Offshore Engineering

The present investigation deals with the conductor pipe design for fixed Jacket platforms in hydrocarbon producing wells, which should be carried out covering the new criteria applied to the new technologies, it is represents a practical contribution to renew knowledge of the design of structures offshore and lake environments, in order to exploit the existing deposits in Maracaibo lake. The research was carried out by the elastic theory method, under the criteria of service load, taking into account the following standard regulations: API-RP-2-WSD, AISC-ASD-1989, ASCE-7- 16, DVNVGL-OS-C101, DNV-RP-C205, COVENIN 2003-89, COVENIN 1753-2006, COVENIN 1756-1-2001, COVENIN 1756-2-2001 and the provisional standard COVENIN 3624-2000. The investigation was considered descriptive, since it characterizes the elements that define the behavior conductor pipe with the fixed Jacket platform when they are subjected to the different solicitations, it has a non-experimental design because the manipulation of the data by the researcher is minimal; in turn, it is transactional or transversal because the data collection was done in a single moment; The research is documentary, since it is based on a compilation of concepts, equations, hypotheses and design conditions already established by the regulations described by other researchers. The investigation showed that: conductor pipe in independent phase, as a flying condition, resulted in a more demanding and expensive design compared to the conductor pipe for fixed jacket-type platforms’ study, although, both phases they must be studied, and purposes of Maracaibo lake the conductor pipe in independent phase is the most critical design.
Keywords: Conductor pipe, fixed Jacket type platforms, independent phase.

MGPS Cofferdam is an equipment to be attached at the submerge part of the ship’s hull, to create an watertight environment for the safety cutting, welding, or another underwater activities. The activity here for the MGPS Cofferdam is the changing of the rise pipe at side of the submerged part of hull.

Microbial enhanced recovery remains the most environmental friendly cost effective recovery technique in the oil production, particularly for wellbore stimulation. This research investigates the effects of microbial growth rate, microbial and nutrient concentrations for well stimulation purposes. A representative analytical model incorporating microbial concentration is growth rate and skin factor is developed, validated and discussed. An explicit formulation which possesses a solution to the equation for the model is used to describe the reservoir pressure responses. It is observed through plots of reservoir pressure against reference distances that flow and oil productivity improved as a result of an improved BHP when the microbial parameters were incorporate to the fluid transport equation at the same injection rates and same reservoir parameters. The trend followed by the pressure profile plots correlates with that expected of a well stimulation pressure profile

The current way of designing industrial plants relies on the communication among experts in the field, and on tools that allow the simulation of the site. Virtual reality (VR) tools are used to visualize and interact with complex 3D environments in real time, and several engineering simulations employ VR to foresee the results of complex industrial operations. The research project described here presents a collaborative engineering environment (CEE) that integrates VR techniques into a system where the execution of different sequences of engineering simulations is modeled as scientific workflows. The focus of this research is on the oil & gas industry, particularly offshore engineering, where the project of a new production unit is a lengthy and expensive process and usually is conducted by different specialists who are geographically distributed. Among the integrated engineering simulations are those involving structural calculus, hydrodynamics, naval engineering with mooring systems, meteo-oceanography, and others. The main objective is to improve the users' interpretation capacity and skills while providing visualization tools for a better understanding of the results.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contributes a significant share of the expenses during the lifetime of offshore wind farms. When compared to onshore wind, O&M costs are increased, due to the use of specialised vessels, shorter weather windows and challenging environmental conditions. Furthermore, increased frequency of failures, longer downtime and limited accessibility create uncertainties in the planning stage of the O&M tasks. In order to decrease the cost of power generation and increase the competitiveness of offshore wind industry against other alternative energy sectors, it is essential to keep the costs of the vessel fleet used for O&M tasks at minimum level while providing sufficient support to sustain power generation. In order to address these issues, the focus of this paper is to provide decision support for the selection of a Crew Transfer Vessel (CTV) fleet for the offshore wind farm maintenance operations. This is achieved through analyses of environmental conditions, investigation of failures, and assessment of vessel operations. The developed methodology and analysis enable operators to decide the specification of CTVs which will bring the optimum financial benefit, considering both the enhancement of the offshore wind farm power generation as well as the minimisation of the total O&M cost.

