Optimization Methods

The Graph is a powerful mathematical tool applied in many fields as transportation, communication, informatics, economy, … In an ordinary graph, the weights of edges and vertexes are considered independently where the length of a path is the sum of weights of the edges and the vertexes on this path. However, in many practical problems, weights at a vertex are not the same for all paths passing this vertex but depend on coming and leaving edges. The presented paper develops a model of the extended linear multi-commodity multi-cost network that can be more exactly and effectively applied to model many practical problems. Then, maximal limit cost flow problems are modeled as implicit linear programming problems. On the base of dual theory in linear rogramming, an effective approximate algorithm is developed.

The authors should be commended for presenting such an innovative approach to the estimation of the collapse potential in unsaturated soils. This is a pioneering work that sets the basis for further developments on the use of pressuremeter tests for the mechanical characterization of unsaturated soils in the framework of advanced constitutive models. This area has not been adequately investigated to date, mainly due to the lack of a methodology for pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils and the complexity of constitutive models. The present discussion intends to offer the opportunity for a debate with the authors on some

In today's life, it's necessary to pay attention to saving energy. There are a lot of research and studies in this area to minimize the potential for energy losses. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been considered as a coordinated model for nearly two decades. BIM is a utility software program that integrates the building information required in the building including a three-dimensional architecture, a map of the electrical installations, etc., and, with the intelligence it is predicted, can provide the necessary offers, time and order of execution to the building engineer, and if, for some reason, a part of the map is changed in any case, report the bugs that arise in the next steps. One of the issues that can be solved by BIM as a powerful database is energy issues. The first step for maintaining energy is to find a way to reduce consumption and save money. In fact, saving energy means less cost, less fuel and less pollution. Hence, we need to look for the necessary infrastructure to reduce the use and distribute optimal energy. This thesis aims to develop the methodology of one of the articles (Gerrish et al. method) by proposing a new and innovative design using thermal energy optimization and temperature estimates obtained from the EM software, and predict the best location for heating and cooling appliances. In this study, all the information about one of the units of the Toos Arman Star Apartment Hotel project located on Navvab Safavi Avenue in Mashhad, near Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH), was obtained from this project, and was modeled on BIM software. Then, the key parameters of the building were investigated and all of them were extracted from the BIM software. In the following, EM was investigated using the energy simulation software. Validation was also done by comparing the simulation results and the actual results. For optimization, two optimization methods of genetic algorithm (GA) and Taguchi method was used to determine the optimal location of cooling devices. In GA, we tried to maximize the satisfaction of building residents by defining the fitness function as approaching the thermal comfort point of 25℃. The results of GA and Taguchi optimizations were introduced into the energy simulation software, and again, EM was performed using determined critical points. Since the proposed topic of this thesis is new and so far no action has been taken to determine the best location for the installation of heating and cooling appliances, the EM optimization result of GA was compared with the EM result of two Signal-to-Noise Ratio analysis (SNR) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Taguchi method and EM result of the unit studied.

Context: Jordan is looking for a cheap and locally affordable source for its cosmetics, fuel and medical applications. Jojoba offers one solution to such problems. It is considered as a good medicinal plant that can be used for several applications. Aims: To evaluate the effect of parameters as mixing speed, temperature, feedstock grain size, mixture ratio and mixing time on the jojoba yield. Methods: The mathematical model combining the effect of all the above variables was then used to find the optimum combination for maximum yield. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique was used for modeling and optimization. Based on the Pareto chart of parameters effect, the seed size was the most significant followed with temperature effect. Results: It was found that the optimum values obtained for best yield were seed size of about 0.48 mm, the temperature of about 65°C and mixing time of 2.8 hours maximum yield of about 56% wt can be obtained. Conclusions: A mathematical model was suc...

Two-mode partitioning is a relatively new form of clustering that clusters both rows and columns of a data matrix. In this paper, we consider deterministic two-mode partitioning methods in which a criterion similar to k-means is optimized. A variety of optimization methods have been proposed for this type of problem. However, it is still unclear which method should be used, as various methods may lead to non-global optima. This paper reviews and compares several optimization methods for two-mode partitioning. Several known methods are discussed, and a new fuzzy steps method is introduced. The fuzzy steps method is based on the fuzzy c-means algorithm of Bezdek (1981) and the fuzzy steps approach of Heiser and Groenen (1997) and Groenen and Jajuga (2001). The performances of all methods are compared in a large simulation study. In our simulations, a two-mode k-means optimization method most often gives the best results. Finally, an empirical data set is used to give a practical example of two-mode partitioning.

