Landscaping

While tourism replaced plantation agriculture as a mainstay of Hawaii’s economy, landscape ser­ vices became increasingly more important relative to agricultural production activities. A study by Barmettler and Prasad reported that in 1959 the state’s landscape service industry included seven firms that generated $900,000 of the sector’s gross sales of $1.4 million. Van Dam and Murdoch identified 24 golf courses on Oahu in 1975 and estimated that they spent about $2 million to employ 292 full-time and 33 part-time landscape service professionals. Employment in Hawaii’s landscape service industries from 1974 to 1985 grew at an average rate of 19 jobs a year, while employment in agricultural produc­ tion industries declined over the same period at an aver­ age rate of 108 jobs per year (Cox and Hollyer 1989). The upward trend in landscape service jobs is ex­ pected to continue. Employment for gardeners and groundskeepers is projected to increase by 130 jobs per year from 1998 to 2008....

Edible landscaping (EL) in the Philippines is an innovative concept of combining various principles of landscape design with existing technologies for small-scale crop production. EL utilizes vegetables, herbs, and fruit crops as major softscape materials to substitute for the ornamental plants commonly used in conventional landscaping. It considers the aesthetics and functionality of space in relation to the production of safe and readily available crop products for the family and community.

Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.

The economic, environmental and social values of green areas allocated in urban centers are increasing due to the expansion of urban areas and the high competition for the space, main in big cities. The environmental value is due to the higher quality of human life promoted by green areas, as higher quality of air by increases relative humidity of air, increases water infiltration into the soil, reducing the problems with floods in big cities, and reduces the temperature, main in the ‘heat islands’. The economic value is recent and is a consequence of the implementation of carbon credits and the high quantity of new real estate development. Socially, because is connected with urban beneficial, main with the common uses and functional, as education, quality of life reduction of diseases, among others. However, the space limitation for green areas has been required more than the ornamental and environmental functions of landscapes. There are required that integration of ornamental plants with species with ecological functions, and that serves as shelter for wildlife, and plants that serves as food, integrating decoration with functionality in particular or public projects of landscaping, called functional landscaping. The uses of species with specifically function for the human and it environment must be a priority in modern architecture and in the contemporary landscaping
Keywords: urban centers, decoration, functionality, sustainability

297 Indice delle Tabelle » 298 Bibliografia » 299 8 8. Performance «Qu'est-ce qu'aimer une ville?» P. Sansot, Poétique de la ville Di nuovo il rapporto tra territorio e paesaggio, mediato dalla soggettività. Di nuovo l'identità narrativa. Di persone che costruiscono i loro percorsi di vita attraverso storie di cui sono protagonisti. Storie di successo, in un modo o nell'altro, augurabilmente. Performance. Ma ciò può avvenire solo in un contesto territoriale che sappia farsi paesaggio di tutti. In città capaci di custodire le proprie icone alte senza identificarsi con esse. Senza mascherarsi con torri eiffel o pendenti, senza costruire alibi perpetui con i castelli sforzeschi, le cupole, i ponti di marmo o di legno, i giardini botanici e i rettifili. Icone che sappiano offrire sogni, ma restando oblative, senza diventare segregative. Insomma città contro la rappresentazione schizoide della loro monumentalità, delle loro vie del centro, dei loro quartieri in collina. Delle loro viste sul Lago, sul Santo, sullo Stretto, sulla Baia. Città che rifiutano l'urbanità seriale come mostro concettuale prim'ancora che come destino insediativo. Città decise a crescere storicamente mentre si espandono urbanisticamente. Cioè attuando un incessante landscaping. Rigoroso, inclusivo, premiale. Privo di imposizioni estetiche, di cappi retorici. Quali che siano le culture visuali di ciascuno. Conservando, accrescendo e diffondendo la qualità paesistica del corpo urbano senza lasciar per strada nessuno. Scardellato o aristocratico, ricco o povero, giovane o vecchio, uomo o donna, bianco o nero, comunitario o extracomunitario, musulmano o buddista, o altro ed altro. Nessun io narrante. Con le sue memorie, le sue esperienze, i suoi desideri.

After years of struggling with a lack of reliable public transportation system, Nigerians living in the city of Lagos finally got to experience their first organized and efficient bus transport system. Launched in March 2008, the new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system provides Lagos commuters with a clean, affordable and reliable means of getting around in the city. The BRT is a bus-based mass transit system that delivers fast, comfortable and cost-effective service.

