Lithium Ion Batteries

The highest energy density among the rechargeable batteries is provided by lithium ion technology thanks to immense electrochemical potential of Lithium element. Among the recent studies which are about cathode materials LiMO2  stands out but capacity of LiMO2  cathode materials are not enough when their capacities compared with anode materials. High voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel with an operating voltage of 4.7 V and theoretical capacity of 148 mAh/g is a promising candidate as the positive electrode in future lithium ion batteries for electric vehicle applications. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is produced by sol-gel method is a very convenient method to obtaining the cathode material, due to its versatile advantages as obtaining high purity material. Gels which are produced via sol-gel method are coated onto Aluminum substrate to improve electrical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties. Galvanostatic test results are close to theoretical capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4  and the highest capacity value is determined as 131,4 mAh/g.

The objective of this report is to introduce the backgrounds, importance of Lithium Ion Battery.
To discuss the most effective manufacturing process and production lay out of the factory. To
evaluate the quality assurances and quality control of the process along with the economical
conditions of the industry with the advancement of technology.
The report also discusses the future prospects in regards to the improvements that can be
implemented in regards to quality management and to make the product more cost effective.

however, subtle processes which involve the specimen, the however, subtle processes which involve the specimen, the electron beam and any mobile species on the sample electron beam and any mobile species on the sample surface frequently cause the build up of hydrocarbon surface frequently cause the build up of hydrocarbon contamination layers. contamination layers.

"New Zealand-based Pacific Lithium Limited (PLL) was established in 1994 to develop a world-competitive business based on the extraction of lithium from seawater, using a new adsorption technology developed by chemical engineer John Bloom (Sun, Mellalieu & Willis, 1999). Through the fundraising efforts of entrepreneur Robin Johannink, the company subsequently raised NZ $10 million from shareholders, including a 12% stake in the company from Vertex Asia (a technology subsidiary of the Singapore government) and a further 8.6% from a key customer: Japanese trading company Nisho Iwai. By late 1995, the company had started building a processing plant at Whakerewa, near the Thames Estuary, but later suspended construction of the facility as its seawater lithium adsorption technology had not achieved optimum economic levels of lithium recovery. Since the company’s foundation, several new companies had entered the world lithium supply market (Sun & Mellalieu, 1999).

Note:
This is the THIRD installment in a series of cases. For a Case Resource library providing Part A, Part B and other resources, see:
Mellalieu, P. (n.d.). Pacific Lithium Ltd - Case resource library. Retrieved January 24, 2014, from https://www.academia.edu/1513410/Pacific_Lithium_Ltd_-_Case_resource_library

Citation:
Mellalieu, P. J., & Sun, J. G. (2000). Pacific Lithium (C): Flight of the Phoenix. In Proceedings of the Annual Educators Conference of the New Zealand Strategic Management Society (Vol. 1). Canterbury University, Christchurch: New Zealand Strategic Management Society. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1510450

Area: Governo, gestione e sviluppo del sistema elettrico nazionale Progetto: Sistemi avanzati di accumulo dell'energia Obiettivo: Studi di sicurezza nell'applicazione dei sistemi di accumulo elettrochimico (alta temperatura e litio) Responsabile del Progetto: Mario Conte, ENEA

Adequate storage technologies are needed to allow a transition to renewable energy sources from fossil fuels. Common Lithium-ion batteries are widely used but are limited by availability of materials, price and safety. This review article shows the early stage research on sodium-ion batteries and published discoveries so far. Because of the needed follow up research, techniques are presented as well as ways to evaluate and compare future results.

The development of electrolytes capable of performing at a high voltage (>5 V) is essential for the advancement of lithium-ion batteries. In the present work, we have investigated a dinitrile−mononitrile-based electrolyte system that can offer electrochemical stability up to 5.5 V at room temperature. The electrolytes consist of 1.0 M lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide in various volume proportions of glutaronitrile, a dinitrile, and butyronitrile, a mononitrile (10/0; 8/2; 6/4; 4/6; 2/8; 10/0). The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes was found to be 3.1 × 10 −3 − 10.6 × 10 −3 S cm −1 at 30 °C, comparable with commercially used carbonate-based electrolytes. However, butyronitrile reacts with Li metal to give 3-amino-2-ethylhex-2-ene-nitrile, 2,6-dipropyl-5-ethylpyrimidin-4-amine, and oligomers/polymers. These compounds have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and based on these findings, a plausible mechanism of reactivity of mononitriles toward Li metal has been proposed. Finally, 5 wt % of vinylene carbonate is added to the glutaronitrile/butyronitrile (6/4 ratio) system to inhibit the reductive decomposition of butyronitrile. The resultant electrolyte system is used in the assembly of several coin cells consisting of a LiFePO 4 composite cathode and a Li metal anode. The cells perform up to 3 C charge/discharge rate with reasonably good discharge capacity and also display a cycle life of more than 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate with capacity retention above 95% at room temperature. ■ INTRODUCTION The increasing adverse effects of greenhouse gases, which has been causing the climate change, and rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels have compelled a switch to renewable and clean energy resources. While a plethora of energy is available, courtesy of the sun, wind, and water, the issue of storage and delivery of energy has become an area requiring serious technological advancement. 1−7 Lithium-ion battery technology, which has been powering portable gadgets and light transportation vehicles successfully for decades, could serve the purpose but necessitates significant improvements in energy and power density of the batteries. 8−14 In this context, various high-voltage cathode-active materials, such as LiNiVO 4 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCr x Mn 2−x O 4 , and LiNiPO 4 , have been developed recently, which exhibit working voltages above 5.0 V vs Li/Li +. 15−22 To utilize these cathode materials practically, a coherent electrolyte system is required, which can perform successfully above the 5.0 V benchmark. Unfortunately, the electrochemical stability of conventional carbonate electrolyte solvents is lower than 4.8 V vs Li/Li +. 23−25 Although several high-voltage electrolyte solvents have been reported, such as sulfones, ionic liquids, fluorinated carbonates, and dinitriles, all of these have other issues that limit their utility as a part of high-voltage electrolyte systems. 24,26−37 By virtue of the inherent cathodic stability of cyano groups, the nitrile solvents, mononitriles and dinitriles, could serve as high-voltage electrolyte solvents. It has been well demonstrated that the electrolyte of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)-sulfonamide (LiTFSI) in dinitrile systems possesses a wide working temperature range, excellent high electrochemical stability (∼7.0 V for a single nitrile; 6.0−6.5 V for binary and ternary solvents), and great dielectric permittivity. 27,38,39 In addition, the dinitrile−LiTFSI electrolyte systems can form a protective layer on the Al current collector; this layer reduces corrosion owing to the LiTFSI salt at a high voltage. 24,38−40 However, the high viscosity, which hampers the ionic

Separators with high porosity, mechanical robustness, high ion conductivity, thin structure, excellent thermal stability, high electrolyte uptake and high retention capacity is today's burning research topic. These characteristics are not easily achieved by using single polymer separators. Inorganic nanoparticle use is one of the efforts to achieve these attributes and it has taken its place in recent research. The inorganic nanoparticles not only improve the physical characteristics of the separator but also keep it from dendrite problems, which enhance its shelf life. In this article, use of inorganic particles for lithium-ion battery membrane modification is discussed in detail and composite membranes with three main types including inorganic particle-coated composite membranes, inorganic particle-filled composite membranes and inorganic particle-filled non-woven mates are described. The possible advantages of inorganic particles application on membrane morphology, different techniques and modification methods for improving particle performance in the composite membrane, future prospects and better applications of ceramic nanoparticles and improvements in these composite membranes are also highlighted. In short, the contents of this review provide a fruitful source for further study and the development of new lithium-ion battery membranes with improved mechanical stability, chemical inertness and better electrochemical properties.

The number of battery electric vehicle models available in the market has been increasing, as well as their battery capacity, and these trends are likely to continue in the future as sustainable transportation goals rise in importance, supported by advances in battery chemistry and technology. Given the rapid pace of these advances, the impact of new chemistries, e.g., lithium-manganese rich cathode materials and silicon/graphite anodes, has not yet been thoroughly considered in the literature. This research estimates life cycle greenhouse gas and other air pollutants emissions of battery electric vehicles with different battery chemistries, including the above advances. The analysis methodology, which uses the greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation (GREET) life-cycle assessment model, considers 8 battery types, 13 electricity generation mixes with different predominant primary energy sources, and 4 vehicle segments (small, medium, large, and sport utility vehicles), represented by prototype vehicles, with both battery replacement and non-replacement during the life cycle. Outputs are expressed as emissions ratios to the equivalent petrol internal combustion engine vehicle and two-way analysis of variance is used to test results for statistical significance. Results show that newer Li-ion battery technology can yield significant improvements over older battery chemistries, which can be as high as 60% emissions reduction, depending on pollutant type and electricity generation mix.

In the last decade electronics industry has witnessed
major changes in wide ranges from smart-phones,
laptops etc , though power consumption of all these
devices is lowered but no of devices that are using
are increased drastically. So hunger for power is
increased .battery technologies are lagging behind
in terms of rate capability, storage capacity, storage
time etc.
Present focus is on Lithium-ion Batteries (LIB)
because they are majorly used as a electrochemical
energy storage devices for consumer electronics and
emerging electrical/hybrid vehicles. Due to low
kinetics of Coulombic reactions involving electron
transfer and ion diffusion in both anode and cathode
materials, Lithium ion batteries still suffering from
Slow charging problem. For achieving high rate
LIB’s, diffusion kinetics of Li-ion and electrons
should be enhanced by making high rate capability
electrode materials.

This paper presents the results obtained from a rechargeable Li-Ion batteries life-cycle test system, also known as “cycler”. First the motives for analyzing this particular battery chemistry are given. Then the theoretical background for testing such Li-Ion battery chemistry is presented. Finally the obtained results from a commercially available Li-Ion battery pack are discussed and compared with the existing literature.

There is a need for exploring new battery chemistries demonstrating higher energy density than currently used Li-ion systems. The recent development of sulfur cathodes, with theoretical capacities of ∼1675 mAh/g in lithium based batteries therefore bears great relevance in designing the next generation mobile lithium based battery systems. Although promising, sulfur cathodes are hamstrung by a number of problems including but not limited to inherent electronic conductivity limitations, volumetric expansion and soluble polysulfide formation resulting in poor rate capabilities, poor areal capacity and poor cyclability. In this work, we implement a threepronged strategy to overcome the issues stated above. Using a simple chemical procedure, we have successfully synthesized sulfur nanoparticles that display capacities up to ∼1100 mAh/g. We have also demonstrated high areal capacities in thick electrodes prepared by solid-state processing exhibiting good capacity retention as a result of the same. Finally, we have successfully demonstrated the use of thin lithium ion conductive coatings (LIC) on sulfur to demonstrate significant improvement in capacity fade. The thick electrodes coated with a thin lithium ion conducting coating that we use in this study allow us to obtain very high areal capacities (of ∼5 mAh/cm 2 ) in contrast to hitherto published reports.

To enhance the properties of polyethylene separators in lithium ion batteries, we tested separators with
uni-axial stretching ratios of 180% and 300%. We also tested stretched separators coated with SiO2
ceramic substance to increase ionic conductivity and thermal stability without sacrificing mechanical
properties. To test the thermal and tensile properties, thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) is employed. CR
2032-type coin cells are prepared by sandwiching pristine and coated stretched separators, respectively,
between the Li anode and Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode to evaluate the AC impedance and cycling
performance. The coated separators are observed with superior ionic conductivity, thermal and tensile
properties. The cells prepared with coated separator have slightly higher discharge capacity and a better
capacity retention ratio than the cells with pristine separators. These results suggest that the coated
separator is a better option for lithium ion batteries.

A fluorinated electrolyte mixture, containing 1 M LiPF6/fluoroethylene carbonate:bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (1:1 w:w) with prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone as an electrolyte additive exhibited promising cycling and storage performance in Li(Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2)O2/graphite pouch type Li-ion cells tested to 4.5 V. The prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone additive was added to help control gas evolution in the fluorinated electrolyte cells, which was improved but still problematic even with the additive. Cells with the fluorinated electrolyte demonstrated higher impedance in early cycles compared to cells with carbonate solvents and state of the art additives. Symmetric cells were used to show this high impedance originated at the negative electrode/electrolyte interface. Nevertheless, in charge–discharge cycling tests to 4.5 V, cells with the fluorinated electrolyte and 1, 2 or 3% prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone additive, outperformed all non-fluorinated electrolytes with all additives tested. With further work, these, or other fluorinated carbonates, coupled with appropriate additives, may represent a viable path to NMC/graphite cells that can operate to 4.5 V and above.

