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Murine monoclonal antibodies, HB88A, B29A and DH59B separately identify the CD2 T lymphocyte molecule, a unique pan-B lymphocyte surface marker and a pan-granulocyte/monocyte surface molecule, respectively, in the horse. Specificity was shown by two-color immunofluorescent flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. MAb HB88A reacted with a 52 kDa pan-T lymphocyte molecule present on 75 % ± 7 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (n = 15 horses). It also reacted with lymphocytes restricted to T lymphocyte dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Specificiry of mAb HB88A to CD2 was demonstrated by its reactivity to COS 7 cells which expressed a transfected 1.5 kb equine lymphocyte c-DNA clone having 77.5 % overall sequence homology with human CD2 c-DNA. MAb B29A reacted with a pan-B lymphocyte specific cell surface complex, 143, 72, 50, 40, 27 and 14.5 kDa, present on 19% ± 7 of PBL (n = 15 horses). This complex has not been described in the horse or other species. MAb DH59B reacted with a 96 kDa pan-granulocyte/monocyte specific surface protein and identified macrophages and Kupffer cells in equine tissue sections. Together these mAbs can be used to identify and quantitate the major constituents of equine leukocytes. Abbreviations: PBL = peripheral blood lymphocytes; FACS = fluorescent-activated cell sorting; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; mAb = monoclonal antibody; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; r-XIgM = fluorescein-labeled polyclonal rabbit anti-equine IgM antibody; BSA = bovine serum albumin; PBS-BSA = PBS with 0.5 % BSA and 0.02 % sodium azide; PAGE = polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mAbs define equine leukocytes . 49

Reinforcing effects mediated by accumbal CB 1 receptors (CB 1 R) are controversial, as well as their role in the rewarding effects of cocaine. Accumbal glutamate and glutamate receptors have been proposed to be involved in CB 1 Rmediated effects on cocaine reward. Rewarding effects of cocaine can be evaluated with the conditioned place preference or CPP test. Rimonabant, a cannabinoid CB 1 R ligand, lentiviruses aimed at silencing CB 1 R, and selective glutamatergic ligands are good tools for studying the function of accumbal CB 1 and glutamate receptors. The objectives of the present study were (i) to discern the CPP effects of in vivo gene silencing of accumbal CB 1 receptors by means of lentiviruses containing siRNAs; (ii) to discern the CPP effects of intra-accumbens infusions of the cannabinoid CB 1 R ligand rimonabant, and to evaluate whether effects are due to receptor blockade or inverse agonism; (iii) to discern the role of CB 1 R located within the nucleus accumbens shell in the rewarding effects of cocaine, by means of local infusions of rimonabant, and (iv) to discern the role of glutamate receptors (AMPAR, NMDAR, mGluR2/3) in rimonabant-induced effects on CPP in cocaine-treated rats. The findings revealed that in vivo silencing of accumbal CB 1 receptors with Lenti-CB 1 R-siRNAs induced place aversion to cocaine, but intraacumbal rimonabant induced place preference in its own right, indicating that this compound seems to act as inverse agonist on the CPP. Glutamate receptors participate in rimonabant-mediated place preference because it was abolished after blocking AMPA glutamate receptors, but not NMDAR or mGluR2/3. Finally, in cocaine-treated rats, local rimonabant induced place aversion to the drug (not place preference), and this effect was mediated by glutamate neurotransmission because it was abolished after blockade of AMPA, NMDA or mGlu2/3 receptors, even though only the blockade of mGlu2/3 autoreceptors restored the emergence of place preference to cocaine.

In order to realize the goal of stratified and/or personalized medicine in the clinic, significant advances in the field of biomarker discovery are necessary. Adding to the abundance of nucleic acid biomarkers being characterized, additional protein biomarkers will be needed to satisfy diverse clinical needs. An appropriate source for finding these biomarkers is within blood, as it contains tissue leakage factors as well as additional proteins that reside in blood that can be linked to the presence of disease. Unfortunately, high abundant proteins and complexity of the blood proteome present significant challenges for the discovery of protein biomarkers from blood. Animal models often enable the discovery of biomarkers that can later be translated to humans. Therefore, determining appropriate sample preparation of proteomic samples in rodent models is an important research goal. Here, we examined both mouse and rat blood samples (including both serum and plasma), for appropriate high abundant protein removal techniques for subsequent gel-based proteomic experiments. We assessed four methods of albumin removal: antibody-based affinity chromatography (MARS), Cibacron Ò Blue-based affinity depletion (SwellGel Ò Blue Albumin Removal Kit), protein-based affinity depletion (ProteaPrep Albumin Depletion Kit) and TCA/acetone precipitation. Albumin removal was quantified for each method and SDS-PAGE and 2-DE gels were used to quantify the number of protein spots obtained following albumin removal. Our results suggest that while all four approaches can effectively remove high abundant proteins, antibody-based affinity chromatography is superior to the other three methods.

