Mass Housing

Housing is the most important tool of social security and it should be ensured by durable and strong
construction practices along with affordability.
In Indian reference the housing problem has been compounded by the fact that 59% area of our country is
disaster prone, to one or other kind of natural calamity. Of all the natural calamities earth quake does not give
any reaction time what so ever for hazard avoidance and mitigation. The suddenness makes earth quake most
feared natural disaster.
Settlements housing weaker sections of society are more vulnerable to such disasters as their houses are
poorly engineered and constructed with locally available material and technology, having very low score on
disaster resistance and sustainability count. A general feature of low cost housing concepts is maximum
replacement of cement and steel with locally available materials and vernacular technology. Avoidance of steel
and concrete increases the construction mass which increases the amount of seismic impact on such structures.
In Indian socio-economic context, low cost housing proposals do not get acceptability with common man, due to
lack of durability.
In the present paper a pre-engineered pre-cast design for rural mass housing, utilising most versatile and
durable building materials, concrete and steel as main constituent is proposed. This is less massive but
technology and labour intensive. The design and construction methodology adopted, results in light and quick
construction.
The proposed design incorporates base isolation through horizontal decoupling and seismic energy
dissipation through friction, flexibility. A collapse proof failure mode has been devised, which can avoid loss of
life and property. This design may be used with great advantage in aftermath of a seismic calamity, when after
shocks are still being experienced, by virtue of being light, quick to construct, disaster resistant, and
economical. The design is superior on sustainability parameters also.

The continuous emphasis on the prevalence of communication ineffectiveness in mass housing delivery inherent from the unique particularities of mass housing projects remains a critical challenge towards the needed improvement in project management efficiencies and planning in housing and infrastructural delivery in developing countries. Against this, continuous research in communication performance measures is critical towards managerial and communication effectiveness needed in MHPs delivery especially in developing countries. In this paper, the development of a suitable research instrument (RI) is presented towards the evaluation of the contribution of the unique features to mass housing projects (MHPs) on project team communication performance. It also presents the underling theoretical background and the conceptual model that outline the two main attribution factors of communication performance on MHPs. However, the RI is designed to focus on the project related (external) facto...

Through the lens of participatory mass housing the paper explores the conference theme of simplicity and complexity. A suitable home is a deep rooted desire in the heart of people, and everyone has their own vision of what is a suitable home. Yet the multi-faceted social needs of housing and how they are being designed and developed in mass housing buildings appear too complex and appear too costly that the process would involve direct user participations. The authors have developed a Computer Aided Participatory Housing Design System (CAPHDS) to allow end users (future occupants) become active stakeholders in the design process with the aid of computational design instruments. These tools allow end users to actively engage in the process. The paper describes how a mass housing design process can be broken down into a set of simple tasks that encourage the active engagement and joint development of end users and architects with the proposed design.

The paper introduces a participatory method for re-generation of the common spaces in residential neighbourhoods, especially in case of post-war mass housing. The method combines regenerative design and co-commitment that are recognized as decisive factors in mass housing revitalisation. The spatial focus of the research is on New Belgrade Blocks (Serbia) that are part of the larger phenomenon of the post-socialist urban heritage. The neighbourhoods that are part of this larger framework are having common attributes and facing similar issues nowadays. Comprehending and managing change in these neighbourhoods requires community-driven actions that would include all relevant stakeholders in the process through co-commitment. The actions, that would be based on regenerative and biophilic design, would ensure both maintenance of green spaces of the neighbourhoods, as well as integration of new nature-based solutions. The approach is enhancing the role of community and highlighting the important values of common spaces in ensuring vitality of mass housing and co-creating healthy and liveable environments. The paper is contributing to contemporary discussions on resilient cities and communities and promoting participatory and integrated urban renewal.