This booklet profiles the work of the students of the University of Strathclyde’s postgraduate programme in Sustainable Engineering. Students presenting at the conference, and whose work is summarised here, are registered on one of the following courses during 2011/2012:
• Building Design and Management for Sustainability (MRes)
• Chemical Processing (MSc)
• Marine Technology (MSc)
• Offshore Renewable Energy (MSc)
• Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment (MSc)
• Sustainable Product Development (MSc)
The programme enjoys substantial support from industry through
sponsorship, placements, input to modules, and supervision of student
group projects.The themes have been developed in response to industrial input with regard to the evolving needs of industry, particularly in respect to a holistic requirement across the disciplines with regard to general sustainability. The programme has effectively serviced key industries since 1999 during which time the reputation of the course has been well established.It is envisaged that industry will increasingly support the programme and to this end, the Faculty is establishing flexibility with regard to programe provision: from full – to part-time and distance learning course options

Floating Production Storage and Offloading Systems (FPSO) are large vessels or ships often equipped with processing facilities and moored to the location for a shorter or longer period of time. The key feature of the ship-shaped FPSO is the mooring turret and the fluid transfer system. The vessel is anchored to the seabed via the turret which allows it to weathervane on a bearing assembly. The well fluids from the subsea wells are routed through flexible riser pipelines to the production facilities of the vessel. Safety is an important topic in the offshore industry. The main aims are to protect the health, safety and welfare of people at work, and to safeguard others. HAZID study provides a general overview of the hazards present in FPSO. HAZID study is a very important part of the formal safety assessment of a FPSO. The complex HAZID is done when the whole plan and layout of the vessel is obtained. The hazards identified are sorted out and a risk matrix is generated. Each hazard is given a risk index according to its probability and severity. The hazards are also compared with different standards which helps for the future reference of hazard associated with a FPSO.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http:/lelsevier.comllocate/permissions, and selecting Obtainingpermission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress vii Chapter 4 provides a generic description of how to compute loads on an offshore structure and how the structure responds to these loads. Basic formulas have been stated for easy references whenever specific needs arise throughout this handbook. Therefore, this chapter may be consulted during the review of specific structures covered in the handbook. References are made regarding the design guidelines of various certifying agencies.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X42 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x42-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

Книга «Вышки над волнами» посвящена 30-летию Главного управления по разведке и разработке морских месторождений нефти и газа Мингазпрома СССР – Главморнефтегаз, созданного в августе 1978 года. По существу, это книга о становлении морской нефтегазодобычи в СССР. В книге собраны воспоминания работников системы Главморнефтегаза – от заместителей министра до работников производственных объединений и отраслевых институтов. Живым и образным языком ветераны Главморнефтегаза рассказывают об истории освоения континентального шельфа СССР, о непростой работе морских нефтяников и газовиков, их успехах и трудностях. В очерках даны портреты руководителей отрасли, внесших большой вклад в освоение морских месторождений нефти и газа, –С.А. Оруджева, Ю.В. Зайцева, В.И. Мищевича, С.И. Юдина и многих других. Издание богато иллюстрировано фотографиями из личных и производственных архивов.

Due to the growing demand for hydrocarbons, explorations at sea have increased with particular challenges such as exploitation in ultra-deep waters and frozen seas, which has led to the development of new technologies. Offshore activities are considered high-risk, with accidents and a high fatality rate as well as severe damage to the environment. This article will analyze the importance of design for safety in offshore oil and gas platforms and the good practices from the MODU CODE. Then will concentrate on the implication of technical standards with safety cases. Also, it will examine the industry in the Colombian Caribbean coast, focusing on the recent concerns in the offshore sector, potential oil spills, and how to enforce the design for safety in the country. Finally, it will conclude with some suggestions and recommendations to improve this industry in Colombia and protect the environment.

