Legal Language

İngilizce "separation of powers", Fransızca "séparation des pouvoirs" olarak bilinen anayasal ilke Türkçeye "kuvvetler ayrılığı" şeklinde tercüme edilmiş ve öylece yerleşmiştir. İlke, çokları tarafından anayasacılığın temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sorun, ilkenin anahtar kelimesi olan power/pouvoir'ın mehaz hukuk geleneklerinde Türk hukukundaki "kuvvet" kelimesine karşılık gelmiyor olmasıdır. Saf hukuk sahasında kalınacak olursa doğru tercüme "yetki" olmalıdır. Zira hukuk İngilizcesindeki "power" ile hukuk Fransızcasındaki "pouvoir" güç, kuvvet ya da erk değil, doğrudan ve öncelikle yetki anlamına gelir. Benzer fakat daha önemsiz bir karmaşa "ayrılık" ve "ayrım" kelimeleriyle ilgili olarak gözlemlenmektedir. Kanaatimizce söz konusu ilkenin en isabetli tercümesi "yetkilerin ayrılması" şeklindedir. İlkenin siyaset bilimine ait güç ve kuvvet kavramlarıyla çevrilmesi problemlere yol açmaktadır. Anayasa hukukunun bizzat anayasa hukukçuları tarafından siyasileştirilmesi bu problemlerin başında gelmektedir. Her ne kadar hukukun doğası gereği siyasi bir alan olduğu söylenebilirse de günümüzde etkili olan saf hukuk doktrini açısından bu kabul ciddi bir çelişki demektir: Siyasete ait güç ve kuvvet kavramları kullanılarak saf hukuk tartışması yapılamaz. Hukukun sınırları muğlaklaşır, ortadan kalkar. Anayasa hukuku tutarsız ve kırılgan hale gelir. Tüm bu nedenlerle, algı karmaşasına ve verimsiz tartışmalara yol açan "kuvvetler ayrılığı" terimi hiçbir anayasamızda mevcut olmadığı gibi doktrinde de terk edilmelidir.

The present study is aimed at the analysis of three major legal documents applied widely in international trade: The London Court of International Arbitration Rules, the Geneva Convention for the International Carriage of Goods by Road and Lloyd's Institute Cargo Clauses. It has been carried out under the umbrella of genre analysis, with the aim of scrutinizing the internal communicative mechanisms deployed by the members of the very specialized communities that integrate the legal one as a whole. Our work introduces the concept of ‘power distance’ to study the asymmetries between the interactants of the texts, with a view to unveiling the hidden nuances of power and imposition concealed in their discursive devices. Secondly, this paper has analyzed the presence of metadiscourse markers in these texts as the textual and interactional devices deployed by their senders or writers to influence the attitude and behavior of their recipients. Our application of speech acts and metadiscourse markers to these three paradigmatic texts has attempted to shed some light on the tension between persuasion and power distance in legal discourse.

Translating legal terms some important aspect should be taken into consideration. First, one should be aware of semantic and grammatical attributes of languages and to know ways of formulating legal syntagms and texts. Second, the translator should consider circumstances of using terms, such as legal system or systems used in the countries of the source and target language, history of legal system developing, last changes in law, etc. Third, social and political reality in the light of history and present situation should be known. All those aspects may significantly influence decisions made by translator of legal texts.
In the presented work some ways of determining translational equivalents for terms and expressions used in Polish and Hungarian legal language are pointed out. Concepts of the Polish and Hungarian legal reality are similar to a large extent. Therefore it is frequently possible to find sufficient translational equivalents for the Polish – Hungarian pair of languages in the area of legal language. In most cases almost one-to-one equivalent may be established, that is to say, the target language equivalent with a very close meaning to the source text term. It is because legal systems of both countries are based on the same or very similar legal foundations due to similar political history of both countries. On the basis of legislative texts proper equivalents may be determined. Although for some terms we may find a few potential equivalents in target language. If we compare the potential equivalents in respect to relevant dimensions, we usually find out the target text equivalent which shares the largest number of properties with the source text term under scrutiny. Looking for translational equivalents of legal terms for Polish-Hungarian pair of languages the following dimensions should be considered as relevant:
 the branch of law to which the term refers,
 the time of source text creation and text status (valid or not valid),
 the author of the term or utterance (legal or not legal texts, formal or informal communicational situation),
 text language variety.