The concept of Non Performing Assets was first introduced by the Narsimham Committee (1991) on "Financial Sector Reforms". Public Sector Banks (PSBs) have always faced the problem of rising NPAs year after year. The deterioration of NPAs is primarily driven by the public sector banks. Many reasons are attributed to the heavy debt piling of PSBs such as, improper evaluation at the appraisal stage of borrower screening, irregular monitoring of loans, deficiencies in the recovery mechanism, etc. Creditors had weak rights and hence the recovery rate was very low. The problem of NPAs has been a hindrance in the economic development of the country. For measuring the effects of NPAs, we have to assess the performance of banking sector with respect to the factors of economic development. This research article studies the phenomenal deterioration of stressed asset quality, raising potential losses for not making enough provisions to combat the NPAs in the Indian Banking sector. The article observes that over the period of time, NPAs and bad loans have been adding in a spiralling manner in Indian Banks. Despite the treatment of stressed assets and prompt corrective actions as per asset quality report by regulators, the results are appearing at a very slow pace. They are of the opinion that strength and sustainability of the credit growth is the need for robust banking in the times to come.

Keywords: Endocannabinoid; cannabinoid receptor; Afferent; Nerve; Rat; Urinary bladder Word counts of Abstract: 250/250 Word counts of manuscript (main text+abstract): 2999/3000 words Number of references: 30/30 ABSTRACT Purpose: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades endocannabinoids and fatty acid

The epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR) is overexpressed in various malignancies and is associated with a poor patient prognosis. A small, receptor-specific, high-affinity imaging agent would be a useful tool in diagnosing malignant tumors and in deciding upon treatment and assessing the response to treatment. We describe here the affinity maturation procedure for the generation of Affibody molecules binding

Upon stimulation with agonists, platelets express CD40 ligand (CD40L), a transmembrane protein implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. We have recently discovered that oxidative stress plays a major role in platelet CD40L expression. In this study, we sought to determine whether vitamin C, a known antioxidant, is able to influence platelet CD40L expression. In vitro experiments were done by stimulating platelets with collagen in the presence or absence of vitamin C (50-100 AM) or vehicle as control. An in vivo study was done in 10 healthy subjects who were randomized to intravenous infusion of placebo or 1 g vitamin C for 45 min in a crossover design. At the end of infusion platelet CD40L and O 2-were measured. The in vitro study demonstrated that vitamin C dose dependently inhibited platelet CD40L expression without affecting agonist-induced platelet aggregation. In subjects treated with placebo no changes of platelet CD40L and O 2-were observed; conversely, vitamin C infusion caused a significant and parallel decrease of platelet O 2-(À70%, P b 0.001) and CD40L (À68%, P b 0.001). Platelet aggregation was not modified by either treatment. This study suggests that water-soluble antioxidants, which scavenge superoxide radicals, may reduce platelet CD40L expression.

Single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv) retain antigen specificity and offer advantages over intact antibodies as therapeutic agents. We cloned the cDNA of the V H and V n regions from a mouse hybridoma (HB-9645) directed against human CD20. In addition to the basic scFv construct (V n-L-V H), we genetically engineered a secretory signal, six histidine residues, and a dFluT tag to facilitate secretion, purification, and detection. A glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification signal was added at the C terminus. The GPI-tagged and the non-tagged scFvs were expressed in high yields on the surface of stably transfected insect cells. The CD20-binding properties of purified non-GPI tagged scFv were examined using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The non-GPI-tagged scFv selectively recognizes CD20-positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Double-flow cytometry analysis using fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes and WSU-FSCCL cells revealed that our scFv resolves the B-cell population better than the intact antibody. The GPI-tagged scFv was loaded onto the surface of sheep erythrocytes to form rosettes with CD20-positive cells. The genetically engineered anti-CD20 scFv and GPI-tagged derivative have binding specificity for the CD20 antigen. The scFvs described here has potential

