Maritime/mechanical Engineering

Turning is a most popular cutting process which is widely used in small as well as large scale industries. The selection of better combination of input parameter be means enhancement in productivity. The aim of this paper is to optimize the turning parameter (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) using Taguchi methodology for minimizing surface roughness. The experiment were performed according to the L₉ orthogonal design matrix on the lathe machine. The result shows that optimal condition of the parameters gives surface finish which is better than initial . The cylindrical turning is a popular metal cutting prceses used in the indusrties to removed unwanted material in desired workpiece material.

This paper describes the architecture and control design of an autonomous Electric Boat, together with a specific simulation environment for training and testing the Fuzzy Inference Systems. The boat will be in charge to exit and enter from harbors, plan and follow a route, avoid obstacles such as other boats, correct its motion, perform a virtual anchor and switch between these operations autonomously. The boat is equipped with a set of smart sensors such as sonars, a Global Positioning System, a camera-based vision system and an Inertial Measurement Unit. General navigation rules are respected during the route. We propose an architecture integrating several Fuzzy Controller-based modular pipelines. Furthermore, we propose a mathematical formalization of the Fish Schooling Behavior useful for training Fuzzy Controllers through Q-Learning. Our architecture will soon be implemented on a real boat intended for navigating in inland waters.

In this manuscript we have presented eight variation of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger (ACHE) design with internal spiral grooving, all of them are having variable number of rectangular copper fins with different distances between the fins. In the proposed design we get the value of heat transfer rate of a counter to cross flow ACHE is 7833.77 watt, 4068.13 watt, 2736.95 watt, 2161.49 watt, 1802.89 watt, 1546.44 watt, 1336.51 watt and 1165.74 watt in natural convection (without fan) for 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 4.0 cm respectively. Then again, value of rate of heat transfer in forced convection (with fan) are 8007.46 watt, 4084.81 watt, 2754.69 watt, 2205.98 watt, 1809.24 watt, 1555.39 watt, 1352.88 watt and 1172.78 watt for 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 4.0 cm respectively.

Over-pressure can impact weak points in a hydraulic system, which in turn can result in the mechanical failure of the individual system components. Over-pressure also tends to increase the burden on the lubricated surfaces causing abrasion and even catastrophic system failure. Therefore, the working pressure must remain within the safe value. This function can be achieved by using a pressure relief valve (PRV) or a pressure safety valve (PSV). A PRV/PSV provides an alternative path for the fluid to flow back into the reservoir, when no flow can be directed to the working parts of the system. Hope you enjoy reading further. Please, go ahead… PSV Vs PRV A PSV is designed to open completely when the set pressure is reached. However, it does not close automatically after the fluid discharge. A PRV modulates the flow through the system to keep its working pressure at the preset level. It is designed to re-close after the normal pressure condition has been restored. Types of (PRVs) A direct-acting PRV is regarded as a conventional type valve in which the valve opening is directly controlled by the

In the Indian Academy, Agriculture plays a important role. Over the last few decades, Indian agriculture has recorded good growth. Implementing done in this area. The multipurpose farming robot is a fundamental a new ideas in this field is very important, although a lot of work has been major agricultural machine for full yield. A laborious technique is the conventional method of weeding, sowing seeds and spraying pesticides. In India, bullocks, horses, and buffalo are still used by many farmers for agricultural operations. This would not satisfy the need for agricultural energy needs, in comparison to other countries around the world. We assume that human and animal efforts can be replaced from an economic point of view by some advanced mechanism that will be ideal for small-scale farmers. We are therefore designing this prototype and assume that it will fulfil all requirements and problems in real life. India is a country focused on agriculture in which 70% of individuals rely on the results of farming. But if we observe that with population growth the farm is spread among the family and because of this, farmers in India kept only two acres of farm on average. Economically, farmers are still very poor because they are unable to afford tractors and other expensive machinery, so they use conventional farming methods. So, we are designing this machinery that will fulfil all this need and solve the problem of labor. The paper deals with multi-purpose agriculture machine for seed feeding, spraying pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers and cutting. Thus paving way for a more economical and multi-usable equipment for farmer which is also easy to clean and maintain, easy to handle and do not require fuel, hence cost gets reduced and helping farmers to a great extent in their fields