In the hospitality business, providing a soothing atmosphere is critical for ensuring high rates of occupancy. Whether they are staying for business or for pleasure, guests want to be able to unwind with a minimum of distractions. Landscaping and interiorscaping have a lot of benefits and what they can do to boost the economy and occupancy rate of the hotel industry is tremendous. The study was conducted on five star hotels of Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR). It focused on the
features and practices of landscaping; the reasons for investing in and benefits gained through landscaping & interiorscaping and the awareness & perception of the occupants of the hotels regarding the landscaping. It was found that the main reasons for investing in landscaping and interiorscaping were to improve the image of the hotels, to reduce noise, for air purification, to attract more customers and to act as stress busters to occupants. The major landscape features installed in the hotels were plants, flowers, water elements, stones and rocks, sculptures, pavements, arches and pergolas, lights and turf grass. Most of the occupants were aware about the features and practices and perceived that the landscaping and interiorscaping acted as a stress
buster for them, increased the aesthetic beauty of the hotel, helped in wayfinding and signposting, concealed less attractive features, purified air and reduced noise in the surrounding areas. Landscaping and interiorscaping benefited the hotels by adding monetary gains through attracting more customers, extra premium for guests rooms with better interiorscape features and better views, banqueting on terrace gardens and use of recycled water for irrigating the plants.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to review the topic "urban green space" focusing on its social benefits and measure techniques in terms of monetary value and accessibility. It suggests potential research direction by using an integrated valuation and measurement framework, and concludes that urban green space valuation in the providers' perspective as well as accessibility analysis in the consumers' perspective are useful tools that provide significant measure techniques in urban green space planning. Design/methodology/approach-The paper uses a systematic approach to build up a conceptual framework that quantifies social benefits of green space from provider and consumer perspectives. The literature review indicates some limitations of existing techniques of valuation and accessibility analyses, which entails an integrated model of measurements. Findings-The paper explores social benefits of urban green space, which includes recreational opportunities, aesthetic enjoyments, adjusting psychological well-being and physical health, enhancing social ties, and providing educational opportunities. To analyze existing evaluation and measure techniques of urban green space, the paper points out that a single measurement only evaluates certain aspects of urban green space, which may not always be suitable to comprehensively assess social benefits from both providers' and consumers' perspectives. Considering this limitation, the paper offers an integrated model to measure urban green space that may deal with current limitations. Originality/value-The originality of the study resides in designing an integrated model including valuation and measure techniques. It certainly offers an important avenue to evaluate social benefits of urban green space.

A Thousand Miles of Streams and Mountains (Qianli jiangshan tu 千里江山圖) is the name of a famous 12-meter-long landscape painting of the Northern Song dynasty. It was painted in 1113 by a 17-year-old prodigy, Wang Ximeng 王希孟, under Emperor Huizong's 徽宗 (r. 1101-1125) supervision, an accomplished painter and a Daoist initiate himself. In this paper I argue that the handscroll depicts a story of Daoist self-cultivation, from lay-life, initiation, receiving training, to eventually attaining Dao (becoming immortal) and the afterlife as an immortal. This story is depicted in both the iconographic details of the figures, buildings, paths, bridges and other elements, guiding the viewer through the landscape, and the composition of the handscroll, mirroring the development of the story by means of the particular placement and the form of the landscape. Because of his close involvement, the landscape painting offers a unique and amazing insight into Huizong's personal views on what constitutes a Daoist and Daoist selfcultivation, if not his ideas on Daoist landscape painting in the Song dynasty.

The general issues of waste is one of the major environmental challenges facing humanity today;
yet it is not receiving enough attention from those responsible for the planning and designing of
the built environment especially in Bauchi State. A good knowledge of the generation,
transportation, collection/disposal, treatment/recycling and general management will go a long
way towards helping the environmentalists in planning and designing, to handle the problems
associated with solid waste. This paper therefore examines the waste disposal systems with
particular reference to residential core areas of the Bauchi metropolis. Field surveys of interview
schedules and observations were carried out in three residential zones with proper analysis and
discussions. The results show that the household sector produces the largest amount of waste in
the city and also highlighted the implications of the result for the environment and sustainable
management of solid waste solutions with corresponding policy statements.
Keywords: Waste, disposal, management, environment, residential.