Die Planung und Ausführung von tiefen Baugruben in weichen Böden im innerstädtischen Bereich ist für alle Beteiligten eine große Herausforderung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Herstellung einer 8 m tiefen Baugrube mit unmittelbarer Nachbarbebauung in Konstanz vorgestellt. Hierzu werden umfangreiche Messergebnisse gezeigt, die im Rahmen der bei Baugruben in weichen Böden unverzichtbaren Beobachtungsmethode erfasst wurden, und mit den Ergebnissen einer numerischen Analyse unter Berücksichtigung der räumlichen und zeitabhängigen Effekte verglichen. Darüber hinaus werden die erforderlichen Nachweise für den Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit unter Berücksichtigung der komplexen Baugrund-Tragwerk-Interaktion präsentiert. Insbesondere wird ein modifizierter Ansatz zur Berechnung der Aufbruchsicherheit einer verankerten Baugrubensohle nach den Vorgaben des Eurocodes EC7-1 in Anlehnung an die Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises „Baugruben“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik vorgestellt.
Die Baugrube mit einem annähernd quadratischen Grundriss wurde im Jahr 2008 in weich-breiigem Seeton mit zwei Untergeschossen hergestellt. Als Verbauwand wurde eine eingepresste Spundwand verwendet, die in einer Höhe von –1,80 m durch einen oberen Aussteifungsring aus einer Gurtung mit diagonalen Ecksteifen und mit einer abschnittweise hergestellten Unterbetonsohle in einer Tiefe von –7,80 m ausgesteift wurde. Die räumlichen Einflüsse der Baugrund-Tragwerk-Interaktion, die für dieses Projekt durch den Einbau einer rautenförmigen oberen und unteren Aussteifung und den abschnittweisen Einbau der Betonsohle bestimmt wurden, konnten in einer zweidimensionalen numerischen Analyse mit Mobilisierungsfaktoren und unter Berücksichtigung der spannungspfadabhängigen Steifigkeit des Seetons zutreffend erfasst werden.
Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel einer tiefen Baugrube in weichen Böden verdeutlicht besonders die Wichtigkeit eines umfangreichen begleitenden Messprogramms im Hinblick auf die Anwendungsgrenzen der Finiten Elemente Methode bei Verwendung derzeit kommerziell verfügbarer höherwertigerer Stoffgesetze. In dem Beitrag wird darüber hinaus eine Methode zur Berücksichtigung der spannungspfadabhängigen Steifigkeit von weichen Böden vorgestellt.

Quantum stochastic optimization or quantum annealing is a quantum algorithm of optimizing a given cost function. This paper takes one through a journey of improving classical optimization methods to reach a quantum one. A comparative study of techniques from both parts has been done. An alternate method to imaginary time quantum monte carlo based on frctional dynamics has also been discussed.

Excavations in soft soils in particular in urban environments with adjacent neighbouring buildings are always subjected to deformations that are not fully avoidable. The soil-structureinteraction of excavations in soft soils is dependent on many factors. A classification of these factors that influence the deformation behaviour depending on the degree of designer interference dealt with in chapter 2. The focus of this research work is to examine the uncontrollable factors that affect the deformation behaviour based on the above classification. The ground conditions, in general, and the material properties of the soft soils in particular, are responsible primarily for the deformation behaviour. For this reason, the material behaviour of soft soils has been scientifically studied using experimental and numeric methods taking into account characteristic stress conditions that arise during excavation. The factors that are under designer control, e.g. support system and its stiffness, the factors that are partially under designer control, such as the method and quality of support construction, and the construction period are also analysed taking into account the time and stress path dependent material behaviour of the soil.
The research work is organised in three core areas which are developed one up on the other. Using excavation model tests, a numerical parameter study of three idealized excavations, and stress path controlled element tests, the above mentioned factors are examined. The time and stress path dependent material behaviour can be generally analysed and validated using a numerical analysis of three practical case studies based on a method that considers the stress path dependent stiffness. This method is devolped and explained within this thesis. Two of the practical projects had been accompanied by the author in the framework of this research work during the construction phase and one starting from the design phase.