CD44 is a cell surface glycoprotein known to be a hyaluronate receptor, which functions in lymphocyte homing and cancer metastasis. We have previously shown that CD44 molecules are expressed in normal endometrial tissue. In this study we immunohistochemically examined expression of CD44 glycoproteins in normal human endometrial tissue to gain insight into roles of CD44 molecules. No expression of the CD44 standard form was observed with 11 endometria in the proliferative phase. On the contrary, 13 of 19 secretory phase endometria were stained intensely by anti-CD44 standard form anti-body; all CD44-positive cases were in the mid and late secretory phases. Among the 13 CD44-positive endometria, four also were positive for the CD44 variant with exon v6. CD44 molecules were present at all but the luminal cell surfaces. These results indicate that expression of CD44 depends on menstrual cycle, suggesting that CD44 molecules might be involved in implantation of fertilized ovum in endomet...

The murine model of cantharidin-induced ear inflammation was profiled in detail for its alignment with the human model and to explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of the macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Ear swelling in CD1 mice persisted for 7 days, with peak intensity at 16 h after inflammation induction. As in humans, cantharidin (12.5 μg/ear) generated macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) production, as well as neutrophil accumulation in mouse ear tissue. The tested macrolides, clarithromycin and azithromycin, administered orally (2 × 150 mg/kg) 0.5 h before and 5 h after cantharidin challenge, reduced MIP-2, MCP-1, KC, and MPO concentrations and thereby decreased ear swelling. Our results suggest that cantharidin-induced acute inflammation represents an excellent model for translational research of novel ant...

Superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) is a valuable microsurgical model to study the role of the sympathetic nervous system in a vast array of physiological and pathological processes, including homeostatic regulation, circadian biology and the dynamics of neuronal dysfunction and recovery after injury. Despite having several experimental applications in the rat, a thorough description of a standardized procedure has never been published. Here, we provide a brief review of the principal features and experimental uses of the SCGx, the surgical anatomy of the neck and sympathetic cervical chain, and a step-by-step description of how to consistently remove the superior cervical ganglia through the omohyoid muscle or the carotid triangle. Furthermore, we suggest procedures and precautions to be taken during and after surgery to optimize results and describe tools to validate surgical success. We expect that the following standardized and optimized protocol will allow researchers to organize knowledge into a cohesive framework in those areas where the SCGx is applied.

A discussion of the extensions or modifications required to integrate ATM into hybrid networks, i.e. seamlessly interconnected terrestrial and space, wireline and wireless networks will be presented. In this context, the discussion will include: interoperability problems and issues, asymmetric channels, and various data rates. Several issues with proposed standards will also be addressed.

Coli surface antigen 6 (CS6) is one of the most prevalent colonization factors among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated in developing countries. Although it is known that CS6 is encoded by a plasmid, there are no reports on the sequence analysis of the CS6-encoding plasmid or genes exhibiting similar behavior to CS6. Here, we report the isolation of the CS6-encoding plasmid, pCss165Kan, from 4266 DcssB::kanamycin (Km) and its complete nucleotide sequence. This plasmid consisted of 165,311 bp and 222 predicted coding sequences. Remarkably, there were many insertion sequence (IS) elements, which comprised 24.4% of the entire sequence. Virulence-associated genes such as heat-stable enterotoxin, homologues of ATP-binding cassette transporter in enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and ETEC autotransporter A were also present, although the ETEC autotransporter A gene was disrupted by the integration of IS629. We found that 2 transcriptional regulators belonging to the AraC family were not involved in CS6 expression. Interestingly, pCss165 had conjugative transfer genes, as well as 3 toxin-antitoxin systems that potentially exclude other plasmid-free host bacteria. These genes might be involved in the prevalence of CS6 among ETEC isolates.