Wheelchairs are used by people to whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury or disability. Driving a manual wheelchair or crutches is a difficult task and past invented automatic wheelchair are not available in present market that can be bought and used for physically disable persons. The purpose of this research work is to propose of an automated wheelchair system which facilitates the users. The proposed wheelchair has been implemented with design, simulation and construction of the whole body. Automated Wheel Chair assists disabled people to become more mobile and independent. The main objective of this project is to design and fabricate a cheap, intuitive and practical automated wheelchair. Many of the disabled persons uses hand powered wheelchair who do not have the physical strength or coordination to propel themselves on the tricycle with their arms and hands. This automated wheelchair has the potential to deliver increased freedom to a considerable consumer base. The proposed system presents a user friendly tricycle which can be easily assembled to the wheelchair at any time. It has front wheel propelled mechanism with hub motor installed inside the wheel. The controller is the brain of the automated wheelchair, controlling the motor speed, start, stop. As it is connected to all other electronic parts such as battery, motor, and the throttle, display (battery indicator). The disabled people who use a normal wheelchair for mobility and navigation requires an another person for support and to move around. Mobility of disabled people is concerned social issue nowadays. Here comes the need of an automated wheelchair, which adds on power to the manual wheelchair with its user friendly tricycle.

This work is based on Design of a transport line conveyor belt for sorting and arranging products based on their height using the IR sensors for detecting the object and mechanism to drive the conveyor belt. The project is locally controlled by the use of Arduino based embedded system. The automatic sorting and arranging machine are used to sort the different types of products based on the product height. This automation significantly reduces the time required for manual sorting in the production line of small/medium scale industries and hence it also decreases the percentage of human error during sorting/arranging. The products are placed on the transport line conveyor system and as it moves on the conveyor it is scanned by the IR sensor, depending on the height of the product these will be sorted into different bins automatically.

This paper deals with usage of Exhaust gas from any engine there-by generating power using Thermo electric generators (TEG), turbocharger technology. Nowadays in automobile field many new innovating concepts are being developed. The electric power which is generated can be stored in battery for the later consumption. In this paper, I am demonstrating a concept of generating power in a moving vehicle by the usage of turbines, dynamo and TEG Elements.

Components press formed from layered or laminated metallic materials have wide engineering application in aerospace, automobile, electrical, electronic and process industries. High strength ferrous metals are widely used in automobile industries for utilization of its high strength to weight ratio. Such high strength metals offer poor formability. Formability of such metals can be improved by applying a layer of metal having higher formability. This paper deals with springback behavior of a laminated stainless steel and aluminum in
V bending. Investigation of bending characteristics like thickness ratio and bending angles of sheet before/after springback is carried out in this paper. First part of this paper is on numerical analysis for springback prediction of laminated sheet. In second part, experiments are performed for different cases on V bending machine. The experimental results show that springback of sheet metal laminate is greatly affected
by relative position of strong/weak layers and thickness ratio of each layer.

En este artículo presentamos la investigación y desarrollo en curso de la herramienta SBWmx-Tool, una aplicación Web
para el cálculo de los factores empleados en la construcción de estructuras marítimas (rompeolas, escolleras y espigones)
tales como el peso de los elementos de la estructura, coeficiente de transmisión del oleaje y el espesor de la coraza, entre
otros. SBWmx-Tool ha sido ideada para auxiliar al Ingeniero Civil (Construcción) en el diseño de estructuras marítimas a
través de la aplicación de distintas fórmulas, por ejemplo, la fórmula de Hudson, utilizada para la estabilidad de los
elementos de la estructura en condiciones normales y de tormenta. Durante la fase inicial del proceso de desarrollo, se
utilizó una aproximación orientada a objetivos para la especificación de requisitos así como el método para el desarrollo
de aplicaciones Web A-OOH (Adaptive Object-Oriented Hypertext). La aproximación utilizada como sustento teórico es
SBWmx (Submersible Breakwaters Approach), metodología empleada en el diseño y construcción de estructuras
marítimas, desarrollada en la Facultad de Ingeniería de la UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Regenerator is very important part of the desiccants dehumidifier system. It is used to regain the concentration of the solution by removing the moisture from the solution so that it can be reuse. The celdek pads as packing material and lithium bromide as the desiccant has been used in the regeneration system. The counter flow of air and desiccant solution is selected in the current research paper. The effect of solution flow rate and air inlet temperature  will be studied on different outlet parameter; the evaporation rate, regenerator effectiveness, out let dry bulb temperature of the air, %age change in the concentration and solution outlet temperature The results show that there is increment in the evaporation rate and regenerator effectiveness with increase these inlet parameters.