This paper proposes the use of an improved version of the ɛ-constraint method for the design and optimization of a rectangular micro-channel heat sink. This study aims to optimize the geometric parameters describing the micro-channel, namely its width, its fin width and its depth. The thermal resistance and the pumping power, considered as indicators of the thermal performance, have been approximated by surrogated models based on Response Surface Approximation. The optimization task is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. This approach has been implemented in GAMS. Sufficient details on both the single-criterion and multi-criteria formulation of the problem have been provided. The implications of the mathematical modelling formulation and the interrelationship between criteria and estimated quantities have been clarified. The use of the augmented ε-constraint method for the multi-objective optimization of a rectangular micro-channel heat sink constitutes the main contribution of this work.

The objective of this paper is to review the Stereo-Triangulation in computer vision, investigating the reconstruction of three-dimensional data corresponding using the 2-D images in a situation where images contain noise. Finally four optimization methods were implementation for Triangulation simulation in the noisy condition. The cameras were modelled using Peter Corke's MVTB toolbox in MATLAB and Gaussian noise was used to simulate noisy condition. Comparison of the result for four selected optimization methods, i.e., poly-abs, lindstrom, sampson and mid-point shows that poly-abs performs better in practice and create less error.

In the past decades, our capability to solve hard and large optimization problems has improved intensely. The paper addresses a review of optimization methods, heuristics, and metaheuristics. Their role in supply chain management, logistics, and transportation is also discussed. The main goal is to update interested readers about an enormous class of prevailing optimization methods and heuristics that have been designed for solving of numerous types of optimization problems. It is assumed that comprehensiveness of the overview of these methods is one of the main contributions of this paper. In the perspective of actual practice, it is also briefly stressed how and where optimization methods can be effectively applied in the field of supply chains and logistics.

Structures are normal or special; these are precious part and are promptly associated with living as well as non living things. Sometimes minute fault inside the structure might affect whole body and it would lead to collapse the structure which might create a significant loss of property and human beings too. So, increased awareness of structural Health Monitoring Techniques (SHM) gives an idea and remedies for the concerned defect due to aging, deterioration and fault during construction. Previous day's people used just a visual inspection for defect detection but extreme and worst damage in infrastructure leads to invent new technologies for the recognition of new methods on Structural Health

Prinsloo, G.J. (2014). Automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector. MSc Thesis, Stellenbosch University. p 1-142. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1130.3522
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day. Design specifications required a high-precision automatic positioning and solar tracking control system for a self-tracking motorized parabolic solar collector with an optical solar harnessing capacity of 12 kW solar thermal. The solar receiver is a point-focussing parabolic dish that pinpoints towards the sun to collect sun energy, but may also be a line-focussing solar trough. Stand alone off-grid concentrated solar and solar tracking system require intelligent digital control approaches to ensure optimal energy efficiency and management of the power budget. In co-generation systems, this is especially true for digitally controlled solar micro combined heat and power (mCHP or CHP), solar micro combined cooling heating and power (mCCHP or CCHP) trigeneration and polygeneration type systems that feed into microgrid and smartgrid systems in district power systems, remote areas, island power, rural villages, eco-estate housing schemes and industrial process heating systems.

For the derivation of the axial resistance of driven sheet piles empirical calculation procedures are given in the recommendations of the working groups "Ufereinfassungen" (EAU, 2004) and "Baugruben" (EAB, 2006), which does not always lead to consistent results. Hence, sev-eral static and dynamic load tests on driven sheet piles were evaluated using statistical meth-ods and the resulting characteristic axial resistance are verified on the basis of the approach of the working group "Pfähle" (EA-Pfähle, 2007). The examined load tests had been carried out in North Germany, hence the resulting characteristic axial resistance of driven sheet piles are first presented as preliminary result for North German underground conditions and compared with the present empiric calculation procedures. Further investigations on axial resistance of driven sheet piles, especially the consideration of restraining effects in dependence on the cross section of the sheet pile profile, are running at the present at the University of Kassel.

Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.

