Mass Housing Development

Housing is the most important tool of social security and it should be ensured by durable and strong
construction practices along with affordability.
In Indian reference the housing problem has been compounded by the fact that 59% area of our country is
disaster prone, to one or other kind of natural calamity. Of all the natural calamities earth quake does not give
any reaction time what so ever for hazard avoidance and mitigation. The suddenness makes earth quake most
feared natural disaster.
Settlements housing weaker sections of society are more vulnerable to such disasters as their houses are
poorly engineered and constructed with locally available material and technology, having very low score on
disaster resistance and sustainability count. A general feature of low cost housing concepts is maximum
replacement of cement and steel with locally available materials and vernacular technology. Avoidance of steel
and concrete increases the construction mass which increases the amount of seismic impact on such structures.
In Indian socio-economic context, low cost housing proposals do not get acceptability with common man, due to
lack of durability.
In the present paper a pre-engineered pre-cast design for rural mass housing, utilising most versatile and
durable building materials, concrete and steel as main constituent is proposed. This is less massive but
technology and labour intensive. The design and construction methodology adopted, results in light and quick
construction.
The proposed design incorporates base isolation through horizontal decoupling and seismic energy
dissipation through friction, flexibility. A collapse proof failure mode has been devised, which can avoid loss of
life and property. This design may be used with great advantage in aftermath of a seismic calamity, when after
shocks are still being experienced, by virtue of being light, quick to construct, disaster resistant, and
economical. The design is superior on sustainability parameters also.

In 1968, a group of architecture students at West Berlin’s Technical University formed Aktion 507 in order to critique post-war planning policies within the city. Following modernist principles, post-war policy makers began separating the city by function, with residential developments relocated to the suburbs. The general belief was that nineteenth century tenements were responsible for the ‘undemocratic spirit in the city’ and not suitable for the new ‘democratic’ Germany. Thus, the action taken was to demolish tenements and replace them with prefabricated satellite housing developments. In reaction, Aktion 507 curated an exhibition, ‘Diagnosis on Building in West Berlin’, focusing on the ‘critical analysis of current construction activities’. The exhibition centred on the Märkisches Viertel, a development containing 17,000 apartments, jutting the Berlin Wall to the north of the city. Aktion 507 argued that architects, speculators, the senate, and construction companies exerted a ‘totalitarian rule over the city’. I intend to argue that the ideology of the student movement in Berlin was in a symbiotic relationship with the post-war cityscape whereby readings of urban planners, Marxists, sociologists and others were translated through the lens of Berlin’s unique character and position in the post-war world. For example, Marcuse’s theory on the repressive mechanisms of society held special significance in a post-fascist era where former National Socialists still held positions of power, and where left-wing intellectuals flocked due to exemption from military service. Likewise, the Märkisches Viertel, with its ‘intolerable defects in social infrastructure’, highlighted the wider social implications of relocating inhabitants from the inner city under the guise of social housing. This paper documents the use of architecture as a vessel through which political, cultural and social conflicts were argued and contested which, through involvement with residents, Aktion 507 irreversibly changed West Berlin, both as a physical and political space.

A great majority of the previous research put extensive efforts on the evaluation of life cycle impacts and carbon footprint of single buildings. Analysis on single buildings often excludes components related with urban scale such as construction of infrastructure, distance to city centre and transportation. Research on neighbourhood-scale settlements is necessary to further develop the understanding of the environmental impact of built-environment.

This study aims to develop a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework for the embodied carbon assessment of the built environment at neighbourhood scale. The study validates the results on three neighbourhood-scale mass housing projects in Ankara, Turkey. Embodied carbon assessment of these projects were conducted in order to generate a reference model of mass-housing projects. A data management framework for carbon assessment was also provided in the study.

According to the results, an average of 409.2 kgCO2-eq/m2 originated at the neighbourhood level including emissions from the buildings, structural landscape and transportation infrastructure. Buildings contribute 272.4 kgCO2-eq/m2, which comprise 66.6% of the total emissions. On the other hand, 37.4 kgCO2-eq/m2 (9.1%) originate from structural landscape and 99.4 kgCO2-eq/m2 (24.3%) originate from transportation infrastructure. The results reveal the necessity to widen the assessment boundaries when investigating embedded carbon in larger scale built environment for fairer results.

The outputs of the model may yield valuable inputs for designers and urban planners throughout their decision-making processes.

Architecture may be the strongest site for imagining the future, because the discipline of building, the raw material act of construction and the consequent unavoidable configurations
of social space, are always focused on the world to come, as opposed to a mere literary or SF speculation. Architecture makes mistakes that are to be lived.

The main challenge of this Cost Action is to create a transnational network that gathers European researchers carrying studies on Middle-Class Mass Housing (MCMH) built in Europe since the 1950s. This network will allow the development new scientific approaches by discussing, testing and assessing case studies and their different methodologies and perspectives. MCMH has been generally underestimated in urban and architectural studies and there is still a lack of comparative analysis and global perspectives. The number of transnational publications and scientific meetings has also been scarce. By crossing different approaches focus on Architecture, Urbanism, Planning, Public Policies, History, Sociology new concepts and methodologies will arise. Therefore, the Action aims to produce a wider understanding of MCMH sprawl, deepening on-going researches and focussing on the existing case studies. The current methodologies, surveys, catalogue and contextualization allow an initial mapping of relevant case studies, their diverse degrees of resilience and how they have been adapted to current (urban and social) conditions. It is intended to develop the knowledge of the interaction between spatial forms, behaviours and satisfaction and to combine methodologies of architectural and social analyses. The Action will be developed by three Working Groups, coordinated by a Core Group: Documenting the MCMH; Development of a specific set of (new) concepts for MCMH analyses; Leverage contemporary architecture interventions and Public Policies. In the Action will be involved researchers related to Mass Housing, MCMH Architecture and Urbanism, Planning and Public Policies, Sociological studies, Architecture History and Modern Heritage.

