes : territoires et territorialités, j’ai décidé de consacrer mon travail sur les Expositions Universelles et Internationales – grands projets d’aménagement de l’espace. Une année de master recherche se veut un exercice d’approfondissement pour l’étudiant dans le domaine de la recherche. Le diplôme d’étude approfondie doit permettre à l’étudiant d’appréhender un sujet d’ordre général à partir d’une problématique générale, pour enfin ouvrir sur une question plus précise (une hypothèse de recherche, des hypothèses, une typologie, des solutions ou éclaircissements nouveaux). Pour ma part, j’ai décidé de commencer mes recherches sur les Expositions en tant qu’objet d’étude géographique et leurs impacts sur l’urbanisme, à partir d’une question basée sur le développement durable de la ville : « Les Expositions Universelles ou Internationales ont-elles un effet durable ou éphémère sur l’aménagement et la planification d’un territoire ou d’une cité ? ». Nous verrons tout au long du développement que rien n’est moins sûr concernant la ou les répercussions des effets négatifs ou positifs de ces manifestations géantes ; mais qu’au contraire leurs dimensions culturelles, sociétales et géographiques sont prépondérantes dans le choix de leurs organisations. On s’apercevra au fil du mémoire que la cette question et cette pratique sont en plein renouvellement du fait de la mondialisation et ses effets, mais aussi du processus de métropolisation et ses conséquences sur la dotation en infrastructures majeures pour les villes mondiales.
Pour ouvrir mes propos, dans ma troisième partie, j’élabore une hypothèse de recherche sur la ville de Barcelone par rapport à la problématique de départ. Je préciserai ma recherche sur la capitale catalane à travers ses nombreux méga-événements. À ce titre, pour rentrer directement dans le sujet, j’ai associé à cette introduction, deux articles et deux commentaires permettant de mieux cerner et de comprendre la teneur de mon mémoire. Le premier article est un reportage de Nelly Wenger qui propose une lecture originale des effets durables de l’éphémère de l’Exposition Nationale suisse de 2002, le second est un article de Christophe Dechenay qui propose un commentaire sur la tenue possible de l’Exposition internationale en 2004 dans la banlieue parisienne1. L’analyse des ces deux propos nous montrent deux stratégies différentes, deux points de vue à prendre en compte pour ces projets reflétant une société et une grande métropole généralement. …

Universal and international Exhibitions (World’s fair), an
object of geographical and town planning study (Preliminary Case Study Barcelona)

Introduction "An idea, a city and humanity" is the motto of B.I.E. (International Office of Exhibitions). For this year, 2002, Master cities: territories and territoriality, I decided to dedicate my work on the World and International Exhibitions (world’s fair) - major development projects in space. A year of research master wants an up Exercises for the student in the field of research. The comprehensive study degree must enable students to grasp a general nature about from a general problem, to finally open on a more specific question (a research hypothesis, assumptions, and a typology of new solutions or explanations). For my part, I decided to start my research on shows as an object of geographical study and their impact on urban planning, from a question based on the sustainable development of the city: world’s fairs do they have sustainable or ephemeral impact on the development and planning of a city? We will see throughout the development as nothing is less sure about the impact or the negative or positive effects of these giant events; but to make their cultural, societal and geographical dimensions are paramount in the choice of their organizations. It will be seen over memory than this and this practice is in full renewal due to globalization and its effects, but also the metropolisation process and its impact on major infrastructure endowment for the world's cities.
To open my remarks, in my third part, I develop a research hypothesis on Barcelona city compared to the initial problem. I will describe my research on the Catalan capital through its many mega-events. As such, to enter directly into the subject, I have associated with this introduction, two articles and two reviews to better identify and understand the content of my memory. The first item is a report by Nelly Wenger, which offers an original reading of the lasting effects of ephemeral of the Swiss National Exhibition in 2002; the second is an article by Christophe Dechenay offering a comment about the possible holding of the exhibition international in 2004 in the Paris suburbs (1). The analysis of these two comments shows us two views to be considered for these projects reflect a society and generally a great metropolis.

