Motion and Time Study

— Time and motion study is a work measurement technique for recording the times of performing a certain specific job or its elements carried out under specified conditions. Time study is a direct and continuous observation of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g., decimal minute stopwatch, computer-assisted electronic stopwatch, and videotape camera) to record the time taken to accomplish a task. Motion studies are performed to eliminate waste. Under this project two sites are selected for time and motion study considering ten selected activities on field for time and motion study. Data will be collected for all activities under time study on field using stop watch and average time will be estimated and then further analysis under motion study to determine the optimum time required for performing selected operations and identify the extra time consumed on site. The analysis result will show that almost all the activities consumed more time more than what is required for actual work. The further future investigation and observations on field explore some reasons for extra time consumption which included inadequate material handling, ineffective method of work, poor planning of inventory poor layout and utilization of space. If these factors are taken into consideration the activities time can be brought nearer to ideal time requires.

Traditional printing works in maximum garment industries are facing different problems like low productivity, longer production lead time,  high  rework  and  rejection,  low  flexibility,  lower quality  product,  high  non-value  added  work  etc.  In  this  study these  different problems  were  identified  by  using  numerous effective  production  control  tools  like  process  analysis,  layout of  work  station,  motion and  time  study,  work  standardization etc.  The  encouraging  results  after  implementing  these  tools give the  way  to  go  forward  and thrust to reach at the end point. Some key benefits of this implementation are decrease in sample rejection level by 70%, reduction of work  level  for  repairing works  by  80%.  Value  stream  mapping  has  been  used  to identify  the  most  bottleneck  process.  Eliminating bottleneck process  results  in  reduction  of  excess  motion  and  non-value added  works  by  50%.  As  a  result,  total  processing  time  for final  output  is  decreased.  After  the  implementation  of  these tools  effectively,  the  result  shows  a  significant  improvement of  the production than before.

The beginning of a modern understanding of time and space in the visual arts can be placed in the mid sixteenth century during the period called Baroque. Artists at this time became aware of something that had not been addressed before in art: the concepts of movement and time. In comparing this aspect with that of previous periods, it is suitable to use a parallel comparison of cinema to photography.

"Traditional printing works in maximum garment industries are facing different problems like low productivity, longer production lead time, high rework and rejection, low flexibility, lower quality product, high non-value added work etc. In this study these different problems were identified by using numerous effective production control tools like process analysis, layout of work station, motion and time study, work standardization etc. The encouraging results after implementing these tools give the way to go forward and thrust to reach at the end point. Some key benefits of this implementation are reduction of excess motion and non value added work by 50%, decreasing of sample rejection level by 70%, reduction of work level for repairing works by 80%. As a result total processing time for final output is decreased. After the implementation of these tools effectively the result shows the significant improvement of the production than before."

Tempo rating which aims to obtain the accurate tempo for the workers is an important process for time study applications. It is possible to reach the normal time after finding the precise tempo values. Westinghouse method, based on the factors of skill, effort, environmental conditions and consistency, can be considered as one of the well-known methods among tempo rating approaches. However, crisp numerical values with linguistic terms are used for evaluating each factor in Westinghouse method. In this study, a fuzzy rule based methodology is proposed due to the vague environment of decision making process of tempo rating. The developed methodology includes fuzzy rules for determining the evaluation scores of each factor. The proposed rating system is applied in a bus-bar production system so as to demonstrate its validity. The proposed rating system yields high level of conciseness on the basis of predetermined motion time system. Significance: Since time study activities are performed in all the industries including every sector, tempo rating which is critical for finding the normal time of the tasks is very important and has a wide range of industrial applications. With this study, a new tempo rating methodology based on fuzzy rule based system is presented. The proposed methodology provides easiness to use and produces accurate values.