Nombre:__________________________________ Código:____________ 1. Defina los siguientes conceptos: Suelo, Roca 2. ¿Cuáles tipos de rocas hay? ¿Cómo se diferencian? 3. De 3 ejemplos de cada tipo de roca según su origen 4. ¿Cómo se califican los suelos según su origen? ¿Qué factores determinan el tipo de suelo que se forma? 5. Cite los 6 horizontes (Grados) de meteorización de una roca 6. ¿Cuáles son los 6 tipos de suelo según su origen? ¿Qué propiedades tiene cada uno? 7. ¿Cómo se clasifican los suelos según su tamaño? ¿Cuáles son los rangos numéricos de tamaño (Tamaños del tamiz) entre cada tipo de suelo?

Membrane distillation (MD) is a developing thermally driven membrane desalination technology that has been applied in four different basic configurations. In membrane distillation, a hot, saline feed stream is passed over a hydrophobic membrane. The temperature difference between the two sides of the membrane leads to a vapour pressure difference that causes water vapour to permeate through the membrane pores, and then condensed on the cold side of the membrane. The hydrophobicity of the membrane prevents the liquid from passing through the pores, while the water vapour is allowed to pass through. The technique offers the attractiveness of operation at atmospheric pressure and low temperature (40– 90oC), and has the theoretical ability to achieve 100% salt rejection. Thus, low-grade energy like solar and waste energy can be used for desalination.
In this work, an experimental investigation of the performance of Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) system was performed for seawater and laboratory prepared salt feed water solutions. The influences of  system operating parameters such as feed temperature, feed flow rate, coolant temperature, coolant flow rate and air gap width on permeate flux were studied. The effects of membrane pore size as well as the concentration of feed solution on permeate flux were also investigated. The performance of the AGMD unit was statistically optimized using design of experiment (DOE) and Taguchi technique. Furthermore, theoretical model describing heat and mass transfer analysis in AGMD was developed and discussed in detail.
The permeate flux was found to increase with increasing feed temperature and feed flow rate. However, it decreased with increasing air gap width and coolant temperature. The system performance tends to increase marginally with increasing coolant flow rate. The system performance is mostly dominated by the effect of both feed temperature and air gap width. Feed flow rate and coolant temperature have relatively considerable effect on flux. Increasing the membrane pore size from PTFE 0.22µm to PTFE 0.45µm leads to about 10% increment in flux production. While increasing the feed concentration from 0.075g/L to 60g/L lead to about 11% drop in permeate flux. The tested double-stage AGMD design was capable of achieving a maximum permeate flux of 128.46kg/m2hr, which is almost twice that of single stage unit, under the same experimental conditions.
In general, the theoretical model results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data as the maximum deviation of model results was within 15%. The model was also used to predict thermal efficiency and temperature polarization of the AGMD system.
Regarding system optimization using Taguchi methodology, the developed model proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data with a maximum deviation of about 10%. According to Taguchi orthogonal arrays, the experimental and model optimum system performance was found to be 76.0457 kg/m2h, and 74.5916 kg/m2h respectively. The conditions for the optimum performance are 80oC feed temperature, 5 L/min feed flow rate, air gap width of 3mm and coolant temperature of 20oC.

Farming is most important assets of our country. India is known as agricultural country. But in today scenario, farming got affected due to many reasons such as lack of interest by youth, weather's effect, water supply effect, crop protection. From these all reasons, we find the major problem in farming is protection of crop. Farmers are not able to protect their crop from thief, animals, bird and weather effects because farmer's resident place is far away from the farm. In this project we develop a system in which a motion sensor detect the presence of animal, human or bird between the boundary of farm and blow siren so birds and animal run away from farm and if thief trying to stole the crop then they will also run away by hearing siren. In case of water level degradation in soil our system will automatically start the water motor. Our system also sends notification to farmer at the time when someone is trying to enter in the farm and also for degradation in water level.

Розглянуто теоретичні засади оцінки якості планувальних рішень на базі розширеної системи містобудівних критеріїв за ознаками ефективності, інтенсивності та керованості забудовою. Введено поняття толерантності структури міського плану. Розкрито методи виявлення конфліктних зон і кількісної оцінки функціонально-просторової організації міста за цими критеріями.
Книга розрахована на фахівців в галузі містобудування, територіального планування, викладачів та студентів вищих навчальних заеладів відповідного профілю.