BALLESTER Patrice, (2002), Les Expositions universelles et internationales comme objet d’étude géographique et urbanistique (étude préliminaire sur Barcelone), mémoire de master 2 recherche (titre de), Université de Toulouse Le –Mirail, 174 p.

... and (b) that any corridor that had scored less than two did not involve a missed BRT opportunity. ... Routes with the largest growth (with development plans factored in) were scored highest; the other routes were scored ... Table 3 summarizes potential benefits data for each corridor. ...

Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change'.

Léon JAUSSELY, « La Barcelona d'en Jaussely", Il·lustració Catalana, número extraordinari de l'1.er de gener de 1911, revista setmanal ilustrada, Any IX, n°395.

Proposition aux Barcelonais par un encart de presse du prochain projet d'extension de la capitale catalane et de mise en réseau de tous les éléments urbanistiques de l'ensanche, afin de donner plus de légitimité aux acteurs du moment.

Ceci à la suite du rapport de présentation du projet de mise en réseau de la zone de l'ensanche de Barcelone, concours gagné par Léon Jaussely en 1905. Le projet ne sera pas complètement réalisé et surtout servira de base pour le plan de réorganisation de la ville en 1914, un nouveau plan dit "de liaisons" ou "de mise en réseau" reposant largement sur celui de Jaussely. Par la suite, le concours, le plan de Jaussely et son ancrage dans les mémoires des planificateurs suivants deviennent un élément très important de la culture urbanistique mondiale. Jaussely conçoit un plan général pour une ville en extension avec des aménités importantes. Ce document rentre dans l'histoire mondiale de l'urbanisme, du City Beautiful Movement et de l’embellissement des villes.

Presentation report of the project to network the ensanche area of Barcelona, competition won by Léon Jaussely in 1905. The project will not be completely realized and above all will serve as the basis for the plan of reorganization of the city in 1914, a new plan known as links or networking based largely on that of Jaussely. Subsequently, the competition, Jaussely's plan and its anchoring in the memories of the following planners became a very important element of the world urban planning culture. Jaussely is devising a general plan for an expanding city with significant amenities. This document goes into the world history of town planning, the City Beautiful Movement and the beautification of cities.

Pour aller plus loin:
Francesc Roca Rosell, Polıtica urbana i pensament economic, Barcelona, 1901-1939, Thèse de doctorat, Universitat de Barcelona, 1977

Inicis de la Urbanistica, Mostra del fons municipals e plans I projectes d’urbanisme, 1750-1930, Barcelona, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1985

García Espuche, A. y Guàrdia Bassols, M.: Espai i societat a la Barcelona pre-industrial. Editorial La Magrana, Barcelona, 1986.

Manuel de Torres Capell, El Planejament urba i la crisi de 1917 a Barcelona. Barcelona, Editions de la Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 1987

Manuel de Torres Capell, « Barcelona : planning problems and practices in the Jaussely era, 1900-30», Planning Perspectives, 7, 1992, p. 211-233.

Guàrdia-Bassols, M.G., Monclús, F.J. y Oyón, J.L. (dir.): Atlas histórico de ciudades europeas, vol. II, Francia CCCB - Salvat - Hachette, Barcelona, 1996.