A city built in Brazilian midlands by a communist architect in a non-Marxist economy that aspired for social equality had disturbed minds in academia of architecture, sociology, urban planning and other areas for many years. Fascination with utopian plan of a new Brazilian capital had undergone several phases of radically shifting opinions, from the dark description as “the backside of the moon” to positive appraisal of being “more than modern”. And while a wide pool of literature exists analyzing various implications of Plano Piloto this paper will primarily focus on the spatial performance and social implications of superquadras. Superquadras became a new residential typology in Brasilia, a very particular way of spatial organization that was striving to craft new ‘above-modern’ experience of dwelling while forming urban fabric of unique quality. Moreover, as large residential neighborhoods were to account for all housing in the new capital, superquadras were supposed to play primary role in upbringing of new members of Brazilian society. Thus, superquadras become an intriguing point of reference, according to which first, new spatial effects of ideal modernist urban dwelling complex can be evaluated and second, social aspirations embedded in superquadras can be assessed within structural challenges faced by new Brazilian capital.

Abstract
Industrial Revolution brought many changes to architecture and planning among many other fields. The works of Le Corbusier and C.I.A.M were towards building a modern architecture that meets the needs of the new world order. As modern architecture began to be implemented Team 10 took a critical side, arguing that it was mechanic and lifeless. An opposing idea ‘Mat-Building’ was put forward by Team 10 that supported design based on the human. Meanwhile, Turkey was going through changes in the regime; a republic that promoted modernisation. Local architecture was influenced by the modern movement but also trying to find its own vernacular identity. Yesilkoy Mass Housing by the architects Haluk Baysal and Melih Birsel is a good example of Turkey’s modern low rise high density housing. It may also be a vernacular example of Mat-Building.
Özet
Sanayi Devrimi ile Avrupa ülkelerinin yaşadığı değişim, mimariye de büyük yenilikler kazandırdı. Modern mimariye doğru yolculukta başrolleri alan Le Corbusier ve C.I.A.M, mimarlıkta kritik bakışın hiçbir zaman kaybolmayışının göstergesi olan Team 10 ve insan için mimarlık arayışında Mat-Building. Diğer taraftan modernleşmeye çalışan Türkiye ve yeni akımlardan etkilenirken bir yandan da kendi kimliğini bulma yolculuğunda olan bir mimari. Tüm bu karmaşanın içinde gözden kaçırılmış bir Haluk Baysal Melih Birsel yapısı olan, Türkiye’nin modern mimarisi açısından büyük önem taşıdığına inandığım ve vernaküler öğelerle harmanlanmış bir Mat-Building örneği oluşturabilecek Yeşilköy Toplu Konut Sitesi.

In 2009, Brazil launched the mass housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” (“My House, My Life”), which aims to build 3.4 million housing units by the end of 2014. By reexamining the program at a critical time, Minha Casa—Nossa Cidade (“My House, Our City”) attempts to hack the production of mass housing and tackle the profound social changes currently underway in Brazil. In three chapters, the book reviews the history and implementation of the government program, highlights the ingenuity of “Popular Brazilian Architecture,” and presents design proposals by MAS Urban Design for low-cost housing. Building on the program’s success in broadening access to housing, Minha Casa—Nossa Cidade puts forth a vision for the city as a common project and the transformation of monotonous urban areas into popular neighborhoods—living environments that can be appropriated according to individual as well as collective needs.
Edited by Marc Angélil & Rainer Hehl, in collaboration with Something Fantastic.

In Turkey, the Housing Development Administration (HDA/Toplu Konut İdaresi-TOKİ) became a major public actor in the housing market in the 2000s by undertaking nearly ten per cent of the annual national housing production. Going forward, HDA plans to further increase its rate of housing in the coming years with an even wider scale of urban transformation across the country in line with central policies. To date, the implementation strategy for public mass-housing has had an overall prescription, mainly based on the quickest and cheapest means of mass production. However, shortcuts taken to reduce the costs have so far bypassed critical architectural and planning priorities, resulting in friction among different actors and further socioeconomic problems. This study reviews the background of public mass housing and urban transformation attempts in Turkey, concentrating on research and implementation experience of HDA in the 1990s and 2000s with a historical perspective. Taking a closer look at the basic spatial decision-making (SDM) mechanism behind its social housing provision and briefly discussing the controversies of urban transformations it participated in, the study addresses the common shortfalls of the current public housing practice in the light of the existing research and experience in the country. The study calls for the re-establishment of a comprehensive research basis independent from bureaucratic actors to ground the practice on and help sustain the built environment.