One of the main goals of the solar energy industry is making solar technologies cost-competitive with other forms of energy. In particular, balance-of-system (BoS) costs associated with the installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems require significant cost savings to stay competitive with conventional energy sources. Significant potential for cost savings exists through increasing the productivity of the labor force installing the system. A gap in knowledge exists regarding approaches to measuring and improving solar installation labor productivity. The objectives of this research are to design a proper method for conducting time and motion studies for solar contractors, collect and aggregate data related to installation practices, and examine factors that affect solar installation labor productivity. In order to achieve these objectives, the Georgia Technology Research Institute (GTRI) laboratory, in partnership with the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), conducted time and motion studies on residential and commercial projects sites to collect and document data on the steps in the installation process of PV systems. An aggregation and analysis of data recorded for each step in these studies was performed to estimate the time to accomplish each task and identify the patterns that affect labor productivity. For this research, the proposed time and motion study approach was examined on two residential and commercial solar installation projects. The findings of the research show that conducting proper time and motion studies can determine the time spent on solar PV installations activities, in order to better understand which activities consume the most labor time and what types of contextual variables have greater impacts on installation labor productivity.

ABSTRAK Dalam suatu pekerjaan, stasiun kerja merupakan komponen penting yang harus diperhatikan karena berhubungan dengan peningkatan produktivitas dan kualitas kerja. Kondisi dan pergerakan pada proses kerja yang tidak memperhatikan kenyamanan, keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja akan sangat mempengaruhi produktivitas kerja manusia. Dalam perancangan ulang atau redesain suatu stasiun kerja, tentunya harus memperhatikan peranan dan fungsi pokok dari komponen-komponen sistem kerja manusia itu sendiri, peralatan dan lingkungan fisik stasiun kerja. Stasiun kerja yang tidak ergonomis akan menimbulkan postur-postur tubuh yang tidak sesuai, sehingga kualitas kerja manusia akan menurun, tidak efektif dan efisien. Kesalahan postur tubuh dapat menyebabkan kelelahan yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan kondisi yang ergonomis. Oleh karena itu analisis tentang stasiun kerja penjual nasi goreng ini dibuat. Pada proses pembuatan nasi goreng yang dilakukan pada malam hari, dimana stasiun kerja operator dalam melakukan aktifitas ditemukan beberapa kondisi kerja yang kurang memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip ergonomi. Berdasarkan analisis dari kondisi kerja tersebut maka akan dilakukan suatu redesain terhadap stasiun kerja penjual nasi goreng. Di Indonesia penjual nasi goreng merupakan salah satu pekerjaan yang banyak ditemukan. Pekerjaan ini biasanya dilakukan di malam hari. Pekerjaan membuat nasi goreng membutuhkan tenaga lebih karena dilakukan dalam keadaan berdiri. Pembuat nasi goreng ini sering mengalami keadaan postur yang tidak sesuai, beban tubuh yang bertumpu pada kaki, aktifitas yang berulang-ulang dengan kecepatan produksi yang tinggi. Karena aktifitas kerja yang tinggi ini menyebabkan permasalahan bekerja sambil berdiri menjadi besar dan beresiko. Selain itu, penempatan alat pada stasiun kerja seperti gerobak, dapur, dan meja pelanggan juga menjadi masalah. Hal tersebut berdampak pada kebutuhan stasiun kerja yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas kerja penjual. Sikap berdiri dalam waktu yang lama mengharuskan kedua tangan sering sejajar dengan tinggi gerobak dan dapur masak. Tinggi atap gerobak yang tidak sesuai dengan penjual berdampak pada kepala dan leher cenderung miring kedepan membentuk sudut tertentu.

"Published in conjunction with Beloff's art installation of the same name.

The infernal dream of Mutt and Jeff  is a reflective narrative by artist Zoe Beloff about the process of media excavation of the 1930s cartoon characters Mutt and Jeff in an short animated movies found in the Vrielynck Collection in Antwerp.

The story, two down on their luck characters trying to make their way in a cold dark winter with very little resources make a deal with the devil and fall into hell.

This discovery became the centre piece of a new work by the artist exploring ideas around work, labour, the body and the macro systems of economics and capitalism that shape human behaviour.