Aging is a chronic oxidation process in which the immune system is involved. Because leukocyte function is a good health marker and longevity predictor, the effects of daily oral administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 600 mg) on several lymphocyte (adherence, chemotaxis, proliferation, natural killer activity) and neutrophil (adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, superoxide) functions, as well as cytokine levels (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-8), were studied in 36 healthy postmenopausal women: 18 aged 50-69 years and 18 aged N 69 years. In addition, plasma and leukocyte oxidative stress markers (glutathione, superoxide, malondialdehyde) were evaluated. These parameters were analyzed within 2 and 4 months of NAC intake and 3 months after the end of the supplementation. In parallel, samples from 18 healthy adult women aged 30-49 years were used as a control age group. The results showed general impairment of immune function and increased oxidation markers in postmenopausal women as compared with the control group; however, NAC administration significantly improved the parameters studied, bringing their values closer to those of younger women and thus exerting a modulatory, rather than a merely stimulatory, action on the immune system. These effects were also observed 3 months after the end of supplementation. The present findings suggest that a short period of NAC supply (i.e., 2-4 months) at the dose used may lead to prolonged strengthening of immune defenses in postmenopausal women, likely by increasing the leukocyte glutathione pool. Thus, NAC could contribute to maintenance of good health and quality of life in postmenopausal women by decreasing the probability of immune system-related diseases, such as infections, in aging.

The small chemical vacuolin-1 induces rapid formation of large vacuoles in various cell types. In epithelial cells, vacuolin-1 has been shown to inhibit Ca 2+ ionophore-induced exocytosis depending on experimental conditions used but had no effect on repair of damaged membranes. However, it is not known whether vacuolin-1 could inhibit exocytosis induced by immunoreceptor triggering in professional secretory cells and whether there is any correlation between effect of vacuolin-1 on exocytosis and membrane repair in such cells. Here we show that in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells activated by the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) triggering vacuolin-1 enhanced exocytosis. Under identical conditions of activation, vacuolin-1 inhibited exocytosis in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). This inhibition was not reflected by decreased phosphorylation of the FcεRI α and β subunits, linker for activation of T cells, non-T cell activation linker, Akt and MAP kinase Erk, and uptake of extracellular Ca 2+ , indicating that early activation events are not affected. In both cell types vacuolin-1 led to formation of numerous vacuoles, a process which was inhibited by bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar H + -ATPase. Thapsigargin-or Ca 2+ ionophore A23187induced exocytosis also showed different sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of vacuolin-1. Pretreatment of the cells with vacuolin-1 followed by permeabilization with bacterial toxin streptolysin O enhanced Ca 2+dependent repair of plasma membrane lesions in RBL-2H3 cells but inhibited it in BMMCs. Our data indicate that lysosomal exocytosis exhibits different sensitivity to vacuolin-1 depending on the cell type analyzed and mode of activation. Furthermore, our results support the concept that lysosomal exocytosis is involved in the repair of injured plasma membranes.

Aqueous extracts, prepared from dried or fresh roots, stems or leaves of Mikania glomerata, a plant found in Mata Atlântica in Southeastern Brazil, were able to efficiently neutralize different toxic, pharmacological, and enzymatic effects induced by venoms from Bothrops and Crotalus snakes. Phospholipase A2 activity and the edema induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom were inhibited around 100 and ∼40%, respectively, although this inhibition was only partial for Bothrops venoms. The hemorrhagic activity of Bothrops venoms (Bothrops altenatus, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops neuwiedi, and Bothrops jararacussu) was significantly inhibited by this vegetal species, while the clotting activity of Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bothrops jararacussu, and Bothrops neuwiedi venoms was totally inhibited. Although, the mechanism of action of Mikania glomerata extract is still unknown, the finding that no visible change was detected in the electrophoretic pattern of snake venom after incubation with the extract excludes proteolytic degradation as a potential mechanism. Since the extract of Mikania glomerata significantly inhibited the studied snake venoms, it may be used as an alternative treatment to serumtherapy and, in addition, as a rich source of potential inhibitors of PLA2s, metalloproteases and serineproteases, enzymes involved in several physiopathological human and animal diseases.