The central zone of New Belgrade has been under tentative protection by the law of the Republic of Serbia; it is slowly gaining the long-awaited canonical status of cultural property. However, this good news has often been overshadowed by the desperation among the professionals, the fear among  flat owners and the fury among politicians: the first because they grasp the scale of the job-to-be-done, the last because it interferes with their hopes and wishes, and the second because they are stuck between the first and the third group. This whirlpool of interests shows many properties of New Belgrade, that stretch far beyond the oversimplified narratives of ‘the unbuilt capital of Yugoslavia’, ‘the largest dormitory of Belgrade’ and ‘the unrestrained modernist playground’. This paper attempts to offer other points and value nods to those that are the most frequently used, from the complexity of the integrative efforts to the emergence of this new city, as well as the omitted and overlo...

Initially planned as the political, administrative and symbolic centre of socialist Yugoslavia, New Belgrade grew through the construction of large housing blocks for six to ten thousand tenants. A significant investor in housing was the Yugoslav People’s Army, which was the first to introduce planning standards and regulations. These norms were above the average of that time, and they gradually migrated to the civilian sector. And while the urban morphology was relatively monotonous with extremely large scale, significant achievements were realized on the plan of improving housing floor plans. Higher planning standards than in the rest of Yugoslavia offered architects in New Belgrade the room for maneuvre, which also assisted the development of advanced organizational schemes, uniting all functional zones of an apartment and enabling a greater flow within this optimized  framework. The approach to planning housing spaces was based on a scientific, interdisciplinary approach and the studies of
people’s habits, especially by the Housing Centre of the Institute for the Testing of Materials (IMS) in Belgrade. (intro by eds)

Altınok, E. (2016) Neoliberalleşme Sürecinde TOKİ ve Toplu Konut Biçiminde Kentleşmenin Ekonomi Politiği, Arredamento Mimarlık, Dosya: 1989’dan Bu Yana Ne Değişti?, Nisan 2016/300, s. 54-112.

1984 yılında kurulmuş olmasına karşın, 2003-2010 aralığında onlarca yasa düzenlemesiyle yetkileri genişletilen, bu sayede hem konut üretimine hem de bütünen kentleşme pratiğine planlama yetkilerini kullanarak yön veren bir devlet kurumu olarak TOKİ, 2000’lere damgasını vurmuştur. İstanbul örneğinde, iktidar partisi AKP tarafından ortaya atılan 'mega projeler'in (partinin kendi söylemiyle 'çılgın projeler'in) bugün neredeyse tamamı TOKİ aracılığıyla hayata geçirilmektedir. TOKİ’nin ağırlıkla, küresel kent söylemleriyle kentlere adeta monte edilmeye çalışılan prestijli projelere yönelmesi, bu yolla ve beraberinde geliştirdiği toplu konut projeleri ile kentlerin ekolojik eşiklerini hiçe sayarak kontrolsüz biçimde büyümesine aracılık etmesi, dönüşüm projeleriyle de yoksul kesimin içinde bulunduğu olumsuz şartları daha da derinleştirmesi, kurumun konut sektörü içindeki esas işlevinin sorgulanmasına sebep olmaktadır.
Bu yazıda, neoliberalizmin etkilerinin devlet yapısı ve piyasaları dönüştürmeye başladığı 1980 sonrası Türkiye’sinin, devlet, sermaye, toplumsal hareketler ve kentleşme denklemi içerisinde ele alınması amaçlanmıştır. Bugünün koşullarını çözümlememize kaynaklık eden, önemli bir kırılma noktası olarak tanımlanabilecek 2000-2001 krizi ve TOKİ’nin yeniden inşası sonrasındaki (son 16 yıl) dönüşümler ise yazının asıl odağını oluşturmaktadır.

Why are some parts of the built environment protected as national heritage and others not? Listing is the most restrictive tool of Norwegian and Danish preservation in the built environment and creates a specific version of the past
told through buildings and sites. The heritage authorities in both countries present listing as an instrument to protect a representative sample of all the country’s built structures and environments.
The article examines the role of mass housing complexes, a significant product of the welfare states from the 1950s and onwards, in the practice of listing buildings in Norway and Denmark. We examine why two early mass housing  neighbourhoods, Lambertseter in Oslo and Bellahøj in Copenhagen, have been considered worthy of listing, but without being listed as yet. The study shows how not only the official criteria for listing, but also tacit values established in architectural history and economic mechanisms effect contemporary decisions about whether to list mass housing areas. In conclusion, we question the role of the official criteria for listing and instead call for a more open discussion about why and how listing creates national history.

