Oil and Gas Drilling Engineering

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar desperdícios no processo de solicitação de materiais visando propor melhorias através da abordagem Lean Office. O método da pesquisa utilizado foi à pesquisa-ação, o projeto se desenvolveu no setor de Cabeça de poço de uma empresa de grande porte do setor de óleo e gás da região sudeste do Rio de janeiro. A execução do método deu-se através de coleta de dados com entrevistas, consulta a documentos, observação direta e mapeamento do fluxo de valor (MFV) no ambiente da pesquisa com o objetivo se obter um maior entendimento a respeito do processo estudado. Ao final do trabalho obteve-se, primeiro, uma contribuição teórica, pois os conceitos foram aplicados em uma empresa do setor de óleo e gás, ambiente ainda pouco explorado por aplicações da abordagem utilizada. Parte das propostas sugeridas foram implantadas resultando na diminuição do lead time em até 24%. Esses resultados são consequência da melhoria da estrutura e da eliminação de atividades desnecessárias que não agregavam valor. Conclui-se que é possível aplicar os conceitos do Lean Office no setor de óleo e gás, considerando as restrições e adaptações necessárias da organização.

Oil and gas project are currently characterised by increasing complexity. The process of contracting a project appropriately in early project stage is very crucial to securing its success this can be attributed to the difficulty associated with timely completion, costs, quality and revenue. 1 As a result, different contracting strategies have been developed over time for allocation of task, responsibility, and risk.

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

In the oil province of southern Iran like other hydrocarbon zones, thorough understanding and risk management resulting from the rock mass deformation, can be of great help in executing operational processes such as the stabilization of the borehole wall, controlling the sand production in the borehole and hydraulic fracture. In oil well excavation operations, determining maximum and minimum horizontal stresses helps in designing the excavation route in the minimum stress direction so that collapsing of the borehole wall and drilling tube blockage against the rocks is avoided. The aim of this study was removing the main excavation problems especially of the diversion wells through exact geomechanical calculations in the Darian lime formation depth range in the understudy field. In order to develop the geomechanical model, first the bulk, the shear and the Young's modules, the Poisson coefficient and Vp/Vs ratio were calculated using the visual log data integrated with the geomec...

Correctly landing and drilling highly deviated wells in thin reservoirs can be challenging. In recent years, development of the Belida Field in the West Natuna Basins has focused on the Gamma 1B which is a thin (8-10 ft.) sand within the Upper Miocene Arang Formation. In order to economically exploit this thin interval, it was determined that horizontal wells were required. These wells needed to be carefully planned and use detailed petrophysical modeling and geosteering techniques in order to land them in the optimal location on the structure and to stay within the zone during the horizontal section.

The well data in the field shows that there is uncertainty in the depth to the top and continuity of Gamma 1B. This uncertainty makes it very difficult to predict the penetration point of the Gamma 1B. To mitigate these risks, the well was planned near existing well control. The next challenge was staying within zone during drilling. This challenge was mitigated by using resistivity modeling in combination with a geosteering tool. Resistivity modeling shows that the resistivity profile consists of a sharp base and a fining upward top. This resistivity information could be combined with a geosteering tool during the drilling of the horizontal section of the well to determine the location of the bit within the reservoir interval. This modelling and implementation of the geosteering tool made it possible to drill 1018‘ of section entirely within the 10 foot gas-bearing reservoir interval without exiting the top or the base.

Drilling highly deviated wells in thin reservoirs can be very challenging. In the case of the Gamma 1B sand in the Belida Field, using a combination of offset well data, resistivity modeling and geosteering proved to be an effective method to successfully drill a horizontal well in this interval.

Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks
Carbonate reservoirs, which are typically dual or triple porosity systems, produce a major portion of the world’s oil and gas and hold more than half of the world’s largest crude oil and natural gas reserves. The best known Jurassic carbonate reservoirs are the Arab-D and Arab-C systems, Hanifa and Hadriya. These reservoirs account for large quantities of crude oil production in Saudi Arabia. The Permo-Triassic Khuff formation holds the world’s largest known natural gas reserves in five Arabian Gulf countries. Some of the world’s best quality crude oil is located in two Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs: the Shuaiba and Tharmama reservoirs. Many of these carbonate reservoirs are naturally fractured and/or have an extensive and extremely complex secondary porosity system. Accurately predicting amounts and types of porosity, locally for field development and regionally for stratigraphic traps, is a major challenge. Three methods are used to estimate fracture porosity: well-test analysis, well logging, and core analysis.

A natural fracture is a planar discontinuity in reservoir rock due to deformation or physical diagenesis. Diagenesis—chemical and physical changes after deposition—strongly modifies the reservoir properties possessed at the time of deposition. The dominant diagenetic process consists of early cementation, selective dissolution of aragonite and reprecipitation as calcite, burial cementation, dolomitization, and compaction-driven microfracturing [2]. Cementation and compaction forces completely eradicate any porosity available at the time of deposition. However, chemical changes, usually dissolution, especially in carbonate rocks, modify the initial porosity and recover it partially. Depositional facies, their architecture, systems, and tracts are predominant driving factors in the distribution and quality of current reservoir properties, which are completely different from the properties at the time of deposition.

High-permeability vugs, molds, natural fractures, and caverns in carbonate rocks are the result of intense dissolution, which took place before burial as a result of nonreservoir or seal units. Dissolution is also caused by meteoric diagenesis, which is related to subaerial exposure of carbonate rocks and is explained by the general aggressiveness of meteoric water toward sedimentary carbonate minerals. Aragonite is metastable, which dissolves and precipitates into cement, whereas calcite is stable and less affected by dissolution. Such a type of dissolution causes significant variation in the distribution of porosity and permeability in the reservoirs, thereby defining reservoir quality.

is a Subsurface & Integrity Operations Dept. Head at AMAL Petroleum Company (AMAPETCO) with more than 13 years of experience in oil & gas industry. Mahmoud worked in Well Engineering, Intervention, Integrity & Work-over at several companies, including Badr El-Din Pet. Co. (BAPETCO), Qarun Pet. Co. (QPC) and Wadi El-Sahel Petroleum Co.

The specific characteristics of the Greek geothermal fields on the volcanic islands of Milos and Nisyros are described, with emphasis on the characteristics affecting well casing. Overpressure, high temperatures and highly saline brines are typical features of the Greek fields. A new treatment of the different load conditions along the casing string is proposed that takes into consideration the possible formation overpressure, the axial thermal stresses and their effect on burst and collapse resistance. This treatment is further applied to some typical wells that have experienced casing failure.