Dalam mata kuliah Tugas Rancang Besar (TRB II) mahasiswa diberi tugas untuk membuat suatau perancangan struktur lepas pantai statis. Di dalam pembuatan perancangan struktur ini diperlukan langkah-langkah perancangan yang tepat dan sesuai standar yang diajukan. Platform yang dirancang adalah platform yang berfungsi sebagai Wellhead Platform dengan jumlah kaki 3 dan berorientasi +600 dari arah True North. Platform ini ditempatkan pada kedalaman 160 ft, dengan fasilitas yang dipasanng pada dua deck yaitu main deck (80x80 ft) dan cellar deck (80x90 ft) yang mengakomodasi 5 conductor dan 6 riser serta helideck yang dirancang untuk helikopter Boeing Tipe Vertol BK-117. Platform ini memiliki tinggi total 236 ft dari mudline. Hasil perancangan yang telah dilakukan secara perhitungan manual kemudian diinputkan untuk pemodelan numerik dengan bantuan software SACS 5.7 lalu dilakukan berbagai analisis yakni analisis pada Member Unity Check (UC), Beban Vertikal dan Horizontal, dan Joint Displacement. Namun yang terpenting atau acuan dalam melakukan redesign agar memiliki struktur yang kaut adalah berdasarkan hasil analisis UC sebab akan mengetahui hasil dari rasio tegangan sebenarnya dengan tegangan izin (A36).

Estimating the cost of vessels is an important factor in the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) costs of offshore wind farms. Accurate cost estimation is required during the operation of the wind farm. This paper presents the development of the O&M charter rate modelling for offshore wind turbine jack-up vessels under different operational strategies. The main objectives of this modelling are to explore the differentiation of charter rates associated with the charter periods and with the capabilities of different vessels; as well as to allow offshore wind farm operators to plan their maintenance strategies by considering the share of vessels’ costs in the overall maintenance costs. In this respect, various jack-up vessels in the offshore wind industry are investigated and the most effective charter periods are identified. The seasonal effects on the charter rates are also considered to provide critical insight into the selection of the optimum charter rate scenario.

A composite investigation with panel code and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) meth- ods is conducted on 3D and 2D hydrofoil geometries and NACA sections to quantify the forces and the performance of these structures. This methodology is aimed to prove that it is possible to combine different numerical methods for a time-effective hydrofoil design approach. This combination will use panel method and thinship theory to investigate 3D NACRA F20 C-foil geometries. RANS, with k - ω SST as turbulent model, is used to analyse 2D NACA 0012 sections. The results will be compared between the two methods and with the experimental data available. Results proved to be satisfactory being able to encompass in the study many different performance criteria of hydrofoil design. The data between the codes showed similar trends although some differences were encountered. A design methodology has been presented to show how each code is adapt to study which part of the physics involved with this flow prob- lem. Time proved to be a major restriction but the main objectives of the project have been met. A consideration on future works was proposed based on the outcomes of the research.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM A333 Grade 6 Low temperature Pipe. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe & Line Pipes A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Largest range of A333 Grade 6 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com http://www.savoypipinginc.com/a333-grade-6-seamless-pipes-suppliers.html

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X60 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipeetc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 1 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe; Line Pipes API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70 HIC Tested Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com http://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-grade-b-x42-x46-x52-x56-x60-x65-x70-hic-tested-pipes-sour-service-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

This paper reviews various issues related to wind-power generation, one of the more popular forms of renewable energy, including attractions and challenges of electric power generation through onshore and offshore resources.
Significant increases in wind-turbine dimensions, rated power-generation capacity and size of wind farm developments over the past two decades are projected to continue. Offshore wind-power generation presents many engineering challenges including: limited guidelines available for analysis and design of foundation/support structures; inadequate logistics for construction/fabrication; and comparatively expensive  operation and maintenance costs, which combined result in current levelised cost of energy approximately double that for onshore wind-power generation. Different offshore foundation options are discussed in terms of general layout, loading characteristics and related fundamental natural frequency. Outlooks for some new approaches/developments and areas for further research are identified that may go towards reducing the levelised cost of energy for wind-power generation more in line with that from other energy resources, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of this industry for potential investors.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Gr. X60 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-x60-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