Projects are unique and share distinguishing characteristics from one project to the other. Mass Housing projects (MHPs) are said to differ significantly from 'one-off' traditional projects and thus require unique managerial skills and efforts to deliver them successfully. The unique nature of MHPs accounts for inefficient communication among project teams resulting in considerable amount of unproductive time, managerial ineffectiveness and failures in its delivery especially in developing countries. Clearly known features of MHPs will be a significant step towards evolving frameworks, developing managerial competencies, concentration of effort etc. to enhance its delivery. Through a questionnaire survey and performance of means scores and Kruskall- Wallis analysis on
the survey data, this study revealed 3 unique physical features, 4 unique organisational features and 3 unique operational features of MHPs. This work is a preliminary stage of an on-going investigation into the impact of unique features of Mass Housing projects on communication performance among project team in developing countries towards managerial effectiveness.

This is a paper prepared by me for the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore-CRERI Real Estate Research Initiative. The paper is intended as a overview of the affordable housing sector with special emphasis on India. Affordable Housing is fast taking centrestage in the national agenda. In India, affordable housing is a term largely used in the urban context.Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income.
The demand drivers for affordable housing are several.Alongside the growth of the urban population, rising incomes have led to the expansion of the middle class. This has led to a spike in demand for housing that is affordable but includes basic amenities. The agencies working in the affordable housing sector can be classified into . the public sector and the private sector. Both are dogged by issues such as scarcity of land,scarcity of marketable land parcels,titling Issues, rising costs and regulatory concerns. The way forward calls for a collaborative multi-pronged multi-stakehoder approach.

Denmark regards affordable housing of quality as a critical duty of the its welfare state for all of its citizens. The Danish interpretation of social housing is called Almen bolig, and it can more appropriately be defined as " non-profit rental housing " in the Danish context. The social housing stock in the country is of critical importance as it consists relatively deprived settlements and vulnerable communities. Gyldenrisparken in Copenhagen is one of those settlements built in 1970s. Nevertheless, in time, it had become one of so-called 'ghetto's. Fortunately, a regeneration process was undertaken in the last decade through comprehensive master planning and collaboration of various stakeholders. This study describes a methodology developed to comprehend the physical implementation steps taken during the project towards a sustainable and liveable settlement. It utilizes a matrix as a tool to categorize these actions. The matrix provides the possibility to evaluate the actions according to " sustainability " goals, " scale " , and some pre-defined " spatial concepts ".

The central zone of New Belgrade has been under tentative protection by the law of the Republic of Serbia; it is slowly gaining the long-awaited canonical status of cultural property. However, this good news has often been overshadowed by the desperation among the professionals, the fear among  flat owners and the fury among politicians: the first because they grasp the scale of the job-to-be-done, the last because it interferes with their hopes and wishes, and the second because they are stuck between the first and the third group. This whirlpool of interests shows many properties of New Belgrade, that stretch far beyond the oversimplified narratives of ‘the unbuilt capital of Yugoslavia’, ‘the largest dormitory of Belgrade’ and ‘the unrestrained modernist playground’.
This paper attempts to offer other points and value nods to those that are the most frequently used, from the complexity of the integrative efforts to the emergence of this new city, as well as the omitted and overlooked aspects of its reconstruction, deregulation and failure. The focus of the paper is the emergence, the use and the disappearance of the peculiar Yugoslav prefabricated housing, the path less traveled.

