Nature of science and technology

Scientificand  technological  knowledges  are  formulated  in  the  sociocultural,  political-economic  and  ideophilosophical  conjuncture  of  the  societies,  making  senses  in  their discursive  systems.  Considering  that  colonial  traditions  have  silented  another  natures  of science  and  technology,  mainly  those  related  to  the  repertoire  of  languages  of  original peoples, complies with sciences teaching to promote discursive formations in interlocution with  form-content  anothers  of  intervention  in  reality,  making  another  technoscientific discourses  visible.  Therefore,  for  a  approaching  anti-hegemonic,  we  have  analyzed  the narrative of the movie: The gods must be crazy, 1980s, based on technoscientific culture of a society in South Africa, in Botswana, topropose a discoursive reformulation to teach science.  Revisioning  individual  gestures  of  power,  of  being  and  of  knowing  through projects of making-being social, we suggest paths for an Afrocentered science teaching in Basic Education.

Canlılar içinde en büyük grubu oluşturan böcekleri topluma tanıtmak, bilgilendirerek sevdirmek ve bu şekilde farkındalık yaratarak bilgi düzeylerini arttırmak üzere 2007-2009 yıllarında TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Toplum Projeleri kapsamında BÖFYAP (Böcek Farkındalığı Yaratma Projeleri) olarak anılan bir seri proje gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Technological parasitism is a new theory to explain the evolution of technology in society. In this context, this study proposes a model to analyze the interaction between a host technology (system) and a parasitic technology (subsystem) to explain evolutionary pathways of technologies as complex systems. The coefficient of evolutionary growth of the model here indicates the typology of evolution of parasitic technology in relation to host technology: i.e., underdevelopment, growth and development. This approach is illustrated with realistic examples using empirical data of product and process technologies. Overall, then, the theory of technological parasitism can be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize the evolution of technology and pre-dict which innovations are likely to evolve rapidly in society.

Bab 3 - Pemeliharaan dan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar

Nota mengikut silibus buku teks Sains Tingkatan 5 bagi SPM tahun 2020
Rujukan: Chong Kum Ying, Thong Kum Soon, dan Nor Mazliana Abdul Hashim, (2012), Sains Tingkatan 5. Kuala Lumpur: Odonata Publishing Sdn Bhd.

ANYBODY CAN DO IT VIA YOUR EUPHORIC IMAGINATION, WHICH DOES CONTROL MATTER, AS IS QUITE OBVIOUS.  WE CAN MAKE ENTIRE COMMUNITIES EUPHORIC 

YA’LL ARE GOING TO WAKE UP TO THIS AT SOME POINT
I GUARAN GODDAMN TEE IT!!! 

SO, NATURE IS TELLING US THAT WE CONTROL IT / HER VIA OUR INTENTIONS – INSTALLED AT SEED LEVEL VIA SANDBOX 101 TECHNOLOGY.    IT IS A TECHNOLOGY – DO IT, IT WORKS.

For know the controversial history of the Druids in the Celtic world, will investigate the sources of its origin, through stories of classic texts and medieval legends of Gaul, Britain and Ireland. His role in Celtic society surpassed the religious sphere, covering war, politics, medicine and the law. Almost unknown is the participation of women in this institution.

WE DO NOT WANT US TO KNOW THAT WE ARE GODS

ALL HUMANS ARE GODS IF EVERYTHING OUTSIDE OF OUR MINDS IS A HOAX (ILLUSION) AND IT IS THEN US TALKING HUMANS CREATE IT EVERY MICROSECOND, AND WE DO. WE PLANTED THE HOAX SO THAT WE WILL WAKE UP THIS TIME DUE TO THE INTERNET

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

No presente trabalho, nos propusemos a investigar se o filme Um Truque de Luz (1995), do diretor alemão Win Wenders, poderia ser utilizado como um recurso que possibilitasse reflexões acerca de aspectos históricos e sociológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do cinema, exemplificando uma estratégia didática que relacionasse referenciais pedagógicos CTS (Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade) com a educação artística. Para tal, buscou-se analisar a narrativa do filme, assim como as discussões ocorridas após sua exibição a futuros professores de física em formação inicial. Como resultados, vimos que a arte do filme Um Truque de Luz pode contribuir como recurso através do qual seja explorada a relação entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade, com a promoção de reflexões e discussões que possibilitem uma percepção crítica do desenvolvimento do conhecimento tecnológico.