Aftstrati-D-Propoxyphene, diazepam, chloroquine and propranolol were studied in an erythrocyte membrane stabilization assay involving osmotrc stress. n-Propoxyphene and diazepam appear to be considerably less potent membrane-stabilizmg agents than propranolol; chloroquine showed the weakest membrane-stabilizmg potency. All of the drugs exerted this effect on erythrocytes at concentratrons, in buffer, similar to the plasma concentrations associated with severe toxictty or lethality in man. Neither caffeine nor L-histidine reversed the stabilizatron of the erythrocyte membrane by propranolol. Srmilarly, theophylline did not reverse the effects of p-propoxyphene. Chloroquine did not alter the membranestabilizing effects of diazepam but a low level of diazepam slightly enhanced the membrane-stabihzing effects of chloroquine. The erythrocyte osmottc fragility assay is a simple, sensitive assay for studying drug-induced membrane stabilization at concentrations similar to those occurring in human plasma m viva. Anttdotal reversal of membrane stabihzation was not demonstrable in thus model. This may be because this model tests the physical but not functional integnty of membranes, and suggests that the mode of action of antidotes to membrane-stabilizmg agents should be examined in models for studymg the functional capactties of cells or organisms.

Ezetimibe, a selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, effectively reduces plasma cholesterol both in monotherapy or combined with a statin. However, its effect on atherosclerosis plaque progression is certainly unknown. MicroRNAs are short non-encoding RNA molecules dynamically implicated in monocytic differentiation which is considered an essential process during atherosclerosis development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ezetimibe on monocyte/macrophage differentiation as well as the implication of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process. THP-1 differentiation with PMA became cells adherent to the plastic surface, and induced the expression of macrophage surface markers (CD11a, CD11b and ICAM-1) and miR-155, miR-222, miR-424 and miR-503. In the presence of ezetimibe, the adhesive capacity of THP-1 cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05) and the expression of CD11a, CD11b and ICAM-1 was almost totally inhibited (P < 0.05). The expression of miR-155, miR-222, miR-424 and miR-503 was reduced by 55%, 100%, 75% and 100%, respectively (P < 0.05). Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that ezetimibe suppressed the PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK/MAPK and inhibited the NF-B activity, which are upstream signalling molecules in the differentiation process. In conclusion, ezetimibe inhibits PMA-induced THP-1 cell differentiation into macrophage-like cells in association with the inhibition of miRNA pathways. Our study suggests that inhibition of miRNAs might form a novel mechanism of anti-atherosclerotic effect of ezetimibe.

Cytokinin ribosides (N 6 -substituted adenosine derivatives) have been shown to have anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. This study presents the first systematic analysis of the relationship between the chemical structure of cytokinins and their cytotoxic effects against a panel of human cancer cell lines with diverse histopathological origins. The results confirm the cytotoxic activity of N 6 -isopentenyladenosine, kinetin riboside, and N 6 -benzyladenosine and show that the spectrum of cell lines that are sensitive to these compounds and their tissues of origin are wider than previously reported. The first evidence that the hydroxylated aromatic cytokinins (ortho-, meta-, para-topolin riboside) and the isoprenoid cytokinin cis-zeatin riboside have cytotoxic activities is presented.

In order to determine the optimum conditions for reactivity in the ammonium sulphate precipitation (Farr) assay we have studied the DNA binding properties of two antibodies raised against ultraviolet single stranded DNA (UVssDNA) complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin. In general the buffer composition, pH, temperature, and ionic strength conditions described for binding to undamaged DNA were found to be appropriate for binding to UV-irradiated DNA. However, some differences in detail were noted which indicate the necessity for checking the physical conditions of binding of individual antibodies. Mouse monoclonal antibody and rabbit polyclonal antisera bound to UVssDNA very rapidly, even when DNA and ammonium sulphate were added simultaneously, whereas this procedure prevented binding of rabbit antisera to UVirradiated double stranded DNA. Incubation at 45°C for 30 rain inhibited binding by mouse antibody, and incubation at 37°C for 60 rain caused reversible dissociation of the DNA-antibody complex. The optimised Farr assay was used to define the antigen specificities of the antibodies. The mouse antibody specifically bound to UVssDNA, but not to ssDNA, double stranded (ds) DNA, or UVdsDNA, whereas the rabbit antisera bound to UVssDNA, ssDNA or UVdsDNA, but not dsDNA. The extent of binding of the mouse antibody was dependent on the UV dose to the antigen, as well as the antigen concentration, indicating that the Farr assay can form the basis of a quantitative assay for photoproducts in DNA.