This work points toward a need for a plainer legal language: a legal language that is not a wall between those seeking justice and justice itself. We, as Law professionals, have become increasingly comfortable with a type of technical language that excludes those who have not entered the classrooms of Law Schools. And we often fail to find a problem with the fact that non-professionals need a “translator” –a
lawyer– to explain the contents of the rules and laws to them.

Law and language are intertwined with each other to such an extent that it is not possible to separate one from another. In order to master legal language and reach proficiency in translating legal texts, one should have a suitable knowledge of legal terms as well as be able to use them accurately. Legal language is characterized by great precision and-as a result-legal terms are often collocations. The main purpose of this article is to draw attention to the significance of collocations in Dutch legal language and the frequency with which they appear in it. Firstly, the author discusses the theoretical foundation of this issue, and then focuses on the outlined problems and presents the results of a preliminary analysis as well as a tentative classification of some of the Dutch collocations under scrutiny. This study may be seen as a starting point for further research. Inleiding In wat hier volgt wordt een poging ondernomen om op basis van een classifi-catie die het uitgangspunt vormt voor een frequentieanalyse van collocaties uit het Fockema Andreae's Juridisch Woordenboek enkele conclusies te trekken met betrekking tot het belang ervan bij de didactiek van het Nederlands alsook bij het vertalen van juridische teksten. De gekozen voorbeelden van geëxcerpeerde collocaties kunnen mijns inziens representatief zijn om de collocatiesoorten in de rechtstaal te tonen en ze kunnen als illustratie gelden van de frequentie waarmee ze in de juridische taal voorkomen. De onderhavige bijdrage vormt een aanzet tot verder onderzoek dat een bre-der corpus zou moeten omvatten waarin verschillende soorten van juridische tek-sten in aanmerking zouden genomen worden, alsook een confrontatief perspectief zou moeten hebben waarbij collocaties in de Nederlandse en de Poolse rechtstaal met elkaar zouden worden vergeleken. Het kan dus als een bouwsteen beschouwd worden voor de nog te onderzoeken frequentie en equivalentie van collocaties van het genoemde talenpaar. NW 24.indb 93

Во Македонија, поради отсуство на официјално тело кое континуирано би го надгледувало надградувањето на правната терминологија и преведувањето на странски правни термини на македонски јазик, постои извесно разногласие, па може да се случи еден ист странски термин, да биде преведен со два или повеќе македонски термини. Ова особено може да се забележи при преведувањето
француски судски институции на македонски јазик, но и обратно, појава која е недозволива ако се знае дека овие називи се дел од голем број официјални документи.
Затоа целта на оваа статија да укаже на можните преводни решенија на називите на судските институции во двете земји, со надеж дека вака поткрепените решенија ќе бидат и пошироко прифатени што ќе доведе до нивна унифицирана
употреба. Да се понудат преводни еквиваленти за називите на судските институции во различните земји неретко значи премостување на низа тешкотии затоа што институциите, а особено судските се дел од специфичната култура на одредена држава.

This paper seeks to demonstrate how the concept of generic competence (primarily intended for monolingual specialized communication) could be extended to address important issues in translating legal texts. First, generic competence is discussed against the backdrop of the related concept of translation competence. Then, a case study is presented which examines a closely related set of documents employed by the professional community of lawyers
(represented by an English solicitor and Polish advocate) engaged in the specialist domain of probate law (legal process related to the estate of a deceased person). It is argued that both generic competence and professional expertise should be included in the range of competencies required for the translator of legal texts.