A study about the effect of tree canopy opening in the regeneration layer of Sal (Shorea robusta) forest was investigated in four strata of forest viz. 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-100 percentage crown cover vegetation in Buddha-Shanti Collaborative Forest Management of Nawalparasi district, Nepal. Systematic sampling was carried out for regeneration survey in two sub-compartment of each 10 hectare, where in one sub-compartment was (C1S2) silviculturally managed where Irregular shelter wood system was adopted with regeneration felling and the other sub-compartment (C1S3) was undisturbed with no regeneration felling. The seedling density of Sal was found higher in the 0-25 and 25-50 percentage crown cover (22,167 ha-1 and 13,667 ha-1) respectively than 50-75 and 75-100 percentage crown cover area (11,667 ha-1 and 11,000 ha-1) respectively. Likewise, sapling density was also higher in the open canopy than dense or closed canopy. Crown cover percentage was found negatively correlated with regeneration density per hectare (ha) in Sal forest. Hence, the study concluded that open canopy favours regeneration; promotes seedling densit in Sal forests and regeneration layer of Sal is dependent on canopy opening or threshold light intensity for better growth and survival.

Long-neglected, infrastructure planning has returned to the political limelight in the UK. While the debate has been preoccupied with the financial, efficiency and regulatory aspects of major infrastructure development, there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial issues. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the changing policy environment of infrastructure planning in regards to spatial distribution patterns in England. It also explores the knowledge gaps, policy questions and challenges of infrastructure development in the lagging northern regions. It concludes with a discussion to shape a future research agenda and actions for infrastructure planning in lagging regions.

What About Kuching is a new event introduced to attract tourists from outside to Kuching. Therefore, researchers want to identify visitor awareness about this event. In addition, researchers want to study WAK as a platform that will promote the culture and the arts in Kuching. Finally, the researcher wanted to analyze the contribution of WAK to the local community. The researcher uses quantitative method in collecting data which is distribute questionnaire. The researcher found that there were not many visitors who knew about this event. However, they strongly agree that the event is capable of promoting Kuching and contributing to the local community.

Mostrare la genesi di una nuova città, ripercorrendone la vicenda storica a partire dalla sua formazione, è il principale intento che si propone questo volume sulla storia di Delia. L’inquadramento dell’abitato, nell’orizzonte temporale e geografico del fenomeno delle ‘città nuove’ di fondazione, evidenzia l’atto performativo della committenza feudale nel suo impianto e trasformazione. Estrema importanza ha, in ciò, sia il riferimento al modello fondativo adottato in fase di pianificazione urbana che la lettura del rapporto col territorio mediante lo studio dell’economia feudale. Delia, intesa in tal modo, non appare una realtà isolata, ma parte integrante di un sistema abitato ramificato che muta il volto del latifondo agricolo della Sicilia interna in una ‘terra di città’. Il centro si trova, dunque, inserito in un circuito di relazioni culturali, dove la trasmissione delle idee, mosse dal gusto della classe feudale, avviene attraverso la circolazione di maestranze e la diffusione di trattati e incisioni architettoniche. È un processo animato tra Cinque e Seicento dalla famiglia Lucchesi, che affida alla fondazione della città la sua scalata sociale tra i ranghi dell’alta aristocrazia siciliana. Nel Settecento Delia passa sotto il controllo dei Gravina, principi di Palagonia, e viene interessata da numerose trasformazioni che sembrano definirne il quadro di una vera e propria ‘rifondazione’. Si tratta di interventi che determinano l’arrivo di architetti e plasticatori da altre realtà feudali, come Palagonia, negli anni delle grandi ricostruzioni avvenute dopo il terremoto del 1693. Nell’Ottocento, la crisi della feudalità, associata alla crescita del notabilato locale sempre più potente e influente, si manifesta con l’affacciarsi della questione demanialista che avvicina Delia ad altri centri come Caltanissetta e Paternò.

Abdel Tawab, Ayman G. (2012): “Area-based conservation: The strengths and weaknesses of the Egyptian emerging experience in area-based conservation”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 137–152.