Reactions of HF with uncoated and Al and Zn oxide-coated surfaces of LiCoO 2 cathodes were studied using density functional theory. Cathode degradation caused by reaction of HF with the hydroxylated (101̅ 4) LiCoO 2 surface is dominated by formation of H 2 O and a LiF precipitate via a barrierless reaction that is exothermic by 1.53 eV. We present a detailed mechanism where HF reacts at the alumina coating to create a partially fluorinated alumina surface rather than forming AlF 3 and H 2 O and thus alumina films reduce cathode degradation by scavenging HF and avoiding H 2 O formation. In contrast, we find that HF etches monolayer zinc oxide coatings, which thus fail to prevent capacity fading. However, thicker zinc oxide films mitigate capacity loss by reacting with HF to form a partially fluorinated zinc oxide surface. Metal oxide coatings that react with HF to form hydroxyl groups over H 2 O, like the alumina monolayer, will significantly reduce cathode degradation.

sistemi di accumulo costituiscono il sistema più versatile presente sul mercato sia per l’accumulo
dell’energia prodotta da fonti alternative intermittenti come l’eolico e il fotovoltaico, sia per lo sviluppo
della mobilità elettrica. Ma quali sono le problematiche di sicurezza e di ciclo di vita dei sistemi di
accumulo? ENEA si è fatto promotore di un network tutto italiano per la prevenzione dei rischi, la
protezione e l’intervento di emergenza, che fronteggi la rapida espansione del mercato dei sistemi di
accumulo e degli apparecchi utilizzatori

LiMnPO 4 nanoparticles synthesized by the polyol method were examined as a cathode material for advanced Li-ion batteries. The structure, surface morphology, and performance were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman, Fourier transform IR, and photoelectron spectroscopies, and standard electrochemical techniques. A stable reversible capacity up to 145 mAh g −1 could be measured at discharge potentials Ͼ4 V vs Li/Li + , with a reasonable capacity retention during prolonged charge/discharge cycling. The rate capability of the LiMnPO 4 electrodes studied herein was higher than that of LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 ͑NCA͒ in similar experiments and measurements. The active mass studied herein seems to be the least surface reactive in alkyl carbonate/LiPF 6 solutions. We attribute the low surface activity of this material, compared to the lithiated transition-metal oxides that are examined and used as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, to the relatively low basicity and nucleophilicity of the oxygen atoms in the olivine compounds. The thermal stability of the LiMnPO 4 material in solutions ͑measured by differential scanning calorimetry͒ is much higher compared to that of transition-metal oxide cathodes. This is demonstrated herein by a comparison with NCA electrodes.

Currently, lackluster battery capability is restricting the widespread integration of Smart Grids, limiting the long-term feasibility of alternative, green energy conversion technologies. Silicon nanoparticles have great conductivity for applications in rechargeable batteries, but have degradation issues due to changes in volume during lithiation/delithiation cycles. To combat this, we use electrochemical deposition to uniformly space silicon particles on graphene sheets to create a more stable structure. We found the process of electrochemical deposition degraded the graphene binding in the electrode material, severely reducing charge capacity. But, the usage of mechanically mixing silicon particles with grapheme yielded batteries better than those that are commercially available.

This work describes the synthesis of a new polyanion material, Li2CO2(MoO4)(3), belonging to the NASICON family. A low-temperature soft-combustion method using glycine as a soft-combustion fuel was adopted to obtain single-phase powders of the new material at a temperature as low as 300degreesC. Li2Co2(MoO4)(3,) was found to crystallize in an orthorhombic structure (space group Pmmm) with lattice parameters a = 17.584(7) A, b = 10.464(4) A and c = 5.102(9) A. The electronic state of each element present in the new material was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. The powders were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The microstructural analysis revealed that the particles (5-10 mum) have a rather columnar shape. The electrochemistry redox behavior of. the new material was studied, for the first time, and the material as positive electrode was found to exhibit topotactic Li+ extraction/insertion in lithium-containing test cells.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0254058404002366/1-s2.0-S0254058404002366-main.pdf?_tid=5a49a226-e777-11e2-8dd4-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1373251237_b1136645d00e8ea788c70a5e06056a48

There has been an intensive research and development focus on Lithium-ion batteries, which has revolutionized the electric vehicle market due to the batteries' high energy and power density, longer lifespan and increased safety than comparable rechargeable battery technologies. The performance of lithium-ion batteries is achieved by packaging design, electrolyte and electrodes material's selection. This study will focus on cathode materials as they currently need to overcome critical challenges. In fact, cathode materials affect energy density, rate capability and working voltage that led to the cathode currently costing twice as much as the anode. For this reason this study will review the cathode materials for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries under economic and environmental perspectives. Further, actual installed lithium-ion batteries within the commercial electric vehicle market will be compared and measured against suggested economic and environmental sound materials.

We report the electrochemical performance of porous NASICON-type Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4) 3 thin films to be used as a cathode for Li-ion microbatteries. Crystalline porous NASICON-type Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4) 3 layers were obtained by radio frequency sputtering with an annealing treatment. The thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and electrochemical techniques. The chronoamperometry experiments showed that a discharge capacity of 88 mAhg −1 (23 μAhcm −2) is attained for the first cycle at C/10 to reach 65 mAhg −1 (17 μAhcm −2) after 10 cycles with a good stability over 40 cycles.

One-dimensional electrospun lead oxide nanofibers synthesized by a simple electrospinning technique. The prepared lead oxide nanofibers investigated by using TG/DTA, FTIR, Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and impedance spectroscopy techniques. TG/DTA results confirmed the thermal behavior of the as-spun nanofibers. XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectra results, respectively, confirm the formation of pure orthorhombic crystalline phase and structural coordination of the lead oxide (β-PbO) nanofibers. The BET specific surface area of β-PbO nanofibers sample is found to be 51.23 m² g⁻¹. SEM and AFM micrographs showed the formation of β-PbO nanofibers with a diameter of 85-300 nm. The impedance measurements of lead oxide nanofibers as a function of temperature, 25-150 oC, was evaluated by analyzing the measured impedance data using the winfit software. The electrical conductivity of the lead oxide (β-PbO) nanofibers evaluated by analyzing the measured impedance data using the winfit software is found to be 5.68 x 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ at 150 oC. Also, an activation energy (Ea) for the migration of the charge carrier evaluated from the temperature dependence of conductivity plot is found to be 0.27 eV. The temperature dependence AC conductivity of β-PbO nanofibers was evaluated using the measured impedance data and sample dimension. The observed variation of high-frequency AC conductivity attributed to the hopping electrons between the adjacent sites

Structural characterization and impedance studies of PbO nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning technique. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315589537_Structural_characterization_and_impedance_studies_of_PbO_nanofibers_synthesized_by_electrospinning_technique [accessed Jun 5, 2017].

Many literature reports show that layered Li-Ni-Mn-Co oxides (NMC) have a surface reconstruction to a rocksalt (Fm3m) structure which is claimed to be responsible for the increase in cell impedance during high voltage cycling. It is important to determine if appropriate electrolyte additives can suppress the surface reconstructions of NMC materials. LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811)/Graphite pouch cells with different electrolyte additives and different upper cutoff potentials were charge-discharge cycled and the electrodes were recovered for z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) studies. It was found that there was no significant surface layer growth for cells cycled between 2.8 and 4.1 V. For cells with an upper cutoff voltage of 4.3 V, the electrodes from cells with control electrolyte (no additives) showed the thickest surface layer. The electrolyte additives vinylene carbonate (VC) and prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone (PES) were found to suppress the growth of the surface layer. However, cells with PES showed a more rapid capacity fade than control cells or cells with 2% VC showing that, at least for NMC811/graphite cells with PES or VC additives, failure cannot only be solely ascribed to a growing rocksalt surface layer. Other processes, for example associated with electrolyte oxidation, are believed to be responsible for failure. High energy density lithium-ion batteries that are cheaper, safer and with longer lifetimes need to be developed in order to meet the increasing demand for applications such as electric vehicles. LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) can deliver a high capacity of ∼200 mAh/g with an average discharge voltage of ∼3.8 V (vs. Li+/Li), making it a promising positive electrode material for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. 1 However, electrochemical tests of NMC811 from half cells and full cells show poor cycling performance when charged to voltages above 4.2 V. 2 In-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction showed that there are no significant irreversible structural changes in the bulk of the material during charge-discharge cycling. Instead, the parasitic reactions between the electrolyte and the surface of the positive electrode particles at high voltages were suggested to be the cause of the failure of cells cycled above 4.2 V. 2 Layered NMC materials have a hexagonal layered structure (α-NaFeO 2-type structure described in the R ¯ m space group), where Li and transition metal atoms form alternating layers between oxygen layers and Li atoms have a 2-D diffusion path. 3–5 Recently, Lin et al. 6 showed that the surface of LiNi 0.42 Mn 0.42 Co 0.16 O 2 (NMC442) went through a structural reconstruction from layered (R ¯ m) to rocksalt (Fm3m). In that transition, transition metal ions migrated to the lithium layers with a possible loss of Li and O from the surface of the structure. This was cited as one of the causes of a significant increase in cell impedance under high voltage cycling conditions. This surface reconstruction phenomenon was also observed in many other reports about NMC and Li[Ni 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 ]O 2 positive electrode materials where the surface reconstruction was ascribed to be a result of interactions between the positive electrode surface and the electrolyte. 6–22

Polymer electrolytes are electrolytes that consist of polymer/salt complex and contain free ions which render them electrically conductive. They are used extensively in applications such as batteries, capacitors, and photovoltaic cells. In this study, a series of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) nematic liquid crystal-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer electrolytes were prepared and the effects of the concentration of the doped 5CB on the properties of the electrolytes were characterized by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The increase in conductivity which was achieved through the doping of 5CB suggests that the embedded liquid crystal (LC) molecules increased the ordering strength in the electrolyte, which provides a better pathway to transfer generated charges inside the polymer electrolyte. Characterization of the polymer electrolyte liquid crystal system (PeLCs) by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques reveals the influence of LC in the PeLC optical and electrochemical band gaps. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Link to Full-Text Articles : 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305715000786 
http://repository.um.edu.my/98764/1/Polymer%20electrolyte%20liquid%20crystal%20system%20for%20improve%20optical.pdf

We present spectroscopic measurements of seven vibrational levels v = 29-35 of the A(1 1 + u ) excited state of Li 2 molecules by the photoassociation of a degenerate Fermi gas of 6 Li atoms. The absolute uncertainty of our measurements is ±0.000 02 cm −1 (±600 kHz) and we use these new data to further refine an analytic potential for this state. This work provides high accuracy photoassociation resonance locations essential for the eventual high-resolution mapping of the X(1 1 + g ) state enabling further improvements to the s-wave scattering length determination of Li and enabling the eventual creation of ultracold ground-state 6 Li 2 molecules.

Fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs) are superior to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of high energy density, safety, etc. An electrolyte consisting of tetraglyme (G4) as a solvent molecule and triphenylboroxine (TPhBX) as an anion acceptor to improve the solubility of cesium fluoride (CsF) salt is a candidate of the electrolytes for FSBs. The low concentration of CsF in the electrolyte makes it difficult to study. Electrical X-Ray total scattering and anomalous X-Ray scattering (AXS) are powerful techniques for studying the local structures of electrolytes. This study shows that AXS measurement with a Cs K-edge can clarify the local structure around very low atomic concentration (0.27 at%) Cs. The first-neighbor distance and the coordination number suggest that Csþ ions exist in the major
Cs(G4)2 þ complex together with the minor Cs(G4)þ. The low-Q peak observed in the scattering patterns can be attributed to the structure of alternating [TPhBX]F and [Cs(G4)]þ (or [Cs(G4)2]þ). The large sizes of cations ([Cs(G4)]þ and [Cs(G4)2] þ) and anion [TPhBX]F lead to a long correlation distance. This work presents the picture that the F ions hop from TPhBX to [Cs(G4)]þ or [Cs(G4)2]þ toward the cathode and anode during charge and discharge, respectively.