The article presents a set of general relationships for permanent volumetric strain from cyclic
loading. These relations can be used to predict earthquake induced settlements on granular soils,
with direct application to shallow foundations. Volumetric strain is calculated at the end of each
loading cycle for the following cases: drained or undrained conditions, isotropic initial stress state
(σ΄1=σ΄3, e.g. free field) or anisotropic initial stress state (σ΄1≠σ΄3, e.g. initial static shear), constant
cyclic stress or constant cyclic shear. The variables of the general relations are based on statistical
analysis of experimental data from drained cyclic triaxial tests and relate directly to the initial stress
or strain state and density of the soil element. The accuracy of predictions is examined through
comparison with a) experimental data b) well established charts from other researchers and c)
measured settlements due to earthquake, from reported cases histories.

This article presents a summary of applications of chaos and fractals in robotics. Firstly, basic concepts of determin‐ istic chaos and fractals are discussed. Then, fundamental tools of chaos theory used for identifying and quantifying chaotic dynamics will be shared. Principal applications of chaos and fractal structures in robotics research, such as chaotic mobile robots, chaotic behaviour exhibited by mobile robots interacting with the environment, chaotic optimization algorithms, chaotic dynamics in bipedal locomotion and fractal mechanisms in modular robots will be presented. A brief survey is reported and an analysis of the reviewed publications is also presented.

Desain struktur merupakan salah satu bagian dari keseluruhan proses perencanaan bangunan. Semakin mahalnya harga material menyebabkan harga struktur bangunan menjadi semakin mahal, oleh karena itu untuk menekan biaya bangunan, perlu dicari dimensi batang sehingga memberikan harga struktur yang paling murah (optimal), tanpa melanggar kendala-kendala yang ada. Salah satu metoda untuk mendapatkan struktur yang optimal dapat dilakukan dengan proses optimasi. Kasus optimasi yang terjadi dalam bidang teknik pada umumnya berupa masalah yang tidak linier, untuk itu perlu digunakan metoda optimasi yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah tidak linier, dari dua metoda yaitu dengan bantuan kalkulus dan metoda numerik.
Beton bertulang merupakan material yang banyak digunakan untuk membuat struktur bangunan karena material pembentuknya mudah didapat. Balok utama pada struktur beton bertulang langsung ditumpu oleh kolom dan dianggap menyatu secara kaku dengan kolom, sistem ini dikatakan sebagai sistem portal. Portal ruang merupakan sistim portal yang dianalisa secara 3 dimensi. Portal ruang memiliki 6 perpindahan yang mungkin terjadi pada setiap titik kumpulnya.
Harga struktur yang murah tetapi tidak melanggar kendala yang ada merupakan fungsi sasaran yang dicari dalam tugas akhir ini. Variabel desainnya berupa dimensi penampang beton dan tulangan baja yang digunakan. Balok dan kolom berpenampang empat persegi panjang dan uniform sepanjang bentangnya.  Hasil tugas akhir ini berupa sebuah perangkat lunak untuk optimasi beton bertulang pada struktur portal ruang. Kode program ditulis dengan bahasa C++ dan dikompilasi menggunakan Borland C++.
Penyelesaian masalah optimasi beton bertulang pada struktur portal ruang memakai metoda kalkulus terlalu rumit, oleh karena itu dalam tugas akhir ini digunakan metoda optimasi polihedron fleksibel. Dalam menganalisa struktur portal ruang digunakan metoda kekakuan. Balok dianalisa sebagai balok berpenampang empat persegi panjang dan bertulangan rangkap, kolom dianalisa sebagai kolom biaksial bertulangan simetri.
Hasil yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan program optimasi beton bertulang pada struktur portal ruang yang dikembangkan dalam tugas akhir ini dapat mengurangi harga struktur sekitar 9,9 % dibandingkan hitungan struktur yang dikerjakan tanpa dioptimasi. Dalam metoda polihedron fleksibel, semakin banyak titik coba yang digunakan, harga struktur yang didapat menjadi semakin murah, akan tetapi membutuhkan waktu proses optimasi yang semakin lama. Pengembangan optimasi beton bertulang pada struktur portal ruang merupakan hal yang masih luas dan menarik untuk dipelajari, terutama masalah pendetailan antara sambungan balok kolom dan analisis struktur dinamis yang belum dibahas dalam tugas akhir ini.

