Landscaping

While tourism replaced plantation agriculture as a mainstay of Hawaii’s economy, landscape ser­ vices became increasingly more important relative to agricultural production activities. A study by Barmettler and Prasad reported that in 1959 the state’s landscape service industry included seven firms that generated $900,000 of the sector’s gross sales of $1.4 million. Van Dam and Murdoch identified 24 golf courses on Oahu in 1975 and estimated that they spent about $2 million to employ 292 full-time and 33 part-time landscape service professionals. Employment in Hawaii’s landscape service industries from 1974 to 1985 grew at an average rate of 19 jobs a year, while employment in agricultural produc­ tion industries declined over the same period at an aver­ age rate of 108 jobs per year (Cox and Hollyer 1989). The upward trend in landscape service jobs is ex­ pected to continue. Employment for gardeners and groundskeepers is projected to increase by 130 jobs per year from 1998 to 2008....

Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.

The economic, environmental and social values of green areas allocated in urban centers are increasing due to the expansion of urban areas and the high competition for the space, main in big cities. The environmental value is due to the higher quality of human life promoted by green areas, as higher quality of air by increases relative humidity of air, increases water infiltration into the soil, reducing the problems with floods in big cities, and reduces the temperature, main in the ‘heat islands’. The economic value is recent and is a consequence of the implementation of carbon credits and the high quantity of new real estate development. Socially, because is connected with urban beneficial, main with the common uses and functional, as education, quality of life reduction of diseases, among others. However, the space limitation for green areas has been required more than the ornamental and environmental functions of landscapes. There are required that integration of ornamental plants with species with ecological functions, and that serves as shelter for wildlife, and plants that serves as food, integrating decoration with functionality in particular or public projects of landscaping, called functional landscaping. The uses of species with specifically function for the human and it environment must be a priority in modern architecture and in the contemporary landscaping
Keywords: urban centers, decoration, functionality, sustainability

In the hospitality business, providing a soothing atmosphere is critical for ensuring high rates of occupancy. Whether they are staying for business or for pleasure, guests want to be able to unwind with a minimum of distractions. Landscaping and interiorscaping have a lot of benefits and what they can do to boost the economy and occupancy rate of the hotel industry is tremendous. The study was conducted on five star hotels of Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR). It focused on the
features and practices of landscaping; the reasons for investing in and benefits gained through landscaping & interiorscaping and the awareness & perception of the occupants of the hotels regarding the landscaping. It was found that the main reasons for investing in landscaping and interiorscaping were to improve the image of the hotels, to reduce noise, for air purification, to attract more customers and to act as stress busters to occupants. The major landscape features installed in the hotels were plants, flowers, water elements, stones and rocks, sculptures, pavements, arches and pergolas, lights and turf grass. Most of the occupants were aware about the features and practices and perceived that the landscaping and interiorscaping acted as a stress
buster for them, increased the aesthetic beauty of the hotel, helped in wayfinding and signposting, concealed less attractive features, purified air and reduced noise in the surrounding areas. Landscaping and interiorscaping benefited the hotels by adding monetary gains through attracting more customers, extra premium for guests rooms with better interiorscape features and better views, banqueting on terrace gardens and use of recycled water for irrigating the plants.

A Thousand Miles of Streams and Mountains (Qianli jiangshan tu 千里江山圖) is the name of a famous 12-meter-long landscape painting of the Northern Song dynasty. It was painted in 1113 by a 17-year-old prodigy, Wang Ximeng 王希孟, under Emperor Huizong's 徽宗 (r. 1101-1125) supervision, an accomplished painter and a Daoist initiate himself. In this paper I argue that the handscroll depicts a story of Daoist self-cultivation, from lay-life, initiation, receiving training, to eventually attaining Dao (becoming immortal) and the afterlife as an immortal. This story is depicted in both the iconographic details of the figures, buildings, paths, bridges and other elements, guiding the viewer through the landscape, and the composition of the handscroll, mirroring the development of the story by means of the particular placement and the form of the landscape. Because of his close involvement, the landscape painting offers a unique and amazing insight into Huizong's personal views on what constitutes a Daoist and Daoist selfcultivation, if not his ideas on Daoist landscape painting in the Song dynasty.