This project made use of a reservoir simulator to model an Intelligent Well (IW)) to deal with gas coning problem by placing Inflow Control Valves (ICV) at some particular segments based on gas-oil ratio of the segments in the well to monitor and control fluid flow. The application of two (2) optimized reactive control strategy (RCS) in dealing with the gas coning problem was studied. It was found out that IWT can deal with gas coning problems by delaying gas encroachment, improved oil production efficiency and thus providing better returns on investment in most reservoir conditions. The effect of IWT on a tight reservoir case for horizontal well type proved insignificant in terms of productivity and profitability and as such application of IWT could be ignored but in the case of multilateral well with longer well length, the effect is felt. 1.0. Introduction Oil is usually the expected product after millions of dollars and endless man-hours are spent on developing a reservoir. However, engineers are faced with the problem of dealing with other fluids that make their way to the well with the oil to be produced at the surface. The encroachment of gas from the gas cap coupled with the production of oil, water and gas is one of the major problems encountered in reservoir engineering. The upward movement of water and/or the down movement of gas into the perforation zone of a producing well are normally referred to as coning. [Ahmed Tarek, 1941]. This is as a result of pressure reduction around the perforation zone and uneven perforations and the existence of a strong gas cap or water aquifer. To totally avoid coning, the critical flow rate of the reservoir must not be exceeded. This rate happens to be too small and totally uneconomical to produce a reservoir at such a low rate. This makes coning inevitable in the production life of a reservoir and hence, the best way to deal with coning problems is for reservoir engineers to try their utmost best to delay the worrying phenomenon. Some of the proven ways of controlling the coning phenomenon are by; decreasing the well production rate, preferential usage of horizontal wells to vertical wells to produce the formation, recompleting the well at a different elevation to increase the distance between the gas-oil or water-oil contact and the perforated interval, selectively partially penetrating the well at the bottom of the pay zone and close to the center of the pay zone in the case of simultaneous water or gas coning and ultimately, the application of intelligent well technology of which this research paper will through more light on. Intelligent wells, sometimes referred to as 'smart wells' are basically wells which is fitted with special completion equipment such as downhole sensors and instrumentations that measure and monitor well conditions and reservoir parameters such as flow rate, fluid composition, bottomhole temperature and pressure. Intelligent wells also have downhole control valves to regulate, seal portions of the wellbore and optimize the movement of hydrocarbons into the well to enhance oil recovery. [Heriot Watt University, Production Technology, 2005].

Pozyskiwanie surowców energetycznych takich jak ropa czy gaz, konieczne jest w celu uzupełniania bilansu energii, a także w celach strategicznych danego kraju. Podczas prac wiertniczych generowane są pewne ilości odpadów, szczególny problem stanowią duże ilości zużytych płuczek. Odpadowe płuczki wiertnicze są układami koloidalnymi, stanowiącymi złożone mieszanki drobnodyspersyjnych ciał stałych (organicznych i nieorganicznych), makromolekuł, polimerów oraz cieczy. Skład i właściwości odpadów mogą się zmieniać w szerokim zakresie w zależności od warunków geologiczno-technologicznych wykonywanych prac wiertniczych oraz rodzaju użytych płuczek. Odpady pochodzące z płynów wiertniczych są trudne do zagospodarowania przyjaznego środowisku i niosą ze sobą problem ich składowania. Wzrastające wymagania ochrony środowiska zmuszają do rozpatrywania coraz skuteczniejszych metod unieszkodliwiania odpadów. Oczywiście, najbardziej korzystnym i trwałym rozwiązaniem jest unikanie ich powstawania, lub chociaż ich minimalizacja. Jednym z takich rozwiązań jest zastosowanie stacji flokulacyjnej w systemie oczyszczania płuczki. Stacja flokulacyjna może być wykorzystana na dwa sposoby: aby kontrolować fazę stałą w płuczce lub aby „odwodnić” zużytą już płuczkę. Kontrolowanie fazy stałej w płuczce ma bardzo duże znaczenia podczas prowadzonych prac wiertniczych. Wykorzystując właściwości flokulantów selektywnych, możemy oczyszczać płuczkę z drobnej fazy stałej, pozostawiając w niej pożądane często drogie środki chemiczne regulujące jej parametry. Dzięki stacji flokulacyjnej możemy także oddzielić fazę płynną od fazy stałej w płuczce, gdy dana płuczka nie jest już potrzebna. Odzyskaną w ten sposób wodę możemy wykorzystać ponownie do celów technologicznych (np. nowy rodzaj płuczki, ciecz szczelinująca). Uzyskany w ten sposób odpad może być mniejszy nawet o 80%. Zmniejszenie ilości odpadów wiertniczych obniża koszty oraz odpowiedzialność operatora.