Typical mass housing complexes constructed by the Soviet state in the 1920s and 1930s, and post-1950, were communities designed to meet residents’ housing, educational, cultural, commercial, and recreational needs in all-inclusive precincts. The remarkable eighty-per-cent-open site plans that these complexes proffered signaled the presence of a fully socialist land regime in which land held no monetary value. Now, more than twenty-five years after the fall of the Soviet Union, this exterior collective space that was a hallmark of Soviet socialist housing provision is under threat of extinction. In the spring of 2017, the Russian State government took up a bill to demolish nearly 8,000 ‘decrepit’ Moscow residential buildings in order to parcelize and sell the capacious landscape in which they sit on the open real estate market. This essay makes an argument for the unique qualities of these disappearing residential landscapes by articulating what so-called socialist space is, how it operates, what makes it worth preserving, and in conclusion offers options for approaching these fleeting remnants of a past economic regime.

Housing design in any housing scheme regardless whether it is a single housing unit or a mass housing estate is the basis for which the house is built or the estate is developed. A successful housing design is one that meets the needs and aspirations of the end user which in many cases is the house owner. The training of the architect is such that he is expected to generate a brief that seeks to meet the desires of the future house owner. The method of housing provision in urban centres of Nigeria especially in mass housing provision has shifted attention away from the end-user to the developers and the focus is on increase in quantity and cost reduction. This shift has a significant effect on the house owners with regards to their socio-cultural inclination and difference; this effect is felt in the society at large. The end-users in housing schemes are made of different kinds of people and it is these people who form the society. This paper seeks to examine housing design as it relates to some of the socio-cultural factors and how it affects the designs of the housing units. The paper also discusses the responses of house owners in selected housing estates with a view of determining how they tried to adapt their house to meet their socio-cultural differences. In conclusion the paper proposes a housing customization method for the design of houses that takes into account the socio-cultural differences of the prospective house owners.

Why are some parts of the built environment protected as national heritage and others not? Listing is the most restrictive tool of Norwegian and Danish preservation in the built environment and creates a specific version of the past
told through buildings and sites. The heritage authorities in both countries present listing as an instrument to protect a representative sample of all the country’s built structures and environments.
The article examines the role of mass housing complexes, a significant product of the welfare states from the 1950s and onwards, in the practice of listing buildings in Norway and Denmark. We examine why two early mass housing  neighbourhoods, Lambertseter in Oslo and Bellahøj in Copenhagen, have been considered worthy of listing, but without being listed as yet. The study shows how not only the official criteria for listing, but also tacit values established in architectural history and economic mechanisms effect contemporary decisions about whether to list mass housing areas. In conclusion, we question the role of the official criteria for listing and instead call for a more open discussion about why and how listing creates national history.

This is a paper prepared by me for the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore-CRERI Real Estate Research Initiative. The paper is intended as a overview of the affordable housing sector with special emphasis on India. Affordable Housing is fast taking centrestage in the national agenda. In India, affordable housing is a term largely used in the urban context.Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income.
The demand drivers for affordable housing are several.Alongside the growth of the urban population, rising incomes have led to the expansion of the middle class. This has led to a spike in demand for housing that is affordable but includes basic amenities. The agencies working in the affordable housing sector can be classified into . the public sector and the private sector. Both are dogged by issues such as scarcity of land,scarcity of marketable land parcels,titling Issues, rising costs and regulatory concerns. The way forward calls for a collaborative multi-pronged multi-stakehoder approach.

Değişen sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel etmenler, gayrimenkul olarak konut alım karar tercihlerini etkilemektedir. Konut alıcılarının ülke, bölge ve yörelerin dinamiklerine göre değişkenlik gösteren tercihleri, konut projelerinin özelliklerini ve akımlarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Ekonomik durum ve yıkıcı depremler, son on yılda İstanbul’daki konut proje geliştirme yaklaşımlarını ve alıcı kararlarını yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Değişik mimari özelliklere, sosyal tesislere sahip, çeşitli tasarım ve uygulama niteliklerini karşılayan projeler ilgi görmekte ve tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yerleşmek üzere alım gerçekleştiren potansiyel konut alıcılarının tercih ölçütlerinin tespit edilmesi ve sıralanması amaçlanmıştır. Çözümleme çalışması, İstanbul’daki konut projelerinin çoğunluğuna imza atan büyük konut üretim firmalarının perspektifinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, gerek literatür taraması, gerekse de bölgede uygulama yapan profesyonellerle yapılan görüşmelerde elde edilen bilgilere Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHY) uygulanmış, konut üretim firmalarının perspektifinden konut alıcılarının tercihleri dokuz kategoride ele alınmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucu, bu faktörlerin, firmaların satış ve pazarlama politikaları, fiyat seviyesi ve ödeme koşulları, sosyal faktörler, mimari özellikler, konum ve ulaşım gibi özellikler sebebiyle firmadan firmaya çeşitlilik gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Bölge özellikleri ve gerçeklerinin yapılan analitik çalışmayla değerlendirmesi ve hem konut alıcılarına, hem de konut üreticilerine yansıtılması bu çalışmanın temel amacıdır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Konut geliştirme, AHY, konut alıcı tercihleri, gayrimenkul, konut projeleri, İstanbul.