The general issues of waste is one of the major environmental challenges facing humanity today;
yet it is not receiving enough attention from those responsible for the planning and designing of
the built environment especially in Bauchi State. A good knowledge of the generation,
transportation, collection/disposal, treatment/recycling and general management will go a long
way towards helping the environmentalists in planning and designing, to handle the problems
associated with solid waste. This paper therefore examines the waste disposal systems with
particular reference to residential core areas of the Bauchi metropolis. Field surveys of interview
schedules and observations were carried out in three residential zones with proper analysis and
discussions. The results show that the household sector produces the largest amount of waste in
the city and also highlighted the implications of the result for the environment and sustainable
management of solid waste solutions with corresponding policy statements.
Keywords: Waste, disposal, management, environment, residential.

Tuinarchitect Hendrik Francois Hartogh Heys van Zouteveen (1870-1945) was als lector aan de Landbouwhogeschool van Wageningen 35 jaar verantwoordelijk voor de ontwikkeling en opzet van het landschap-architectonische onderwijs. Van Zouteveen heeft zich al die jaren ingezet voor een betere positionering en waardering van het vakgebied van de tuin- en landschapsarchitect bij het breder publiek, als ook bij collega architecten en stedenbouwkundigen. Met het inzichtelijk maken van zijn nalatenschap krijgt zijn visie een grotere betekenis voor het vakgebied van de tuin- en landschapsarchitectuur.

Procura-se problematizar o ensino de paisagismo, a partir dos debates para a instalação do curso de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA). Sob a égide da cooperação e da integração
regionais, sua missão alinha-se aos chamados pensamentos descoloniais e pós-coloniais, com vistas à consolidação de
uma perspectiva epistemológica própria da América Latina. Procura-se demonstrar a permanência da eurocentralidade
no ensino, refletindo-se sobre tipos e paisagens dominantes e subalternos nas cidades do subcontinente. Finalmente,
procuramos apontar, preliminarmente, diretivas que busquem valorizar o subcontinente e suas paisagens, de modo a
realizar intercâmbios culturais e propiciar emancipação e empoderamento de pobres ou subalternizados.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ensino de paisagismo, América Latina, descolonialidade.

This FAQs sheet was written initially in support of the Florida Native Landscape Project at Stetson University in DeLand, Florida (see Kermath 1999, 2008).  The project was first funded in 1995 and planting began in 1998. In 2000, the project received an award from the Florida Native Plant Society.

I conceived of the project in the context of the role that urban landscaping plays in biodiversity conservation, specifically in how it serves as a pathway for the introduction of exotic species into natural areas and how it reflects and may affect cultural values. The idea was that by converting key landscapes in highly visible places to sustainable native landscapes that reflect a deep appreciation and concern for natural heritage, perhaps a desirable change in worldviews would follow (See Kermath 2008).

The FAQs sheet was developed in response to questions that came up over time from the earliest days of conception through early development and implementation. The first draft was printed in 1997 and a series of updates followed.

Although I hold the opinion that “working landscapes” that produce food or environmental services are the most desirable landscaping practices for developed lands, I also recognize that many people, institutions and organizations still prefer more conventional landscaping designs. For these more conventional approaches, I recommend considering sustainable native landscapes over landscapes that emphasize exotic species, mowed turf, and artificial chemical management and to blur the lines between 'working' landscapes and aesthetic landscapes by planting native plants that also 'work' such as with edible native plants.

Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.

Tendo como horizonte um ensino de paisagismo com base nos direitos humanos e voltado ao contexto das desigualdades dos territórios caribenhos e latino-americanos, explanarei sobre o paisagismo comes-tível – entendido como campo de atuação em projetos de paisagens que conjuguem o uso preferencial de plantas alimentícias, convencionais ou não, com outros interesses ornamentais e ambientais –, de modo a relacionar o exercício profissional de paisagistas ao combate à fome e à produção de alimentos. Deba-terei o tema da fome, à luz dos conceitos de segurança, soberania e justiça alimentares e das discussões correlatas ao paisagismo comestível no Norte Global e na América Latina e no Caribe, para lançar alguns apontamentos para um ensino crítico e emancipatório na região.

Florida Lawn and Order, is a professional team of lawn care service experts based in St. John's Lawn Care focusing on lawn care maintenance, tree/shrub trimming and mulching. We are a team of individuals that live in the community. That means we understand the turf, tree, shrub and lawn issues of this area. We know the unique problems and challenges associated with this area and we know how to fix them. Welcome to Florida Lawn and Order, home of North Eastern Florida's lawn care company. We are a family owned and operated business, lawn care st Augustine fl, currently offering services in the St. Johns County area and surrounding towns. Our services are both professional and affordable. We place a strong emphasis on professionalism, workmanship and building healthy relationships with our customers. We are huge believers in no contracts. An honest handshake and earning your business each and every time lawn care saint augustine fl come out to service your property is what we believe in. We always make our customers the priority by using simple, courteous practices. We will always answer the phone or return your call promptly. As a florida lawn care company, we enjoy making a difference in the community. It would be a pleasure to add your name to a list of satisfied customers. Please call Florida Lawn and Order to have us service your property!