Rikke Stenbro & Svava Riesto Rikke Stenbro is a Danish art historian based in Oslo. As a heritage researcher and urbanist her work is both theory and praxis focused on the way in which architectural interventions address the temporal texture of urban sites and situations. For the last few years she has been increasingly interested in the built fabric of the recent past and in addressing architectural preservation from a large-scale perspective. Suburban and urban landscapes, mass housing, infrastructural systems and the coexistence and interrelatedness between them are thus central points of interest in her research and in the various planning and development projects she has been involved in as a consultant. While writing this article Stenbro held a position as senior researcher at NIKU (Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research) she has since then taken up a position as senior advisor within urbanism and cultural heritage at Rambøll, Norway. rikke.stenbro@ramboll.no

In 2009, Brazil launched the mass housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” (“My House, My Life”), which aims to build 3.4 million housing units by the end of 2014. By reexamining the program at a critical time, Minha Casa—Nossa Cidade (“My House, Our City”) attempts to hack the production of mass housing and tackle the profound social changes currently underway in Brazil. In three chapters, the book reviews the history and implementation of the government program, highlights the ingenuity of “Popular Brazilian Architecture,” and presents design proposals by MAS Urban Design for low-cost housing. Building on the program’s success in broadening access to housing, Minha Casa—Nossa Cidade puts forth a vision for the city as a common project and the transformation of monotonous urban areas into popular neighborhoods—living environments that can be appropriated according to individual as well as collective needs. Edited by Marc Angélil & Rainer Hehl, in collaboration with Something Fantas...

No final dos anos sessenta, Luanda, capital de Angola, tem 224.540 habitantes, resultado de um extraordinário crescimento demográfico que começou duas décadas antes, com novas ondas de imigrantes europeus. Este é o resultado mais visível das políticas migratórias do Estado Novo que, após a Segunda Guerra mundial e com o fortalecimento das reinvindicações independentistas, incentivam a fixação de uma população "branca", principalmente de classe média. A cidade carece, então, de uma estratégia de crescimento que permita acomodar estes novos habitantes. Neste contexto, começam a ser montados esquemas de planeamento que procuram, por um lado, resolver o problema destes habitantes recém chegados de Portugal continental e, por outro, o dos habitantes locais, principalmente os africanos que se instalam na periferia em bairros improvisados ou  informais - os musseques.
A unidade de habitação nº 1 do bairro Prenda (1963-65), concebida por uma equipa chefiada pelo arquitecto e urbanista Fernão Lopes Simões de Carvalho, surge neste enquadramento como um modelo de
crescimento para novas áreas de expansão da cidade. O Prenda procura solucionar duas questões: a cidade "branca" de classe média e a cidade "negra" de uma classe mais desfavorecida. Simões de Carvalho – natural de Luanda – sabendo de antemão as dificuldades em propor um bairro completamente multi-racial, vai sugerir uma abordagem diferenciada, construindo blocos e torres residenciais para uma população colonial "civilizada" e um segundo nível de habitação, unifamiliar, pensada preferencialmente para a população pobre que já habita aquela área. Da conjugação destes dois níveis socio-económicos sairia, na visão do arquitecto, uma cidade racialmente mais integrada. Esta experiência excepcional no quadro colonial português acabaria por não ter continuidade após a independência.
É de salientar, nesta intervenção, a elevada qualidade do seu desenho urbano e arquitectónico, concebido por um antigo colaborador de Le Corbusier, com uma vasta experiência em arquitectura tropical. Em 1956, Simões de Carvalho começa a colaborar no estúdio de André Wogenscky, sendo contratado para trabalhar especificamente na Unidade de Habitação de Berlim. Permanece até 1959, o que lhe permite participar em projectos relevantes do escritório, caso do Mosteiro de La Tourette ou do Pavilhão do Brasil na Cidade Universitária de Paris. O domínio apurado da linguagem moderna – principalmente daquela que ostenta uma marca béton brut, claramente apreendida na convivência com Wogenscky – irá reflectir-se nos projectos do seu "período africano". Paralelamente, Simões de Carvalho estuda urbanismo no prestigiado Institut d'Urbanisme de l'Université de Paris, na Sorbonne, onde sobressai a personalidade de Robert Auzelle, cujos princípios ministrados contrários à tábua rasa da Carta de Atenas e a importância dada à contextualização dos factores socio-económicos e demográficos, numa visão integrada e técnica, terão grande influência no seu trabalho quando regressa a Luanda em 1959. Este percurso profissional é relevante para se compreender a inovação que Simões de Carvalho traz como chefe do recém criado
Gabinete de Urbanização da Câmara Municipal de Luanda (1961), onde monta uma equipa de arquitectos, engenheiros, topógrafos, artistas, etc., reunindo a inteligência arquitectónica da cidade e desafiando-a a reflectir sobre o seu futuro. Este Gabinete propõe então a divisão de Luanda em bairros compostos por três a quatro Unidades de Vizinhança, cada uma com cerca de 5.000 a 10.000 habitantes. Cada bairro é traçado após detalhados inquéritos às populações e inventariação de equipamentos.
Este paper pretende analisar o Prenda inserindo-o na corrente arquitectónica brutalista – buscando influências estéticas e teóricas –, bem como a sua génese histórica – onde a questão racial é o ponto de
partida para uma solução integrada. Junto da população actual de Luanda, o Prenda continua a funcionar como um modelo urbano e arquitectónico desejado para a cidade do futuro, facto que justifica que continue a ser estudado e analisado, alertando para a sua necessária conservação.
Palavras-chave: Brutalismo; Angola; Bairro Prenda