An American hamburger typically consists of a grilled or fried patty of ground beef served on a round bun. The beef patty is seasoned with salt and pepper, and sometimes other ingredients like onion, garlic, or Worcestershire sauce may be added to enhance the flavor. The bun is usually lightly toasted and may be coated with butter or other condiments like mayonnaise or mustard. The hamburger may also be topped with a variety of condiments and toppings, such as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, and cheese. 14 Caesar salat Caesar salad is a classic and popular salad that is believed to have originated in Mexico in the early 20th century. It typically consists of romaine lettuce leaves, croutons, grated Parmesan cheese, and a creamy dressing made with lemon juice, garlic, olive oil, egg yolks, and anchovy fillets. The salad is named after Caesar Cardini, an Italian-American restaurateur who is said to have invented the salad in 1924 at his restaurant in Tijuana, Mexico. The story goes that during a busy day in the kitchen, Cardini ran out of ingredients and had to improvise with what he had on hand, creating the now-famous Caesar salad.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM A333 Grade 6 Low temperature Pipe. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Carbon Steel A333 Grade 6 Pipe & Line Pipes A333 Grade 6 Pipe, Largest range of A333 Grade 6 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com https://www.savoypipinginc.com/a333-grade-6-seamless-pipes-suppliers.html

Les développements qui suivent sont un résumé de ma thèse, sous la direction d’Alberto ALEMANNO, défendue le 25 février 2014 à HEC Paris.

L’objectif de notre travail était double. D’abord démontrer la pertinence économique, puis, dans un second temps, l’impertinence juridique d’un contrôle de l’ingénierie offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise.
Ce sujet académique souhaitant apporter un éclairage au monde professionnel - cabinets d’avocats comme directions juridiques - s’est attaché à donner des réponses à ce paradoxe qui semblait, à première vue, ne pas en avoir. De la théorie à la pratique, nous identifions ainsi en dernière partie certains dispositifs pouvant inspirer une appréhension de l’offshore - sans réduire aveuglément cette lutte à l’endroit des multinationales mais objectivement en une appréhension plus juste de la richesse qu’elles génèrent malgré tout. Laissant ainsi espérer la résilience avec la crise, nous en concluons que la pertinence économique d’un contrôle de l’offshore aurait raison de son impertinence juridique.

A la recherche de l’inévitable et mythique synthèse, reprenons notre raisonnement.

La pertinence économique d’un contrôle de l’offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise s’illustre tout d’abord par une estimation chiffrée. La proportion représentée par cette économie parallèle sur la dette publique est telle que son appréhension permettrait le recouvrement nécessaire au respect de la stabilité budgétaire – celle-ci constituant le plus grand enjeu de demain.
Cette influence de l’offshore sur l’économie mondiale s’explique par le droit. Tout d’abord le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes, fondement du principe de souveraineté, autorisant chaque Etat à établir le régime fiscal de son choix. Conjugué à l’influence de l’Ecole de Chicago des années 1980, puis la financiarisation de l’économie des années 2000, cette autodétermination, disposée au rang le plus élevé de la hiérarchie des normes, permit d’instituer un chevauchement accru des législations à l’origine de l’élimination de la double imposition internationale.
Une analyse purement juridique nous permet alors d’expliquer l’érosion des bases fiscales comme les notions de « territorialité », de « mondialité » et d’ « établissement stable », conduisant à une imposition artificielle des bénéfices dans les territoires à faible fiscalité et une déduction tout aussi artificielle des pertes de source étrangère dans les pays à forte fiscalité.