Nigeria is faced with several risks ranging from problems of climate change to security challenges and this is not limited to a specific aspect of the built environment as all buildings and environment are affected. The places of worship are greatly affected in terms of security which affects the disposition of Christians during worship at churches. Many of the studied churches were seen to have made use of landscape elements but these were not placed with the aim of using them to deter intrusion as in the case of security but rather for beautifying the church. The challenge for architects and church administrator is how to cope with challenges of security and climate change. This paper examines landscaping as a catalyst for deterring intrusion of threats passively and enhancing climate adaptation in church environment in Nigeria. The research method adopted for this study is the descriptive survey method by collecting qualitative and quantitative data. The results were analyzed using descriptive tools in SPSS and are presented in tables and charts while the pictures are presented in plates. The study reveals that it is possible to achieve passive security and solve some climatic challenges in church environment using soft landscape elements. The paper is concluded by determining the aspects of the building where the architect can infuse the specific landscape elements to achieve the aim of the paper. It further states the type of landscape elements that could be used to achieve the aim of the study hence developing a responsive building design scheme.

Transport is not 'gender neutral'. Men and women hold different socio-economic roles and responsibilities that are associated with different patterns of transport access, needs, and use. Yet, there is often not much recorded evidence on the differences in gender travel needs between men and women, in urban areas in particular. Transport planning has not routinely addressed these differences and sex-disaggregated data on transport needs and patterns is very limited. The present regional report summarizes the findings and recommendations of four separate case studies on gender and transport conducted in Casablanca, Morocco, Sana'a and rural Yemen, and Nablus, Jenin, and Tulkarem in the northern part of the West Bank, during between September 2008 and September 2009. The main objective with summarizing the case studies into a regional report is to provide a regional overview relevant for a better understanding of how transport infrastructure and services are facilitating or...

Zehr Property Maintenance, conveniently located between the Morton and Washington community's, started over 10 years ago as a lawn care company. Over the years we have grown to offer a full range of outdoor services. Whether you need a new project installed, our need a committed crew to maintain your property, let us be your go to team. We are providing Lawn Care Peoria IL, Landscaping Peoria IL, Garden Care Peoria IL, Landscape Maintenance Peoria IL, Hardscaping Peoria IL, Tree Service Peoria IL, Spring and Fall Cleanup Peoria IL, Skid Steer and Excavation Peoria IL. Services

This paper presents an integrative approach to the design and construction of sustainable architecture in general, and especially that for arid environments. This is done through a case study, built in a solar neighbourhood on the Negev Highlands, Israel, incorporating: medium weight envelope walls built of cellular concrete blocks; appropriate details to avoid thermal bridges; internal thermal mass and open space plan; and a number of passive devices. Monitoring results of the 200m2, two-storey house, show summer indoor daily maxima of 24-25ºC as opposed to ambient maxima of 30-35ºC, and 17-19ºC winter indoor daily minima, as opposed to ambient minima close to 0ºC. Extreme temperature differences of indoor air and surfaces remain within the range of 1.5ºC. The thermal behaviour of the house during extreme climatic events is also analyzed. The monitored results comply with those of the single zone model simulated with QUICK, used for optimization during early and advanced design stages. The paper also presents certain additions made after the monitoring period, such as a small collapsible greenhouse boosting heat gains, and a short description of appropriate landscaping.

VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPES OF SRI LANKA

Silva, D.A.M.S.* and Yakandawala, K.**

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka
*me@sandaru1.me, **kapilay@yahoo.ca