Tuinarchitect Hendrik Francois Hartogh Heys van Zouteveen (1870-1945) was als lector aan de Landbouwhogeschool van Wageningen 35 jaar verantwoordelijk voor de ontwikkeling en opzet van het landschap-architectonische onderwijs. Van Zouteveen heeft zich al die jaren ingezet voor een betere positionering en waardering van het vakgebied van de tuin- en landschapsarchitect bij het breder publiek, als ook bij collega architecten en stedenbouwkundigen. Met het inzichtelijk maken van zijn nalatenschap krijgt zijn visie een grotere betekenis voor het vakgebied van de tuin- en landschapsarchitectuur.

Procura-se problematizar o ensino de paisagismo, a partir dos debates para a instalação do curso de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA). Sob a égide da cooperação e da integração
regionais, sua missão alinha-se aos chamados pensamentos descoloniais e pós-coloniais, com vistas à consolidação de
uma perspectiva epistemológica própria da América Latina. Procura-se demonstrar a permanência da eurocentralidade
no ensino, refletindo-se sobre tipos e paisagens dominantes e subalternos nas cidades do subcontinente. Finalmente,
procuramos apontar, preliminarmente, diretivas que busquem valorizar o subcontinente e suas paisagens, de modo a
realizar intercâmbios culturais e propiciar emancipação e empoderamento de pobres ou subalternizados.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ensino de paisagismo, América Latina, descolonialidade.

This FAQs sheet was written initially in support of the Florida Native Landscape Project at Stetson University in DeLand, Florida (see Kermath 1999, 2008).  The project was first funded in 1995 and planting began in 1998. In 2000, the project received an award from the Florida Native Plant Society.

I conceived of the project in the context of the role that urban landscaping plays in biodiversity conservation, specifically in how it serves as a pathway for the introduction of exotic species into natural areas and how it reflects and may affect cultural values. The idea was that by converting key landscapes in highly visible places to sustainable native landscapes that reflect a deep appreciation and concern for natural heritage, perhaps a desirable change in worldviews would follow (See Kermath 2008).

The FAQs sheet was developed in response to questions that came up over time from the earliest days of conception through early development and implementation. The first draft was printed in 1997 and a series of updates followed.

Although I hold the opinion that “working landscapes” that produce food or environmental services are the most desirable landscaping practices for developed lands, I also recognize that many people, institutions and organizations still prefer more conventional landscaping designs. For these more conventional approaches, I recommend considering sustainable native landscapes over landscapes that emphasize exotic species, mowed turf, and artificial chemical management and to blur the lines between 'working' landscapes and aesthetic landscapes by planting native plants that also 'work' such as with edible native plants.

Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.

The senior staff members of the Federal University of Technology Minna (F U. T) are placed with the enormous task of directing students towards their future aspirations. The accumulated strain caused by the daily activities carried out by the staff members leaves them tired and stressed. This state of mind could evolve and may cause deep psychological problems like high-blood pressure, sleep deprivation and aggressive or antisocial behaviours. The advancement in medical technology has provided various means to cure most of these ailments associated with stress. Although one does not disregard these orthodox and conventional therapies or remedies, rather one sees a possibility to alleviate stress related problems of senior staff by evoking the senses in an environment whose visible features have been modified through landscaping. Pertinent information collected from the University's academic planning office showed that the staff/student ratio was higher in most departments than the required standards stipulated by the Nigerian Universities commission (N.U.C). This indicates a high probability that senior staff members are overworked. Results obtained in the field work provided interesting results. The responses provided by staff tallied significantly with general data provided by researched sources and the conclusion arrived at shows that introducing a carefully planned landscaped environment designed to incorporate selected plants and features will have restorative effects on staff members by stimulating their emotions positively thereby alleviating the incurred stress levels.

Tendo como horizonte um ensino de paisagismo com base nos direitos humanos e voltado ao contexto das desigualdades dos territórios caribenhos e latino-americanos, explanarei sobre o paisagismo comes-tível – entendido como campo de atuação em projetos de paisagens que conjuguem o uso preferencial de plantas alimentícias, convencionais ou não, com outros interesses ornamentais e ambientais –, de modo a relacionar o exercício profissional de paisagistas ao combate à fome e à produção de alimentos. Deba-terei o tema da fome, à luz dos conceitos de segurança, soberania e justiça alimentares e das discussões correlatas ao paisagismo comestível no Norte Global e na América Latina e no Caribe, para lançar alguns apontamentos para um ensino crítico e emancipatório na região.