With the world becoming increasingly urban, housing poverty in the global south has made the metaphor 'planet of slums' a global reality. This paper revisits the dichotomy of enabler vs. provider debate in housing policy that preoccupied housing scholars in the last few decades. Drawing on the government intervention in Brazil and India, it is argued that the transformative and adaptive capacity of enabling strategy has now come of an age. Among other things, the paper makes a close reading of the historical and geographical (re)constitution of the process of housing delivery in these countries and argues that they have adopted enabling strategies along with closely intertwined strategies of crisis management and show a clear predisposition towards earlier provider approach of state administered, large-scale housing programmes to support the low-income households. Thus, as one policy approach follows another, the discursive space for the government policy doctrine acquires a layered structure, which contains elements of both provider and enabling approaches. Whilst these developments, still evolutionary, challenges remain in the form of conceptual contradictions that continue to obscure our approach towards low-income housing policies in the global South. Arguably on this basis, considerably more, attention should be given to providing housing to the poor in the global South.

The Czech Republic's socialist-era neighborhoods are largely intact twenty years after the end of Communist Party rule. These buildings will be rehabilitated, but not replaced, because of financial and logistical constraints. In the context of the country's accession to the european Union in 2004 and the recent global economic crisis, this essay questions what can and should be done in an effort to make these neighborhoods better places to live in the present and the future. It starts with a brief history of postwar housing construction and socialist-era design methodologies, exploring postwar architectural practice and innovations in construction technology that were connected to the industrialization of housing production. The role of the Baťa Company in the development of panelák technology is described. In the context of post-socialist rehabilitation efforts, the discussion addresses current housing policy including regulated rents and the shift in emphasis from renting to ownership. government subsidies and grant programs are considered, as well as problems such as physical degradation and social segregation. The essay proposes that for the future the social and spatial ideas that were part of the original designs may be more important than the architectural style of individual buildings.

Although differences between generation X (born between 1961 and 1980) and Y
(born between 1981 and 1995) about the factors which drive homeownership have
policy implications, little or no research has been undertaken into this issue. Results of
interviews undertaken show that generation X and Y agree that price was the most
important factor and that there are more generation Y reliant on government help.
Questionnaire results found that “income and housing prices” and “affordability and
accessibility” were the most important factors among generation X and Y, respectively.
This paper concludes that policy makers need to consider the generation differences.

Angola currently faces an almost impossible mission of healing its territory and people from the wounds left behind by nearly three decades of violent conflict. Since peace was first installed in 2002, Angola and its entire population have been under the world’s gaze, a fact that has highlighted the many issues and obstacles facing this sub-Saharan country. In order to address such challenges a general reconstruction strategy, which particularly emphasizes the need to mitigate the lack of housing and related social problems, has been put in place. Understanding and rehabilitating the country’s built environment, particularly within urban areas, represents a paramount but much needed task to rebuild Angola as a whole. The complexity of this task is further enhanced by the many difficulties currently affecting the poorer fringe of the population - those who have been failing to sustainably accompany the emerging economic development of Angola.
As far as the evolution of the urban built environment is concerned, Angola’s background does not differ significantly from that of other former colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Whilst under a colonial rule which endured for roughly five centuries, Angola was subject to a profound reinterpretation of the essence of its built environment, regardless of the country’s established architectural traditions. New concepts of space, mainly influenced by acclaimed European models, were gradually introduced all over the country but especially in urban areas. Entire cities were thus designed and built from scratch, composed of massive buildings framed by large avenues and orthogonally organized streets, as opposed to the earlier confusing arrangement of apparently fragile settlements. Over the years, these thriving cities became points of attraction to many thousands of people arriving from Europe as well as from different parts of Angola, generally seeking a better life. The demographic patterns, mainly characterized by rural-urban movements, were further enhanced during civil war, subsequent to the independence from Portugal in 1975. This caused further densification in the existing urban fabric, and the physical expansion of Angola’s major cities until exhaustion. Today Angola is a country of deep social inequalities, where one of the most expensive cities in the world is built side by side with endless sprawl of informal occupation and extreme poverty. With urban development not showing signs of stabilising, the issues associated with lack of housing and urban-poverty are a difficult reality for many. In a time when sustainable development is a global issue, the question of how Angola will be able to mitigate the acute housing shortage arises as one in urgent need of an answer.