Cilj ovog rada je prikaz usporedne analize između dva kolegija koji se predaju na učiteljskim fakultetima u Danskoj i Hrvatskoj, a putem kojih se studenti osposobljavaju za poučavanje prirodnih znanosti u osnovnim školama. To su kolegiji Priroda i tehnika u Danskoj te Metodika prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj. Poučavanje prirodnih znanosti je jedan od najkompleksnijih predmeta u osnovnoj školi, a na učiteljskim fakultetima jedan od najzahtjevnijih kolegija. Provedena analiza obuhvaća karakteristike obrazovnog sustava u ovim zemljama, sadržaje kolegija i specifičnosti inicijalnog obrazovanja učitelja s posebnim osvrtom na neophodne kompetencije u poučavanju ovih predmeta u osnovnoj školi. Na temelju usporedne analize može se zaključiti da studijski program Metodike prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj nedovoljno priprema buduće učitelje za sudjelovanje u znanstvenim istraživanjima, suradnju s predstavnicima lokalne zajednice kao i za cjeloživotno učenje. Imajući na umu, da se u demokratskim društvima, koji se temelje na znanju i aktivnom sudjelovanju njihovih građana, od učitelja očekuje da razviju kod svojih učenika vještine istraživanja, komunikacije i intelektualnog razvoja tijekom života, pitanje je kako oni mogu uspješno ostvariti svoju profesionalnu zadaću, ako ih učiteljski fakulteti adekvatno ne osposobe prije ulaska u školu. Ključne riječi: metodika prirode i društva, priroda i tehnika, kompetencije učitelja 1 Ovaj rad, koji je ujedno bio i diplomski rad, nastao je na temelju boravka autorice u Danskoj u sklopu ERASMUS razmjene studenata tijekom ak. 2012./2013. godine između Učiteljskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci i VIA University College u Danskoj.

The study suggests a new definition of technology with a systemic-purposeful perspective: Technology here is a complex system of artifact, made and/or used by living systems, that is composed of more than one entity or subsystem and a relationship that holds between each entity and at least one other entity in the system, selected considering practical, technical and economic characteristics, to satisfy needs, achieve goals and/or solve problems of users for the purpose of adaptation and/or survival in environment. Technology is formed and evolves with different minor and major innovations. Several examples illustrate these concepts and a simple model operationalizes the proposed definition with a preliminary statistical evidence. Overall, then, technology changes current modes of cognition and action to enable makers and/or users to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with consequential environmental threats.

I demonstrate here how Aristotle’s teleological conception of nature has been largely misunderstood in the scientific age and I consider what his view might offer us with regard to the environmental challenges we face in the 21st century. I suggest that in terms of coming to an ethical understanding of the creatures and things that constitute the ecosystem, Aristotle offers a welcome alternative to the rather instrumental conception of the natural world and low estimation of subjective experience our contemporary techno-scientific culture espouses. Among other things, I consider how his conception of orexis and eudaimonia (happiness or, as I prefer here, “the flourishing life”) might be extended to include the eco-system itself, thus allowing us to better understand the moral meaning of nature. I conclude with a look at the way in which modern phenomenology re-addresses the fundamental Greek concern with ontology, meaning and human authenticity. I consider the ways in which phenomenology reasserts the value of direct human experience that was so important to Aristotle; and I consider how this view, and that of Deep ecology, may help us to experience nature - and all of Being for that matter - in a more authentic, meaningful and altogether ethical light.