Conventional hydraulic systems use less accurate discrete valves for controlling the system actuators. The precise control of the position, speed, and pressure/force of an actuator in a less sophisticated hydraulic system with a conventional type solenoid valve is difficult to achieve, due to the jerkiness of motion that the valve spool produces. To improve the accuracy in a cost effective manner, an electronically controlled proportional valve with a special proportional electromagnet can be used. In this type, the valve output can be infinitely varied in a proportional manner in relation to the applied input signal. With the integration of electronic controllers, it is also possible to control the position or the speed of actuators remotely. Initially, proportional valves were designed for open-loop control systems in less sophisticated applications. But, they are also used in closed-loop control systems depending on the complexity of applications. The constructional features of these types of proportional valve systems are presented below. Open-loop Proportional Valve System The open-loop proportional valve system mainly consists of a proportional valve and an electronic control unit (controller). The proportional solenoid valve meant for an open-loop control system consists of a spool that is acted upon by the magnetizing force from the solenoid against the restraining force of the valve spring and places the spool at the desired position. The magnetizing force developed by the solenoid is proportional to the actual current flowing through it. The current is generated by the amplifier in proportion to the low-power voltage input signal from a potentiometer (or a joystick) and then modified by other electronic circuits in the controller. The circuit uses ramping, dither, and PWM techniques for achieving the desired result. The output signal of the amplifier must be sufficient to operate the proportional valve and place the spool at the desired position. Figure: Schematic of an open-loop proportional valve system The spool and the body of the valve are designed to open/close the flow path through the metering notches or orifices as the spool is moved through the valve body axially. The spool must move a

Manufacturing Firms sometimes suffers from Productivity, Low Production rate and Delivery
problems. Production time is the top priority at every manufacturing firm, and each firm wants to
minimize it as much as possible to deliver their product on time to time their valuable customers. .
Some of the biggest time eaters in the industry are Setup time, Manufacturing time, Material
handling time, and wait time. After the brief survey at VBC Hydraulics, we have conclude that
setup time, manufacturing time, and wait time can not be utilize more than current because they
are already using best possible machines and technology to manufacture Gear Pumps. But,
material handling time and man-machine utilization can be improved by some engineering
analysis. We did man-machine utilization by using man-machine utilization charts and some brief
calculations and also focused to improve the material handling in the industry by implementation of GT(Group Technology) layout as they are mainly focused to manufacturing of Gear Pumps of different specifications with bulk Production.

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) is part of the standard OHSAS 18001:2007 clause 4.3.1, which is the organization shall establish implement and maintain a procedure for ongoing hazard identification, risk assessment and determination of necessary controls. This was a HIRADC report for a specific operation process at Solar Company that was obtained by conducting the risk assessment together with the fellow subordinates. Based on hazard identification analysis on operation area, it was revealed 10 potential hazards which are the physical hazard, radiation and chemical hazard. Found out the total risk level score without control was at medium level for all the activities except on hazard no 9 which on lower level. After the risk assessment taken place and all the necessary control measure were carried out all the activities have fallen into low risk level category which are at level 1 and 2.

A study of the production process of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using non-catalytic method that involving superheated methanol at atmospheric pressure bubble column reactor (BCR) has been reported. The quality of biodiesel generated from the process had not met the standard set by Indonesian Biodiesel Forum (FBI) in 2005. It was allegedly occuring since there was no degumming in the production process so that the sulfur and gum/phospholipid/latex contained by the crude rubber seed oils (CRSO) as results of the pressing process were can not be reducted although the transesterification process was held at a high temperature. The study aimed at producing FBI-2005 standarded biodiesel by involving degumming before the transesterification. There were 4 degumming materials used: (1) NaCl; (2) citric acid or C 6 H 8 O 7 ; (3) sulfuric acid and NaOH; (4) zeolite and active carbon. The degumming sedimentation were done in two ways; natural and centrifuge (at 1165 rpm for 5 minutes) ways. The best degumming result was processed to be biodiesel under non-catalyst method using BCR superheated methanol under atmospheric pressure with the molar ratio (RM) of 160, at reaction temperature of 290 o C. The biodiesel generated at such process was examined and found that it had met the standard of FBI 2005. The results showed that the degumming using citric acid 0.5% w/w and centrifuge sedimentation was the best method which could reduce gum/phospholipid from 17.1 mg/L to 5.8 mg/L (66% down). The quality of rubber seed biodiesel under degumming process using citrid acid has meet the standard of FBI 2005 than be ready to be marketed. I. INTRODUCTION The development of biodiesel process production from catalyst method to non-catalytic method with high temperature and low pressure has been reported. The reactor used is bubble column reactor (BCR) and superheated methanol. The reaction occurs under atmospheric pressure at 290 o C. The CRSO which has a high free fatty acid or FFA (more than 2.5%) can be directly processed through transesterification (without degumming and esterification) without any lathering. The density, cetane number, pour point, flash point, and acid number of non-catalytic method are better than of the catalytic method. While the short comings are the residual carbon contained by rubber seed biodiesel (B100) is quiet high exceeding the standard which at 2.87% in the distillation residue (standard of FBI 2005: max. 0.3%), and sulfur (S) is at 0.72% (standard of FBI 2005: max. 0.05%) so that it is not ready to be marketed at Oil Stations. The high level of residual carbon and sulfur is allegedly caused by a preliminary process without degumming so that the gum/phospholipid contained can not be eliminated although the transesterification is conducted at a high temperature.

In this research work turning operation is performed on AISI 1020 mild steel. Here we conducted experiments by taking Cutting Speed, Feed Rate & Depth of cut as process parameters and got the optimized value of MRR & SR. An L9 orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio are employed to the study the performance characteristics in the turning using WNMG332RP carbide insert with a nose radius of 0.8mm. Taguchi method is used to optimize surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) during machining operation on CNC turning. The experimental result shows that on increasing depth of cut and feed the combined S/N ratio increases while on increasing cutting speed the combined S/N ratio decreases. It results that cutting speed is most significantly influences the Surface roughness followed by feed and in case of MRR, depth of cut is the most significant parameter followed by cutting speed .While the combination of both is most significantly affected by the depth of cut followed by the feed. Keywords— Insert, Taguchi, S/N ratio, Mild steel, MRR, Surface Roughness. I. INTRODUCTION Surface roughness and material removal rate prediction plays a significant role in machining industry for proper planning and control of machining parameters and optimization of cutting conditions. Now-a-days increasing the productivity and quality of the machined parts are the main challenges of metal cutting industry during turning processes. Optimization in turning processes is considered a vital role for continual improvement of output quality in product and processes include modelling of input-output and in process parameters relationship and determination of optimal cutting conditions. The effects of process parameters on tool life on turning process and the subsequent optimal settings of parameters are accomplished usingTaguchìs method. Surface roughness has become the most significant technical requirement and it is an index of product quality. In order to improve the tribological properties, fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal of the product, a reasonably good surface finish is desired.

Resumen
Es bien conocido que la Marina de guerra recibió un fuerte empuje a la llegada de la dinastía borbónica a la Corona Española. Además de la construcción naval otras industrias auxiliares, como la que se ocupaba de la fabricación de jarcia, fueron igualmente objeto de un profundo interés desde las Secretarías del Reino. Hacia 1750 Jorge Juan y Santacilia, recién llegado de una estancia dedicada al espionaje en Inglaterra, dirigió una serie de experimentos para mejorar el proceso de manufactura del cordaje naval en el arsenal de Cartagena. En último término, el marino redactó unas Reglas para que sirvieran de referencia en todas las fábricas reales del país.

Abstract

It is very well-known that Spanish Navy received a strong push to the arrival from the Bourbon dynasty to the Spanish Crown. Besides the naval construction,other industries (the jarcia production) were also equally object of interest from the Secretaries of the Kingdom. Toward 1750 Jorge Juan andSantacilia, recently arrived of a stay dedicated to the espionage in England, it directed a series of experiments to improve the process of manufacture for the naval cordage in the arsenal of Cartagena. As a last resort the marine edited some Rules so that they served as reference in all the real factories of the country.

All trades of village artisanship in blacksmith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of development of farm tools through artisan's ingenuity. Carpentry made the counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest's cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy. In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping, sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labor productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and obtain low yield MAE(Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed. We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency. One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a complete new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way. Keywords-MAE(Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) I. INTRODUCTION Farming has undergone a great evolution in last 50 years. Out of the various reasons involved for this evolution is control of various diseases on crops. During initial days there was only hand spraying people use to do. Then slowly there has been development of various methods to spray out chemicals and dusts. Though these devices were highly efficient, there is a need to have certain changes. Chemicals are widely used for controlling disease, insects and weeds in the crops. They are able to save a crop from pest attack only when applied in time. They need to be applied on plants and soil in the form of spray, dust or mist. The chemicals are costly; therefore equipment for uniform and effective application is essential. Dusters and sprayers are generally used for applying chemical. The application of pesticide is one of the most frequently used methods to protect crops and trees against diseases and insects in agriculture. In the modern agriculture, the usage of pesticides is still increasing, moreover the 90% of these pesticides are being applied in the form of liquid spray and mostly by using the pressure gained from direct energy sources like electrical energy and chemical energy. Increasing public concern about the potential damage of chemical and electrical inputs in agricultural spraying systems has challenged industry to develop new and effective methods of spraying which will maintain environment friendly approach. II. DIFFERENT OPERATIONS A. Sowing and Fertilizer It is used for line sowing and fertilizing of cereals and other crops. It is a low cost line-sowing device in which seed metering is done manually by the operator by dropping the seeds in the funnel provided for the purpose.

Synthetic refrigerant has better characteristic and technical properties compared to hydrocarbon refrigerant, odorless, non-toxic, easy to get and affordable price. However, hydrocarbon refrigerant is environmentally friendly but flammable material. The objective of this research was to determine the refrigeration capacity as affected by pressure and temperature change at evaporator and condensor towards the power consumed by compressor. As resulted from measurement and simulation, the temperature occurred at evaporator and condenser and also the power consumption of compressor increased while the refrigeration capacity decreased. This condition reduced the coefficient of performance of vapor compression heat pump system. The optimum power of vapor compression heat pump system using R134a occurred at condenser temperature was 59 oC. The largest coefficient of performance for refrigeration and heating was 3.04 and 4.21, respectively with refrigerant mass flow rate was 0.00673 kg/s

This paper presents the analytical solutions for the temperature distribution in cross-flow plate heat
exchanger under uniform temperature boundary conditions. The heat transfer channel is in a form of an
isosceles triangular geometry. The governing equations are based on the conservation of energy principle.
The mathematical models, for both unmixed fluid, are solved by Laplace Transform leads to the developed
analytical solution that is in the form of modified Bessel function of the first kind and zero order.

This work is based on Design of a transport line conveyor belt for sorting and arranging products based on their height using the IR sensors for detecting the object and mechanism to drive the conveyor belt. The project is locally controlled by the use of Arduino based embedded system. The automatic sorting and arranging machine are used to sort the different types of products based on the product height. This automation significantly reduces the time required for manual sorting in the production line of small/medium scale industries and hence it also decreases the percentage of human error during sorting/arranging. The products are placed on the transport line conveyor system and as it moves on the conveyor it is scanned by the IR sensor, depending on the height of the product these will be sorted into different bins automatically.

Nowadays there exists a worldwide effort focused on the reduction of environmental pollution correlated with the specific fuel consumption of the Diesel engines in parallel with the determination of technical solutions for the increase of the overall efficiency of these motors. Within this framework, the authors determine the percentage of exergy loss with respect to the useful mechanical work generated by the motor. This paper analyzes the energy and exergy balance for Diesel motors proposing a case study on such an engine on a testing stand. In addition a comparison is made by evaluating the main heat and exergy losses with the thermal flux equivalent to the produced mechanical work, measured on the crankshaft. A theoretical study is achieved, aiming to determine the overall efficiency increase for these motors, by saving the lost exergy and converting it into useful mechanical work.

org/mec/index Scope 6th International Conference on Trends in Mechanical Engineering (MEC 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Mechanical Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field, Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Mechanical Engineering, but are not limited to.

The decision on sequencing of operations, tool travel and machining time calculations is done in
microplanning. After a set of processes has been selected for all the features of part, the sequencing task
begins by searching and analysing relationship between features. This is done by rule to detect geometrical
interactions and the appropriate precedence relationship in knowledge base. For deciding sequence of
operations precedence relationship among the different operations is developed using decision rules.
CNC program is generated based on the process plan of a given component. The generated CNC program
is then validated by simulation software before giving it to CNC machine.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the critical success factors of Intellectual Capital (IC) influencing the performance of power loom textiles, to evaluate their impact on the organizational performance and to find out the effect of these factors on the organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Maharashtra using AHP. The methodology adopted is factors are identified through the literature survey and finalization of these factors is done by taking the opinion of Experts in the Indian context. By cognitive map the relation between these factors is determined and cause and effect diagram is prepared. Then these factors are arranged hierarchically and tree diagram is prepared. A questionnaire was designed and distributed among the experts; data is collected. By using Expert choice software (is helping organization around the world to make faster, better, more transparent decision data) is filled to quantify by pair wise comparison of these factors and are prioritized. The weights demonstrate several key findings: local and global priority reveals there is a substantial effect of the Human capital on the organizational performance of SMEs. The work related experience contributes 34.21%, which has a greater impact on performance. Operational procedures or practices contribute 52% in order to improve the operational performance and hence organizational performance. Overall, the results showed the central role of the human capital is important. The research is subject to the normal limitations of AHP. The study is using perceptual data provided by Experts which may not provide clear measures of impact factors. However, this can be overcome using more experts to collect data in future studies. Interestingly, the findings here may be useful outside Maharashtra, India. The finding suggests the notion that these IC critical success factors (CSFs) are to be studied carefully and improvement strategy should be developed.

There are different codes and standards for assessing pipeline flaws depending on the type of flaw. Corrosion is commonly assessed using ASME B31G, DNV-RP-F101, SHELL-92, RSTRENG. The Finite Element method is becoming popular for evaluation of crack and corrosion flaws. In this paper 3D finite element analysis and Taguchi technique were employed to investigate fracture criteria of AA1050 Al-alloy pipes subjected to internal bursting pressure. The yield strength criterion was used to study the failure of pipes. It was observed that the J-integral was proportional to the deformation under the applied bursting pressure. It was noticed that the major dominating control factors which could influence the failure of pipes were the pipe thickness and heat treatment process. Keywords— AA1050 Al-alloy, bursting pressure, crack length, crack depth, heat treatment, finite element analysis.