Antena mikrostrip dapat menjadi salah satu pilihan utama dalam perkembangan teknologi berbasis wireless. Antena jenis ini memiliki ukuran yang kecil, ringan dan mudah diintegrasikan dengan rangkain. Pada penelitian ini dibuat simulasi dan realisasi antena mikrostrip dengan optimasi menggunakan algoritma Simulated Annealing yang bekerja pada frekuensi 2,4 GHz. Algoritma simulated annealing digunakan untuk mengoptimasi dimensi patch antena dilihat dari sisi return loss. Untuk parameter yang lain seperti panjang dan lebar feedline, tebal substrat telah ditentukan berdasarkan perhitungan awal antena mikrostrip. Optimasi ini dilakukan menggunakan Matlab dan disimulasikan menggunakan CST Microwave Studio 2014 yang kemudian direalisasikan ke dalam bentuk fisik. Bentuk antena mikrostrip yang dibuat adalah belah ketupat, hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa dengan mengubah dimensi patch yang dioptimasi dan disimulasikan menggunakan CST, antena ini dapat memenuhi kriteria antena yang baik yaitu memiliki nilai return loss <-10 dB dan VSWR < 2 dengan dimensi patch yang dibangkitkan secara acak berdasarkan perubahan parameter dari cooling schedule pada Simulated Annealing. Cooling schedule yang paling sesuai dengan simulasi adalah pada tipe quadratic. Optimasi yang dilakukan dan simulasi pada CST Microwave Studio 2014 telah sesuai seperti yang diharapkan yaitu memiliki return loss-31,023613 dB, VSWR 1,0578404 , frekuensi kerjanya berada pada 2,4 GHz dan bandwidth 644 MHz. Hasil pengukuran berdasarkan antena yang telah direalisasikan menggunakan algoritma Simulated Annealing terdapat pergeseran frekuensi yaitu ada pada 2,447 dengan return loss-27,03 dB, VSWR 1,07 serta bandwidth 620 MHz. Kata Kunci : antena, mikrostrip, cooling schedule, simulated annealing, return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, pola radiasi, polarisasi I. PENDAHULUAN Teknologi komunikasi nirkabel yang saat ini berkembang pesat dalam dunia telekomunikasi menjadikan perkembangan antena juga semakin bertambah. Sebagai salah satu bagian yang menjadi ciri khas dalam sistem komunikasi nirkabel, antena diperlukan baik bagi perangkat yang menerima sinyal maupun perangkat yang memancarkan sinyal sehingga sinyal radio dapat tersalurkan ke udara. Perkembangan antena saat ini tidak hanya digunakan untuk komunikasi audio atau suara saja namun telah terintegrasi dengan komunikasi data sehingga membutuhkan perangkat yang dapat menghubungkan komunikasi antara perangkat komunikasi satu dengan yang lain [1]. Antena mikrostrip dapat menjadi pilihan utama untuk merealisasikan pengembangan teknologi telekomunikasi berbasis wireless ini, karena antena mikrostrip memiliki kelebihan yang ringan dan mudah diintegerasikan dengan rangkaian. Perangkat antena dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk dan kualitas bahan yang digunakan, sehingga kemampuan tiap-tiap antena untuk memancarkan maupun menerima suatu gelombang elektromagnetik tentu berbeda. Tentu saja antena mikrostrip juga memiliki beberapa kekurangan yang salah satunya adalah cara mengoptimasinya yang masih manual sehingga tidak efisien. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka optimasi dilakukan secara otomatis menggunakan

Most of the directions used in practical interior-point methods for semideinite programming try to follow the approach used in linear programming, i.e.f they are defined using the optimally conditions which are modified with a symmetrization of the perturbed complementarity conditions to allow for application of Newton's method. It is now understood that all the Moeteiro-Zhang family, which include, among others, the popular AHO, NT, HKM, Gu, and Toh directions, can be expressed as a scaling of the problem data and of the iterate followed by the solution of the AHO system of equations, followed by the inverse scaling. All these directions therefore share a defining system of equations.The focus of this work is to propose a defining system of equations that is essentially different from the AHO system: the over-determined system obtained from the minimization of a nonlinear equation. The resulting solution is called the Gauss-Newton

"FOR CITATIONS:
Salem, H.S., 2000. Poisson's ratio and the porosity of surface soils and shallow sediments, determined from seismic compressional and shear wave velocities. Geotechnique (Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)). 50-L (4), August: 461-463. (A Scholarly Paper Published in International Journal).
http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.461

Abstract:
Propagation of compressional (P) and shear (S) waves through
soils, sediments and rocks is governed by various factors,
including:
(a) lithological properties, including formation texture (size, shape, type, packing, sorting and distribution of grains), kind and amount of clays, compaction, consolidation and cementation; and
(b) physical properties, including porosity, permeability, density,
anisotropy, kind of saturant and degree of saturation, solid-fluid coupling, pressure and temperature;
(c) elastic (mechanical) properties, including bulk modulus (incompressibility), shear modulus  (rigidity), Young's `elasticity'
modulus, Lame's constant, and Poisson's ratio.