Abstract

The interest in securing and sustaining the townscape and urban values of the historic environment has escalated as a response to the writings of intellectuals, such as Kevin Lynch and Gordon Cullen. Such interest has been construed by the governments' introduction of statutory tools allowing them the right to designate urban areas within the boundaries of which the historic environment can be provided a statutory protection. The earliest European attempt to introduce such tools has been the Dutch establishment of the model of conservation areas known as “Protected Town and Village Views” in 1961. In 1962, the renowned Malraux Act has officially established the French similar model of protected areas known as “Secteurs Sauvegardés”. The introduction of such tools has marked the emergence of what has been later called area-based conservation. In Egypt, the enactment of the Act No. 119, in 2008, and the establishment of the model of protected areas known as “Areas Enjoying a Distinctive Value”, seem to have marked the emergence of the Egyptian official experience in area-based conservation. The main aim of this study was to preview the key features of the Egyptian emerging experience in area-based conservation and to unveil its strengths and weaknesses. The study approached the issue by means of a comparative analysis conducted among a group of adopted case studies. The adopted case studies included the British, the Dutch, the Egyptian, the French, the Irish and the Maltese experiences in area-based conservation, in addition to the international institutions' experiences. The findings indicated that adopting the centralized approach to designate the Egyptian “Areas Enjoying a Distinctive Value” seems to be the major weakness of the Egyptian experience. The findings suggest the further boosting of the role of the Egyptian local authorities in the management of such designated areas.

Usage of space and urban image in Leninváros

The subject of this study is the socialist-era image of Leninváros conveyed to the public by press photographs and articles. The foundation of the town in the second half of the 1950s transformed what was fundamentally an agricultural landscape into an industrial one. Wide-angle photographic views - reinforced by the narrative of the articles — presented Leninváros as having grown out of “nothing”, i.e. agricultural land. The press of the time presented socialist-driven industrialisation as a victory over the natural elements.
It took many years, however, for the neat drawing-board plan to be implemented, and instead of the “stunning view”, visitors were presented with a disordered picture of a town under construction. Affairs within the town were no closer to ideal, because the industrial development required such an influx of population that housing had to be given priority over community buildings, whose delay and absence caused much unpleasantness for the inhabitants. Neither did the ubiquitous system-built multi-storey blocks fulfil the hopes invested in them; their uniformity created monotony and emptiness. The real breakthrough in the formal and structural development of the town occurred only after the political transition, when buildings hitherto deprecated for economic and ideological reasons (e.g. detached houses and churches) also found a place in the town.
Provision of institutions for the leisure activities classed as an integral part of culture was an important consideration for socialist towns. Consequently, community centres, parks and leisure centres had a prominent place alongside dwellings and industry in the functional layout of Leninváros. The town leadership paid considerable attention to tending public parks, and in 1976 Leninváros was awarded the “Clean Town in Bloom” prize, which it seized on as an image-boosting slogan.

This paper is a review and addendum to the paper by Socrates Stratis, "Urban Porosity Patterns for Exchange in the City: the case of Europan," in AESOP 2015, Prague. This paper examines the theories discussed by S. Stratis and later builds up with some more arguments based on a more detailed examination of the projects examined with additional ones. The aim is to understand and examine the notion of Urban Porosity as a medium of urban planning.

The autarchy system established by the new dictatorship following the Spanish Civil War proposed the reconstruction of the country as a new Renaissance based on idiosyncratic Spanish values. One of the most unique experiences was the creation of the private society The National Federation of Town Planning and Housing (1939–1954). The aim was to create a social environment appropriate for dignity development in the habitability conditions. The project was very ambitious about town planning dissemination. A professional network concerning town planning and housing knowledge was required. Instruments applied for achieving the objective included publishing books and magazines, exhibitions, congresses, and centers of information within and outside Spain.

The following concepts, ideas, sketches, titles, names, trademarks, plans, designs, configurations, proposals and inventions included in this Manifesto and any present/future applications in the fields/disciplines of architecture, planning (town/urban/rural/regional), interior, fashion and graphic design, cinematography, architectural theory and aesthetics, civil/structural engineering, mechanical, acoustic and electrical engineering, landscaping design and other fields of art and technologies, are claimed and protected under the following copyright: Gerald Mason to be identified as the author of all the elements and sections within this program and outlay and stored within has been asserted by him in accordance with the right of Gerald Mason to be identified as the author of this work above has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988 with the protection provided for designs registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 (CDPA 1988 and RDA 1949). The Intellectual Property Act 2014 introduces a criminal offence where a person is found to have intentionally copied a registered design without consent of its owner.

ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΣΥΝΙΣΤΩΣΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΖΟΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΛΑΣΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΙΚΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΛΕΩΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΑΣ

Ένα θέμα που έχει ανακύψει από τα έργα των αναπλάσεων, που κυρίως στοχεύουν χρονικά στους Ολυμπιακούς αγώνες του 2004 είναι κατά πόσο ο πολεοδομικός εκσυγχρονισμός της πρωτεύουσας θα επιτευχθεί μέσω της ισοπέδωσης κάθε ιδιαιτερότητας που συνιστά τον ελληνικό τρόπο ζωής.

Αν στις περιπτώσεις της Ομόνοιας, του Πεδίου του Άρεως, της πλατείας Εξαρχείων, οι αναπλάσεις αλλοίωσαν την λειτουργία και αγνόησαν τη χρηστικότητα των ανοιχτών αυτών πεδίων της δημόσιας ζωής, στην περίπτωση της επικείμενης ανάπλασης του προσφυγικού συνοικισμού της λεωφόρου Αλεξάνδρας, το «δημόσιο» συμφέρον, η ανάγκη δηλαδή για περισσότερους ελεύθερους, κοινόχρηστους χώρους, εκδιώκει την (ούτως ή άλλως υπό εξαφάνιση) παραδοσιακή δομή της αστικής κοινωνίας, τη γειτονιά, το σταυροδρόμι του ιδιωτικού με τον δημόσιο βίο.

Για τις προσφυγικές πολυκατοικίες, ένα οικιστικό συγκρότημα έντονα φορτισμένο με ιστορικές μνήμες και πολιτιστική αξία, ο προωθούμενος σχεδιασμός που εντάσσεται στο Πρόγραμμα Ολυμπιακών Αναπλάσεων του ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ και της ΚΕΔ, προβλέπει την κατεδάφιση 6 εκ των 8 οικοδομών  και την χωροθέτηση πάρκου αναψυχής και χώρου πρασίνου, στηριζόμενος στις προβλέψει τους Ρυθμιστικού Σχεδίου Αθήνας. Η σχεδιαζόμενη ανάπλαση έχει δημιουργήσει και συγκεντρώσει μια έντονη προβληματική, και τις αντιδράσεις του συνόλου των κατοίκων και των αρχιτεκτονικών συλλόγων της χώρας, όπως του Ινστιτούτου Ελληνικής Αρχιτεκτονικής, του Συλλόγου Ελλήνων Αρχιτεκτόνων, της Αρχιτεκτονικής Σχολής του ΕΜΠ και άλλων.

Η παρούσα εργασία προσδοκά πέρα από την παρουσίαση της περιοχής και την μόρφωση των σημερινών συνθηκών που επικρατούν, να καταδείξει την ανεπίκαιρη επιχειρηματολογία του ΡΣΑ, στη βάση του οποίου στηρίχθηκε η σχεδιαζόμενη ανάπλαση, και να αναδείξει μια νέα πρόταση που θα αντιπαρατίθεται του σημερινού σχεδιασμού, και θα συνδυάζει την διατήρηση της ιστορικής μνήμης με μια οικολογική προσέγγιση της περιοχής, που θα παρέχει χώρους πρασίνου και αναψυχής στους κατοίκους της περιοχής, και του λεκανοπεδίου.

An Abstract: Dimitrovgrad is a subject of a new interpretation in terms of values. Having "crossed the Rubicon" of historical distance, the town should be reconsidered as a cultural phenomenon -pragmatically, free from mythologems, and from many aspects.