Une appréhension de ces zones économiquement agressives s’avère donc indispensable pour plusieurs raisons.
Contrôler ces juridictions ne rendrait plus possible une externalisation du risque qui conduirait à un nouveau chaos économique, financier et social.
Plus encore, appréhender l’offshore permettrait de répondre aux conséquences dramatiques qu’a eu cette première crise subprime sur la seconde crise budgétaire. En effet, un contrôle des prix de transfert - qui représentent 60% du commerce mondial - dans les secteurs où leur manipulation est la plus dommageable comme l’économie numérique assurerait une plus juste répartition de l’impôt.
Ce nouveau paradigme permettrait alors une réduction des inégalités de richesses (entre les personnes morales elles-mêmes, FMN/PME) et de développements (entre les pays du Nord et le Tiers-Monde, stimulant l’émergence de l’Afrique).

L’impertinence juridique d’un contrôle de l’offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise s’illustre par une analyse approfondie de l’efficience exceptionnelle de la Common law en droit offshore et, à première vue, l’absence de dispositifs capables de l’appréhender.
Il est prouvé que la recrudescence du système anglo-saxon s’illustre dans les faits par des territoires majoritairement américains ou britanniques - qu’il s’agisse d’Etats à part entière comme les IVB ou les Caïmans ; d’Etats fédéraux américains comme le Delaware ou la Floride ; voire d’Etats simplement sous ascendance étasunienne comme le Panama. Plus encore, la recrudescence de la Common law s’illustre par l’Euromarket abrité à la City et régit par ses principes ; ainsi que l’usage d’entités d’interposition également sous tutelle de la Common law telles ques l’IBC, la holding, la fondation ou le contrat prête-nom, tous autorisant le contribuable à écrire la loi par la situation qu’il construit par ces mécanismes juridiques.
Le trust, auquel nous avons porté une attention particulière, cristallise cette recrudescence de la Common law aux dépends de la fiducie et des véhicules juridiques de droit continental en général. Le dédoublement de propriété dont il dispose assure une telle opacité entre le détenteur légal d’un actif et son bénéficiaire réel qu’il remplacerait aujourd’hui le secret bancaire mis à mal par la communauté internationale.
La fiducie, cette entité tripartite propre à la Civil law, est donc distancée par le trust constituant pour les législations de droit continental, un patrimoine sans propriétaire auquel il est complètement étranger. Contraint, le législateur romano-germanique tente d’opérer un legal transplant du mécanisme anglo-saxon, mais en vain.

Le paradoxe que renferme notre thèse apporte néanmoins une réponse qui se veut exhaustive et dynamique pour gérer cette insolence des mécanismes juridiques abusivement légaux. Conformément aux dispositions qui pourraient être prises par le prochain G20 de Brisbane en novembre 2014, en réponse au « projet BEPS » de l’été 2013, nos dispositions s’organisent autour de trois leviers de court, moyen et long termes.
A savoir, d’ici la fin de l’année, prévenir les délocalisations et inciter au rapatriement de façon à (re)territorialiser un maximum de richesse sur le territoire national; mais encore renforcer le pouvoir des autorités de contrôle, et ne pas s’en contenter. Exiger ainsi des multinationales françaises un « reporting » pays par pays, voire filiales par filiales, de façon à rendre aux transactions intragroupes toute leur réalité, et enfin calquer, sur le modèle américain, un « FATCA national ». Disposées au PLF 2015, ces mesures redonneraient de son éclat au leadership français pour inciter les Etats membres à agir dans le même sens.
A moyen terme, d’ici fin 2015, établir un prélèvement automatique des avoirs dans le cadre d’accords « Rubik » généralisés à l’ensemble de l’Union européenne. Combiner ainsi le  « FATCA français » à ce « Rubik européen » pour impulser un « FATCA européen ».
Cette dernière partie assure qu’il serait ainsi possible de tendre progressivement, à long terme d’ici 2020, vers un « FATCA mondial » d’échange automatique d’informations - unique dispositif susceptible de mettre un terme définitif aux pratiques fiscalement dommageables.