At the end of the 1960s, Luanda, Angola's capital, has 224.540 inhabitants, a result of an extraordinary demographic growth that started two decades before, with new waves of European immigrants. This is the more visible result of the Estado Novo's migratory politics that, after the Second World War and with the strengthening of the independentist demands, encourage the settling of a "white" population, mainly middleclass.
At that time, the city is in need of a growth strategy that allows for the accommodation of these new inhabitants. In this context, planning schemes begin to be assembled seeking, on the one hand, to solve the
newcomers issue, and on the other, the residents issue, mainly the Africans who are installed in the periphery in informal or improvised neighborhoods – the musseques.
The Prenda Neighborhood Unit No. 1 (1963-65), conceived by a team led by the architect and urban planner Fernão Lopes Simões de Carvalho, arises in this framework as a growth model to the new expansion areas of the city. The Prenda seeks to solve two questions: the middle-class "white" city and the underprivileged "black" city. Simões de Carvalho – born in Luanda – knowing in advance the difficulties of proposing a completely multi-racial neighborhood, suggests a differentiated approach, building residential slab blocks
and towers to a colonial "civilized" population and a second housing proposal – single-family houses –, designed for the poor population that already inhabits the area. Through the combination of these two socioeconomic levels, in the architect’s vision, the city would become more racially integrated. This exceptional experience in the Portuguese colonial context would eventually not be continued after the independence.
It is noteworthy, in this intervention, the high quality of its urban and architectural design, planned by a former employee of Le Corbusier, with a wide experience on tropical architecture. In 1956, Simões de
Carvalho starts his collaboration in André Wogenscky studio, being hired to work in the Berlin´s Residential Unit. Remaining there until 1959, he participated in some of the office's most relevant projects, such as La Tourette Monastery or the Brazil's Pavilion at the Paris' University City. The ascertained mastery of the modern language, mostly that which displays a béton brut mark, clearly apprehended with Wogenscky, would be present in the projects of his “African period”. Simultaneously, Carvalho studies urban planning in the prestigious Institut d'Urbanisme de l'Université de Paris, at Sorbonne, where it stands out the presence of Robert Auzelle, whose taught principles – contrary to the tabula rasa of the Athens Charter and the importance given to the contextualization of socio-economic and demographic factors, in an integrated and technical vision – would have a great influence in Simões de Carvalho work when he returns to Luanda in
1959. This career path is relevant to understand the innovation that he brings as chief of the newly created Urbanization Office of Luanda City Council (1961), where he assembles a team of architects, engineers,
topographers, artists, etc., gathering the architectonic intelligentsia of the city and challenging them to ponder about its future. This office then proposes the division of Luanda in districts composed by three to
four Neighbourhood Units, each one with about 5.000 to 10.000 inhabitants. Each neighbourhood is designed following detailed inquiries to the population and inventorying of urban facilities. This paper intends to analyse the Prenda Neighbourhood, inserting it in its brutalist architectonic trend – searching for aesthetic and theoretical influences –, as well as examining its historical genesis – where the racial question is the starting point for an integrated solution. Among the current population of Luanda, the Prenda still works as a desired urban and architectonic model for the future city, a fact that justifies that it continues to be studied and analysed, alerting for its necessary conservation.
Keywords: Brutalism; Angola; Prenda Neighbourhood