ABSTRACT
The history of architecture in Sri Lanka spans to the prehistoric era. However, well developed architectural and landscaping knowledge was transmitted from Indo-Aryan settlers, after Buddhism was introduced in 3rd century BC.
Ancient Sri Lankan architecture primarily developed around religion. Sustainability and natural balance were key philosophies of this. All these monuments and landscapes have a remarkable calming effect on visitors. Remains of Buddhist and Hindu shrines, literature, maps and silpa texts are the main sources of evidence for studying ancient architecture and landscape gardening in Sri Lanka. Historic books like Mahawansa gives a detailed explanation of construction efforts led by each king during their ruling dynasties. Sinhala and Pali books written by great scholar monks, specially the Sandesha kavyas provide descriptive information on ancient buildings and gardens as well the biodiversity of surrounding landscapes.
Stupas, the world's universal Buddhist architectural monuments, were built to preserve holy artifacts of the Lord Buddha. Ancient Stupas emphasize architectural and engineering capabilities of the ancestors of the island, and Stupas are considered the largest brick monuments of the pre-modern world.
Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture was under threat ever since it was introduced, first by the South Indian invasion, then by Europeans, and recently by civil war, when many architectural monuments as well as architectural documents were destroyed. In spite of the brave effort by the Sri Lankan people, Buddhist monks, and leaders who tried to protect ancient Buddhist monuments, many of them have rapidly decayed and have been destroyed in the past.
The protection and restoration of ancient architecture, its theories and techniques has become a challenge to the present generation. Focus should not be limited to protecting, maintaining and restoring ancient heritage but also on the need to reuse these principles in modern architecture and landscaping, mainly because of its sustainability and ecological balance.
Developing 3D models of ancient monuments using computer software is very useful for in-depth studies and reconstruction efforts. However, designing 3D models using traditional geometrical designing software such as AutoCAD, Maya, 3D’s max are sophisticated and time consuming. Google SketchUp was recently introduced as a free and open source 3D modeling system, which is user-friendly and easy to learn. Now many engineers, architects, researchers and students are using Google SketchUp together with Google Earth in engineering, geography and archeology projects as a rapid designing tool.

KEYWORDS: Buddhist Architecture, Computer Aided Designing, Archeology, 3D modeling

Rapid urbanization has led to an ever increasing proportion of our population living in cities and surrounding suburbs. With this increase, the actual and perceived quality of intensely humanized urban and suburban landscapes grows in importance. As humans we long for a habitat, a landscape, in which we can develop our full potential. How well do suburban landscapes currently meet our needs? This paper presents an overview of three suburban landscape types in the East Bay. Recurring and unique elements found in each type are discussed. Views on suburban landscapes are reviewed. And, finally, we argue that these landscapes are much more than "walled gardens", not only are they integral parts of suburbia, but, as a whole comprise an American symbol.

A Thousand Miles of Streams and Mountains (Qianli jiangshan tu 千里江山圖) is the name of a famous 12-meter-long landscape painting of the Northern Song dynasty. It was painted in 1113 by a 17-year-old prodigy, Wang Ximeng 王希孟, under Emperor Huizong's 徽宗 (r. 1101-1125) supervision, an accomplished painter and a Daoist initiate himself. In this paper I argue that the handscroll depicts a story of Daoist self-cultivation, from lay-life, initiation, receiving training, to eventually attaining Dao (becoming immortal) and the afterlife as an immortal. This story is depicted in both the iconographic details of the figures, buildings, paths, bridges and other elements, guiding the viewer through the landscape, and the composition of the handscroll, mirroring the development of the story by means of the particular placement and the form of the landscape. Because of his close involvement, the landscape painting offers a unique and amazing insight into Huizong's personal views on what constitutes a Daoist and Daoist selfcultivation, if not his ideas on Daoist landscape painting in the Song dynasty.

The traditional civil engineering-based approach to construction engineering and management education focuses significant attention on core subjects such as scheduling, estimating, and contracts. This paper introduces an alternative approach to this education based on the concepts of project-based learning. Through the introduction of courses developed by the writers, the paper provides a foundation for changing current education approaches from a lecture-based format to a project-based format. In this format, students ...

An investigation was carried out to find a suitable combination of NPK and biofertilizers for maximizing flower yield in China aster cv. Kamini. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. The observations on various growth and flowering parameters were recorded. Results revealed that maximum plant height (56.67 cm), number of leaves per plant (103.93), flowering branches per plant (8.23), plant spread (32.32 cm), number of flowers per plant (28.58), number of flowers per plot (428.67), duration of flowering (27.20 days), flower yield per plant (73.21 g), flower yield per plot (1098.20 g), shelf-life of flowers (6.43 days) at ambient conditions were recorded in plants receiving 75% NPK (22.5:11.25:7.5 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB. Plants supplied with 100% NPK (30:15:10 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB were noticed with maximum leaf area (15.76 cm²), whereas, largest flower diameter (5.41 cm) and fresh weight of individual flower head (2.70 g) were found in plants receiving 50% NPK (15:7.5:5 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB.