Next Generation

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask blanks with embedded phase defects were inspected with a reticle actinic inspection tool (AIT) and the Lasertec M7360. The Lasertec M7360, operated at SEMATECH's Mask Blank Development Center (MBDC) in Albany, NY, has a sensitivity to multilayer defects down to 40~45 nm, which is not likely sufficient for mask blank development below the 32 nm half-pitch node. Phase defect printability was simulated to calculate the required defect sensitivity for a next generation blank inspection tool to support reticle development for the sub-32 nm half-pitch technology node. Defect mitigation technology is proposed to take advantage of mask blanks with some defects. This technology will reduce the cost of ownership of EUV mask blanks. This paper will also discuss the kind of infrastructure that will be required for the development and mass production stages. Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 02 Apr 2010 to 192.73.53.5. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7470 74700Y-2 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 02 Apr 2010 to 192.73.53.5. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. About one-third of all patients with schizophrenia do not respond adequately to drug treatment. Advances in neuroscience and clinical research have led to the introduction of a novel generation of compounds with neuroprotective properties. Despite numerous animal studies with promising neuroprotective agents, no successful strategy for neuroprotection from functional psychoses has been successfully demonstrated. There are two main targets for neuroprotective therapy: (1) neurodegenerative processes in schizophrenia (e.g. apoptosis, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, stress sensitization, and alteration of neurosteroids); and (2) phenotypic presentations of illness including psychopathological symptoms, significant decline in cognition, psychosocial functioning and in health related quality of life (HRQL). In this chapter substantial information about clinical trials with neurosteroids, vitamins, and some herbal supplements with neuroprotective properties in schizophrenia is presented. Neurosteroids such as pregnenolone (PREG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and their sulfates (PREGS and DHEAS) are reported to have a modulatory effect on neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. In addition, vitamins and herbal supplements are important for regular cell function, growth and development. As a rule, vitamins promote the activity of enzymes to improve their efficiency and in this role they are called coenzymes. The herbal supplements are active antioxidants with neuroptective properties. The authors hope that neuroprotective strategies will pave the way to the next generation of antipsychotic, sedative and mood stabilizer medications. The clinical effects of neuroprotective agents clearly merit further clinical trials for the treatment of mental disorders.

Passive optical network (PON) is one of the most successful broadband access architectures being deployed worldwide. PONs provide high capacity, increased reach, and low-power consumption at a very reasonable cost, on par with the cost of DSL deployments today. This paper provides an overview of present and emerging PON technologies, and discusses PON's important role in the evolution of optical access from the architectural perspective. While describing the evolution of optical access architecture, we present two important integration options: optical+wireless access integration and metro+access integration. Potential PON capacity upgrades are discussed with special emphasis on achieving a seamless upgrade. We evaluate different PON evolution strategies in the context of next-generation PON, where gradual, demand-based migration demonstrates a number of significant benefits.

This paper describes the summary of a three-year development program for the first-stage stationary vane and rotating blade for the next generation, 1500°C class, high-efficiency gas turbine. In such a high-temperature gas turbine, the first turbine vane and blade are the most important hot parts. Full-coverage film cooling (FCFC) is adopted for the cooling scheme, and directionally solidified (DS) nickel base superalloy and thermal barrier coating (TBC) will be used to prolong the creep and thermal fatigue life. The concept of the cooling configuration, fundamental cascade test results, and material test results will be presented.

The simulation of nuclear power plant accident conditions requires three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the reactor core to ensure a realistic description of physical phenomena. The operational flexibility of Light Water Reactor (LWR) plants can be improved by utilizing accurate 3D coupled neutronics/thermal-hydraulics calculations for safety margins evaluations. There are certain requirements to the coupling of thermal-hydraulic system codes and neutron-kinetics codes that ought to be considered. The objective of these requirements is to provide accurate solutions in a reasonable amount of CPU time in coupled simulations of detailed operational transient and accident scenarios. These requirements are met by the development and implementation of six basic components of the coupling methodologies: ways of coupling (internal or external coupling); coupling approach (integration algorithm or parallel processing); spatial mesh overlays; coupled time-step algorithms; coupling numerics (explicit, semi-implicit and implicit schemes); and coupled convergence schemes. These principles of the coupled simulations are discussed in details along with the scientific issues associated with the development of appropriate neutron cross-section libraries for coupled code transient modeling. The current trends in LWR nuclear power generation and regulation as well as the design of next generation LWR reactor concepts along with the continuing computer technology progress stimulate further development of these coupled code systems. These efforts have been focused towards extending the analysis capabilities as well as refining the scale and level of detail of the coupling. This article analyses the coupled phenomena and modeling challenges on both global (assembly-wise) and local (pin-wise) levels. The issues related to the consistent qualification of coupled code systems as well as their application to different types of LWR transients are presented. Finally, the advances in numerical and computation techniques for coupled code simulations are summarized with outlining remaining challenges.