Advancements in the field of communications are moving towards the internet of things (IoTs). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be used to monitor environmental conditions such as pollution using independent sensors communicating with each other using the IoTs technology thereby leading to a more accurate environmental monitoring system. Air pollution is a critical environmental challenge which is a major concern in cities and will have to be reduced if cities are to be regarded as smart cities. It has negative short and long term effects on human health that would deter people from moving to cities which would ultimately prevent economic growth. Therefore, the air pollution around the city and along traffic routes could be monitored using WSN nodes. In this work, the stationary nodes around the city would be deployed periodically to collect pollution data from sensors at the node. These data would be stored locally in its memory with a time and location stamp. Mobile nodes placed ...

Hypothesis refers to a supposition put forward in a provisional manner and in need of further episte-mic and empirical support. Technology analysis explains the relationships underlying the source, evolution, and diffusion of technology for technological , economic and social change. Technology analysis considers technology as a complex system that evolves with incremental and radical innovations to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and/or solve problems of adopters to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with consequential environmental threats.

Technological innovation is when inventions of new things and/or new ways of doing things are transformed into usable devices and applications to enable organizations and/or adopters to take advantage
of important opportunities, to cope with problems or environmental threats. Technological innovation is an element of the complex system of technology directed to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters. The origin and diffusion of technological innovation are main characteristics of the evolution of technology to support wealth creation and the development of human societies.

The fundamental problem in the field of technology studies is how technology evolves and sustains economic change in human society. This study confronts the problem here by proposing the theory of technological host-parasites coevolution, an approach that may be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize, whenever possible, the evolution of technology in human societies. Technological host-parasites coevolution is a mutual symbiotic relationship between a host technology and associated technologies directed to satisfy needs and/or to solve problems of human beings. To explore the potential of adopting a theory of technological host-parasites coevolution and to predict which technologies are likeliest to evolve rapidly, this study implements an empirical test based on historical data on the evolution of four example technologies (aircraft, tractor, locomotive and bicycle technology) to substantiate the theoretical framework. Empirical evidence is broadly consistent with the theoretical expectation that host technologies with many associated parasitic technologies advance rapidly, whereas host technologies with fewer parasitic technologies improve slowly. This study begins the process of clarifying and generalizing, as far as possible, the role of long-run coevolution between technologies in complex systems of technology. The proposed theoretical framework also lays a foundation for the development of more sophisticated concepts to explain technological and economic change in human society. The evolution of technology plays an important role in economic and social change of human society. However, little is known about how technologies evolve and sustain human progress, despite being a crucial process in socio-ecological systems for millennia. This study proposes, for the first time to our knowledge, a concept of technological host-parasites coevolution that may be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain the evolution of technology. Statistical results suggest that host technologies with many associated parasitic technologies have a higher rate of evolution than technologies with fewer associated parasitic systems and subsystems. The mutual symbiotic relationship between a host and parasitic technologies seems to be an invariant property driving the evolution of technology in human society.

This paper refers to the development of a teaching innovation for the nature of science (NOS), for students aged 11-15, which specifically focuses on the interrelationship between science and technology. The development of the teaching and learning materials relied on inputs from three sources: the history and philosophy of science and technology, existing knowledge concerning the teaching and learning about the NOS, empirical data on students' initial ideas and difficulties about this topic. The first served to provide an account for the various forms of interaction between science and technology, which, in turn, guided the formulation of epistemologically coherent learning objectives. The second provided the pedagogical grounds on which to base the design of the activities. The third facilitated the design of activities that build on students' productive initial ideas, while providing them with guidance to resolve the difficulties they tend to encounter. In this paper, we describe the rationale underlying the teaching and learning materials and we describe the activity sequence they embody.

A teaching-learning sequence on a socio-scientific issue: Analysis and evaluation of its implementation in the classroom) This study investigates the effectiveness of a teaching-learning sequence on mining to improve understanding of the influences and interactions between a technology (mining) and society, also known as interactions between science, technology and society and nature of science. The aim of the study is to show the possibility of teaching and assessing the most innovative issues and aspects of scientific competence on understanding the nature of science, which are addressed in this study. The methodology uses a quasi-experimental, pre-post-test design with control group; the pre-post-test differences are the empirical indicators of improved understanding. The improvements are modest, as the empirical differences (pre-post and experimental-control group) are not large, though experimental group clearly over scores control. Further, the features that display relevant changes are identified. The contributions of the study are the standardized teaching learning sequence and assessment instrument, as they are functional and transferable, to allow researchers and teachers, teaching and assessing the nature of science in the classroom.