Housing estates built during the post-World War II decades in many countries have followed diverging trajectories. These include maintenance and repair, demolition, 'doing nothing,' and demolition with mixed-usage replacements. Drawing on empirical and historical material from Bucharest, Romania, a city in which 80% of the housing stock consists of socialist era housing estates, we argue that such housing continues to be viable and is even enjoying a minor renaissance, mainly through the financial efforts of residents and, occasionally, through the allocation of a certain amount of public funds. The empirical analysis illustrates that it is neither the mass character of such housing, nor its high-rise nature that creates the problems and negative image often associated with housing estates elsewhere in the world. Rather, we outline seven challenges faced by such estates: ageing of their structure and resident population, networked connectivity, energy efficiency, den-sification, urban planning that favours real estate agents, neglect of housing policies and housing rights, and condominium governance. The housing estates and their problems are so much a part of everyday normality in Bucharest that the local administration tends to take them for granted and has not placed them on the public agenda despite the inevitability of their structural decay at some time in the future. More than anything else, the state and the owners need to gather data in order to preempt future emergencies or continuing physical decay of this valuable housing stock.

You might expect that Denmark, with its strong welfare state and perceived fondness for all things modern, would be eager to list its examples of post-war publicly-funded housing. In fact, this is far from the case: very little such housing is listed, and even that does not represent the majority of dwellings that were built in the welfare state. Presenting an analysis of what post-war dwellings in Denmark are listed (and which are not), the article discusses some of the underlying historiographic assumptions and sets of values that the listing practice of post-war dwellings silently represents. It shows that listing of post-war housing seems to rely on a canonical perception of architecture, listing single-family housing by famous architects and thereby creating a very narrow history of the dwelling conditions of a cultural elite. We argue that this is in contrast with the official aim of listing, which is to represent the societal development, including people's living conditions.
In conclusion, we call for a public debate about the purpose of listing and its role in society. As a historiographic practice, listing buildings can create an understanding of the past that gives voice to groups previously under-represented in historical and architectural debate. Whatever its purpose, if listing is to remain relevant in a democratic welfare society, it must become an inclusive, self-reflexive and transparent practice whose values and political implications are openly discussed. In such a discussion, we believe that discussion across the practices of various countries is valuable.

In Western Europe, many large housing estates have experienced spirals of intertwined physical and social decline. Such estates have wound up at the bottom of the housing hierarchy, which is manifested as high turnovers and vacancies. This qualitative multi-case study contributes to the research on the sustainable management of declining neighbourhoods’ housing stocks. The study learns from four individual cases in which vacancies were tackled with an extreme architectural transformation. In the investigated cases, large-panel buildings were partially deconstructed and renovated, and the reclaimed concrete panels were reused for new construction nearby. The approach integrates demolition, renovation and new construction − the three characteristic building stock management strategies in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The cases are located in Sweden (Gothenburg, 1984), the Netherlands (Middelburg, 1986), Germany (Berlin, 2004) and Finland (Raahe, 2010). Deconstruction was the landlords’ way to manage their assets in the face of vacancies and social problems in relatively young, unamortized buildings. The projects proved technically feasible, yet they have been criticised for their economic and social implications. Nonetheless, the approach seems to have contributed to extending the life cycles of the buildings in question, and it has the potential to improve the quality of life in large housing estates.

This article investigates the effects of relocation on children’s satisfaction with mass housing built in the context of squatter housing regeneration. The results are based on a survey and group interviews with 137 nine-to-twelve-year-old children living in three mass housing developments in Ankara, Turkey. At the home level, it was found that while there was no significant change in the satisfaction level of children who moved to an outer-city mass housing development, satisfaction scores significantly increased among children who moved to inner-city estates. Moving from squatter or non-squatter housing did not significantly influence children’s dwelling satisfaction. At the neighbourhood level, regardless of their location in the city, satisfaction scores significantly decreased among children who moved from a formal neighbourhood; no significant change was observed among children who moved from a squatter settlement. Depending on where they moved from and their current place of residence, children explained the change in their residential satisfaction by referring to different dwelling and neighbourhood characteristics. Nevertheless, after relocation, all children mentioned some issues, such as the loss of home gardens, low-traffic volume streets, traditional commercial establishments, and parks and playgrounds with diverse activity areas and furniture.