The concept of energy-efficient networking has begun to spread in the past few years, gaining increasing popularity. Besides the widespread sensitivity to ecological issues, such interest also stems from economic needs, since both energy costs and electrical requirements of telcos' and Internet Service Providers' infrastructures around the world show a continuously growing trend. In this respect, a common opinion among networking researchers is that the sole introduction of low consumption silicon technologies may not be enough to effectively curb energy requirements. Thus, for disruptively boosting the network energy efficiency, these hardware enhancements must be integrated with ad-hoc mechanisms that explicitly manage energy saving, by exploiting network-specific features. This paper aims at providing a twofold contribution to green networking. At first, we explore current perspectives in power consumption for next generation networks. Secondly, we provide a detailed survey on emerging technologies, projects, and work-in-progress standards, which can be adopted in networks and related infrastructures in order to reduce their carbon footprint. The considered approaches range from energy saving techniques for networked hosts, to technologies and mechanisms for designing nextgeneration and energy-aware networks and networking equipment.

An in-line sampling and dilution system for droplet aerosols from medical nebulisers is described. The device has been designed to interface with a white light aerosol spectrometer (welas ᭨ 2070, Palas ᭨ GmbH, Germany) that allows measurements of highly concentrated aerosols. The performance of the sampling system in terms of the measured particle size distribution (PSD) is compared to EN 13544-1 approved measurement techniques as well as to techniques proposed for the European Pharmacopoeia (2.9.44). The measured PSD compares favourably to the ones measured by a Next Generation Impactor, cooled prior to measurement, and by laser diffraction analysed by the Mie theory. This study included three nebulisers (Pari LC Plus, Aeroneb Pro, Omron MicroAIR). The measuring system presented in this study offers a time saving alternative for the measurement of PSD as well as quantity of aerosols from medical nebulisers that is of interest for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.

Sequencing based typing (SBT) has become the gold standard in HLA-typing. In recent years various strategies have been developed. However the most time consuming and error prone part of SBT is still dataanalysis including reporting and archiving of the generated data. In addition, the ever vast increasing number of HLA alleles, increase the number of ambiguous results which require a special approach to resolve. In recent IMGT/HLA database release the total number has succeeded even 6000 different HLA-alleles. Methods: We have improved our software package SBTengine® significantly; e.g allowing now a reduced number of crucial position to check manually, as the software is using a quality scoring per nucleotide. Moreover also the CWD list and NMDP allele frequency list are exploited elegantly such that the attention of the reviewer is directed to most important crucial positions. Results: SBTengine® combines all sequences of a single sample, either homozygous or heterozygous to a conclusive allele assignment. The software guides the user easily through the typing process. In case of an ambiguity, the DART system of SBTengine® suggests a consecutive action, either to sequence an additional region or to apply a Group Specific Sequencing Primer to separate the HLA alleles. Furthermore, almost all known null-alleles are excluded or confirmed automatically. SBTengine® is an open software package and accepts any HLA sequencing data generated independently of the reagents used. Conclusions: We will show new and unique features of the latest version of SBTengine®. The versatility of SBTengine® will enable laboratories to easily implement SBT Typing into their daily routine laboratory activities and to obtain high resolution and accurate HLA typing in a straightforward manner.