The Norwegian Law and legal culture, in general, are a mystery for the Romanian jurists, a white spot on the map of the world. This fact is conspicuous in the field of Private International Law. This branch of law is not codified and relies, heavily, on several legal provisions scattered in different special laws, on doctrine and jurisprudence (sometimes borrowed from the Danish courts) and on the cultural heritage (practical, political and ethical considerations). This paper aims to reveal a choice-of-law rule (born of a case decided by the Norwegian Supreme Court in 1923) that subjects a Private International Law case to the law of the state the case is most closely connected. It is considered a principle in the Norwegian choice-of-law system to be used in any case with a foreign element, regardless of its nature, in the absence of special provisions in laws and treaties or whenever there is no relevant case-law. In recent years, the Supreme Court of Norway oppugns the formula in favor of the choice-of-law rules provided for in the European Union Law. However, this choice-of-law principle will survive, considering the gaps of the European Union Private International Law and the legal realism of Norwegian doctrine. Given its field of application, the knowledge of Irma-Mignon formula will benefit to the Romanian legal practitioners and scholars who are dealing with Norway.
Keywords: Private International Law, Norway, Litigation with a foreign element, Choice-of-law rule, Irma-Mignon formula.

Since the publication of the first edition of English for Law in 2018 the world that we live in has undergone a great many transformations. From the Trump presidency in the United States of America to the pandemic that still holds its deathly grip on much of the world at the time of writing, we have been living through strange and challenging times. One the most important of these changes, however, that has particularly affected Italy, the European Union and the entire world, has been the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. When the first edition was published the final outcomes of the Brexit process were still unknown. Over the course of the last three years agreements were reached that will have far-reaching effects for many years to come. While the UK no longer falls under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg, it remains a contracting State under the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Despite rumors and fears of the contrary, English still remains one of the official languages of the EU sharing the position of “procedural language” together with French and German. While the future of English within the EU and its institutions is unknown, it is safe to say the language will remain a lingua franca within EU institutions and in its Member States for many years to come. Moreover, the UK’s almost fifty-year presence in the EU has left its mark on the language of the EU and the institutions themselves. The same could be said of the UK considering that most EU legislations was converted into UK law before the official withdrawal.

In this new edition I have attempted to correct the mistakes that remained in the first version. I would like to thank the attentive readers who pointed out many of these to me hoping that I have managed to rectify all of these shortcomings in the new edition. Secondly, I have updated some sections in the theoretical part of the book to address the changed role of the UK in the European Union. Thirdly, an entirely new section about the main differences between the common law and (European) civil law has been added. Finally, I have expanded the section on contracts. It is hoped that these additions will be useful to Italian learners who would like to learn more about the Anglo-American legal system but through the lens of their own legal system and that in the European Union. The methodology of the book remains unaltered: the theoretical sections are complemented by the practical chapters in the second part of the book. During the preparation of this second edition I continued to draw inspiration from all of my students and colleagues in Italy and in Europe.

2.ª edición muy ampliada del manual teórico y práctico de expresión escrita para juristas noveles y expertos, publicado en 2012. Se centra en enseñar a redactar con un lenguaje sencillo, claro y correcto. También incluye una explicación didáctica del lenguaje argumentativo jurídico.
NOVEDADES
Nuevo capítulo sobre el lenguaje argumentativo jurídico.
Se ha incorporado un amplio listado de expresiones jurídicas y un índice analítico de ellas.
Nueva lista de marcadores del discurso.
Se ha completado la información sobre signos de puntuación.
Se ha revisado la 1.ª edición y se han corregido erratas.