Leigen Z-10 adalah struktur platform jenis Wellhead Platform dengan konfigurasi jacket 3 kaki yang dirancang untuk beroperasi pada kedalaman perairan 160 ft selama 25 tahun dengan arah orientasi +60o dari True North. Pada laporan ini dibahas tentang analisis dinamis terhadap struktur tersebut untuk memenuhi tiga faktor yang diperlukan yakni: keamanan, fungsi, ketahanan. Secara umum, tujuan dari analisis dinamis ini adalah untuk mengetahui respons dinamis struktur terhadap pembebanan yang merupakan fungsi waktu seperti displacement atau perilaku dinamis struktur seperti frekuensi natural struktur. Secara spesifik, persoalan yang dibahas dalam analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar respons struktur terhadap beban gempa (seismik) yaitu dengan mengetahui unity checknya, berapa umur kelelahan dari struktur (dalam N siklus pembebanan dan dalam tahun) dan mengetahui metode dan jenis barge apa yang digunakan untuk load out jacket dengan mengacu pada rules API RP 2A WSD 21st Edition dan AISC 13th Edition untuk pemilihan materialnya. Pada analisis seismik tipe tanah yang digunakan adalah tanah tipe B, percepatan tanah puncak (PGA) adalah 0.065 g,  rasio redaman adalah  4%, dan CQC pembebanan dinamis X, Y , Z adalah 1.0, 1.0, 0.5. Pada analisis kelelahan telah dilakukan penggunaan metode deterministik untuk 12 arah pembebanan gelombang dengan kurva S-N dan formula faktor konsentrasi tegangan oleh Efthmiou serta umur kelelahan dihitung menggunakan metode Palmgren-Miner  pada  joint paling kritis. Pada analisis load out hanya dilakukan pada jacket, sedangkan load out untuk deck tidak dilakukan analisis. Analisis seismik dan analisis kelelahan serta sistem ballasting selama load out pada Leigen Z-10 dilakukan dengan bantuan perangkat lunak  SACS 5.6. Pembahasan hasil analisis hanya dilakukan untuk kondisi-kondisi yang maksimum sehingga dari segi ekonomis diabaikan. Dari analisis seismik didapatkan bahwa frekuensi natural strukturnya adalah 2.8 sekon. Umur kelelahan struktur yang terkecil lebih dari design life yaitu 60 tahun. Metode load out yang digunakan adalah metode skidding dan barge yang digunakan adalah tipe Boabarge 21/22. Proses load out dari preballasting hingga akhir membutuhkan waktu selama 2  jam 8 menit.

Savoy Piping Inc is highly Acclaimed Manufacturer & Stockist of Carbon Steel API 5L Grade B Seamless Pipe and Industrial Carbon Steel Pipes in All Grades of Carbon Steel like ASTM API 5L GR. B,X42/X46/X52/X56/X60/X65/X70 etc. Fast Delivery Guaranteed for every size Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Carbon Steel API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe & Line Pipes API 5L X42 PSL 2 Pipe, Largest range of API 5L Grade B PSL 2 Pipe Supplies in India. https://www.savoypipinginc.com/api-5l-grade-b-psl2-seamless-line-pipes-suppliers.html