Florida Lawn and Order, is a professional team of lawn care service experts based in St. John's Lawn Care focusing on lawn care maintenance, tree/shrub trimming and mulching. We are a team of individuals that live in the community. That means we understand the turf, tree, shrub and lawn issues of this area. We know the unique problems and challenges associated with this area and we know how to fix them. Welcome to Florida Lawn and Order, home of North Eastern Florida's lawn care company. We are a family owned and operated business, lawn care st Augustine fl, currently offering services in the St. Johns County area and surrounding towns. Our services are both professional and affordable. We place a strong emphasis on professionalism, workmanship and building healthy relationships with our customers. We are huge believers in no contracts. An honest handshake and earning your business each and every time lawn care saint augustine fl come out to service your property is what we believe in. We always make our customers the priority by using simple, courteous practices. We will always answer the phone or return your call promptly. As a florida lawn care company, we enjoy making a difference in the community. It would be a pleasure to add your name to a list of satisfied customers. Please call Florida Lawn and Order to have us service your property!

The article presents a multicriteria assessment framework for the qualitative estimation of regional potentials to provide ecosystem services as a prerequisite to support regional development planning. We applied this approach to a model region in Saxony, Eastern Germany. For the estimation of the potentials of the model region to provide ecosystem services, we used a modified approach compared to the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). We then employed a benefit transfer and a purely expert driven approach to assess contribution of the land cover classes in our model region to the provision of ecosystem services. In a subsequent step, the services in our set were combined to ecosystem services groups that were designed together with regional actors, while considering their ideas, concerns and experiences in regional decision making. The latter was analyzed in a weighting experiment, in which different weighting approaches were tested. Based upon this, we analyzed the performance of the model region to provide ecosystem services and generated ecosystem services distribution maps. We could show that the different data gathering methods "benefit transfer" and "expert-based assessment" have a considerable impact on the evaluation outcomes. The results of our study show that the combination of selected services and land cover data can contribute to regional planning by communicating the effect of land cover change on ecosystem services groups, especially when applied as an evaluation basis in the tool Pimp Your Landscape (PYL). The approach supports also the assessment of the performance of a region to provide ecosystem services and the comparison of regions towards this aspect. Finally, we discuss the limitations of our approach that are related to coarse land cover data, lacking knowledge on the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale, and the difficulty to make relevant the ecosystem services concept in regional planning processes.

Background Vacant lots are often overgrown with unwanted vegetation and filled with trash, making them attractive places to hide illegal guns, conduct illegal activities such as drug sales and prostitution, and engage in violent crime. There is some evidence that greening vacant lots is associated with reductions in violent crime. Methods We performed a randomised controlled trial of vacant lot greening to test the impact of this intervention on police reported crime and residents' perceptions of safety and disorder. Greening consisted of cleaning the lots, planting grass and trees, and building a wooden fence around the perimeter. We randomly allocated two vacant lot clusters to the greening intervention or to the control status (no intervention). Administrative data were used to determine crime rates, and local resident interviews at baseline (n¼29) and at follow-up (n¼21) were used to assess perceptions of safety and disorder. Results Unadjusted difference-in-differences estimates showed a non-significant decrease in the number of total crimes and gun assaults around greened vacant lots compared with control. People around the intervention vacant lots reported feeling significantly safer after greening compared with those living around control vacant lots (p<0.01). Conclusions In this study, greening was associated with reductions in certain gun crimes and improvements in residents' perceptions of safety. A larger randomised controlled trial is needed to further investigate the link between vacant lot greening and violence reduction.

• They are excellent candidates for xeriphitic gardens. With good, common-sense horticulture, including growing plants commercially from cultivated source material, native Hawaiian plants need not become extinct. People who grow native Hawaiian plants should not collect them from the wild. Plants should be brought into cultivation and be grown from cultivated source material. This is to ensure that plants in their wild habitat are not injured or depleted. To initially bring the plants into cultivation, the proper permits should be acquired from the landowner and adhered to. Some plants are on the state or federal endangered species lists. People and nurseries who do not obtain permits have been fined. Hawai'i can have unique and distinct landscaping. Our hotels, parks, golf courses, and gardens do not need to be exact clones of other tropical areas.