Because the mechanism by which lipoproteins are processed and modified in the renal tubule in patients with nephrosis is not completely understood, we studied the handling of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in perfused rat kidneys made permeable by protamine. Protamine pretreatment increased the clearance of 125 I LDL 25-fold compared to controls, thereby simulating a proteinuric kidney. Similar studies were also conducted in kidneys of rats made proteinuric by the induction of passive Heymann nephritis. Of the perfused iodinated LDL, 5% was localized in the cortex and lesser amounts in the medulla and urine. In the cortex and medulla, iodinated LDL was present mainly in the intact form (90%); just 10% was present in the degraded form. Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to LDL, we demonstrated specific staining in the proximal tubules, suggesting that specific LDL receptors were present in that location. Although LDL in the tissue was present mostly in the intact form, it was 95% degraded in urine, and the degradation was inhibited by chloroquine, indicating that the lysosomes were the site of LDL metabolism. Gel chromatography and electrophoresis of iodinated LDL in the urine showed the presence of fragments in the range of 5 to 15 kD. We conclude that renal degradation of LDL is incomplete and that the incompletely degraded fragments released into the urine may be toxic to the kidney by virtue of their lipid side-chains. (J Lab Clin Med 2002; 139:372-8) Abbreviations: EDTA ϭ ethylenediaminetetraacetate; GFR ϭ glomerular filtration rate; HRP ϭ horseradish peroxidase; LDL ϭ low-density lipoprotein; PBS ϭ phosphate-buffered saline solution; PHN ϭ passive Heymann nephritis; SDS-PAGE ϭ sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM ϭ standard error of the mean; TCA ϭ trichloroacetic acid

Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) from cell culture supernatants have been purified in order to acquire clinical grade for in vivo cancer treatment. The starting material was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems ranging from the analytical scale process to a scaleup to 1 g per batch. Three columns (Protein A affinity chromatography with single-step elution, hydroxyapatite (HA) chromatography followed by linear gradient elution and endotoxin removing-gel chromatography), exploiting different properties of the mAb were applied. The final batches of antibody were subjected to a large panel of tests for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of the downstream processing.

For many years, methylparaben (MP) has been used as a preservative in cosmetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposure on MP-treated human skin keratinocytes. HaCaT keratinocyte was cultured in MP-containing medium for 24 h, exposed to UVB (15 or 30 mJ/cm 2 ) and further cultured for another 24 h. Subsequent cellular viability was quantified by MTT-based assay and cell death was qualified by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) production and cellular lipid peroxidation were measured using fluorescent probes. In addition, activation of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein-1 was assessed by electro-mobility gel-shift assay. Practical concentrations of MP (0.003%) had a little or no effect on cellular viability, oxidative stress, NO production, lipid peroxidation and activation of nuclear transcription factors in HaCaT keratinocytes. Low-dose UVB also had little or no effect on these parameters in HaCaT keratinocytes. However, UVB exposure significantly increased cell death, oxidative stress, NO production, lipid peroxidation and activation of transcription factors in MP-treated HaCaT keratinocytes. These results indicate that MP, which has been considered a safe preservative in cosmetics, may have harmful effects on human skin when exposed to sunlight.

A detailed overview towards the advancement of graphene based biosensors has been reviewed. The large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity of graphene allow it to act as an "electron wire" between the redox centers of an enzyme or protein and an electrode's surface. Rapid electron transfer facilitates accurate and selective detection of biomolecules. This review discusses the application of graphene for the detection of glucose, Cyt-c, NADH, Hb, cholesterol, AA, UA, DA, and H 2 O 2 . GO and RGO have been used for the fabrication of heavy metal ion sensors, gas sensors, and DNA sensors. Graphene based FETs have also been discussed in details. In all these cases, the biosensors performed well with low working potentials, high sensitivities, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities.

Pentaksiran (PBS) Psikometrik Ujian Aptitud Am (KPM) Lembaga Peperiksaan
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Pentaksiran PBS Psikometrik Sekolah Rendah Ujian Aptitud Am Lembaga Peperiksaan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Download Bahan Ujian Aptitud Tahun 3 Sekolah Rendah Malaysia. Panduan dan Penerangan Apa itu Pentaksiran Psikometrik Ujian Aptitud Am dan Apakah Tujuan Tujuan Ujian Aptitud (SK) Sekolah Rendah dilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Pautan Muat Turun Direct Download Link Bahan Pentaksiran Psikometrik: Ujian Aptitud Am Tahun 3 terkini ada di akhir artikel.