Lithium stannate (Li2SnO3) has been prepared by solution evaporation method. The precursor obtained is sintered at 800A degrees C for 5, 6, and 7 h, respectively. X-ray diffractogram confirmed that the sample obtained after sintering is Li2SnO3. The pelletized Li2SnO3 after heating at 500 A degrees C for 3 h is used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization. Impedance measurements have been carried out over frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz and temperature range from 563 to 633 K. The conductivity-temperature relationship is Arrhenian. Several important parameters such as activation energy, ionic hopping frequency and its rate, carrier concentration term, mobile ion number density, ionic mobility, and diffusion coefficient have been determined. The characteristics of log conductivity and log ionic hopping rate against temperature for the system suggest that the conduction and ionic hopping processes are thermally activated. The values of activation energy for con...

Lanthanum halide nanoparticle scintillators for nuclear radiation detection J. Appl. Phys. 113, 064303 (2013) Molecular dynamics simulations of evaporation-induced nanoparticle assembly J. Chem. Phys. 138, 064701 (2013) Nanoparticles charge response from electrostatic force microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053118 (2013) Electrodynamic control of the nanofiber alignment during electrospinning Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053111 (2013) Critical-temperature/Peierls-stress dependent size effects in body centered cubic nanopillars

""How does an entrepreneur and an inventor with a bright idea to extract lithium from seawater tackle the two giant lithium mineral processing companies to take the US $10 billion per year lithium battery industry? What lessons can you take from their results that you can apply in your own enterprise? What advice can you give to help the company succeed in its quest?

The world market for high performance batteries has been estimated as growing at a rate of 25% per year and is likely to reach a world demand of US $10 billion by the year 2002. With the growth in demand for portable powered equipment, and the imminent introduction of electric cars in the early decades of the next century, lithium-based products appear to have a promising future as an energy storage medium. New Zealand-based Pacific Lithium Limited is emerging as a world class competitive player in this ‘energetic’ market.

Citation:
Mellalieu, P. J., Sun, J. G., & Willis, A. (1999). Pacific Lithium (A): The Energy behind the Mobile Society. In Proceedings of the Annual Educators Conference of the New Zealand Strategic Management Society, 7th Annual Conference (Vol. 1). Palmerston North, N.Z.: New Zealand Strategic Management Society. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1465808/

Case resource library:
This is the FIRST installment in a series of cases. For a Case Resource library providing Part B, Part C and other resources, see:

Mellalieu, P. (n.d.). Pacific Lithium Ltd - Case resource library. Retrieved January 24, 2014, from https://www.academia.edu/1513410/Pacific_Lithium_Ltd_-_Case_resource_library

How does a young, “peripheral” country develop the cultural infrastructure - the myths and stories - it needs to inspire creation of the heroic forces for creating successful enterprises in a hypercompetitive, globalising world? The article presents the ‘first act’ of the true story of the establishment and early challenges faced by an ambitious new venture, New Zealand-based Pacific Lithium Limited (PLL), and its founding entrepreneur, Robin Johannink. Somewhat untypical for a formal business case report, the structure of the story presented here is strongly informed by Vogler’s (1998) “mythic structure of the heroic journey” and inspired by de Jong’s (1999) application of the mythic structure to what he notes as the heroic task of establishing a new business enterprise. The second part of the article presents observations drawn from the Pacific Lithium story, and outlines our approaches for extending the learning one can make from contemporary heroic tales of enterprise such as the one presented here. The author concludes that de Jong appears quite correct when he suggests that “as a scalable, replicable piece of social code, [the mythic structure of the heroic journey] could be as profound as the biological code Watson and Crick found in DNA” (de Jong, p. 159)

Related:
Mellalieu, P. (n.d.). Pacific Lithium Ltd - Case resource library. Retrieved January 24, 2014, from https://www.academia.edu/1513410/Pacific_Lithium_Ltd_-_Case_resource_library