Pilotage is a technical-nautical port service that is configured as a service of general economic interest. The provision of this service port corresponds to private individuals after obtaining a license, which may only be obtained by competitive bidding in accordance with the �special specifications� in each case approved by the respective Port Authority. The patrimonial liability of the Spanish Maritime Administration is directly and secondarily excluded, except in cases where for lack of offer has to support direct management Port Authority (Administration) or for those other cases that must be a pilotage service, this had not provided by the Port Authority.

https://www.ijert.org/experimental-analysis-of-laser-cutting-machine

https://www.ijert.org/research/experimental-analysis-of-laser-cutting-machine-IJERTV10IS040093.pdf

LASER(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) cutting is one of the best technology developed for the cutting, drilling, micro machining, welding, sintering and heat treatment. It is one of the thermal energy based unconventional process used for cutting of complex profile materials with high degree of precision and accuracy. All cutting parameters have significant influence on quality work. The aim of this study is to relate the CO2 laser cutting parameters such as laser power and cutting power. The laser beam is typically 0.2mm in diameter with a power of 1-10 kW. Depending on the application selection of different gases are used in conjunction with cutting. Increasing the frequency and the cutting speed, decrease the kerf width and the roughness of cut surface, while increasing the power and gas pressure increases the kerf width and roughness. The relation between the input parameters and the response were investigated. The performance of laser cutting process mainly depends on laser parameter. Laser has been an important tool in the modern industries. Due to its unique properties such as high power density , monochromaticity, coherency and directionality laser has a wide variety of application. It application involves in material processing, medicine, research and development, communications and measurements to name a few. The attractive features of laser machining includes:-Narrow Kerf width and material saving-narrow heat affected zone and low thermal distortiom-non contact process and no tool wear-soft tooling and simple fixturing-easy automation

Cavitation is a harmful condition that occurs in a working component like a pump or a valve of a hydraulic system when the existing space in the component is not filled with the system fluid. It is the process of formation and collapse of vapor or air bubbles in the pumped fluid as it passes through the component. Undetected intermittent pump cavitation will eventually cause significant damage to a pump. Suction head pressure It is the actual pressure that the fluid experiences at the pump inlet. Vapour pressure It is the minimum pressure needed to prevent liquid from turning into vapour. Cavitation Process Cavitation occurs when the suction head pressure falls below the vapour pressure of the fluid or the saturation pressure of the entrained air in the fluid. This fall in the pressure causes the formation of bubbles in the fluid. Soon the bubbles collapse as the pressure on the fluid goes beyond the vapour pressure of the fluid or the saturation

In this paper we present the results exhibiting an improvement in the tensile & Flexural properties of polystyrene (PS)–ZnO nanocomposites. PS –ZnO Nanocomposites have been synthesized by bulk polymerization. The effect of the various input variables i.e. concentration and stirring speed on the Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength have been studied. The different experimental conditions were determined using Taguchi’s experimental design. L9 Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal input parameter levels and to analyze the effect of these parameters on mechanical properties. Measurement of Tensile Strength of PS/ZnO nanocomposites indicated that Tensile Strength increased up to 73.99% at 0.3 wt. % ZnO and 1200 rpm in comparison to corresponding neat PS. The X-ray diffraction pattern verified the crystal structure of ZnO and FT-IR spectra evidenced the existence of ZnO and polystyrene (PS) in ZnO/polystyrene composite particles. The experimental results and various statistical approaches namely, Taguchi methods, Conceptual S/N ratio and drew similar conclusions i.e. the significant parameters are concentration followed by stirring speed.

<i>In this research work turning operation is performed on AISI 1020 mild steel. Here we conducted experiments by taking Cutting Speed, Feed Rate & Depth of cut as process parameters and got the optimized value of MRR & SR. An L9 orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio are employed to the study the performance characteristics in the turning using WNMG332RP carbide insert with a nose radius of 0.8mm. Taguchi method is used to optimize surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) during machining operation on CNC turning. The experimental result shows that on increasing depth of cut and feed the combined S/N ratio increases while on increasing cutting speed the combined S/N ratio decreases. It results that cutting speed is most significantly influences the Surface roughness followed by feed and in case of MRR, depth of cut is the most significant parameter followed by cutting speed .While the combination of both is most significantly affected by the depth of cut followed by the feed.</i>

Sejarah Maritim Dunia

Ruang lingkup Sejarah Maritim Dunia sejauh ini masih merujuk pada sejumlah studi yang telah dilakukan oleh para sarjana, yang berkaitan dengan dunia kelautan, meliputi aspek perdagangan, pelayaran, perkapalan, pelabuhan, dan perompakan. J. C. van Leur (1934) menfokuskan kajiannya pada perdagangan awal di Asia Tenggara sampai datangnya VOC. Menurutnya, pedagangan masa itu lebih bersifat perdagangan barang-barang lux (mewah dan mahal). Volumennya kecil, tetapi bernilai tinggi.