Nigeria is faced with several risks ranging from problems of climate change to security challenges and this is not limited to a specific aspect of the built environment as all buildings and environment are affected. The places of worship are greatly affected in terms of security which affects the disposition of Christians during worship at churches. Many of the studied churches were seen to have made use of landscape elements but these were not placed with the aim of using them to deter intrusion as in the case of security but rather for beautifying the church. The challenge for architects and church administrator is how to cope with challenges of security and climate change. This paper examines landscaping as a catalyst for deterring intrusion of threats passively and enhancing climate adaptation in church environment in Nigeria. The research method adopted for this study is the descriptive survey method by collecting qualitative and quantitative data. The results were analyzed using descriptive tools in SPSS and are presented in tables and charts while the pictures are presented in plates. The study reveals that it is possible to achieve passive security and solve some climatic challenges in church environment using soft landscape elements. The paper is concluded by determining the aspects of the building where the architect can infuse the specific landscape elements to achieve the aim of the paper. It further states the type of landscape elements that could be used to achieve the aim of the study hence developing a responsive building design scheme.

Commercial and institutional buildings use a large portion of municipally supplied water in the United States. With so many businesses making up the commercial and institutional sector, there are great opportunities to conserve water. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities promotes water-efficient techniques that can be applied across a wide range of facilities with varying water needs.

Transport is not &#39;gender neutral&#39;. Men and women hold different socio-economic roles and responsibilities that are associated with different patterns of transport access, needs, and use. Yet, there is often not much recorded evidence on the differences in gender travel needs between men and women, in urban areas in particular. Transport planning has not routinely addressed these differences and sex-disaggregated data on transport needs and patterns is very limited. The present regional report summarizes the findings and recommendations of four separate case studies on gender and transport conducted in Casablanca, Morocco, Sana&#39;a and rural Yemen, and Nablus, Jenin, and Tulkarem in the northern part of the West Bank, during between September 2008 and September 2009. The main objective with summarizing the case studies into a regional report is to provide a regional overview relevant for a better understanding of how transport infrastructure and services are facilitating or...

Nonpoint source pollutants were usually transported by stormwater runoff, especially in highly urbanized areas. For this reason, studies on stormwater management have been one of the major focuses of the Ministry of Environment of Korea at present. Application of tree box filter, an example of stormwater best management practice, is highly considered in Korea due to its minimal space requirements, applicability in landscaping and good pollutant-removal efficiency. This study investigated the efficiency of a tree box filter in reducing both the pollutant and volume of stormwater runoff generated from a parking lot. This study also identified the relationship between pollutant and volume reduction and the effects of varying amount of rainfall to the overall volume reduction efficiency of the system. The study proved the capability of the tree box filter in improving stormwater runoff quality that was more efficient in total suspended solids (TSS) and soluble heavy metals discharging only 9 and 30% of the inflow load, respectively. In addition, high pollutant reduction of the system was associated with volume reduction of the system especially for TSS in which 20% volume reduction corresponds to at least 80% TSS reduction. The system also exhibited good volume reduction capability, especially for rainfall less than 10 mm. The tree box filter has proved to be an option for a cost-effective stormwater management, since it only requires a minimal space (surface area less than 5% of catchment area) and is applicable at small landscape areas in any urban land uses.

Understanding the complexity of landscapes is an essential requirement to exhibit strategies for landscape development in the mid-term future to predict long-term effects and maintain future demands. In order to steer the landscapes of tomorrow to an aspired future state, it becomes clear that landscape planning could not be done without common consideration of socio-cultural, economic and political components besides the reflection about the ecosystem. In response to this challenge, this article presents a conceptual framework for describing, classifying and planning aspired states of future landscapes based on a transdisciplinary "Leitbild methodology". First, a brief review to the Leitbild concept originally developed in the German speaking literature is given. In the second part of the paper the applied conceptual framework is introduced. Data collection and development of a natural scientific ecological framework integrating socio-economic and political values are starting points to frame scenarios representing the wishes, demands and requirements from local stakeholders with different interests in the use of landscape resources. On the ground of communication these realistic spatial explicit land-use/land cover scenarios frame the basis for negotiation and agreements to overcome constraints and conflicting interests towards the commonly agreed aspired future state of spatial utilisation and thus illustrate the future with the aim to provide a set of guidelines that will shape action. The results gained from an informal planning situation in a case study in the Mondsee catchment in Austria show that based on the ground of natural scientific knowledge an integration of socio-economic values and the involvement of local stakeholders enhances landscape planning through knowledge exchange, education among participants and building trust. Thus, it is argued that the developed semi-operational GIS prototype is a successful applied procedure in a transdisciplinary planning context to overcome current shortcomings of participation in present landscape planning with the aim for protection, management and planning of landscapes.