We have developed an approach for assessing students' understanding about the distinction between science and technology. The assessment approach focuses on a specific aspect of this distinction, namely the different goal pursued by each of the two domains. Based on this approach, we collected data from two sources; two written tests administered to 183 elementary, 132 middle school and 78 elementary education students and follow-up interviews with a sub-sample of the participants. The findings that have emerged from the data analysis indicate that students of all ages commonly fail to distinguish between the goals pursued by science and technology. They also suggest that students possess a vague notion of the two domains in that they tend to draw on a wide variety of criteria to distinguish between them in a non-systematic and inconsistent manner. Our data also suggest that age and education level do not seem to have a significant impact on the validity and systematicity of students' response patterns concerning the distinction between science and technology. The study concludes by reporting the various epistemological difficulties that seem to influence participants' attempts to differentiate and explore the interconnections between the two fields. Our assessment approach can be used in studies or educational interventions that seek to monitor student understandings about science and technology. The findings can be used to inform possible attempts for designing or modifying activity sequences that address this particular aspect of epistemological awareness.

Signature/ Certification………………………………………………….…….. ii Abstract………………………………………………………….……………… iii Index………………………………………………….……………….……..…. vi List of Tables and Illustrations…………………………………………..….. vii 1. Introduction to and Historical Placement within the late 1860s and 1870s England….... 1 2. The Place of Punch and Introduction of Edward Linley Sambourne……………….…..... 7 3. Method of Analysis and Sources Consulted……………………………………………….. 14 4. Defining the Animal Products Industry………..……………………….…. 21 5. Image Analysis: The Individual Elements of the Animal Products Industry……….… 26 5.1 On Feathers and Hair……………………………..………..…. 33 5.2 On Insects………………………………………………….…... 45 5.3 On Furs……………………………………………………….... 48 5. Placement of Natural Fashions within the spectrum of costume history……..………….. 54 6. Summary ……………………………………………………….…… 61 Notes……………………………………………………………………. 64 Tables…………………………………………………………..…..….. 68 Illustrations…………………………………………………………… 72 Bibliography…………………………………………………………… 87

The reverse water gas shift reaction over the prepared tungsten carbide alloy (WC/AC) from date palm fronds catalyst was studied by CO2hydrogenation, temperature-programmed reduction of the WC/AC catalyst. In comparison to the  reaction  of  CO2alone,  hydrogen  can  significantly  promote  the  CO formation in the RWGS reaction. The formate derived from association of H2and CO2is proposed to be the key intermediate for CO production. Formate dissociation  mechanism  is  the  major  reaction  route  for  COproduction.  The reverse  water  gas  shift  (RWGS)  reaction  over  WC/AC  with  potassium  (K) promoter  was  studied  by  means  of  CO2hydrogenation  at  temperature programmed.  The  main  role  of  Potassium  oxide  (K2O)  was  to  provide catalytic activity for decomposition of formats, besides acting as a promoter for  CO2adsorption.  Hydrogen  was  dissociatively  adsorbed  on  WC/AC  and could spill over to K2O to associate with CO2. This resulted in the formation of formate species for the production of CO.

This research falls in the ambit of 'AI and Philosophy'. It explores why emulating the complex processes of subjective experience, emotions, consciousness, self-awareness, and the human personality, will be a huge challenge for AI research. It touches upon some finer aspects, like the huge variety of human emotions and feelings, processes of future and fringe consciousness, and the evolution of self-awareness and complex human self/personality, whose practical realization in an AI system would be very difficult, if not impossible. In the backdrop of these serious challenges it also discusses an interesting possibility of emulation in the field of Hermeneutics, focusing on hermeneutics of ṣan'at-e ihām (construction of ambiguity) in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Hindi, and Punjabi poetry. The basic purpose of this work is to underscore the critical importance of this area for AI research, and to shed light on those aspects of consciousness, emotions, awareness, understanding and self whose comprehension and inclusion is necessary in designing and constructing AI systems that can parallel human mental functioning.

Como diseñadores, durante siglos hemos intentado “humanizar el espacio de la naturaleza”, geometrizando a esta por la fuerza: hemos cortado, cepillado y desbastado todo lo natural, para encasillar nuestras obras en banales estructuras de vigas y columnas ortogonales.
A comienzos del siglo XXI, es tiempo de dejar las efímeras discusiones del pasado, y concentrar nuestras energías en el futuro. Nos encontramos en los albores de una nueva [R]evolución, un quiebre, un cambio de concavidad de la curva, donde el papel de lo digital y de lo biológico es predominante. Los nuevos diseños deben despojarse de esa mirada nostálgica hacia el ayer, para adaptarse al devenir. Nuestra supervivencia como especie depende de ello.
En este sentido, abogamos por, a través de la tecnología, redescubrir los complejos teoremas de la vida, buscando emular la naturaleza de un modo superador, crear del mismo modo en que está lo hace.
Como diseñadores, debemos establecer una nueva estética, expresivamente superior, que explorará nuevos campos del conocimiento, y fragmentará por fin a la caja decimonónica, fractalizandola, diluyéndola bajo las leyes de una geometría topológica, de mallas y líneas NURBS. Nuevas formas nacerán ante nuestros ojos, formas complejas, dinámicas, precisas, eficaces, matemáticas. Formas diseñadas utilizando visores de realidad virtual y algoritmos de inteligencia artificial, formas construidas mediante robot voladores provistos de inyectores, que imprimirán tridimensionalmente nuestras ciudades, augurándonos un futuro fantástico.

This paper presents the interdisciplinary project "We Won't Waste You" developed in the Master's Program of Product and Industrial Design, University of Porto, Portugal, in partnership with the Municipality of Matosinhos. Based on the principles of interdisciplinarity, on Project-Based Learning and on Material Driven Design methodology, students developed products using discarded materials (crustacean shells, charcoal ash, scales, egg shells, etc.) in two different contexts: nature that is capable of supplying incredibly interesting raw materials and often ready and suitable for use and application in new products, and the catering industry that generates a large amount of discarded waste that can be reused for new purposes.

This article attempts to trace one particular register of spectrality, in a lineage going from Lucretius to Anna Tsing via Paracelsus and Charles Tiphaigne de La Roche, where ghosts are a matter of multitudes and environments rather than individualized revenants. My goal is not to prove or disprove anything about the current interest of spectrality studies-let alone about the degree of existence attributable to ghosts and revenants. My purpose is to better understand the degree of liveness we attribute to each other and to ourselves within relations inextricably entangled in apparatuses and networks of mediality. This will lead me to question the current status of one of our most evanescent but prevailing ghosts-Nature-and to sketch a form of environmentalism that would unabashingly reclaim its spectral thickness. Ghosts, spectres, spirits and phantoms were perceived, discussed, theorized and, yes, "de-constructed", long before Jacques Derrida made them popular (again) among academic and intellectual circles in the 1990s. The "spectral turn" well documented over the past decades looks very much like a merry-go-round, surviving its own decay century after century, as an eternally reappearing ghost of itself. This article will attempt to trace one particular register of spectrality, in a lineage going from Lucretius to Anna Tsing via Paracelsus and Charles Tiphaigne de La Roche, a lineage where ghosts are a matter of multitudes and environments, rather than individualized revenants. My goal, of course, is not to prove or disprove anything about the current interest of spectrality studies-let alone about the degree of existence attributable to ghosts and revenants. My purpose is to better understand the degrees of liveness we attribute to each other and to ourselves within relations inextricably entangled in apparatuses and networks of mediality. This will lead me to question the current status of one of our most evanescent but prevailing ghosts-Nature-and to sketch a form of environmentalism that would unabashedly reclaim its spectral thickness. Emanations My beloved cat Rudy, a beautiful female baptized with a Palestinian name, recently passed away. I have seen Rudy countless times after her physical body had been cremated. Of course, I have not seen her, but only her ghost. What was this ghost made of? Something similar to what Lucretius called simulacra in De rerum natura: a superficial appearance that came to detach itself from Rudy's material body and to float away from her actual presence. During her lifetime, the simulacrum of certain types of forms and movements emanated from

A number of points are brought up below for pondering and possible discussion. We should not regard our physics as the one and only reality. What is described below may seem like science fiction, but should not be brushed off as inconsequential.