The infernal dream of Mutt and Jeff is a personal, intimate think piece around how small fragments of moving image material have unexpected value in contemporary life.

In Zoe’s world, Mickey Mouse and Charlie Chaplin are part of a cultural continuum with the high art-world heroes of Picasso and Duchamp."

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bagian secondary produksi yang bertujuan mengetahui beban kerja operator sebagai dasar melakukan penyesuaian jumlah operator. Perusahaan belum melakukan proses penyesuaian jumlah operator dengan produksi rokok tiap bulannya, sehingga perusahaan mengeluhkan waktu menganggur beberapa operator yang merugikan perusahaan dari segi biaya. Metode utama yang digunakan adalah Workload Analysis yang memberikan gambaran mengenai beban kerja yang diterima operator selama jam kerja. Untuk proses pengolahannya, digunakan metode stopwatch time study dan worksampling. Metode lain yang digunakan untuk memberikan rekomendasi adalah gang process chart untuk pembagian elemen kerja, mengetahui waktu bekerja dan menganggur operator. Berdasarkan perhitungan beban kerja yang diterma oleh operator, mayoritas masih kurang dari nilai rata-rata beban kerja operator secondary produksi. Untuk itu diberikan usulan pengurangan operator agar beban kerja yang diterima dapat merata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dilakukan pengurangan sebanyak 7 operator sesuai dengan opsi terpilih, selanjutnya diberikan usulan perbaikan berupa pembagian elemen kerja.

In any manufacturing company, productivity in terms of quality and cost required in doing the operation is the topmost priority to be considered. Productivity improvement was studied through the use of time and motion study and line balancing concept in one of the clusters of a sewing line in a garment manufacturing company. Series of observations in the line and direct interviews among the regular personnel involved in the operation were done including the sewers, pressers, and supervisors in charge of the assembly line. It was noted that the average productivity rate of the selected assembly line was only seventy-one (71) percent way down below from their target output. Based on the findings of the study, plant layout was one of the contributing factors that causes bottleneck in the assembly line particularly in the pairing and aligning of cut goods. Task time involved in each process was studied and computed based on optimal number of manpower and expected productivity rate. In e...

Traditional printing works in maximum garment industries are facing different problems like low productivity, longer production lead time, high rework and rejection, low flexibility, lower quality product, high non-value added work etc. In this study these different problems were identified by using numerous effective production control tools like process analysis, layout of work station, motion and time study, work standardization etc. The encouraging results after implementing these tools give the way to go forward and thrust to reach at the end point. Some key benefits of this implementation are decrease in sample rejection level by 70%, reduction of work level for repairing works by 80%. Value stream mapping has been used to identify the most bottleneck process. Eliminating bottleneck process results in reduction of excess motion and non-value added works by 50%. As a result, total processing time for final output is decreased. After the implementation of these tools effectively, the result shows a significant improvement of the production than before.

The Philippines, being surrounded by water has an abundant source of fish; making fish processing one of the established industries in the country. Fish paste-making provides an opportunity to make the unsold fish useful and saleable. Traditionally, the method of fish paste making is manually processed as it involves the use of bare hands; hygiene, sanitation, and increasing labor cost hinder the profitability of the business. This study employed developmental research to produce a machine that can provide a solution to the fish paste industry. Since bare hands are mostly used during mixing, squeezing, and straining of salt and fish; the mechanized fish paste maker combines the mixing and straining process in one compartment to prevent the manual handling of raw materials. The developed machine was evaluated to determine the operation’s performance based on functionality, durability, efficiency, and safety. The grand mean of 4.57 defined that the product met the intended purpose, had durable design and materials, was efficient and consistent in providing ease of operation and safe to use. The time and motion study further proved that the use of the machine lessens the production process by almost half of the normal duration and can guarantee an increase in the number of bottles produced. More importantly, the cost-benefit analysis showed that the machine is capable to increase the production benefits as it lessens the manual cost and other production costs.