Fire and Explosion Hazardous Properties of Breakers Applied in the Processes of Oil Production Stimulation
Применение в процессах нефтедобычи большого спектра химических реагентов требует изучения их
свойств, которые представляют основную опасность при использовании, транспортировке, хранении и
испытаниях. В статье исследуются пожароопасные и взрывоопасные свойства брейкеров, применяемых в
процессах интенсификации нефтедобычи для деструкции полимерных гелей, использующихся для гидроразрыва пласта. Опасность брейкеров обусловлена сильными окислительными свойствами и интенсивным
самоускоряющимся разложением с выделением газообразных веществ при нагревании. Представленный
материал содержит краткую характеристику брейкеров по химическому составу, свойствам и применению,
приведены результаты испытаний брейкеров с определением показателей пожароопасности, взрывоопасности по чувствительности к удару и оценкой термического разложения. Сделан вывод об обусловленности
пожароопасных свойств брейкеров прежде всего окислительными свойствами пероксидов, входящих в их
состав.
Ключевые слова: пожароопасность химреагентов для нефтяной отрасли, гидравлический разрыв пласта (ГРП), брейкер для гидравлического разрыва пласта, деструктор полимерных гелей, безопасность нефтедобычи, пероксиды в нефтепромысловой химии, повышение нефтеотдачи пластов, лабораторные испытания
нефтепромысловой химии.

The undesired stick-slip vibration is the main source of PDC bit failures, such as tooth fracture and tooth loss. Therefore, the study of PDC bit failure base on stick-slip vibration analysis is crucial to prolong the service life of PDC bit and improve R.O.P (Rate of Penetration). For this purpose, a piecewise-smooth torsional model with 4-DOF (degree of freedom) of drilling string system improper PDC bit is proposed to simulate non-impact drilling. In this model, both the friction and cutting behaviors of PDC bit are innovatively introduced. The results reveal that the PDC bit is easier to fail than other drilling tools due to the severer stick/slip vibration. Moreover, reducing W.O.B (Weight on Bit) and improving driving torque can effectively mitigate the stick-slip vibration of PDC bit. Therefore, PDC bit failure can be alleviated by optimizing drilling parameters. Besides, a new 4-DOF torsional model is established to simulate torsional impact drilling and the effect of torsional impact on PDC bit's stick-slip vibration is analyzed by applying an engineering example. It can be concluded that torsional impact can mitigate stick-slip vibration, prolong the service of PDC bit and improve drilling efficiency, which is consistent with the field experiment results.

As the petroleum industry experiences constant transformation and new technologies are introduced, there have been needs for designs to control annular pressure while drilling. Underbalanced drilling (UBD) and Managed pressure drilling (MPD) have been identified as some of the practises used to achieve this. UBD is practised mainly to maximize reservoir performance, while MPD techniques are often used to enhance drilling safety and minimize non-productive time (NPT). This research tends to briefly discuss on how MPD works, some of the practised methods, variations and techniques used in MPD and also while highlighting some of the key advantages of this drilling technique (MPD), this research looks at some demerits and other limitations and cost associated with running an MPD system. In conclusion, managed pressure drilling offers more ease of drilling in a safer environmental condition than any of the conventional over balanced (OBD) or underbalanced drilling (UBD).

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X42 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x42-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

Lost Circulation (also called thief zones) is one of the major problems encountered by engineers while drilling in highly permeable and fractured formations, and depleted reservoirs. It is defined as the undesirable loss of the drilling fluid from the hydrostatic column into the voids of the formation and fractures zones when the fluid is being pumped down the pipe or annular space. The failure of controlling lost circulation zones of drilling fluids results in the high cost of designing drilling fluid as well as high operating expenses in general . In this paper, the causes and effects of lost circulation zones as well as prevention techniques are going to be discussed

Short Biography Mahmoud Radwan is a Subsurface & Integrity Operations Dept. Head at AMAL Petroleum Company (AMAPETCO) with more than 13 years of experience in oil & gas industry. Mahmoud worked in Well Engineering, Intervention, Integrity & Work-over at several companies, including Badr El-Din Pet. Co. (BAPETCO), Qarun Pet. Co. (QPC) and Wadi El-Sahel Petroleum Co. (WASPETCO). Also, a freelance instructor at upstream Oil & Gas in Egypt & UAE since 2008. Mahmoud received a BSc degree in Petroleum Engineering from Al-Azhar University in 2007.

High power carbon dioxide lasers have successfully been used in drilling or cutting engineering materials such as metals, polymers and ceramics over the years. Can a carbon dioxide laser be used to efficiently drill different rocks in a deep oil or gas well? This paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling methodology. It is shown that high power lasers can weaken the rocks by spalling, melting and vaporizing natural earth materials with thermal spallation being the most energy efficient rock removal mechanism. This paper discusses the mechanism of thermal spalling, gas purging and perforation techniques using laser. This Laser technology applied to drilling and completion operations has the potential to reduce drilling time, eliminate the necessity to remove and dispose of drilling cuttings and improve well performance through improved perforation operations.

Drilling Engineering Problems and Solutions-Hossain and Islam, 2018 Petroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Drilling engineering is one of the most important links in the energy chain, being, after all, the science of getting the resources out of the ground for processing. Without drilling engineering, there would be no gasoline, jet fuel, and the myriad of other " have to have " products that people use all over the world every day. Following up on their previous books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, the authors, two of the most well-respected, prolific, and progressive drilling engineers in the industry, offer this groundbreaking volume. They cover the basics tenets of drilling engineering, the most common problems that the drilling engineer faces day to day, and cutting-edge new technology and processes through their unique lens. Written to reflect the new, changing world that we live in, this fascinating new volume offers a treasure of knowledge for the veteran engineer, new hire, or student. This book is an excellent resource for petroleum engineering students, reservoir engineers, supervisors & managers, researchers and environmental engineers for planning every aspect of rig operations in the most sustainable, environmentally responsible manner, using the most up-to-date technological advancements in equipment and processes.

Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa sumber energi utama yang digunakan manusia adalah bahan bakar fosil. Untuk memperoleh bahan bakar tersebut, diperlukan pengeboran yang akan menghasilkan air sebagai produk samping. Air terproduksi mengandung kontaminan-kontaminan yang dapat membahayakan lingkungan. Maka dari itu, air terproduksi haruslah diolah terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang maupun digunakan kembali. Pada awalnya, pengolahan air terproduksi sudah dilakukan oleh industri minyak secara konvensional dengan dilakukannya proses fisik dan kimiawi terhadap air terproduksi. Namun seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi membran, proses membran mulai disoroti dan kemudian digunakan dalam proses pengolahan air terproduksi tersebut. Dalam makalah ini, akan dijelaskan lebih lanjut mengenai pengolahan primer dan pengolahan sekunder – yang keduanya merupakan tahap pretreatment dan bertujuan untuk menghindari proses fouling pada membran dan – serta pengolahan dengan menggunakan teknologi membran. Teknologi membran pada perbaikan air terproduksi akan berfokus pada jenis membran yang menggunakan tekanan sebagai gaya dorongnya, yakni mikrofiltrasi (MF) yang digunakan untuk pretreatment, ultrafiltrasi (UF) untuk discharge, nanofiltrasi (NF) dan reverse osmosis (RO) untuk keperluan reuse, serta aplikasi-aplikasinya yang disertai dengan hasil-hasil percobaan. Selain itu, akan dibahas pula mengenai membran distilasi (MD) yang berbasis perbedaan termal dan forward osmosis (FO) sebagai teknologi membran yang berpotensial pada pengolahan air terproduksi.

Kata kunci : pengolahan air terproduksi, industri minyak, teknologi membran

Salt formations are encountered in many oil-producing regions of the world. These salt zones can be in a variety of forms; salt domes, massive beds and sheets or lenses. The chemistry of salts can very significantly even in a single bed, from pure sodium chloride to very complex blends of mixed chloride

Oil (Petroleum) and Gas Exploration and Production procedures; What does it take to Explore and Produce Oil and Gas? How has the procedures and the technological advancements in the extraction of this globally sought after mineral evolved over time?.
This work attempts to explain in details how this economic activity runs.

Книга «Вышки над волнами» посвящена 30-летию Главного управления по разведке и разработке морских месторождений нефти и газа Мингазпрома СССР – Главморнефтегаз, созданного в августе 1978 года. По существу, это книга о становлении морской нефтегазодобычи в СССР. В книге собраны воспоминания работников системы Главморнефтегаза – от заместителей министра до работников производственных объединений и отраслевых институтов. Живым и образным языком ветераны Главморнефтегаза рассказывают об истории освоения континентального шельфа СССР, о непростой работе морских нефтяников и газовиков, их успехах и трудностях. В очерках даны портреты руководителей отрасли, внесших большой вклад в освоение морских месторождений нефти и газа, –С.А. Оруджева, Ю.В. Зайцева, В.И. Мищевича, С.И. Юдина и многих других. Издание богато иллюстрировано фотографиями из личных и производственных архивов.

We use MQ-7 sensor in our project which will detect or sense the presence of CO gas but due to unavailable of MQ-5 sensor in market. So, we have use MQ-7 for Natural gas (the gas use in our homes for burning purpose CH4 and 20% of other hydrocarbons). Our project main purpose is to develop the project which is based on the detection of natural gas leakage. Natural gas concentration is sensed by the sensor on density base. Here we use Arduino because the interfacing of Arduino is easy than microcontroller IC. Arduino UNO (it is an open source hardware company or institution that is used in the projects and in user community to design or produced microcontroller based tools for making digital devices and objects that can be used to sensed/detect and control the tangible and visible entity. Arduino consist of both physical programmable circuit board as microcontroller and software IDE abbreviated as integrated development environment which run on the computer) is used in our project as a programmable device for whole of our system (project). Further our circuitry element is Liquid crystal display (LCD 16x2), buzzer or alarm, jumper wires and Vero Board.

La potencia generada por los motores primarios debe transmitirse a los equipos para proporcionarle movimiento. Esta potencia se transmite directamente del motor primario al equipo. La fuente más común de potencia es el motor de combustión interna. Estos motores normalmente se alimentan de diésel y pueden proveer un Torque mayor que los alimentados por gasolina. El número de motores requeridos depende del tamaño y capacidad del equipo de perforación. Los equipos modernos pueden tener ocho o más motores. La potencia generada por estos motores es transferida a los diferentes sistemas del equipo a través de una transmisión mecánica o eléctrica. SISTEMAS DE POTENCIA AC A DC O SCR (SILICIUM CONTROLLER RECTIFIER). En un sistema eléctrico AC a DC el motor diesel alimenta un generador AC también llamado alternador. Desde el generador AC la corriente eléctrica es enviada al SCR

У першій частині навчального посібника наведені дані про техніку та
технологію випробування водозабірних свердловин для оцінки їх с тану перед
проведенням ремонтних робіт. Розглянуто методи механічного, гідравлічного
очищення фільтрів; імпульсного, реагентного, віброреагентного та імпульсно-
реагентного відновлення дебіту свердловин.
В другій частини посібника наведені дані про обладнання та інструмент
експлуатаційних свердловин на нафту і газ які використовуються при
поточному і капітальному ремонтах. Викладені технологія проведення
ремонтних робіт і робіт по підвищенню нафтовіддачі пластів.
Третя частина присвячена особливостям ремонту геотехнологічних
свердловин та обладнанню яке при цьому використовується.
В четвертій частині наведені приклади рішення задач по розрахунку
основних технологічних параметрів ремонтних робіт.
Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів вищих навчальних
закладів напряму підготовки “Гірництво” спеціальності “Буріння”, може
представляти інтерес для спеціалістів геологорозвідувальних і
нафтовидобувних організацій.