In many parts of the United States, jardinería, or suburban maintenance gardening, has become a gendered occupational niche for Mexican immigrant men. Based on participant observation research with a group of Mexican immigrant gardeners in Los Angeles, this article examines the construction of masculinity in a workplace occupied by Mexican immigrant men. These jardineros construct, affirm, challenge, and negotiate their masculinity through their routine work activities and through their daily on-the-job interactions with their fellow workers. Moving beyond a sort of reiteration of a flat, cultural concept of machismo, jardinero masculinity stresses a more nuanced structural understanding of Mexican immigrant men's masculinity and how it is intertwined with their performance of masculinized ''dirty work'' in private households. It is a distinctly working-class form of masculinity, which results from the interplay between very specific, localized cultural constructions, and deployment in the context of racialized nativism and citizenship hierarchy in the United States.

Zehr Property Maintenance, conveniently located between the Morton and Washington community's, started over 10 years ago as a lawn care company. Over the years we have grown to offer a full range of outdoor services. Whether you need a new project installed, our need a committed crew to maintain your property, let us be your go to team. We are providing Lawn Care Peoria IL, Landscaping Peoria IL, Garden Care Peoria IL, Landscape Maintenance Peoria IL, Hardscaping Peoria IL, Tree Service Peoria IL, Spring and Fall Cleanup Peoria IL, Skid Steer and Excavation Peoria IL. Services

Water shortages and poor water quality are critical issues in many areas of the world. With rapid increases in population and shortage of water supplies in urban areas, use of alternative water sources such as municipal reclaimed water and other sources of non-potable waters for irrigating landscapes is inevitable. A potential concern is the elevated salt levels in these alternative waters. This article briefly summarizes general information regarding alternative water sources and general responses of landscape plants to salinity stress. Methodology of screening and evaluating salt tolerance of landscape plants are discussed. Recent research results on salt tolerance of landscape plants and their physiological responses to salinity stress are reviewed. Like agricultural crops, a wide range of salt tolerance among landscape plants has been found. In addition to plant species, dominant salt type, substrate, irrigation method and management, and environmental conditions also affect plant responses to salinity stress. A number of mechanisms of salinity tolerance have been observed among landscape species, including restriction of ion uptake, selective ion uptake, and tolerance to high internal concentrations of sodium and/or chloride.

This paper presents an integrative approach to the design and construction of sustainable architecture in general, and especially that for arid environments. This is done through a case study, built in a solar neighbourhood on the Negev Highlands, Israel, incorporating: medium weight envelope walls built of cellular concrete blocks; appropriate details to avoid thermal bridges; internal thermal mass and open space plan; and a number of passive devices. Monitoring results of the 200m2, two-storey house, show summer indoor daily maxima of 24-25ºC as opposed to ambient maxima of 30-35ºC, and 17-19ºC winter indoor daily minima, as opposed to ambient minima close to 0ºC. Extreme temperature differences of indoor air and surfaces remain within the range of 1.5ºC. The thermal behaviour of the house during extreme climatic events is also analyzed. The monitored results comply with those of the single zone model simulated with QUICK, used for optimization during early and advanced design stages. The paper also presents certain additions made after the monitoring period, such as a small collapsible greenhouse boosting heat gains, and a short description of appropriate landscaping.

VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPES OF SRI LANKA

Silva, D.A.M.S.* and Yakandawala, K.**

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka
*me@sandaru1.me, **kapilay@yahoo.ca