Rikke Stenbro & Svava Riesto Rikke Stenbro is a Danish art historian based in Oslo. As a heritage researcher and urbanist her work is both theory and praxis focused on the way in which architectural interventions address the temporal texture of urban sites and situations. For the last few years she has been increasingly interested in the built fabric of the recent past and in addressing architectural preservation from a large-scale perspective. Suburban and urban landscapes, mass housing, infrastructural systems and the coexistence and interrelatedness between them are thus central points of interest in her research and in the various planning and development projects she has been involved in as a consultant. While writing this article Stenbro held a position as senior researcher at NIKU (Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research) she has since then taken up a position as senior advisor within urbanism and cultural heritage at Rambøll, Norway. rikke.stenbro@ramboll.no

► A kind of Elastic Composite, Reinforced Lightweight Concrete (ECRL.C) with the mentioned specifics is a type of "Resilient Composite Systems (RCS)" in which, contrary to the basic geometrical assumption of the flexure theory in Solid Mechanics, "the strain changes in the beam height during bending" is typically "Nonlinear". (The RCS could be counted as "The Methodically Reinforced Nonlinear Porous Materials", also having the high specific modulus of resilience in flexure.)

♦ Through employing this integrated structure, with significantly high strain capability and modulus of resilience in bending, we can achieve the high bearing capacities in beams with the secure fracture pattern, in less weight.

♦ Due to the system particulars and its behavior in bending, the usual calculation of the necessary equilibrium steel amount to attain the low-steel bending sections with the secure fracture pattern in the beams and its related limitations do not become propounded. Thereby, the strategic deadlock of the high possibility of the brittle fracture pattern in the bending elements made of the usual reinforced lightweight concretes, especially about the low-thickness bending elements as slabs, is unlocked.

♦ This simple, applied technology and the related components and systems can have several applications in the road and building industries. (It can also be used in making the resilient pieces and constructions "with appropriate behavior and high resistance against severe blasts and shocks.)

♦ Regarding the "strategic importance of Lightweight and Integrated Construction in the practical increase of the resistance and safety against earthquake" and considering the appropriate behavior of this "resilient", durable structure against the dynamic loads, shakes, impacts, blasts, and shocks and the possibility of making some lightweight and insulating, non-brittle, reinforced sandwich panels and pieces, this resilient system and its components can especially be useful in the "seismic areas".

♦ This system can also be employed in constructing the vibration and impact absorber bearing pieces & slabs, which can be used in the "Railroad & Subway Structures" too.