We describe a new method, Tag-seq, which employs ultra high-throughput sequencing of 21 base pair cDNA tags for sensitive and cost-effective gene expression profiling. We compared Tag-seq data to LongSAGE data and observed improved representation of several classes of rare transcripts, including transcription factors, antisense transcripts, and intronic sequences, the latter possibly representing novel exons or genes. We observed increases in the diversity, abundance, and dynamic range of such rare transcripts and took advantage of the greater dynamic range of expression to identify, in cancers and normal libraries, altered expression ratios of alternative transcript isoforms. The strand-specific information of Tag-seq reads further allowed us to detect altered expression ratios of sense and antisense (S-AS) transcripts between cancer and normal libraries. S-AS transcripts were enriched in known cancer genes, while transcript isoforms were enriched in miRNA targeting sites. We found that transcript abundance had a stronger GC-bias in LongSAGE than Tagseq, such that AT-rich tags were less abundant than GC-rich tags in LongSAGE. Tag-seq also performed better in gene discovery, identifying >98% of genes detected by LongSAGE and profiling a distinct subset of the transcriptome characterized by AT-rich genes, which was expressed at levels below those detectable by LongSAGE. Overall, Tag-seq is sensitive to rare transcripts, has less sequence composition bias relative to LongSAGE, and allows differential expression analysis for a greater range of transcripts, including transcripts encoding important regulatory molecules.

A Spectral Autocorrelation Ratio is used to quantify the usability of speech, which has been corrupted by another speech signal in the context of speaker identification. Recent studies [1] have revealed that sizeable portions of speech exist in a co-channel utterance that contain enough information for speaker identification. In scenarios with limited training and testing data, a system which separates out those "usable" portions of speech, is desirable. The purpose of this investigation is to identify these usable segments in the co-channel speech. Our results suggest that spectral autocorrelation approach identifies those portions of the co-channel speech that are usable. What is being proposed here, i.e., the identification of "usable" speech, represents the front end of a next generation speech processing system that will involve the use of an information fusion/decision system which will process both time as well as frequency domain information about the usability of frame of speech. The material present here is our initial effort at defining usable speech.

STEP-compliant CNC is the next-generation CNC controller, taking the STEP-NC data model as the interface scheme between CAM and CNC and carrying out various intelligent functions. At the moment, efforts are being made worldwide to establish an international standard for the new interface scheme (so-called STEP-NC), formalized as IS0 14649. In the near future, the new interface scheme will be completed and announced as the international standard. Upon completion, the standard will replace the conventional scheme based on IS0 6963, so-called M&G codes. Further, the new interface scheme will impact the CAD-CAM-CNC process chain and the advancement of the CNC controller. This paper develops an integrated STEP-compliant CNC system (or STEP-CNC) based on the new interface scheme. The system is composed of five modules: (1) Shop Floor Programming System (PosSFP), (2) Tool Path Generator (PosTPG), (3) Tool Path Viewer (PosTPV), (4) Man Machine Interface (PosMMI), and (5) CNC Kernel (PosCNC). The developed system is a prototype but very comprehensive, including all the modules required for realizing "art-to-part" through the new CAD-CAM-CNC chain. Architecture and functional details are presented together with a realistic demonstration.

Two important classes of information systems, Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, have been used to support ebusiness process redesign, integration, and management. While both technologies can help with business process automation, data transfer, and information sharing, the technological approach and features of solutions provided by WfMS and ERP are different. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of these two classes of information systems in the industry and academia, thus hindering their effective applications. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparison between these two classes of systems. We discuss how the two types of systems can be used independently or together to develop intra-and inter-organizational application solutions. In particular, we also explore the roles of WfMS and ERP in the next generation of IT architecture based on web services. Our findings should help businesses make better decisions in the adoption of both WfMS and ERP in their e-business strategies.

We have developed a super compact optical fluorescence spectrometer. Our innovative design combines advantages of guided wave planar optics and free-space microoptics. This innovation allows for miniaturization that is not achievable with pure planar or pure free-space optics. A prototype device has volume of its optical part below 1cm3. The spectrometer covers 450nm-650nm spectral range, and provides spectral resolution of

A new language called Modelica for physical modeling is developed in an international effort. The main objective is to make it easy to exchange models and model libraries. The design approach builds on noncasual modeling with true ordinary differential and algebraic equations and the use of object-oriented constructs to facilitate reuse of modeling knowledge. There are already several modeling language based on these ideas available from universities and small companies. There is also significant experience of using them in various applications. The aim of the Modelica effort is to unify the concepts and design a new uniform language for model representation. The paper describes the effort and gives an overview of Modelica.