Metropolises are exploding. Experiencing rapid growth phenomena for the first time in history. We need a discipline of knowledge to manage them. This series of 20 inception lectures attempt to explore the basics of the new discipline we have to build.
Links to Videos, slides and transcriptions.

This book is about town, urban, city and regional planning concepts, principles and legislation in Namibia and the interpretation of its provisions by courts.

Is available as a hard copy or as e-book from publishers Juta Law South Africa here is the link:

http://juta.co.za/law/products/ebooks/planning-law-in-namibia-2

Culture, planning and path dependence: some reflections on the problems of comparison Comparative research in spatial planning and urban policy runs the risk of being undertaken with insufficient awareness of the extent to which they are culturally embedded. This article reflects on some of the theoretical and methodological implications of approaches that accept the cultural embeddedness of planning, taking in particular work by to explore typologies of comparative research, and the concept of path dependence as the means for articulating causality. It concludes by considering some of the consequences of such approaches for the conduct of research.

This book explores how productions, activities, and strategies of real estate actors transformed the urban spaces of Phnom Penh, capital of Cambodia. It has two main purposes. Firstly, exploring the role of real estate dynamics in transforming social, spatial, economic, political, and cultural dynamics in Phnom Penh. Secondly, proposing an approach of real estate dynamics in social geography. The main argument of the book is that real estate activities changes not only the way that urban spaces are produced, but also the relations between the elements of the process of production of urban spaces.
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Cet ouvrage examine la transformation contemporaine des territoires urbains de Phnom Penh, capitale du Cambodge, par l’étude de la production, des activités et des stratégies immobilières. Le fait immobilier ne se limite pas à sa dimension économique : il est aussi tributaire des dynamiques sociales, politiques, culturelles et spatiales qui structurent à la fois les formes urbaines produites, le déploiement des activités qui y sont associées et les stratégies des acteurs impliqués. Cet ouvrage propose ainsi une « géographie sociale de l’immobilier » à Phnom Penh, qui semble d’autant plus justifiée par la trajectoire urbaine aussi singulière que tragique de cette petite capitale sud-est asiatique : entre 1975 et 1979, la ville fut totalement vidée de ses habitants par le régime khmer rouge, sous lequel près d’un quart de la population du pays trouva la mort. En ce sens, la réorganisation de la production immobilière participe de la renaissance d’une urbanité partiellement détruite. Cependant, ces processus suscitent d’importantes tensions sociospatiales, qui démontrent à quel point l’immobilier est devenu, aussi bien à Phnom Penh que dans un très grand nombre de contextes urbains, une activité qui génère de fortes inégalités socio-économiques. Ce livre montre ainsi à quel point l’immobilier est le produit de multiples relations de pouvoir où différents acteurs jouent avec les territoires pour s’approprier les ressources qu’ils contiennent.

Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι αρχικά η παρακολούθηση της εξέλιξης της οδού Αριστομένους, οι παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες που αναπτύχθηκαν και αναπτύσσονται μέχρι την καταγραφή της σημερινής εικόνας της, και η ανάλυση της
σημαντικής δυναμικής ανάπτυξης, που παρουσιάζει με την πραγματοποίηση
προωθούμενων σημειακών παρεμβάσεων.
Στοχεύοντας στην ανάγνωση της εξεταζόμενης περιοχή μελέτης, και στον εντοπισμό των πολεοδομικών και κυκλοφοριακών χαρακτηριστικών της, αλλά και στην προσέγγιση στις προβλέψεις του Ρυθμιστικού Σχεδίου, και στους στόχους που θέτει, επιδιώκεται η εύρεση του χαρακτήρα της περιοχής, και ο προσδιορισμός των
κατευθύνσεων που θα πρέπει να έχει οποιαδήποτε μορφή μελλοντικής επέμβασης.