♦ Here, the "Resilient Composite Systems (RCS)" and particularly, the ECRLC as a type of the RCS have been concisely presented. [By the way, an instance of the said new structure and its components and the results of some performed experiments (as bending loading and compressive loading of the slabs made of this structure, similar to ASTM E 72 Standard) have been shown in the related pictures & figures.]
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/ ● Key Words: Strength of materials (solid mechanics), Civil (construction), Materials, Earthquake (resistance and safety), Resilient concrete (flexible concrete, bendable concrete, elastic concrete), Composite concrete, Lightweight concrete, Reinforced concrete, Fibered concrete, Lightweight and integrated construction, Rail (railroad, railway), Subway, Road, Bridge, Resilience, Energy absorption, Fracture pattern, Non-linear, Strain changes, Beam, Ductility, Toughness, Insulating (insulation), Thin, Slab, Roof, Ceiling, Wall (partition), Building, Tower, Plan of mixture, Insulating reinforced lightweight pieces, 3d, Sandwich panel, Dry mix, Plaster, Foam, Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Polypropylene, Pozzolan, Porous matrix (Pored matrix), Mesh (lattice), Cement, RCS, ECRLC
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/ ► Contents:
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* ABSTRACT
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* I. INTRODUCTION
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* II. WHAT ARE THE RESILIENT COMPOSITE SYSTEMS
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- A. General Review
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- B. Components
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. - 1) Mesh or Lattice
. - 2) Fibers or Strands
. - 3) "Matrix" With the Suitable Hollow "Pores (Voids)" and/or "Lightweight Aggregates" in its Context
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- C. More Explanations About the RCS
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- D. Why Are These Systems Called "Composite"?
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- E. The General Structural Particulars and Functional Criteria as the Necessary Specifications of the Compound Materials Generally Called "Resilient Composite Systems"
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. - 1) General Structural Criteria
. - 2) Functional Criteria (Required Specifications)
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* III. "ELASTIC COMPOSITE REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE (ECRLC)" AS A TYPE OF THE RESILIENT COMPOSITE SYSTEMS (RCS)
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- An Instance of the Lightweight Concrete That Could be Used in Making the ECRLC
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* IV. REVIEW OF SOME EXPERIMENTS, AND MORE DESCRIPTION ABOUT ECRLC
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* V. SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS
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* VI. APPLICATIONS
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* VII. FINAL REVIEW
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* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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* REFERENCES 
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***
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/ ● General Review:
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• A kind of "Elastic Composite, Reinforced Lightweight Concrete" with the said specifics is a type of the "Resilient Composite Systems (R.C.S.)" in which, contrary to the basic geometrical assumption of flexure theory in the Solid Mechanics, the strain changes in the beam height during bending is typically "Non-linear".
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• Indeed, the RCS, as the Elastic Composite, Reinforced Lightweight Concrete (ECRLC), do not behave as most of the solid materials in bending.
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• In the "Resilient Composite Systems", distributed pores and/or appropriate lightweight aggregates or beads, accompanied by the reticular structure of the strengthened conjoined matrix, bring about the expedient internal shape changes during bending and continuing the elasticity in bending with the said nonlinearly pattern. This means better distribution of the stresses and strains and better utilizing the potential capacities of the employed reinforcements in bending and tension; whereas, in the usual lightweight concretes for instance, distributed hollow pores (such as the gas bulbs in the cellular concretes) or lightweight aggregates (such as Plastic, Rubber or polystyrene beads or any other kind of lightweight aggregates such as Perlite and Vermiculite) decrease the modulus of resilience in bending and could increase "the possibility of beam fracture of brittle and primary compressive type" in bending (compared to the concrete with higher density) according to the case.
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• In this way, by using the mentioned method to make the said particular composite systems, we could considerably increase the modulus of resilience and bearing capacity in bending "together with" significant decrease of the weight and also the possibility of beam fracture of primary compressive type. Through making these particular integrated functioning systems, for the first time, the said (paradoxical) properties have been concomitantly fulfilled in "one functioning unit" altogether.
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• Respect to the special pattern of the strain changes during bending in the particular Resilient Composite System termed ECRLC, this system as an integrated functioning unit with the reticular arrangement and texture has more strain capability (particularly within the elastic limit), energy absorption and load bearing capacities in bending compared to the usual reinforced concrete beams.
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• Thereby, through employing this applied structure, solving some of the main problems in lightweight concretes application, especially the deadlock of brittle and insecure being of fracture pattern in many of the usual reinforced lightweight concrete structures, is provided; reaching to the high bearing capacities in bending elements (even with low dimensions & weights) is to hand, and getting access to a simple and practical opportunity for "qualitative development of possibilities of using lightweight concretes" (especially with oven-dry densities of < 1350-1400kg/m3 and compressive strengths of <14-17mpa, and even with oven-dry densities of < 800kg/m3) is conceivable.
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• Naturally, by more studies in the field, these structures and their applications in various fields could be developed more.
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/ ► FULL TEXT (Open Access):
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- http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.03933 
( https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1510/1510.03933.pdf ) ;
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. Kamyar Esmaeili: "Elastic Composite Reinforced Lightweight Concrete as a Type of Resilient Composite Systems";
The Internet Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering (IJITCE); 2012; 2(8): 1-22.
- http://ia800305.us.archive.org/34/items/IJITCE/vol2no801.pdf [Also archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/6B2pFPpBh ] ;
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- https://www.scribd.com/doc/11530978/Elastic-Composite-Reinforced-Lightweight-Concrete-ECRLC-as-a-type-of-Resilient-Composite-Systems-RCS-http-arxiv-org-abs-1510-03933 ; 
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- https://sites.google.com/site/NEWSTRUCTURE1 ;
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- https://sites.google.com/site/newstructure1/publications-page/ELASTIC%20COMPOSITE%2C%20REINFORCED%20LIGHTWEIGHT%20CONCRETE%20AS%20A%20TYPE%20OF%20RESILIENT%20COMPOSITE%20SYSTEMS.pdf ;
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- http://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/09/22/elasticcomposite-reinforcedlightweightconcreteasatypeofrcs/elasticcomposite-reinforcedlightweightconcreteasatypeofrcs.pdf ;
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- The link to the document in PDF format on this site:
file:///C:/Users/pc5/Downloads/ELASTIC_COMPOSITE_REINFORCED_LIGHTWEIGHT.pdf ;
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- ...

The article identifies the specialties of the formation of socialist large-panel housing estates built in the postwar period in opposition to historical cities. Apart from the ideological background and economic and technical aspects the architects and urban planners tried to find out tools to create qualitatively new architectural environment appropriate for the new mode of life. Taking into account the importance of the social dimension for mass housing in the formation, implementation and transformation while changing contexts, the article introduces the concept of social composition of architectural space which is interconnected with the classical concepts of spatial composition of housing estates and also refers to the patterns of space usage by different social groups and their daily practices.

An examination of the mass housing schemes/estates in Nigeria will reveal that many housing providers put up restrictions on what modifications house owners can carry out on their personal houses (homes). If this were a rented house one can perhaps understand the needs for these limitations but for a personal house paid for by the house owner, this becomes untenable and seeks to make the house owner a permanent tenant. This paper examines how the mass housing provision process in Kwara state, Nigeria encourages this trend, in addition the reasons for setting some of these limitations would also be examined. It is part of a PhD research in the area of housing customization. In undertaking this research, mass housing schemes in Kwara state were selected and examined in relation to the to the aim of the paper. The data generated was analyzed using the SPSS and MS-Excel packages and the result is presented in charts and plates. The research concludes that prospective house owners have a valid right on their houses and should not be made to adhere to restrictions that make them appear as tenants. Architects working on mass housing schemes should be made to collaborate with the prospective house owners. The research concludes by proffering strategies which architects working on the provision of mass housing schemes can collaborate upon with the prospective house owners towards the provision of a satisfactory house.