As a profession of words, the law is the process of lawmaking (normative area) and interpretation of legal concepts, rules, etc. (descriptive area). Basically, the law, as a social practice, is a connection between obligation and truth based on the meanings of the words. The problem is many legal concepts are not always clear and unequivocal, and they may lend themselves to different interpretations by Lawmaker or any person who wants to make sense of their meaning. When differences in understanding are irresolvable, we can say the legislative document contains “ambiguity”. This paper is a modular analysis of ambiguities that arise in the interpretation of Romanian legal language. Using a concrete example (the habitual residence), this survey explain how the language makes the law ambiguous. We are witnessing an explosion of legal conceptual ambivalence that is able to favor the development of Private International Law by means of international treaties or model laws. In other words, we have the most offering possibility to analyse in real time legal language and act accordingly. Also, using welknown language resources we propose a methodology to remove of such ambiguity and talks about how the purposive rule of interpretation helps in correct interpretation of Romanian Private International Law.
Keywords: legal language, Romanian Private International Law, Romanian language resources, ambiguity, purposive rule of interpretation.

The article presents a theoretical and comparative analysis of legal norm and language norm as types of social norms. The legal norm is viewed as a prescriptive deontological norm while a language norm – as a defining deontological one. The conclusion focuses on the necessity for passing and enforcing of an Official Literary Language Act regulating the obligatory usage of the official Bulgarian language and establishment of language rules and the limits of mandatory.

W przedstawianym tomie opublikowano 27 artykułów ujętych
w ramach 5 rozdziałów, omawiających zagadnienia pragmatyki językowej, translatoryki, terminoogii, inżynierii języka, kulturologii a także glottodydaktyki. W poszczególnych artykułach ujęte zostały szczegółowe problemy współczesnego
językoznawstwa stosowanego, w tym analiza dyskursu poszczególnych technolektów, deskrypcja konkretnych języków specjalistycznych przez pryzmat wybranych gatunków tekstów specjalistycznych, analiza terminologiczna zawartości leksykonów specjalistycznych, opis strategii
i problemów tłumaczeniowych, charakterystyka mechanizmów rządzących procesem glottodydaktycznym i in.
I  PRAGMATYKA JĘZYKOWA

Analiza porównawcza struktury dokumentów i języka prawniczego na przykładzie Specyfikacji istotnych warunków zamówienia i Request for proposal
(EMILIA BOLESZCZUK, PAWEŁ SZCZEPAŃSKI, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 13

Nagłówek w sieci – językowa analiza tworzenia nagłówków na przykładzie anglojęzycznych portali informatycznych
(KLAUDIA DRZEWIECKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 24

Między ogłoszeniem a reklamą – język perswazji w internetowych ogłoszeniach rekrutacyjnych
(JOLANTA ŁĄCKA-BADURA, UNIWERSYTET EKONOMICZNY W KATOWICACH, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 36

Komunikat prasowy jako narzędzie kształtowania wizerunku firmy w sytuacji kryzysowej. Studium przypadku koncernu BP w trakcie działań związanych z katastrofą w Zatoce Meksykańskiej
(MAGDALENA ŁĘSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 48

Analiza językowa nazw produktów. Wykorzystanie językoznawstwa w procesie tworzenia globalnych nazw marek
(IZABELA LIZOŃCZYK, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 61

Pragmatyczne aspekty tekstów specjalistycznych w biznesie (na materiale wybranych polskich i brytyjskich raportów spółek giełdowych)
(JAN ŁOMPIEŚ, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 74

To co nas otacza, czyli kilka słów o języku reklamy
(EWA ŚWIĄTEK, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 89



List do akcjonariuszy – rzetelny komunikat o kondycji przedsiębiorstwa czy jedno z narzędzi promocji firmy?
(PAWEŁ ZAKRAJEWSKI, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 101

II  TRANSLATORYKA

Ponglish a tłumaczenia przeznaczone dla Polaków mieszkających w Wielkiej Brytanii
(MARIA BOGALECKA, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 118

Problem tłumaczenia z języków blisko spokrewnionych: wybrane zagadnienia leksykalne na przykładzie języków białoruskiego i polskiego
(ALENA DUBININA, KATOLICKI UNIWERSYTET LUBELSKI JANA PAWŁA II) 130

Typologia najczęściej napotykanych problemów terminologicznych w tłumaczeniach medycznych
(MAŁGORZATA KASPROWICZ, UNIWERSYTET GDAŃSKI) 152