Notes on Royal Standard Lamp Oil as an early Edinburgh product, and the later life and work of local technologist William Young (1840-1907) eldest son of Selkirk and Dalkeith gas manager John Young. William Young's early work is outlined, his connections with the gasworks at Lasswade, Gibraltar, Musselburgh, Falkirk, Peebles and St Helens , his shale oil work at Clippens and Oakbank, his collaborations with Brash, Taylor, George Beilby, Fyfe and Glover, and the contractor John Dennis, his work on carburretted gasoline for lighting, oil-gas enrichment, and gas engines with Milne of Edinburgh.  Extensive use is made of notes from Michael Cotteril, consulted for the exhibition.

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w połowie 2014 r., mających na celu identyfikację oczekiwań władz małych miast wobec polskiej państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego. Jako źródło informacji o tych oczekiwaniach wybrano grupę 46 burmistrzów małych miast, natomiast jako metodę badawczą zastosowano sondaż diagnostyczny oparty na długim wywiadzie osobistym. Zidentyfikowane oczekiwania dotyczyły reformy systemu stałego finansowania gmin, zmian systemów dystrybucji środków unijnych, wyposażenia samorządów lokalnych w nowe instrumenty oddziaływania na ponadlokalne relacje ich gmin, redukcji antywzorców prowadzenia polityki, usuwania sprzeczności i niejasności prawa, a także zmian zasad funkcjonowania organu stanowiącego i wykonawczego władz lokalnych. Oczekiwania te można i należy traktować jako współczesne wyzwania państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego, ponieważ dotyczą one jej gruntownych, wielowymiarowych zmian. Ponadto rozpatrywane łącznie tworzą dla tej polityki wyzwanie, które można określić jako jej współczesne wyzwanie generalne. Jest nim oczekiwanie władz lokalnych, że władze państwowe zwiększą ich podmiotowość w definiowaniu i kreowaniu rozwoju kraju, pogłębiając swoją aprobatę dla paradygmatu rozwoju lokalnego.

[The article presents the results of research carried out in mid-2014 to identify the expectations presented by the authorities of small cities in the light of Polish state local development policy. 46 mayors were selected as the source of information about these expectations and a diagnostic survey based on long personal interviews was chosen as the research method. The expectations concerned the reform of the municipalities’ permanent funding system, changes in the systems governing EU funds distribution, providing local authorities with new instruments for shaping their municipalities’ supra-local relationships, reducing anti-patterns in policy and politics, eliminating contradictions and ambiguities in law, and changes in the rules governing both decisive and executive bodies of local authorities. The expectations discussed should be approached as contemporary challenges for state policy on local development, since the mayors refer to thorough and multidimensional alterations to that policy. Furthermore, if analysed jointly, the expectations constitute a challenge for this policy, which can be referred to as its general contemporary challenge. Local authorities expect that the state government will increase its subjectivity in defining and creating local development by extending its approval for the local development paradigm.]

У статті проаналізовано стан, цілісність, використання та структуру кварталів центральних частин малих міст Західної України на прикладі Рогатина, Комарно та Підгайців. Виділено чинники, які негативно впливають на цілісність кварталів, зміну житлової забудови та її території; розділено їх на категорії, запропоновано основні принципи відновлення історично сформованої структури кварталів та парцелей.

This article argues that the dominant understanding of culture within place branding is inadequate and leads to disconnection between local culture and the place brand. The article discusses significant tensions arising from an evident oversimplification of the relationship between place brands and culture. This relationship is reconstructed through a re-appreciation of its complexity and reciprocity. The article provides a refined appreciation of the role of place brands in the production of culture as well as of the cultural nature of place brands and explores the implications of such thinking. Synergies are found in clarifying the formation and function of place brands as cultural phenomena, and, particularly, in understanding the link that culture provides between locals, their place and its brand. The simultaneous consideration of culture in, for and of the place and the related analytical, strategic and participatory aspects of place branding are highlighted as resolutions to the evident tensions.