This paper is concerned with how Physiological Computing (PC) and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) may be used to enhance computer games. It is argued that PC offers a greater range of possibilities for future development. An analysis of both approaches revealed that PC functions at the meta-level of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) whilst BCI offer a novel communication channel within the HCI. It is argued that both offer distinct possibilities for intuitive control for both single-and multi-player games. It is concluded that PC and BCI may be combined for the next generation of computer games.

Recently, a new approach in low bitrate coding of stereo and multi-channel audio has emerged: Spatial audio coding permits an efficient representation of multi-channel audio signals by transmitting a downmix signal along with some compact spatial side information describing the most salient properties of the multi-channel sound image. Besides its impressive efficiency allowing multi-channel sound at total bitrates of only 64 kbit/s and lower, the approach is also backward compatible to existing transmission systems and thus accommodates a smooth transition towards multichannel audio in the consumer market. The paper gives an overview of the basic concepts and the options provided by spatial audio coding technology. It reports about some recent performance data, first commercial applications and related activities within the ISO/MPEG standardization group.

and the calculations of Glendenning et al. (5), (GWM:neutrons) predict lower pressures. The uncertainty in the pressure due to the asymmetry term widens the range of possible EOSs that may be consistent with the experimental data. For this purpose, it is important to obtain experimental constraints on the asymmetry term (39-41) (see SOM text) and to complement them with improved constraints on the EOS of symmetric nuclear matter. We have analyzed the flow of matter in nuclear collisions to determine the pressures attained at densities ranging from two to five times the saturation density of nuclear matter. We obtained constraints on the EOS of symmetric nuclear matter that rule out very repulsive EOSs from relativistic mean field theory and very soft EOSs with a strong phase transition at densities Ͻ 3 0 , but not a softening of the EOS due to a transformation to quark matter at higher densities. Investigations of the asymmetry term of the EOS are important to complement our constraints on the symmetric nuclear matter EOS. Both measurements relevant to the asymmetry term and improved constraints on the EOS for symmetric matter appear feasible; they can provide the experimental basis for constraining the properties of dense neutron-rich matter and dense astrophysical objects such as neutron stars. Plasmas are an attractive medium for the next generation of particle accelerators because they can support electric fields greater than several hundred gigavolts per meter. These accelerating fields are generated by relativistic plasma waves-space-charge oscillations-that can be excited when a highintensity laser propagates through a plasma. Large currents of background electrons can then be trapped and subsequently accelerated by these relativistic waves. In the forced laser wake field regime, where the laser pulse length is of the order of the plasma wavelength, we show that a gain in maximum electron energy of up to 200 megaelectronvolts can be achieved, along with an improvement in the quality of the ultrashort electron beam.

Recent court decisions and cultural shifts have led to a new focus for work on equity and equality of outcomes in educational settings. This article reviews the contributions of recent diversity studies and then focuses on a longitudinal study of 4,403 college students attending nine public universities. Results show that student interaction with diverse peers during college results in changes in student cognitive, social, and democratic outcomes by the second year of college. Campus efforts to provide opportunities for students to learn about diverse groups inside and outside the classroom have an appreciable impact on students.

... Eddy SW Ng, Management and Human Resources Department, College of Business Administration, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona ... an abundant of literature that focused on applicant attraction strategies and organisational recruitment practices (eg Barber ...

In an integrated cellular/satellite system for mobile communications a satellite subsystem cooperates with a terrestrial cellular network for providing user services. The paper addresses the problems related of the reuse of the procedures of the GSM cellular standard in an integrated system, allowing at most changes only at the mobile terminal and/or in the satellite network. The results of the study show that most of the GSM procedures can be reused in an integrated system (in a few cases with limited protocol variations) but some others would require modifications to the cellular network. The results of this study shall also be useful for the suitable definition of the protocols of an integrated satelliteherrestrial system for the next generation of mobile and personal communication services.

The Heterodyne I w e n t (HIPI) for the Far-IniWed and Sub-millimeter Telescope (FIRST) requires local oscillators well into the terah-fiquency ran@. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synlhesbers, active multiplia chains (AMC's) with output fkquencies from 71-112.5 GIXZ, power amplifiers ta ampllfy the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to aclum tenhertz frequencies. We will present the htest state-of-theeaxt results on 70-1 15 GI& Monolithk Mibxter-wave Integrated Circuit ("IC) power amptifief t.echolagy.

This paper has focused on the integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy, specifically the solar energy resources into conventional electric grid and deployment of smart architecture of hybrid energy system in the user-centric pervasive computing concept in the context of Kyoto Protocol for sustainable development of the rural and urban sector. A concept of next generation mobile smart-grid city for efficient real-time collaborative use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources at smart usercentric device for sustainable green environment in the context of climate change is proposed.

Traditionally, the design and implementation of network based applications, especially large-scale, high performance applications, have had to be compromised across multiple dimensions interfaces, services, performance, flexibility, protocols, architecture, technology, etc. These restrictions exist, in part, because the most widely deployed communications infrastructure was designed to optimize traditional communications, not high performance data communications. At iGRID2002, the International Center for Advanced Internet Research (iCAIR) and its research partners demonstrated "Photonic-Empowered Applications," based on next generation intelligent optical networking technology and dynamic data services provisioning. These demonstrations indicated the potential for creating next generation global applications when traditional barriers to network optimization at multiple levels are removed. These application demonstrations were based on high performance communications infrastructure utilizing novel techniques for managing globally distributed resources and extremely large volume data streams. The innovative advanced optical networking technologies being developed by these research organizations will allow for many new types of high performance global applications across multiple disciplines and industries.

A new type of ultra-high resolution atmospheric global circulation model is developed. The new model is designed to perform ''cloud resolving simulations'' by directly calculating deep convection and meso-scale circulations, which play key roles not only in the tropical circulations but in the global circulations of the atmosphere. Since cores of deep convection have a few km in horizontal size, they have not directly been resolved by existing atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). In order to drastically enhance horizontal resolution, a new framework of a global atmospheric model is required; we adopted nonhydrostatic governing equations and icosahedral grids to the new model, and call it Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). In this article, we review governing equations and numerical techniques employed, and present the results from the unique 3.5-km mesh global experiments-with O(10 9 ) computational nodesusing realistic topography and land/ocean surface thermal forcing. The results show realistic behaviors of multi-scale convective systems in the tropics, which have not been captured by AGCMs. We also argue future perspective of the roles of the new model in the next generation atmospheric sciences.

The future for WiMAX-based mobile wireless access is so bright. With the increasing popularity of WiMAX, it is gaining a great position in the next generation of wireless networks. Due to the evolution of new technologies wireless is not secured as like others networking technologies. On the other side the trend is towards converged network in which the same networking infrastructure is used for both data and voice transmission. A lot of security concerns are needed to secure a converged network. This paper aims to review the study of WiMAX and converged network and security considerations for both the technologies. WiMAX security in converged network is studied. The security threats that can occur in converged network to WiMAX and countermeasures that can be taken against these threats are reviewed.

Complex equilibria and phase transformations involving diffusion can now be calculated quickly and efficiently. Detailed examples are given for cases which involve varying degrees of non-equilibrium and therefore time-dependence. Despite very good agreement between such calculations and experimental results, many potential end-users are still not convinced that such techniques could be usefully applied to their own specific problems. Friendly graphic interface versions of calculating software are now generally available, so the authors conclude that the most likely source of the reluctance to use such tools lies in the formulation of relevant questions and the interpretation of the results. Although the potential impact of such tools was foreseen many years ago [M. Hillert, Calculation of phase equilibria, in: Conference on Phase Transformations, 1968], few changes in the relevant teaching curricula have taken into account the availability and power of such techniques. This paper has therefore been designed not only as a collection of interesting problems, but also highlights the critical steps needed to achieve a solution. Each example includes a presentation of the "real" problem, any simplifications that are needed for its solution, the adopted thermodynamic formulation, and a critical evaluation of the results. The availability of such examples should facilitate changes in subject matter that will both make it easier for the next generation of students to use these tools, and at the same time reduce the time and effort currently needed to solve such problems by less efficient methods. The first set of detailed examples includes the deoxidation of steel by aluminum; heat balance calculations associated with ladle additions to steel; the determination of conditions that avoid undesirable inclusions; the role of methane in sintering atmospheres; interface control during the physical vapour deposition of cemented carbide; oxidation of γ-TiAl materials; and simulation of the thermolysis of metallorganic precursors for Si-C-N ceramics and interface reaction of yttrium silicates with SiC-coated C/C-SiC composites for heat shield applications. A second set of examples, more dependent on competitive nucleation and growth, includes segregation and carburization in multicomponent steels and features a series of sophisticated simulatons using DICTRA software. Interfacial and strain energies become increasingly important in defining phase nucleation and morphology in such problems, but relatively little information is available compared to free energy and diffusion databases. The final section therefore demonstrates how computational thermodynamics, semi-empirical atomistic approaches and first-principles calculations are being used to aid filling this gap in our knowledge.

Page 1. Advanced pixel design for infrared 3D LADAR imaging Fabrice Guellec, Michaël Tchagaspanian Eric de Borniol, Pierre Castelein, André Perez, Johan Rothman CEA Leti – MINATEC, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France ABSTRACT ...

The present paper will give an introduction to the work within the Cluster of Excellence (CoE) "Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass (TMFB)", funded by the German research foundation to research on fuels from biomass for the next generation. The fluid properties of these new fuels differ a lot from conventional fuels. The paper will show the approach for finding technical solutions to deal with these challenges. The critical aspects in the injection systems for combustion engines will be presented. Furthermore the investigations to characterise the new fuels will be explained. One of the focuses is set on the fluid properties under high pressure conditions. The test rigs that had to be designed for measuring viscosity and bulk modulus will be presented. The design of a tribometer will also be presented to study the interaction between fuels and surfaces for mixed lubrication condition. The investigations on the properties of the new fuels are needed to parameterise simulation models of the injection system which will be set up parallel to the experiments.

AbstractIntroduction: To ensure that nursing education stay abreast with modern technology advances has the Schoolof Nursing (SoN) of The University of the Western Cape integrated e-learning into the curriculum. This methodarticulates well with the case-based approach adopted by the SoN. The Learning Management System,Knowledge Environment for Web-Based Learning (Kewl), Next Generation (KNG), was used to facilitate onlineteaching and learning.Objectives: The primary aim was to gather baseline data on e-learning by exploring the perceptions andexperiences of the first pilot group of undergraduate nursing students who were exposed to this strategy.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design was used to determine the students' understandingand valuing of e-learning, the benefits and skills gained and challenges experienced, by means of a structured,close-ended questionnaire with space for comments. Convenience sampling was used and the questionnairewas distributed to...

This review highlights the many roles mass spectrometry plays in the discovery and development of new therapeutics by both the pharmaceutical and the biotechnology industries. Innovations in mass spectrometer source design, improvements to mass accuracy, and implementation of computer-controlled automation have accelerated the purification and characterization of compounds derived from combinatorial libraries, as well as the throughput of pharmacokinetics studies. The use of accelerator mass spectrometry, chemical reaction interface-mass spectrometry and continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry are promising alternatives for conducting mass balance studies in man. To meet the technical challenges of proteomics, discovery groups in biotechnology companies have led the way to development of instruments with greater sensitivity and mass accuracy (e.g., MALDI-TOF, ESI-Q-TOF, Ion Trap), the miniaturization of separation techniques and ion sources (e.g., capillary HPLC and nanospray), and the utilization of bioinformatics. Affinity-based methods coupled to mass spectrometry are allowing rapid and selective identification of both synthetic and biological molecules. With decreasing instrument cost and size and increasing reliability, mass spectrometers are penetrating both the manufacturing and the quality control arenas. The next generation of technologies to simplify the investigation of the complex fate of novel pharmaceutical entities in vitro and in vivo will be chip-based approaches coupled with mass spectrometry.

The EU Commission published a second, substantially revised, version of the draft recommendation for the regulation of next generation access networks for public consultation in June 2009. The Recommendation includes a large set of regulatory tools suitable for the emerging NGA environment. This second draft takes into account a large number of comments received in response to a previous EU Commission document of autumn 2008 dealing with the same topic, but with different focal points. The research question discussed in this paper is whether the revised Draft Recommendation is consistent with the current regulatory framework, i.e. whether the approach is an incremental step complementing the existing regulation, or whether the Recommendation lays the foundation for a new and innovative regulatory strategy in the EU. The conclusion of the paper is that the EU Commission aims to continue and further develop current regulation, and that the development of access regulation will remain dynamic, but at the cost of simplicity and straight-forwardness. This approach will test the current regulatory regime's ability to adapt to changes in technology and economic parameters and flexibility to deal with both legacy as well as new networks.

This paper compares thermal shrink properties of contact holes and chemical shrink performance for 193 nm lithography. Pitch dependence, shrink properties, contact hole circularity, sidewall roughness, and process window are also discussed. Thermal flow process exhibited more pitch dependence than chemical shrink process. Thermal shrink rate increased substantially at higher bake temperatures. Contact holes in defocused area shrunk non-evenly and DOF deteriorated upon heating. In chemical shrink process, shrink rate was hardly influenced by mixing bake temperature, contact holes from center focus to defocus area shrunk evenly preserving effective DOF and MEF became smaller at smaller CD. Chemical shrink has clear advantages over thermal flow process and sub-70 nm contact holes were obtained with iso-dense overlap DOF 0.25 µm by optimizing resist formulations and process conditions. Application of shrink processes will pave the way for the next generation LSI production.

In this paper, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks like 3GPP LTE-Advanced. This technology is a key enabler for next generation cellular networks which are about to increase by an order of magnitude the capacity provided to users. Such an objective needs a significative densification of cells which requires an efficient backhauling infrastructure. In many urban areas as well as under-developed countries, wireless mesh networking is the only available solution. Besides, economical and environmental concerns require that the energy expenditure of such infrastructure is optimized.

Information-centric networking constitutes an alternative to the conventional, IP-based internetworking, with information being identified rather than the host where it resides (which is the case for IP networking). This approach appears to be very promising for the next generation Internet. However, many challenges and critical issues remain to be addressed, associated with the range of applications that can be supported by the new architectures. Specifically, it is unclear whether informationcentric networking abstractions can support conversational applications which are very important in the Internet, and even more important in other telecommunication networks. In light of those reflections, we present the design, prototype implementation and performance evaluation of a simple voice application for the Publish-Subscribe Internet architecture developed in PSIRP and now being further refined in PURSUIT, two EU FP7 research projects on clean slate Future Internet design.

Following the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the next generation James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is being developed to be launched in a few years. JWST will be a segmented mirror telescope with a design much like that developed for ground-based telescopes over the past 20 years. Several segmented mirror telescopes are currently in operation, and next generation ground-based telescopes of the 30-m class are also being designed using segmented primary mirrors. Regardless of size, segmented primary mirror telescopes often require the use of aspheric segment mirrors. One of the key factors in fabrication of aspheric segment mirrors is feasibility of testing offaxis surfaces with high accuracy. A couple of test methods have been investigated for aspheric off-axis segments. As a case study, we apply these test methods to secondary segmented mirror models of the Giant Magellan Telescope. We derive required dimensions of test set-ups and assess sensitivity of optical alignment. Characteristics of the test methods are also discussed.

Prostate cancer chemoprevention represents a relatively new and promising strategy for reducing the immense public health burden of this devastating cancer of men in the United States and Western societies. Chemoprevention is defined as the administration of agents (drugs, biologics, and natural products) that modulate (inhibit) one or more steps in the multistage carcinogenesis process culminating in invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In 2000, there were an estimated 170,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 31,000 deaths in the United States. During the past decade, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) organized the chemoprevention research program and began testing the first generation of promising agents (eg, 4-(hydroxy)-fenretinide [4-HPR], difluoromethylornithine [DFMO], antiandrogens) in high-risk cohorts and launched the first-large scale US phase 3 primary prevention trial, known as Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT-1), in 18,000 average-risk men (age more than 55 years and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] less than 3 ng/mL) treated for 7 years with finasteride or placebo. In the summer of 1998, the NCI Prostate Cancer Progress Review Group (PRG) Report to the director of NCI was published in response to the leadership of the prostate cancer advocacy community in conjunction with Congress. To further elucidate and address critical issues identified in this report and to develop a research agenda for the newly created Prostate and Urologic Cancer Research Group in the Division of Cancer Prevention at NCI, the NCI organized the workshop "New Clinical Trial Strategies for Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention." The major objectives were to promote understanding and cooperation among the NCI, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), academia, pharmaceutical industry, and the public regarding new opportunities for clinical prevention trials for prostate cancer. The workshop was divided into three concurrent breakout panels and a fourth joint integrative panel. The workshop addressed multiple key areas identified in the PRG report in the following panels: (1) Molecular Targets and Promising Agents in Clinical Development; (2) Intermediate Endpoint Biomarkers for Prevention Trials; (3) High-Risk Study Populations for Prevention Trials, and (4) Preventive Clinical Trial Designs and Regulatory Issues. Expert panelists were drawn from leading academic, pharmaceutical, and government scientists in basic research and clinical investigation. Key pharmaceutical, biotechnology, academic, and National Institutes of Health scientists presented overviews of their new agents and products in clinical development (representing the next generation of promising agents). Senior FDA physicians from the Center for Drugs and Center for Biologics presented on current standards for new drug and biologic approval for chemoprevention efficacy. Some of the key topics included recent advances in the state of knowledge of promising agents in the clinic based on molecular targets as well as bottlenecks in drug development for pharmaceutical sponsors; strategic modulable biomarkers that can serve as primary endpoints in phase 1/2 trials to assess preventive efficacy; high-risk cohorts with precancer (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) and representative clinical trial designs that are ready for immediate translation into efficient prevention trials, such as Bayesian sequential monitoring for early assessment of biologic activity and factorial designs for assessment of multiagent combinations. Finally, each expert panel generated recommendations for areas of future research emphasizing opportunities and infrastructure needs.

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is going to be the preferred technology for the realization of Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTDs), and has been deployed in the last generation of e-passports. The proposed technical specifications for e-passport systems have been analyzed and criticized by security experts showing various functional, security and privacy deficiencies. The next generation of e-passports will implement more advanced cryptographic mechanisms, collectively known as Extended Access Control, and in particular a protocol referred to as Chip Authentication that protects an e-passport against cloning and transferability attacks. The Extended Access Control suite of protocols has found minor attention in the literature until now. In this paper we point out possible attacks against Chip Authentication as proposed in the current specifications for Extended Access Control. In particular, we show that the possibility of transferability and reset attacks weaken the claimed security of the underlying Chip Authentication protocol. We also discuss the shortcomings of the existing literature on the security definitions for resettable identification protocols and propose a new definition that is more suited for real world scenarios. Based on known cryptographic techniques we finally propose an efficient protocol that is instead secure against such attacks.

Efficient and rational implementation of building stock CO 2 emission reduction strategies and policies requires the application of comprehensive building stock models that have the ability to: (a) estimate the baseline energy demand of the existing building stock, (b) explore the technical and economic effects of different CO 2 emission reduction strategies over time, including the impact of new technologies, and (c) to identify the effect of emission reduction strategies on indoor environmental quality.

The paper reports on a qualitative analysis of 15 personal interviews with holocaust survivors in Israel concerning their perceptions of similarities and differences between socially-assisted dying and the holocaust policies. The design of the study was exploratory/descriptive and asked the following questions: "Some discussions have expressed similarities between Nazi Germany and euthanasia. Do you believe the comparison is justified? In what ways are euthanasia and the holocaust similar? In what ways are they different?" Participants concluded that profound differences existed between Nazi Germany and socially assisted dying. These differences were established from four different perspectives in 10 different themes, and demonstrated by 24 different examples of the themes. Informants further cautioned philosophers about comparisons between the holocaust and other human behaviors. The survivors perceived that such a comparison has negative consequences for their own well-b...

Since the STS-114 mission in August of 2005, the FAA has partnered with NASA to protect aircraft flying in the National Airspace System from the potential hazards associated with a catastrophic failure of a reentering Space Shuttle orbiter, similar to that which occurred during ...