NO. RUJUKAN: KP(BPG)9561/JLD. 75 ( 4 ) GARIS PANDUAN PENGALAMAN BERASASKAN SEKOLAH (PBS) PROGRAM IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA PERGURUAN DENGAN KEPUJIAN INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU MALAYSIA BAHAGIAN PENDIDIKAN GURU KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA (Berkuatkuasa mulai Mac 2007) 1 KANDUNGAN Muka Surat Pengenalan 2 Lampiran 3 -Penulisan Refleksi 11 Lampiran 4 -Amalan Refleksi 12 Lampiran 5 -Borang Kehadiran PBS 13 Lampiran 6 -Laporan Perkembangan Pelajar 14 Lampiran 7 -Aktiviti Profesional PBS 15 Lampiran 8 -Jadual Sesi Refleksi PBS 17 Lampiran 9 -Tugasan Pengajian Profesional 18 EDU 3101 2 PENGENALAN Garis Panduan ini digubal sebagai panduan dalam melaksanakan Pengalaman Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS) sebagai satu komponen dalam Amalan Profesional bagi semua pelajar yang mengikuti Kursus Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Kandungan Garis Panduan ini meliputi aspek konsep, objektif, strategi dan prosedur pelaksanaan, peranan dan tanggungjawab semua pihak yang terlibat dengan PBS. Garis Panduan Pengalaman Berasaskan Sekolah ini wajar menjadi rujukan kepada pelajar dalam memahami dan menghayati peranan serta tanggungjawab masing-masing dalam menjayakan program latihan profesionalnya di sekolah. Pelajar perlu menggunakan garis panduan ini sebagai bahan rujukan asas untuk memahami, menghayati dan seterusnya melaksanakan segala tugasan PBS dengan sempurna. Semasa PBS dijalankan pelajar ditempatkan di sekolah tertentu dan mereka diminta untuk menyiapkan tugasan yang disediakan. Pelajar adalah diminta menyiapkan tugasan yang diberikan dan diserahkan kepada Ketua Jabatan yang berkaitan untuk dinilai di Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia (IPGM). Buku panduan ini diharap dapat membantu usaha menjayakan program PBS dan memberi sumbangan bermakna dalam menyempurnakan pelaksanaan latihan perguruan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.

This review aims at highlighting on recent developments in preparation, characterization, properties, crystallization behaviors, melt rheology, processing, and future applications possibilities of biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites. These materials are attracting considerable interest in materials science research. Montmorillonite and hectorite are among the most commonly used smectite-type layered silicates for the preparation of nanocomposites. In their pristine form they are hydrophilic in nature, and this property makes them very difficult to disperse into biodegradable polymer matrices. The most common strategy to overcome this difficulty is to replace the interlayer clay cations with quarternized ammonium or phosphonium cations, preferably with long alkyl chains.A wide range of biodegradable polymer matrices is described in this review with a special emphasis on polylactide because of more eco-friendliness from its origin as contrast to the fully petroleum-based biodegradable polymers and control of carbon dioxide balance after their composting.Preparative techniques include (i) intercalation of polymers or prepolymers from solution, (ii) in situ intercalative polymerization method, and (iii) melt intercalation method.This new family of composite materials frequently exhibits remarkable improvements of mechanical and material properties when compared with virgin polymers or conventional micro- and macro-composites. Improvements can include a high storage modulus both in solid and molten states, increased tensile and flexural properties, a decrease in gas permeability and flammability, increased heat distortion temperature and thermal stability, increase in the biodegradation rate, and so forth.

THIS IS YOUR CUE: TIME TO TAKE ACTION
Call upon the community or general public, parents and youths, mental health professionals, physicians and nurses, educators, Facebook and other internet social media, religious groups, athletes, celebrities, secular and SBNR, school administrators, news media, Hollywood, academia, scientists, employers and employees, business owners and managers, private individuals and public officials, to join their talents, opportunities, and influence to support student mental health and end school shootings. Sharing this article is one way you can help https://www.academia.edu/35809557