Polskie, angielskie i włoskie czasowniki ruchu w przekładzie
(LUCYNA MARCOL, JOANNA JASIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 162

I piękny, i wierny. O przekładzie feministycznym
(LILIANA RELIGA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 172

Rola strategii w kompetencji tłumacza
(MARCIN RYBICKI, UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA) 185

Tekst w układzie translatorycznym. Projekt typologii metafrastycznej
(WERONIKA SZEMIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 197

III    TERMINOLOGIA I INŻYNIERIA JĘZYKA

Co żuraw i kozioł robią na budowie? – O neosemantyzmach w polskiej i bułgarskiej terminologii budowlanej
(YORDANKA ILIEVA-CYGAN, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 206

Zmiany leksykalne w rozwoju terminologii tańca współczesnego
(JULIA MAKOWSKA-SONGIN, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 218

Gromadząc korpus profesjolektalny języka inwestorów
(BEATA MIKOŁAJEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 231

Słowa jako materiał konstrukcyjny świata mentalnego. Analiza współczesnej terminologii architektoniczno-budowlanej
(ANNA ŚWIDZIŃSKA, UNIWERSYTET MARII CURIE-SKŁODOWSKIEJ) 241

Nie daj się zabić grzejnikowi, czyli jak zwiększyć czytalność instrukcji obsługi
(MICHAŁ Z. WÓJCIK, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 247

IV  KULTUROLOGIA

„Pseudo-obrońcy krzyża” kontra „PO-lszewiccy zdrajcy”, czyli o bezgranicznej manipulacji i trywializacji polskiego dyskursu publicznego po katastrofie smoleńskiej 10 kwietnia 2010 roku
(ŁUKASZ JAN BEREZOWSKI, UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI) 262

Źródła leksykograficzne jako narzędzie rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata (na przykładzie leksemu ‘ziemia’)
(ANNA BRODECKA, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 276

Metafory miłości w języku angielskim i niemieckim z punktu widzenia językoznawstwa kognitywnego
(HANNA JURCZYK, UNIWERSYTETMIKOŁAJA KOPERNIKA W TORUNIU) 288

Aspekty inwokacji religijnej
(ŁUKASZ MATUSZ, UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI) 299

V  GLOTTODYDAKTYKA

Problem interferencji językowej w nauce dwóch języków obcych na przykładzie studentów filologii włoskiej
(MAŁGORZATA KARCZEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA) 309

Wpływ transferu językowego na naukę języków obcych – metoda EuroCom
(OLGA REMBLEWSKA, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 321

Ocenianie zadań i projektów grupowych na lekcjach języka obcego
(SANDRA WAWRZYNIAK, UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI) 331

Publikacja stanowi próbę szerszego spojrzenia na problematykę języków specjalistycznych. Wychodzi ona poza ramy badawcze wyznaczane tradycyjnie przez lingwistykę, glottodydaktykę czy translatorykę. W prezentowanym zbiorze przedmiotem refleksji oraz obiektem analizy jest użycie języka w różnych kontekstach komunikacyjnych, zwłaszcza instytucjonalnych, ukazywanych z perspektywy międzykulturowej.

Rozdziały zostały przygotowane przez pracowników powstałej w 2018 roku Katedry Języków Specjalistycznych oraz Komunikacji Międzykulturowej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, a także przez zaproszonych specjalistów z wiodących ośrodków badawczych w Polsce. Wszystkie teksty mają charakter zdecydowanie autorski przy jednoczesnym obszernym przeglądzie najnowszej literatury – zarówno w języku polskim, jak i w językach obcych.

every profession has a specialized jargon associated to it, similar is the legal profession and the jargon used is called Legalese, but when the technical terms in such a communication gain a prevalence then the communication of the same gets hindered.

What makes legalese difficult is the fact that the legal authors tend to forget the fact that their readers might be laypeople who are not very well or in certain cases not at all acquainted with these terms.

