Phobias

This paper describes a study to examine how a social situation can be simulated in a virtual environment, and how to provoke the same behavioral response as in a real life social situation. The aim is to create new Virtual Reality worlds for treating social phobia. Two cases were examined in a virtual environment to assess whether it was able to recreate social behavior of people. First, we examined if participants who enter a crowded room in the virtual environment prefer to take a seat in a chair that is close to them. ...

Background: Animal phobias in young people with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability can impede access to the community and cause risky behaviours. Previous studies have suggested that CBT including systematic desensitization and modelling are effective for people with learning difficulties. Methods of adapting treatment to people with little spoken language are not well characterised nor are the ethical issues around the young person and the animals during treatment.
Aims: To describe (1) adaptations to systematic desensitization when communication is impaired and (2) the ethics of involving animals in interventions.
Method: Treatment was planned based on the use of a systematic desensitization with a hierarchy of feared situations using visual symbols and schedules to communicate with the participants.
Results: Five young people with autism, severe intellectual disabilities and minimal language were successfully treated for dog phobia.
Conclusions: The treatment of specific animal phobias is possible with the use of minimal language provided that a variety of stimuli approximating to the feared objects are available and the safety of all participants is respected. Further work is required to develop sufficiently flexible treatment protocols.

Einleitung                       1
Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des NLP       2
Eine erste persönliche Erfahrung mit NLP       3
Eine erste inhaltliche Begegnung       4       
Erster Ausbildungsversuch       5         
Ein zweiter Versuch               5
NLP – interne Kritik                       6
Vermarktungsaspekte               7
NLP und Wissenschaft                 8
Resumee und Ausblick                 9
Literaturhinweise und einige andere Informationen    10

The present study examined the impact of a group treatment protocol based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) that was tailored toward the avoidant behaviors and life problems typical for socially anxious persons. Twenty-two participants enrolled in the group treatment, which consisted of 10 sessions. Twelve participants completed treatment. Post-treatment and follow-up data revealed significant decreases on the social phobia and experiential avoidance measures (follow-up effect sizes: 0.83 and 1.71, respectively). Completers' ratings of effectiveness in living, specifically pertaining to social relationships, significantly increased at follow-up. Symptoms decreased despite their not being a treatment target. This results suggests that symptom improvement may result from an increased willingness to both experience aversive emotions and engage in social behaviors that are consistent with what the participants valued, but previously avoided. Despite its exploratory nature and limitations, the study provides a basis for further application of ACT in this population.

The purpose of the research was to compare the effectiveness of the following treatment methods for fear of flying: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) integrated with systematic desensitization, CBT combined with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, and CBT combined with virtual reality exposure therapy. Overall, our findings have proven the efficacy of all interventions in reducing fear of flying in a pre- to post-treatment comparison. All groups showed a decrease in flight anxiety, suggesting the efficiency of all three treatments in reducing self-report measures of fear of flying. In particular, our results indicated significant improvements for the treated patients using all the treatment programs, as shown not only by test scores but also by participation in the post-treatment flight. Nevertheless, outcome measures maintained a significant effect at a 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, combining CBT with both the application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment and the virtual stimuli used to expose patients with aerophobia seemed as efficient as traditional cognitive behavioral treatments integrated with systematic desensitization.

Գրքում ներկայացված են տագնապի և տագնապային խանգարումների հիմնական տեսակները, ինչպես նաև դրանց պատճառականության, զարգացման և հաղթահարման ժամանակակից պատկերացումները։ Քննարկվում են վերջիններիս նեյրոկոգնիտիվ մոդելը, նեյրոկենսաբանական մեխանիզմներն ու ոչ դեղորայքային հաղթահարման մեթոդները։ Գիրքը նախատեսված է ինչպես սեփական տագնապը կամ տագնապային խանգարումը ինքնուրույն և/կամ մասնագետի օգնությամբ հաղթահարել ցանկացողների, այնպես էլ իրենց այցելուներին օգնել ցանկացող հոգեկան առողջության և հարակից ոլորտների մասնագետների (հոգեբանների, հոգեթերապևտների, հոգեբույժների, նյարդաբանների, սոցիալական աշխատողների, հատուկ մանկավարժների և այլոց) համար։ Գիրքը հիմնված է հեղինակի ոչ միայն մասնագիտական, այլև անձնական փորձի վրա։

В книге представлны основные виды тревоги и тревожных расстройств, а также, современные взгляды на причины возникновения, развития и преодоления последних.Обсуждаются, также, нейрокогнитивная модель, нейробиологические механизмы и нелекарственные методы преодоления тревоги и тревожных расстройств. Книга предназначена, как для тех кто собирается самому и/или с помощью специалиста преодолеть собственную тревогу или тревожное расстройство, так и для профессионалов сферы психического здоровья и смежных областей (психологи, психотерапевты, психиатры, неврологи, социальные работники, специальные педагоги и др.), которые желают помочь своим клиентам. Книга основана не только на профессиональном, но и личном опыте автора.