In Istanbul, rural and urban migrations and unplanned urbanization have resulted in severe housing problems, especially for the lower and middle-income groups. Within the context of Architectural Design Studio VII for the IKU Department of Architecture, senior architecture students were encouraged to go beyond developing projects for mere educational purposes and instead discuss alternatives for residential design. A problematic residential area of 40.000 square meters in Kagithane, which has officially been designated a renewal area in Istanbul-Turkey, was selected as the case study area. Students were asked to analyse the site in terms of physical and social attributes. Each student detected and defined different sets of problems and was expected to propose an experimental, creative, new housing alternative and system. The main theme of the studio was to understand, evaluate, and improve urban life in and around the defined site. The approach of the design process followed was a contextual methodology. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and put forward different contextual approaches within the framework of this project for use in pursuing new solutions to similar global housing problems.

In the past, housing and homeownership have been used as media for social reform. This article looks at the socio-political agenda behind the birth of company towns and the role of architecture and urban design in shaping the social life of the inhabitants. The study examines Cité Ouvrière, a nineteenth-century mass factory settlement in Mulhouse (France), which provided workers with access to property. Through literature, archival, and design research, this article traces the incremental transformation of a uniform working-class housing scheme into an ethnically diverse and formally heterogeneous city quarter.
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Bu yazıda salt açıklayıcı/eleştirel bir yapı okuması ve analizi yapmanın ötesinde, yüklenici Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası'nın yapının inşa edildiği dönemde Türkiye'de toplu konut üretimindeki pozisyonuna, "toplu konut ve çarşı sitesi" projesi için Çankırı'nın seçilmesinin ardındaki dinamiklere ve projenin kentin gelişim ve genişlemesinde üstlendiği role de değinerek, katmanlı bir anlatı, akış izleyeceğim.

// a.k.a. Çankırı Mass Housing and Arcade Complex
This article will constitute a narrative for the complex beyond the classical definitions of “mass housing and arcade” and it will favor a descriptive/critical approach. Thanks to the multi-layered narration and text flow characteristics, I will refer to the position of the Emlak Kredi Bankası (State Bank for Estate and Mortgage Loan) in the mass housing production in Turkey at the time of the planning and construction of this project. Additionally, I will point out the dynamics behind the selection of Çankırı as the site of this complex and the role it played in the evolution and expansion of the city.

RESUMO

O presente estudo é parte da pesquisa de doutorado em desenvolvimento pelo autor, cujo tema são os grandes blocos de habitação coletiva vertical construídos na América Latina ao
longo do século XX, que envolve suas origens, documentação das principais realizações, análise crítica de edifícios representativos e que, por fim, tentará avaliar sua pertinência nas cidades atuais.

A premissa envolvida na pesquisa é que tais edifícios, construídos no contexto das chamadas vanguardas de estado na América Latina, talvez sejam mais pertinentes no contexto das cidades atuais do que no momento em que se realizaram e, principalmente, do modo precipitado em que foram implantados. As críticas surgidas ao modelo nas décadas de 60 e 70 colocaram-no em crise em meio à crítica e também à população e levaram praticamente ao banimento de serem considerados como modelos habitacionais possíveis e até desejáveis em determinadas circunstâncias.

O presente trabalho apresenta o recorte adotado na pesquisa a partir da caracterização tipológica que embasa a seleção dos edifícios objeto do estudo, e se propõe a investigar em quais circunstâncias tais edifícios podem ser considerados como uma possibilidade desejável, tendo em vista o potencial de renovação de setores urbanos que apresentam no sentido da
dinamização de seu uso por milhares de pessoas, aumento da densidade e diversidade de usos – e consequentemente de acontecimentos – que podem ensejar, à parte, obviamente, o
fornecimento de moradia de qualidade como elemento central.
O tema tratado apresenta uma interseção importante com as questões de aumento de densidade urbana que colocam de forma recorrente nas discussões acerca das possibilidades
de estímulo e renovação de áreas urbanas degradadas em todo o mundo, questão também abordada no artigo.

Palavras-chave: Arquitetura, Habitação coletiva, América Latina, Densidade