ABSTRACT
The history of architecture in Sri Lanka spans to the prehistoric era. However, well developed architectural and landscaping knowledge was transmitted from Indo-Aryan settlers, after Buddhism was introduced in 3rd century BC.
Ancient Sri Lankan architecture primarily developed around religion. Sustainability and natural balance were key philosophies of this. All these monuments and landscapes have a remarkable calming effect on visitors. Remains of Buddhist and Hindu shrines, literature, maps and silpa texts are the main sources of evidence for studying ancient architecture and landscape gardening in Sri Lanka. Historic books like Mahawansa gives a detailed explanation of construction efforts led by each king during their ruling dynasties. Sinhala and Pali books written by great scholar monks, specially the Sandesha kavyas provide descriptive information on ancient buildings and gardens as well the biodiversity of surrounding landscapes.
Stupas, the world's universal Buddhist architectural monuments, were built to preserve holy artifacts of the Lord Buddha. Ancient Stupas emphasize architectural and engineering capabilities of the ancestors of the island, and Stupas are considered the largest brick monuments of the pre-modern world.
Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture was under threat ever since it was introduced, first by the South Indian invasion, then by Europeans, and recently by civil war, when many architectural monuments as well as architectural documents were destroyed. In spite of the brave effort by the Sri Lankan people, Buddhist monks, and leaders who tried to protect ancient Buddhist monuments, many of them have rapidly decayed and have been destroyed in the past.
The protection and restoration of ancient architecture, its theories and techniques has become a challenge to the present generation. Focus should not be limited to protecting, maintaining and restoring ancient heritage but also on the need to reuse these principles in modern architecture and landscaping, mainly because of its sustainability and ecological balance.
Developing 3D models of ancient monuments using computer software is very useful for in-depth studies and reconstruction efforts. However, designing 3D models using traditional geometrical designing software such as AutoCAD, Maya, 3D’s max are sophisticated and time consuming. Google SketchUp was recently introduced as a free and open source 3D modeling system, which is user-friendly and easy to learn. Now many engineers, architects, researchers and students are using Google SketchUp together with Google Earth in engineering, geography and archeology projects as a rapid designing tool.

KEYWORDS: Buddhist Architecture, Computer Aided Designing, Archeology, 3D modeling

Rapid urbanization has led to an ever increasing proportion of our population living in cities and surrounding suburbs. With this increase, the actual and perceived quality of intensely humanized urban and suburban landscapes grows in importance. As humans we long for a habitat, a landscape, in which we can develop our full potential. How well do suburban landscapes currently meet our needs? This paper presents an overview of three suburban landscape types in the East Bay. Recurring and unique elements found in each type are discussed. Views on suburban landscapes are reviewed. And, finally, we argue that these landscapes are much more than &quot;walled gardens&quot;, not only are they integral parts of suburbia, but, as a whole comprise an American symbol.

A Thousand Miles of Streams and Mountains (Qianli jiangshan tu 千里江山圖) is the name of a famous 12-meter-long landscape painting of the Northern Song dynasty. It was painted in 1113 by a 17-year-old prodigy, Wang Ximeng 王希孟, under Emperor Huizong&amp;#39;s 徽宗 (r. 1101-1125) supervision, an accomplished painter and a Daoist initiate himself. In this paper I argue that the handscroll depicts a story of Daoist self-cultivation, from lay-life, initiation, receiving training, to eventually attaining Dao (becoming immortal) and the afterlife as an immortal. This story is depicted in both the iconographic details of the figures, buildings, paths, bridges and other elements, guiding the viewer through the landscape, and the composition of the handscroll, mirroring the development of the story by means of the particular placement and the form of the landscape. Because of his close involvement, the landscape painting offers a unique and amazing insight into Huizong&amp;#39;s personal views on what constitutes a Daoist and Daoist selfcultivation, if not his ideas on Daoist landscape painting in the Song dynasty.

The traditional civil engineering-based approach to construction engineering and management education focuses significant attention on core subjects such as scheduling, estimating, and contracts. This paper introduces an alternative approach to this education based on the concepts of project-based learning. Through the introduction of courses developed by the writers, the paper provides a foundation for changing current education approaches from a lecture-based format to a project-based format. In this format, students ...

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An investigation was carried out to find a suitable combination of NPK and biofertilizers for maximizing flower yield in China aster cv. Kamini. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. The observations on various growth and flowering parameters were recorded. Results revealed that maximum plant height (56.67 cm), number of leaves per plant (103.93), flowering branches per plant (8.23), plant spread (32.32 cm), number of flowers per plant (28.58), number of flowers per plot (428.67), duration of flowering (27.20 days), flower yield per plant (73.21 g), flower yield per plot (1098.20 g), shelf-life of flowers (6.43 days) at ambient conditions were recorded in plants receiving 75% NPK (22.5:11.25:7.5 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB. Plants supplied with 100% NPK (30:15:10 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB were noticed with maximum leaf area (15.76 cm²), whereas, largest flower diameter (5.41 cm) and fresh weight of individual flower head (2.70 g) were found in plants receiving 50% NPK (15:7.5:5 g NPK/ m²) + Azotobacter + PSB.