Poisson's ratio is a measure of the transverse strain or
contraction to longitudinal strain or extension resulting from a
change in normal stress under compression or dilatation. A
change in the wave propagation from one lithology to another
or from an unsaturated to a saturated medium leads to variations
in the value of the Poisson's ration from 0 (indicating a considerable change in volume) to 0.5 (indicating no volumetric change, corresponding to fluids). Also, the Poisson's ratio can have negative values, and these indicate certain properties.
Poisson's ratio has been effectively used in engineering, and in groundwater and hydrocarbon investigations. ""

In the past several decades, maintenance and replacement problems have been extensively studied in the literature. Thousands of maintenance and replacement models have been created. However, all these models can fall into some categories of maintenance policies: age replacement policy, block replacement policy, periodic preventive maintenance policy, failure limit policy, sequential preventive maintenance policy, repair cost limit policy, repair time limit policy, repair number counting policy, reference time policy, mixed age policy, group maintenance policy, opportunistic maintenance policy, etc. Each kind of policy has different characteristics, advantages and disadvantages with lot of contributions from Research scientist, Technologists... This survey summarizes, classifies, and compares various existing maintenance policies Around 170 Authors and their research works are presented in the Reference section. It will help to look into the different policies which is appropriate to the organization and for further study the reference section will be helpful for the researchers for further knowledge

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

Integration of reverse logistics processes into supply chain network design can help to achieve a network that incorporates environmental factors as well as economic factors. In this study, a new integrated approach is proposed to address designing a multi-product, multi-period supply chain network with reverse logistics. The framework of the proposed approach includes green supplier evaluation and a mathematical model in an uncertain environment. To the best of our knowledge, integration of green supplier evaluation into the designing supply chain network with reverse logistics has not been considered in the literature. This integration can help to incorporate experts’ opinions about environmental impact of suppliers in the network design. Minimization of total cost and maximization of total greenness score of purchased raw materials/components are two objectives of the model. The fuzzy EDAS method is used to determine the greenness scores of suppliers. Also, demand of customers and capacity of suppliers are defined using fuzzy numbers and a fuzzy method is used to obtain trade-off solutions. The proposed approach is applied to designing the supply chain network of a home appliance company. The results show that the proposed approach is feasible and efficient to obtain solutions to design the supply chain network.

With the increase of the number of students in universities and teaching diversity, taking course situations from different programs and term, in the exam schedule which school managements manually edited, make it inevitable that some students have two exams at the same time. When considering the constraints such as the number of classrooms and the capacity of classrooms and the number of supervisors and the issues such as special status of teachers, equitable sharing of supervising, student satisfaction and cultural values, the preparation of the exam schedule considered as a stressful and complex business. During the summer school, characteristic of exam preparation schedule has been changed due to significant increase in the number taking courses from different programs and even different faculties. In this study, an exam schedule automation system which integrated with student information system data, the above-mentioned constraints and wishes are taken into account, the satisfaction of student is noticed in the first degree. As the system assured automatically no conflicts of courses, reducing the number supervising by using classrooms efficiently and consideration the days which are available to teachers, the system benefits from the ability of genetic algorithm in order to distribute students’ exam load to the calendar range and to avoid the accumulation some students’ exams in a few days. The application has been implemented during summer school at the Atatürk University and Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and results has been discussed in this study.
Because in the genetic algorithm adaptation which the size of the population remained stable, the crossover rate is taken as zero and 50% of the optimal solution is transferred to the next generation, fitness function value of the best solution in every generation has no improvement distinctly, it has been concluded that the genetic algorithm can’t provide a positive contribution to our application. In future studies, by not keeping the population size stable, by ensuring that there are more poor solution in the population and by keeping the number of iterations high, it can be targeted globally optimal solution. The study also can be extended to include all faculties and the programming of the exams can be provided by taking into account teaching lessons.