In every developing city across the world housing is an integral part of its development because housing caters for the people that make this city function. It is safe therefore to conclude that for any mega city development housing provision will be at its core. Architects and housing developers are the people usually saddled with the responsibility of providing houses for the people in the mega cities. One principle that most housing developers and architects in Nigeria have used in the past and currently make use of in the provision of housing is Mass Production. This is often adopted in the provision of mass housing. Now with expected increase in population often associated with mega cities and the problems resulting from mass production principles in housing, it therefore implies that there is a need for rethinking of mass housing provision in Nigeria as related to mega cities. The aim of the paper is to show to architects and housing developers that customization in housing is a possible option for user oriented houses in mega cities. The paper discusses the growth of mega cities around world; it equally discusses the process of customization in housing as it relates to prospective house owners. Examples of customization in developed countries will be cited so as to see how it could be adopted for mega cities in Nigeria. It will also discuss how collaborative customization and pre-sale housing process can be adopted in customization of housing in Nigeria by architects and housing developers.

Bu yazıda salt açıklayıcı/eleştirel bir yapı okuması ve analizi yapmanın ötesinde, yüklenici Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası'nın yapının inşa edildiği dönemde Türkiye'de toplu konut üretimindeki pozisyonuna, "toplu konut ve çarşı sitesi" projesi için Çankırı'nın seçilmesinin ardındaki dinamiklere ve projenin kentin gelişim ve genişlemesinde üstlendiği role de değinerek, katmanlı bir anlatı, akış izleyeceğim.

// a.k.a. Çankırı Mass Housing and Arcade Complex
This article will constitute a narrative for the complex beyond the classical definitions of “mass housing and arcade” and it will favor a descriptive/critical approach. Thanks to the multi-layered narration and text flow characteristics, I will refer to the position of the Emlak Kredi Bankası (State Bank for Estate and Mortgage Loan) in the mass housing production in Turkey at the time of the planning and construction of this project. Additionally, I will point out the dynamics behind the selection of Çankırı as the site of this complex and the role it played in the evolution and expansion of the city.

Mixed-use housing (MUH) has proliferated in recent years, largely in connection with high-rise mixed-use housing and large urban developments. Whereas housing architecture integrating additional functions has been designed throughout history, post-World War II architects proposed innovative ideas and designs for modern MUH. This article explores MUH of that period as an experiment that articulated urban hierarchies by integrating elements belonging to the different scales of the city into housing plans. I analyze the terminological frameworks proposed by Team 10 in Europe and Denise Scott Brown and Harvey Perloff in the United States, tracing how these evolved into groundbreaking designs that redefined the architecture of MUH. I demonstrate how architects negotiated terms such as "habitat," which engaged community, as well as "human association" and "urban reidentification" in their practice. Thinking about these terms, I propose accessibility, participation, reuse, and diversity in formal design as elements from the recent past that can provide tools for rethinking present and future MUH.

An examination of selected low income mass housing schemes built by government and private developers in Nigeria reveal a similarity amongst them, which is lack of involvement of house owners. The design process adopted for these houses showed that mass housing schemes designs have been based on the assumptions of user needs. The degree of importance users placed on the various aspects of the houses was never considered. In the 100 years of Nigeria’s development between 1914 and 2014 there has been significant changes in many sectors, however the nature of the houses being built in mass housing schemes across the country remain the same. The problem with the assumption method of housing provision is that the target peoples’ needs and desires are never achieved even with the change in government policy towards housing provision. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of importance placed on different aspects of housing by the house owners. The research made use of mixed research method by using questionnaire and observation method in gathering the data from field surveys in Niger State and Kwara State. The perception of the house owners was collated and SPSS was used to analyze the data. The results showed that house owners placed high importance on some aspects of the houses measured. The research concludes that there is need for a drastic change from the design process in mass housing provision in Nigeria as Nigeria marks its 100 years. The change should be towards designing for user focused housing designs.

Sustainable design can be easily achieved in individual housing unit design where the house owner is known because he (house owner) is made the focus. Sustainable designs are often examined from consumption of energy by the house while little attention is placed on how sustainable the house is to the house owner especially in mass housing estates in Nigeria. In the case of mass housing design sustainability becomes an issue because of the generalized needs and aspirations of the prospective house owners. There is need for house owners to participate in housing design regardless of whether it is mass housing. This paper seeks to examine the degree of importance that is placed on aspects of housing unit design by house owners in housing estates so as to determine how mass housing can be made sustainable. The research is conducted in Kwara state through the administering of questionnaire in selected housing estates. The paper concludes that there is a relationship with aspects of design, prospective house owner participation and the sustainable nature of the house design. In addition it showed that for sustainable designs to be achieved in mass housing estates, prospective house owners must be allowed to participate.

The nature of the housing designs in mass housing schemes in Nigeria is a function of how architects were trained to handle mass housing designs. It is common practice to find that the houses in majority of the mass housing schemes in Nigeria are never owner specific. It is often assumed by architects working on mass housing schemes that the process of making the houses specific is cumbersome. The nature of the construction method of these mass housing schemes allows for the design briefs of the individual house to be different. This paper examines how design brief in mass housing in Nigeria can be customized. This is done through the development of a customization brief model with aid of a network of computers. It is expected that if the model is applied into mass housing in Nigeria, desired house by house owners in mass housing schemes would be met.

Fluctuating economies and changing family demographics have increased the complexity in meeting the spatial needs for contemporary housing. Digital systems that allow flexibility are growing in demand but its rate of development is not catching up with the rapid changes. This paper explores how digital interventions can limit or help the process of collaborative design in high-density mass housing context. One key factor in user-oriented design system is participation. Many researchers have looked into system usability, design simplification and realistic visualisation to provide an immersive experience for users to engage the design. This paper argues how gamification acts as a form of decision support within a bigger framework model for a user-oriented digital design system. Using three levels of rules: constitutive rules, operational rules and implicit rules, the aim is for users to generate a housing design outcome not only for themselves but also collaboratively with other user...