Abstrak FPSO (Floating Production and Storage Offloading) merupakan salah satu struktur terapung yang dipasang di sekitar ladang minyak dan gas bumi lepas pantai yang berfungsi untuk menerima, memproses, menyimpan dan menyalurkan atau mengirim minyak dan gas bumi. Sistem offloading yang digunakan pada FPSO dapat menggunakan dua cara, yaitu sistem side by side dan sistem tandem. Tandem merupakan suatu sistem offloading dimana kedua objek (FPSO dan Tanker) terletak pada satu garis lurus dan menghadap arah t titik yang sama, sedangkan Side-by-Side dilakukan dengan cara memposisikan kedua objek sejajar dan kedua sistem dilakukan pada suatu ketentuan jarak. Struktur FPSO terdiri dari sebuah struktur apung yang berbentuk sebuah kapal dan secara permanen ditambatkan dengan konfigurasi sistem tambat yaitu mooring system, sistem yang digunakan dalam FPSO berupa jenis tambat menyebar (spread mooring type) dan sistem tambat titik tunggal (single point mooring/SPM) dengan jenis SPM turret mooring. Kata Kunci : FPSO, Sistem Offloading, Side by Side, Tandem, and Mooring system. 1. PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang Dengan berkembangnya teknologi, mendorong manusi untuk meningkatkan produktivitasnya, khususnya pada bidang minyak dan gas. Kandungan minyak dan gas bumi yang bersifat terbatas di perairan lepas pantai menyebabkan struktur terpancang menjadi tidak ekonomis jika dibandingkan dengan struktur terapung seperti FSO (Floating Storage Offloading), FPSO (Floating Production and Storage Offloading), Drilling Ship, Offshore Supply Vessel, dan lainnya, yang dapat berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Namun, mengingat FPSO beroperasi di perairan terbuka, pada struktur terapung tersebut mengalami gerakan secara periodik yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh gelombang, arus, Bagian-bagian yang terdapat pada Single Point Mooring, diantaranya Submarine Hose Strings, Submarine Pipe line from Production Platform, Manifold, Mooring Pendant, Mooring Lines, dan Floating Hose Strings. Gambar 3.2 Kombinasi penggunaan SPM dan Offloading sistem Side-by-Side http://www.marin.nl/web/Research-Topics/Mooringoffloading/Tandem-offloading.htm Pada offloading FPSO pada umumnya menggunakan konfigurasi tandem, yaitu tanker diposisikan pada jarak tertentu di belakang FPSO, secara fisik dihubungkan dengan hawser rope. Gambar 3.3 Sistem Offloading dengan Tandem http://www.marin.nl/web/Research-Topics/Mooringoffloading/Tandem-offloading.htm Kapal tanker juga dihubungkan dengan kapal AHTS supaya tidak membebani Sistem dan Operasi Kelautan Jurusan Teknik Kelautan, FTK ITS 6 FSPO pada saat kondisi offloading FPSO. AHTS vessel diposisikan searah dengan tanker, searah dengan datang gelombang ataupun kombinasi antara keduanya. Hal tersebut dilakukan untuk membatasi gerak pada tanker pada FPSO. Gambar 3.3 Peralatan pada Sistem Offloading Tandem

The existence of environmental concerns and constraints has led to a much greater necessity for the development of renewable energy resources. Wind energy resources are one of the most promising avenues for renewable energy generation, and the field has experienced significant technological innovation and growth over the past few years. This paper reviews various issues related to wind-power generation resources. Current trends, over the last two decades, of increasing wind turbine sizes, rated power-generation capacity, efficiencies, and the actual size of wind farm facilities are projected to continue. It is theorized that the current global installed capacity of wind power generation may increase from the current generation of 540 (2017) to 5800 GW by 2050. Wind energy potential, in terms of vertical wind speed profile, mean wind-speed distribution, turbulence effects and gust, are discussed in detail in this paper. A decreasing trend in the cost of initial capital investment and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), for both onshore and offshore wind-power generation developments, are projected to continue, although this is regionally and economy-size dependent. Key challenges have been identified for the development of wind power generation in developed and underdeveloped countries going forward. New approaches/developments in the field and avenues for further research or actions that can be undertaken are also outlined in this paper. Materialization of such lines of actions may lead to an increase in global wind energy from its current level of around 4% of the electricity generation mix to roughly 40%.

The vast majority of offshore wind farms today are supported by mono-pile foundations. Until fairly recently mono-piles have
been un-challenged as the primary foundation type, but this is now changing. With offshore wind farms moving into deeper water, monopiles
are becoming a less suitable option, not only economically but also in terms of function. This paper focuses on concrete gravity base
foundations as an alternative to mono-piles for future offshore wind developments. More specifically the focus is on the geotechnical aspects
of concrete gravity base foundation design, particularly the calculation of foundation settlement using both traditional analytical and
numerical modelling methods. A design case study is performed using site-specific data for a future Scottish Territorial Waters offshore
wind farm site. This consisted primarily of geotechnical stability and settlement calculations. The findings indicated that there was a great
compliance between traditional analytical methods and numerical modelling approaches.