Kapal-kapal yang digunakan berukuran kecil, karena memang tidak memerlukan tempat yang luas dan besar dalam pengangkutannya. Sarjana lain, Meilink-Roelofs (1962), mengatakan bahwa perdagangan masa itu bersifat besar-besaran, ditandai pedagangan lada yang memerlukan kapal besar.

Pengaruh perdagangan bagi perkembangan masyarakat pesisir di Nusantara meupakan fokus kajian O.W. Wolters. Menurutnya, munculnya kerajaan-kerajaan awal di Asia Tenggara merupakan akibat dari reaksi penduduk setempat yang diberikan kesempatan oleh pedagang asing ketika menjalin perdagangan maritim.

Sementara itu, Kenneth R. Hall (1985) mengaitkan kemunculan negara-negara awal di Asia Tenggara dengan perkembangan perdagangan. Menurut Anthony Reid (1999), kedudukan pelabuhan sangat penting dalam perdagangan maritim Asia Tenggara, terutama pada pola pelayaran tradisonal yang memanfaatkan angin muson yang bertiup teratur sepanjang tahun. Dari bulan April sampai Agustus, angin bertiup ke utara menuju daratan Asia.

Sebaliknya, dari bulan Desember sampai Maret angin bertiup ke arah selatan, yakni dari daratan Asia ke Samudera Hindia dan Laut Cina Selatan. Pergantian muson ini secara langsung mempengaruhi route pelayaran, juga perkembangan pelabuhan-pelabuhan di Asia Tenggara. Berkaitan dengan kegiatan pelayaran dan perdagangan, fenomena yang tidak kalah pentingnya dalam kajian sejarah maritim adalah masalah perompakan. Aktivitas ini, menurut Fernand Braudel (1976) dan Lapian (2009), terkait erat dengan keadaan kemakmuran di suatu perairan. Korelasi antara kegiatan bajak laut dengan perdagangan merupakan bentuk awal dari perdagangan maritim. Dalam hal itu, kebutuhan akan perdagangan yang semula berupa tukar- menukar barang timbul karena kekurangan suatu barang tertentu di suatu tempat, sedangkan tempat lain mempunyai surplus.

Pelayaran dan Perdagangan

Pelayaran dan perdagangan maritim dalam pemikiran ekonom Smith dan Mill dapat mendatangkan dua keuntungan dinamis (Dick 1988; Curtin 1984) bagi para pelakunya. Pertama, vent for surplus (peluang untuk surplus). Proses ini membuka kemungkinan sumber-sumber yang selama ini tidak produktif menjadi produktif, sehingga mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekspor. Rempah-rempah misalnya, yang menjadi komoditi niaga andalan di masa kurun niaga, awalnya tidak bernilai ekonomis dan dibiarkan (tumbuh liar dan tidak mendapat perhatian) oleh penduduk Maluku. Tetapi, setelah hasil bumi itu diperkenalkan dalam perdagangan maritim oleh pedagang-pedagang China kepada pedagang Eropa, rempah-rempah kemudian menjadi komoditi yang banyak dicari dan diperebutkan oleh para pedagang pribumi dan asing. Bahkan, upaya perolehannya juga mempengaruhi jalannya sejarah Indonesia, mengawali jalan integrasi ekonomi global serta praktek kolonialisme dan imperialisme.

Selain rempah-rempah, komoditi lainnya adalah Teripang. Semula komoditi ini sangat menjijikan bagi penduduk pribumi karena lendirnya. Tetapi, setelah diperkenalkan dalam pedagangan maritim, komoditi itu merangsang gairah masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan untuk mencarinya ke kawasan perairan Indonesia bagian timur sampai pantai utara Australia. Komoditi terakhir membuka jaringan niaga maritim Makassar dengan China serta kemudian negara-negara Eropa. Kedua, highway of learning, yakni efek penyingkapan yang mendidik dalam proses pengalihan pengetahuan teknologi dan budaya (cross culture).

Perdagangan maritim menjadi jalur utama penyebaran agama Hindu, Budha, Islam, dan Kristen di Nusantara. Agama tersebut dibawa oleh para saudagar ketika pusat-pusat pengembangannya terhubung dengan kawasan lain dalam jaringan maritim. Demikian juga perubahan mendasar dalam sistem navigasi, semula mengandalkan kekuatan angin, pada abad ke-19 telah diperkenalkan dan digunakan oleh bangsa Eropa dalam pelayaran samudera, sehingga (1) mendekatkan jarak dan mempersingkat masa pelayaran, (2) mempengaruhi perkembangan teknologi perahu dan perkapalan, dan (3) sistem navigasi pelayaran modern.