Citation:
Mellalieu, P. J. (2001). New Myths for a Very New World: The Mythic Journey as a Basis for Learning About Entrepreneurial Start-Ups. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Thinking. Auckland, NZ. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1465816/New_Myths_for_a_Very_New_World_The_Mythic_Journey_as_a_Basis_for_Learning_About_Entrepreneurial_Start-Ups

http://www.batterieportables.com/hp-compaq-6530b.html  Batterie ordinateur portable HP Compaq 6530b, Cette batterie est certifiée à 100% pour être installée dans un ordinateur HP Compaq 6530b. Les produits que nous vous proposons sont d'une qualité industrielles. Ils ont une capacité et une fiabilité plus élevée que la concurrence. HP Batterie pour COMPAQ 6530b a passé les attestations internationales ISO9001, RoHS et de certification CE. Garantis pour HP Compaq 6530b PC Batterie: 2 ans de garantie, 45 jours remboursé, 100% neuf.

Several strategies to make lithium ion battery separators more wettable are compares, as well as the results of cells with those separators in different studies.  Lithium ion batteries made with separators made from hydrophilic nanofibers are highlighted.

Highlights • Electricity and automotive socio-technical systems are overlapping. • Potential synergies of system confluence are identified. • System confluence and transition shown to be shaped by business model experimentation. • Multiple business model experiments seen in search for the right solutions. • Prospects for commercial realization remain uncertain.

Li-ion batteries play an important role in powering the electronic devices and in storing energy due to its high energy and power density, which are expected to be a solution for the future energy storage requirements. Due to the lack of suitable on-board power sources, the advances in the miniaturization of microelectronics is growing which then open up the opportunities to explore the both cathode and anode materials [1]. Olivine-type LiFePO4 becomes a popular cathode owing to its thermally stable, low cost, more abundant, and less toxic [2]. The strong Fe-O covalent bonds in LiFePO4 cathodes has such a special characteristic compared to layered LiCoO2-type materials. This covalent bond greatly improve the stability of O in the lattice, thus increasing the safety of the materials [2]. In the field of thin-film microbatteries, a study of the thin film cathodes is essential for the fundamental research and application since neither binder nor conductive carbon additive are utilized. It means a good contact between the active material and the current collector could be greatly established [3]. By using the thin film cathodes, the intrinsic drawbacks such as a low electronic conductivity and low Li + diffusion mobility can also be suppressed because the thickness of the cathode material has been reduced. It would also help facilitating the transport and diffusion of electrons and ions through the thin electrodes compared to their bulk counterparts [4]. Similar to olivine-type LiFePO4, NASICON type-Li3Fe2(PO4)3 showed their own advantages such as low toxicity, low cost, a good ionic conductor and naturally abundant [5]. In addition, the synthesis of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 is easier because the Li3Fe2(PO4)3 cathode can be prepared directly in air without avoiding the oxidation of Fe 2+. In the present work, radio frequency (RF) sputtering is utilized to fabricate the thin film cathodes. The results show that the annealing temperatures at 500 °C after deposition is found

Polymer-coated Carbon Nanotube (CNT) tissues are very flexible and lightweight and have high potential as an anode material for flexible Li-ion microbatteries. The electrochemical deposition of p-sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) (SPAPE) polymer electrolyte into CNT tissues has been accomplished using a cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. When compared to a pristine CNT tissue, the capacity of SPAPE-coated CNT tissue after 10 cycles of CV is improved about 67% at 1C rate. The enhancement of electrochemical performance is obtained when the CNT tissues are coated with the SPAPE polymer electrolyte. The higher capacity of the SPAPE-coated CNT tissue is attributed to the increased surface area and the improved quality of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces between the nanotubes and the polymer electrolyte. The SPAPE-coated CNT tissue delivers a higher reversible capacity of 750 mAh g−1 (276 µAh cm−2) compared to a pristine CNT tissue, which solely provides a reversible capacity of 450 mAh g−1 (166 µAh cm−2) after 110 cycles at 1C rate. Remarkably, the SPAPE-coated CNT tissue reaches a high capacity up to 12C rate while observing that the capacity can be significantly recovered.