The thesis focuses on three different areas: development of constitutive models for unsaturated soils, improvement of the finite element code “Compass” for coupled flow-deformation analysis involving unsaturated soils and application of the improved code to the simulation of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils.
On the constitutive side, a unique relationship is proposed between degree of saturation, suction and specific volume by introducing dependency on specific volume in the simplified van Genuchten equation. This is a significant improvement over the common assumption of a state surface expression for degree of saturation. If combined with an elasto-plastic stress-strain model predicting the variation of specific volume, the proposed relationship is capable of reproducing irreversible changes of degree of saturation and changes of degree of saturation experimentally observed during shearing. Predictions show very good agreement with experimental results from tests on compacted Speswhite Kaolin published in the literature.
On the numerical side, a number of changes to the code “Compass” have been performed. The new relationship for degree of saturation is implemented in the code and the implementation is validated against three benchmark problems. Use of the new relationship for degree of saturation results in significantly different predictions to those obtained if a conventional state surface expression for degree of saturation is used (as present in the original code).
Implementation of the water and air continuity equations in “Compass” has been corrected by expressing these equations in terms of flux velocities relative to the soil skeleton. This is the form in which the equations should be expressed if they are to be combined with Darcy’s law for liquid and gas flows. The simulation of a notional laboratory test shows that the incorrect combination of Darcy’s law with absolute flux velocities, as present in the original code, causes significant errors.
The convergency algorithm at constitutive level employed in the code has been corrected by introducing residual flux terms in the two flow equations, analogous to residual forces in the equilibrium equation. These terms must be taken into account if a convergency algorithm for an elasto-plastic stress-strain model is used and the relationship assumed for variation of degree of saturation involves any dependency on net stresses. A numerical study of a notional laboratory test shows that omission of residual flux terms results in substantial errors and may cause failure to converge.
The plane_strain formulation of code “Compass” has been corrected by imposing the condition of nullity only on the out-of-plane component of the total strain rate vector instead of the out-of-plane component of each single contribution to the total strain rate, as was done in the original code. Such inconsistency, due to the history of development of finite element programs, also appears in other examples published in the literature. Numerical simulations of two types of bi-axial tests show that significantly different results are generally predicted by the correct and incorrect formulations, and also provide an explanation why this type of error was difficult to detect in codes implementing traditional models for saturated soils.
The potential of the enhanced version of code “Compass” for analysing boundary value problems is demonstrated by simulations of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soil. This study also provides some initial insight into the interpretation of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soil by simulating tests at different loading rates in a normally consolidated soil. The mechanical behaviour of the soil is represented by the elasto-plastic Barcelona Basic Model of Alonso, Gens and Josa (1990) while the variation of degree of saturation is modelled by the new relationship proposed in the thesis. The entire range of loading rates, from undrained to fully drained (with respect to liquid), is simulated. Relatively small changes of suction are predicted even in the fastest test and the computed cavity pressure-cavity strain relationships are all very similar regardless of loading rate. It may therefore be possible to model even rapid pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils as a drained (constant suction) process. Further work is required to investigate the generality of this conclusion.

The work of the United Nations and other international organizations towards the establishment and implementation of the Statement on Sustainable Development has been considered. The indicators for assessing the state of the environment characterizing sustainable development in the areas of economics, ecology and sociology are presented. The necessity to consider these indicators in the development and operation of automation systems by technological processes is substantiated. The example of absorption processes and calcination of soda production technology shows how to take into account the requirements of each of the areas of sustainable development in the tasks of optimal control. The method of interaction of international organizations' documents, technological documentation and results of technological processes provides for the creation of appropriate databases and special expert groups working with them, is described. We examined Saati's method for considering the importance of each document. The algorithm scheme has been developed for solving multicriterial problem of optimal control of technological processes with consideration of documents related to sustainable development. The conclusions about expediency and possibility of taking into account international documents while designing and operation of automation systems are presented.

Sie liegen schon richtig, sehr geehrter Herr Professor, mit der Annahme, dass Erdbeben und Vulkanausbrüche in einem sehr engem Zusammenhang stehen. Was der heutigen Geophysik allerdings fehlt, ist die richtige Sichtweise, was diese Zusammenhänge ausmacht.