Plain Language provides an alternative method to convey the same message in a simpler and easier language.

The paper discusses potential applications of corpus-based methodologies to legal language studies, the focus being placed on their implications for translation research and translator training. Corpus-based studies have been applied to translation since the 90ties; prior research tended to exclude translations as a nonrepresentative language. However, relatively few current projects concentrate on legal translation
specifically. Corpus-based methodologies analyse authentic data and language in use. They help to eliminate the speculative element and to verify research hypotheses on a larger scale. Their major contribution seems to be the possibility to improve the naturalness of translation. They may be applied to analyse the translationese against the non-translated language and, in consequence, to identify interferences from the source language. A substantial deal of research is devoted to the so-called translation universals, that is ‘universal features of translation’ (Baker 1993: 243) independent of specific language pairs, i.e. explicitation; simplification, disambiguation; normalisation or conservatism; leveling-out; and over- and underrepresentation of SL or TL elements, including untypical distribution of collocations. It will be argued that some of these hypotheses require further analysis in the context of legal translation. For example, how does the tendency to disambiguate relate to strategic ambiguities and purposeful flexibility of legal language (vagueness)? Is the tendency of explicitation and sanitation not in conflict with the high accuracy requirement in legal translation? And more generally, how does the untypical distribution of TL elements impact the naturalness of translation? It seems that corpus-based studies is a promising
methodology that may open up new perspectives on legal language and translation.

Die Phraseologie – und dazu gehören auch die einzelsprachspezifischen Kollokationen – gilt zuweilen als Sahnehäubchen auf den Höhen der Sprachkompetenz. Für die (angehenden) vereidigten Übersetzer stellen Kollokationen eine besondere Herausforderung dar, da die Rechtssprache ihre eigenen Formulierungsmuster aufweist, deren Beherrschung eine Schlüsselrolle in der Fachkommunikation spielt. Im Zentrum der Leistungskontrolle bei Übersetzungsaufträgen sollten nach Nord (2006, S. 18) Übersetzungsfehler stehen, die es von sprachlichen Verstößen strikt zu trennen gilt. Obwohl kollokative Fehler bei der Dichotomie zwischen Sprach- und Übersetzungsfehlern auf den ersten Blick in den ersten Bereich zu fallen scheinen, verweist der Beitrag darauf, dass Kollokationsfehler durchaus eine Affinität zu Nords pragmatischen, konventionsbezogenen und sprachenpaarspezifischen Übersetzungsfehlern zeigen und somit keinen peripheren, sondern zentralen Status bei der Bewertung der Übersetzungsleistung genießen sollten.

This paper is aimed at stylistic study of legal language. Analysis is done by identifying stylistic devices, their impact on text and communicative function, these markers carry. Rudimentary introduction of stylistics and legal register is given in the very beginning and then legal language

In all the countries, the law is written, construed and enforced through language. It is widely accepted that the English language of law is a recognizable phenomenon. Some assert it is peculiar. As such, it has frequently been criticized for its arcane and mysterious quality. The major objective of the present study is to analyze the English language of law to make it more comprehensible. The analysis of the English language of law in this paper has been divided into two major parts, and revolves around the following aspects: (1) the lexical and (2) syntactic properties.

How does a lawyer think? Does legal intuition exist? Do lawyers need imagination? Why is legal language so abstract? It is no longer possible to answer these questions by applying philosophical analysis alone. Recent advances in the cognitive sciences have reshaped our conceptions of the human mental faculties and the tools we use to solve problems. A new picture of the functioning of the legal mind is emerging. In The Legal Mind, Bartosz Brożek uses philosophical arguments and insight from the cognitive sciences to depict legal thinking as a close cooperation between three cognitive mechanisms - intuition, imagination, and language - and addresses the question of how to efficiently use these mental tools. This novel and provocative approach provides a fresh perspective on legal thinking and gives rise to important questions pertaining to the limits of legal interpretation and rationality in the law.