A key but overlooked factor in user-oriented design system is participation. Many researchers have looked into system usability, design simplification or realistic visualization to provide an immersive experience for users to engage the design. This paper explores how digital interventions operate within the process of collaborative design for urban high-density mass housing. A digital tool for collaboration was developed and the research study is implemented with the public to obtain additional feedback regarding the adoption of a design tool for housing design. This experiment was conducted in an open environment where the general public had a chance to have a go with the design system. The aim of this research is to explore how a computational tool within a virtual environment can facilitate and support design collaboration and interactions – not only between architects and homebuyers, but among individual and collective homebuyers too.

This paper explores issues associated with perceptions of low-cost housing in Luanda, which despite being considered one of the fastest developing and more prospective growing cities in Africa, is struggling to cope with a growing population putting extra pressure on an already saturated urban infrastructure. A renewed Luanda is taking shape, whilst the periphery is being gradually populated with thousands of new houses destined to the low-income population, absorbing some of the people displaced from informal settlements (musseques) but also open to those who would not otherwise be able to afford living closer to Luanda's centre. Amongst promises of fulfilment of a "dream" of ownership and adequate living conditions, this research investigates the low-cost housing sector of Luanda as experienced and perceived by the inhabitants/occupants themselves. Using a Participatory Post-Occupancy (PPOA) framework, it combines the technical arrangement of a building appraisal tool with a participatory approach intending to provide an accurate insight into the occupants' satisfaction and the performance of low-cost housing in an informal settlement as well as in a newly built low-cost mass housing development located in the outskirts of Luanda. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY: Célia is an architect and researcher specialised in built environment and international development. Her professional experience includes working in architecture practices in Portugal and the UK, as well as conducting research on sustainability and resilience in Ghana, Angola, Colombia, South Africa and Nepal. As an associate at ASF-UK since 2014, she has developed and coordinated international projects focused on urban resilience and participatory planning.

In 1977, I spent several months as a visiting researcher at John Habraken's housing institute in Eindhoven, the Netherlands - Stichting Architecten Research (SAR). This article summarizes what I learned about its approach to housing development, again relevant to those involved in the revival of modular housing.

Peer-Reviewed Article.
The paper highlights how the knowledge of users is complex and still defective in the area of European affordable housing. Although demand is far more changeable than supply, more market research has been carried out on existing housing stock than on behavioral/cultural models. Furthermore, there is a lack of design research capable of generating innovative design inputs.
The significance of this article lies in proposing a systematization of the detection of user requirements. In the field of affordable housing, there is still a widespread traditional top-down approach which assigns designers with an external intuitive analysis of user requirements. This paper suggests that the European local systems should equip themselves firstly with housing market research concentrated on behavioral/cultural models and secondly with design research conducted by research-oriented professionals.
The paper focuses on some research methods which could be used by design researchers during their inquiry into user requirements. The results of such research would be the starting points for individual design practices which would be based upon solider and more detailed research foundations.

Abstract
Developments in housing finance system and activities of Housing Development Agency (HDA/TOKI) have been majör trends in recent years in Turkey. Primary reasons of the increasing activities of HDA are positive externalities
of real estate economy ,inefficiencies of mortgage system, and compansating income/wealth constraints in housing finance. Because existing literatüre does not comprehensively adress financial structure/efficiency of the HDA, the paper explores Fundamentals and financial efficiency of the HDA model. We
conclude although it has positive outlook, HDA system may have risks due to its less transparent/accountable organizational structure and financial structure. It is suggested in the paper that HDA may transform a full service financial
firm to minimize its potential risks and improve its corporate governance/financial efficiency.
Özet
TOKİ faaliyetlerinin son yıllarda ön plana çıkmasında; taşınmaz ekonomisinin pozitif dışsallıkları, ipotekli konut finansmanı sisteminin etkinlik sorunları ve konut finansmanındaki gelir/servet yetersizliği etkili olmuştur. Çalışmada, finansal etkinlik açısından yazında kapsamlı olarak incelenmediği
görülen, TOKİ modelinin temel nitelikleri ve finansal yapısının etkinliği analiz edilmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, başarılı yönleri bulunmakla birlikte, TOKİ faaliyetlerinin ve buna ilişkin finansal sonuçların yeterince şeffaf olmadığı ve finansman yapısının risk/etkinlik sorunları doğurabileceği belirlenmiştir. Söz
konusu belirlemeler ışığında, olası faaliyet risklerinin azaltılması ve kurumsal yönetim/ finansman kalitesinin artırılabilmesi için, TOKİ’nin finansal bir kurum olarak yapılanması önerilmiştir.