Baca juga: Sejarah Maritim Indonesia: Kajian Singkat

Perdagangan Laut Awal

Sejak tahun 500 SM, jaringan perdagangan antara Asia dengan Laut Tengah dilakukan melalui darat. Routenya mulai dari Tiongkok, melalui Asia Tengah dan Turkestan, sampai ke Laut Tengah. Jalur ini juga digunakan oleh para kafilah dari India. Jalur darat yang paling tua ini sering juga disebut “Jalur Sutra” (Burger 1962).

Seiring perkembangan sistem navigasi laut, jalur dagang tersebut beralih melalui laut. Bermula dari Tiongkok dan Nusantara melalui Selat Malaka ke India, seterusnya ke Laut Tengah melalui dua jalur. Pertama, Teluk Persia melalui Suriah ke Laut Tengah. Kedua, Laut Merah, melalui Mesir hingga tiba di Laut Tengah. Jalur ini mulai digunakan pada abad ke-1 M. Barang-barang yang diperdagangkan di Laut Tengah terdiri dari makanan dan minuman, kain dan pakaian, barang-barang rumah tangga, peralatan, bahan-bahan mentah, barang-barang mahal, rempah-rempah dan pewangi, obat-obatan dan pewarna, budak, dan barang- barang mewah (Dick-Read 2005:43).

Perubahan jalur dagang tersebut, selain menciptakan peluang baru bagi aktivitas maritim dan menghindari ancaman perampok di gurun-gurun sepanjang jalur darat, menurut Burger (1962:14-15) disebabkan oleh empat faktor:

Pertama, permintaan barang-barang mewah dari Timur sangat besar oleh orang-orang kaya di Eropa, khususnya Romawi. Perdagangan antara India dengan Romawi mencapai puncaknya pada masa pemerintahan Augustus (27 SM-14 M). Kekaisaran Romawi mengeluarkan uang dalam jumlah sangat banyak hanya untuk memperoleh barang-barang mewah, untuk perempuan-perempuan mereka. Pola hidup ini, terutama pemakaian sutera di kalangan perempuan istana Romawi, membuat Kaisar Augustus mengeluarkan peraturan pelarangan penggunaan sutera India transparan dengan dalih moral. Meskipun demikian, jalinan niaga maritim antara Romawi dengan dunia Timur terus berlangsung, terutama impor rempah-rempah dan lada (Dick-Read 2005:43-45).

Kedua, permintaan emas oleh India berpindah ke daerah timur. Siberia yang awalnya merupakan sumber emas tidak lagi mengirimkan emas kepada India, karena jalan-jalan kafilah di sana rusak akibat gelombang migrasi bangsa-bangsa secara besar-besaran. Hal ini erat kaitannya dengan keamanan di sepanjang jalur ini.

Ketiga, pelayaran India dan Tiongkok telah berkembang baik, setelah dioperasikannya angkutan laut berukuran besar bernama Jung. Armada ini mampu mengangkut penumpang antara 600-700 orang. Pengetahuan yang baik mengenai ruang samudera dan angin musim yang bertiup teratur sepanjang tahun (muson) merupakan pendukung utama pengoperasian jung dalam pelayaran. Dengan pengetahuan navigasi itu mereka dapat mengatur masa dan daerah tujuan pelayaran dan perdagangan. Perubahan mendasar ini dipandang sebagai revolusi sistem navigasi maritim Asia pada masa pramodern (Burger 1962).

Perkembangan perdagangan laut tak terpisahkan dari kondisi keamanan yang sudah tidak mendukung kelangsungan perdagangan darat. Dalam abad ke-2, jalur perdagangan darat sering terganggu oleh serangan dari orang-orang Stepa yang nomaden. Juga perpindahan besar-besaran orang China kaya dan terhormat dari utara ke selatan sungai Yangtse. Sementara itu, permintaan barang-barang terus meningkat dari Barat dan Nusantara. Kemudian, pada abad ke-3, jalur melalui Turkestan tertutup. Hal itu membuka kesempatan bagi para pedagang untuk menggunakan jalur laut.

Keempat, penyebaran agama Budha menghilangkan sistem kasta serta prasangka- prasangka yang selama ini menghalangi perniagaan dengan bangsa asing. Rekan dagang dan peserta dagang tidak lagi dibatasi oleh status sosial (kasta), melainkan peluang surplus dari perdagangan. Dari sudut kebudayaan, perdagangan menjadi saluran perkembangan agama Budha, serta Islam kemudian.

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