This paper focuses on the results of my recent research in audiovisual translation for my Ph.D. thesis in English for Special Purposes. The aim of the research is to analyze the use of special languages in very popular TV series and how the power relationships are “translated” from the source language to the target language.
In particular, this paper aims to analyze two special languages: the legal and the medical one, respectively represented in the TV series “The Good Wife” and “Grey’s Anatomy”.
For what concerns medical language, the focus is on the difference between communication happening among experts and communication from expert to a non-expert interlocutor: the very example of how popularization of specialized discourse is enabled is given by surgeons speaking to each other during case presentations compared to how surgeons themselves try to explain diseases or surgery to the patient or to his/her relatives by using a lower register and more common words (see attachment Nr. 1). The scenes containing fragments of popularized medical discourse are compared with the Italian translations in order to discover whether the power distance relationships are respected in the translation process.
As for legal language, instead, the focus is on the use of court terminology and standard formulae by the judge and the lawyers and popularization is represented by lawyers trying to explain legal discourse to the defendants (see attachment Nr. 2). In this case too, scenes containing legal discourse are compared with the Italian translations and power distance relationships are analyzed.


Attachment Nr. 1
ENGLISH (SL)
ITALIAN (TL)
Dr. Yang:  We've done the initial surgery on Julie's omphalocele.
A primary closure was attempted, but there was pulmonary compromise, so we couldn't contin...

Dr. Bailey: Yang, how about we do this in plain English?

Dr. Yang: Oh, um, we operated on Julie's external sack of organs, and we pushed in as much of the bowel as we could, and we think we can push in the rest with a second operation.
Dott. Yang: Abbiamo fatto una prima operazione sull'onfalocele di Julie.
E' stata tentata una prima chiusura, ma ci sono state complicazioni polmonari, così non abbiamo pot...

Dott. Bailey: Yang, che ne dice di un linguaggio più chiaro?

Dott. Yang: Oh, hum, abbiamo operato la sacca esterna che contiene gli organi di Julie, e abbiamo rimesso dentro l'intestino
più che abbiamo potuto, e crediamo di poterlo spingere ancora dentro
con una seconda operazione.

Attachment Nr. 2
ENGLISH (SL)

C: Customer
W: Will
D: Diane ITALIAN (TL)

C: Cliente
W: Will
D: Diane
197
C: We don't have to go to court?
198
He just offered that?
199
W: You'll have to sign a standard
confidentiality agreement.
200
Both parties free each other of liability
201
and agree not to speak to
anyone, including the press.
206
C: Can't we tell the police?
207
D: Not if we sign a confidentiality agreement.
208
McKeon could withdraw the award
and sue you for defamation. 148
C: Non dobbiamo andare in tribunale?
Ha solo fatto un'offerta?

149
W: Deve firmare un accordo
standard di riservatezza
150
Le parti si liberano da ogni responsabilità
e promettono di non parlarne,
151
nemmeno con la stampa.
154
C: Non possiamo dirlo alla polizia?
D: Non se firmiamo un accordo di riservatezza.

155
McKeon potrebbe ritirare il risarcimento
e citarla per diffamazione.

[Phenomenology of legalese] The quality of legal language and the theme of its obscurity constitutes an interesting subject of studies for both linguistic and legal scholars. To investigate the connection between the formal and the substantial dimension of law, this essay will position the theme of legal language in the broader perspective of " law and literature " studies and analyse some traits of " legalese " explaining its sources and its negative implications in politics and society.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les relations sémantiques de synonymie, polysémie, homonymie et paronymie dans le cadre de la langue du droit qui insiste sur la monoréférence du texte du départ et sur sa traduction précise. L’analyse porte d’abord sur la manière dont les termes sont représentés dans les ressources terminologiques car ces ressources représentent les outils principaux des traducteurs juridiques, obligés de surmonter de nombreux obstacles dus à ces phénomènes.
Mots-clés:langue du droit, synonymie, polysémie, homonymie, terminologie, traduction