This paper refers to the development of a teaching innovation for the nature of science (NOS), for students aged 11–15, which specifically focuses on the interrelationship between science and technology. The development of the teaching and learning materials relied on inputs from three sources: the history and philosophy of science and technology, existing knowledge concerning the teaching and learning about the NOS, empirical data on students’ initial ideas and difficulties about this topic. The first served to provide an account for the various forms of interaction between science and technology, which, in turn, guided the formulation of epistemologically coherent learning objectives. The second provided the pedagogical grounds on which to base the design of the activities. The third facilitated the design of activities that build on students’ productive initial ideas, while providing them with guidance to resolve the difficulties they tend to encounter. In this paper, we describe...

The activated carbon was prepared from carbonaceous agricultural waste Palm fronds by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 400°C. The palm frond was carbonized in an inert atmosphere and then the char was mixed with KOH. The mixture was then activated thermally in an inert atmosphere and finally washed and dried to obtain the activated carbon. The objectives of this work were to develop a modified method to produce activated carbons from palm fronds and to study its physical and morphological characteristics. The characterization of carbon was by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and FTIR. The results of FTIR strongly support significant chemical and spectral changes occurring with the activation of the palm fronds for KOH treatment.

Helga Zepp-LaRouche is the founding board member of the LaRouche Legacy Foundation and the founder of the international Schiller
Institutes. She was Lyndon LaRouche’s closest philosophical associate and political collaborator,  and his wife, for over 40 years.  There is no one more qualified than she to discuss "LaRouche’s Discovery," and to carry his legacy forward.
From a Lyndon LaRouche's article "On LaRouche's Discovery" from 1993:
The central feature of my original contribution to the Leibniz science of physical economy, is the provision of a method for addressing the causal relationship between, on the one side, individuals’ contributions to axiomatically revolutionary advances in scientific and analogous forms of
knowledge, and, on the other side, consequent increases in the potential population-density of corresponding societies. In its application to political economy, my method focusses analysis on the  central role of the following three-step sequence:
First, axiomatically revolutionary forms of scientific and analogous discovery; second, consequent advances in machine-tool and analogous principles; finally, consequent advances in the productive powers of labor.

We have developed an approach for assessing students’ understanding about the distinction between science and technology. The assessment approach focuses on a specific aspect of this distinction, namely the different goal pursued by each of the two domains. Based on this approach, we collected data from two sources: two written tests administered to 183 elementary, 132 middle school and 78 elementary education students and follow-up interviews with a sub-sample of the participants. The findings that have emerged from the data analysis indicate that students of all ages commonly fail to distinguish between the goals pursued by science and technology. They also suggest that students possess a vague notion of the two domains in that they tend to draw on a wide variety of criteria to distinguish between them in a non-systematic and inconsistent manner. Our data also suggest that age and education level do not seem to have a significant impact on the validity and systematicity of student...

I am a philosopher and not a scientist.  However, I am curious and have read a number of accessible math-free books on quantum physics.  I’ve been pondering this material for a long time.  What I wish to do is create a forum for me to get a chance to hear from you, who are more learned on this topic but were intrigued enough to take a look.  The paper explores Einstein’s challenge to the claims about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics.  I feel that he was right.  So I am offering my own thoughts on this topic, as well as Bohr’s Complementarity Principle, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, the differences between the Newtonian and the quantum scaled events, and questions about determinism.  I don’t think I have any answers but I think I can offer an interesting perspective on these topics.  What I am hoping is to hear what you have to stay about all these fascinating topics.