The private sector remains the major supplier of housing in Nigeria as with some other developing countries. However, productivity in Nigeria is hampered by many factors, including high cost of building materials, difficulty in obtaining title to land, a weak mortgage financing sector, and delay in obtaining building permit. Therefore, the objectives of the research were to (1) Ascertain Private Developers' Perceived Challenges Regarding Private Housing Production (2) Ascertain Bottlenecks to Private Residential Estate Housing Delivery. This study was undertaken as a cross-sectional survey of all individuals or corporate firms who have supplied at least 4 building units and more constructed between 1978 and 2014 in Greater Port Harcourt City (GPHC). The research design used was the "passive-observational" method. The number of questionnaires administered to estate developers was 76. The study relied on two sources of informationprimary and secondary. Primary sources comprised (a) a largely pre-coded questionnaire, administered faceto-face by trained interviewers, (b) Individual Depth Interviews (IDIs) of key informants, (c) direct observation, (c) measurement, and (d) photography. Secondary sources included: (a) unpublished and published material in past theses, books, journals, maps, etc; and (b) the Internet. Data analysis utilised mainly univariate and multivariate statistical analytical techniques. Analysis was carried out with the aid of the microcomputeradapted Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16. The results showed that 1,761 housing units were built by the private sector and this was mostly in Obio/Akpor LGA (80%). Housing types were single-family bungalow (28.3%), multi-family block of flats (26.8%), single-family storey building (18.8%), "wagon" rooming house (4.3%) and "courtyard" rooming house (1.8%). Four predictor variables-Access to Land, Mortgage Financing, Building Permit, and Title to Land could explain 85% of the variation in the dependent variable, Private Housing Productivity, with Title to Land being the most important. The study concluded, among others, that (a) the pace of private sector housing development in Greater Port Harcourt City was far short of what is needed to satisfy demand, given a population of the order of 2,000,000 growing at 5.8% per annum. Recommendations of the study include (a) that the Land Use Act of 1978 should be abrogated.

The present study aims to investigate the extent of readiness of public and private sectors to adopt the public private partnership (PPP) as an innovation of housing delivery system in Yemen. It is widely recognized that PPP has been applied successfully in various countries around the world. Hence, it is defined as a long-term cooperation agreement between government and private sector for delivering affordable housing and public services. In this study, four dimensions were employed to measure the extent of readiness between government agencies and the private sectors. These dimensions are; optimism, innovativeness, discomfort and insecurity. The present study data were collected through distributing self-administered questionnaires among 399 organizations in major cities with 201 useable questionnaires returned. The data were analyzed descriptively as well as with the appropriate tests of reliability and consistency. The present findings revealed that government agencies and private sectors are ready to adopt PPP with high score of security and comfort.

In 2017, our firm was tasked by a developer client to design a prototype house for a residential community located several kilometers outside Karachi. Our first proposal was a conventional structure, such as one would build for an upper middle class family within the city.

The developer's argument in rejecting this initial proposal was very logical and obvious: the reason one would buy a plot of land so far outside the city was that one had limited financial resources. A low cost solution was required.

Our revised strategy focused on three components:
1. Reduce the covered area;
2. Use economical materials and finishes;
3. Build incrementally.

In the first instance, we decided not to build up to the maximum allowable covered area, but to reduce it by a third, thereby significantly reducing the cost of construction while at the same time increasing the percentage of open area, which brought in more natural light and air into the house.

The second step was to reduce the cost of finishing. The main intervention here was to reduce the usage of wood, and to use cheaper flooring tiles and wall finishes etc.

Finally, and most importantly, we decided to split up the house into four distinct phases of construction, allowing it to be built up incrementally.

This paper compares the space standards for social housing in Portugal and in São Paulo, and seeks explanations for differences in the socio-economic context of both territories. The Controlled Cost Housing (CCH) in Portugal and the housing built within the program My Home My Life (MHML) in São Paulo Municipality are studied. The number and type of rooms, the internal floor area of dwellings, the size of rooms, and the list and size of furniture and equipment are compared. Three research questions are addressed: Which program has more demanding space standards? Which social-economic conditions explain the differences in space standards? How different space standards influence the users&#39; satisfaction? To answer these questions, the study compares socio-economic indicators, space standards and users&#39; satisfaction of both territories. The study has shown that space standards set for the construction of social housing in CCH are more demanding than in MHML program. For instance,...

Rikke Stenbro is a Danish art historian based in Oslo. As a heritage researcher and urbanist her work is both theory and praxis focused on the way in which architectural interventions address the temporal texture of urban sites and situations. For the last few years she has been increasingly interested in the built fabric of the recent past and in addressing architectural preservation from a large-scale perspective. Suburban and urban landscapes, mass housing, infrastructural systems and the coexistence and interrelatedness between them are thus central points of interest in her research and in the various planning and development projects she has been involved in as a consultant. While writing this article Stenbro held a position as senior researcher at NIKU (Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research) she has since then taken up a position as senior advisor within urbanism and cultural heritage at Rambøll, Norway. rikke.stenbro@ramboll.no Svava Riesto is a Norwegian art historian based in Copenhagen. Her research is concerned with how different values and cultural ideas influence the way that the city is understood-and how it is changed. She s is interested in a broad range of practices where people change the urban landscape, such as design, planning, heritage management, legislation and vernacular practices. Svava Riesto's work encompasses both examination of existing discourses/practices and proposals for alternative readings/prospects. Her current research examines how large-scale modern housing areas are understood and transformed in contemporary preservation-and urban renewal projects. Svava Riesto is postdoc research fellow at the Dept. of Landscape architecture and planning, the University of Copenhagen. For the last 10 years she has also been advising private and public partners in projects about urban design, urban renewal and urban transformation.