There is an overview of the main types of anxiety and anxiety disorders, as well as, the current views of the etiology, development and treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders. A neurocognitive model, and the neurobiological mechanisms of anxiety, and also, the non-medication treatment methodsfor anxiety disorders. The book is intended both for those who are going to overcom their own anxiety and anxiety disorder by themselvesand/or with the help of a specialist, and for the professionals of mental health and related fields (psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, neurologists, social workers, special pedagogues/educators, and others) who want to help their clients.The book is based not only on the professional, but also personal experience of the author.

Background: Social phobia is a chronic distressing psychological disorder with a huge disease burden which has not been sufficiently addressed. The study aims to ascertain the prevalence and correlates of social phobia and its impact on academic performance among university students in an institution in Nigeria.
Methods: Two hundred and seventy two undergraduate students randomly selected were interviewed. A socio-demographic questionnaire, a questionnaire on the subjective assessment of academic performance, social phobia inventory (SPIN) and the general health questionnaire (GHQ version 12) were administered.
Results: The majority of the subjects across all the dimensions of social phobia were female and social phobia was significantly associated with gender (X2 = 19.811, df= 8, p<0.05). Prevalence of social phobia was 52.2% and the t-test result of SPI scores were significant (t = 27.616, df = 730, p<0.05). 32.4% were not satisfied with their academic performance, 21% were motivated to turn it around, 6.2% increasingly finding their academics difficult. There was no significant association between subjective assessment of academic performance and SPI scores.
Conclusion: Social anxiety disorder can be a marker for other psychiatric disorders but there is limited evidence about its impact on academic performance. Nevertheless, it presents a huge significant burden which can have far reaching implications.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender por que um trabalho fotográfico como a macrofotografia de pequenos invertebrados, principalmente de insetos e aracnídeos, largamente difundida e utilizada em diversos ambientes como o educacional, acadêmico e artístico, pode causar emoções tão distintas quanto o medo ou o encantamento em diferentes observadores. Além de explicar a sua definição, citar equipamentos necessários e seus diversos usos, o foco da pesquisa se deu em relação às emoções geradas por esse tipo de fotografia, principalmente as negativas como as fobias, que foram estudadas e confrontadas por meio de características culturais e evolutivas da espécie humana, de modo a entender suas origens e questionar se esse tipo de fotografia pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz no seu tratamento. Foi proposto também que, a partir do momento que uma macrofotografia pode gerar uma experiência estética, a
mesma pode ser classificada como arte, mesmo fugindo das definições formais de beleza. Além disso, como objeto educacional, é uma excelente ferramenta que pode apresentar ao observador um novo e rico mundo, sendo que muitas pessoas que se dedicam a esse tipo de fotografia passam, com o tempo, a
estudar mais a fundo os temas que costumam fotografar.

The objective of the present research was to understand why a photographic category, such as macro photography of small invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids, widespread and used in various environments, such as educational, academic and artistic, can cause emotions as diverse as fear or enchantment to
different observers. In addition to explain its definitions, mention the necessary equipment and its various uses, the focus of this study was about the feelings triggered by this type of photography, mostly negative ones like phobias. Those reactions were studied and compared by means of cultural features and evolution of the human species, in order to understand its origins and question whether this type of photography can be an effective tool in their treatment. Also, it was proposed that, from the moment that a macro photograph can generate an aesthetic experience, it can be classified as art, even if it is out of the formal concept of beauty. Besides, as an educational object, it can be used as an excellent tool to be presented to the viewer as a new and rich world, since many people who engage in this type of photography start, over time, studying deeper the subjects that are usually photographed by them.

[This book explains how to acquire a psychiatric illness. There are thousands of books on the market offering a variety of treatments, and laying down the rules for healthy living; however, they have all proved ineffective. This work, therefore, is a desperate attempt to contribute to people’s mental health by other means, taking into account the sometimes surprising designs of human intelligence. The interested reader will be confronted with a range of mental illnesses, their symptoms, and a detailed explanation of how to acquire them: a very easy task. Because what is difficult, is the treatment itself, not to mention the difficulty of keeping healthy in the midst of our complicated consumer civilization.]

Este livro explica como adquirir uma doença psiquiátrica. É uma tentativa desesperada de contribuir para a saúde mental das pessoas, uma vez admitida a ineficácia de milhares de livros que ensinam tratamentos e regras de vida saudável. Ao assumir este projecto, o autor aceita os surpreendentes desígnios da inteligência humana. O leitor interessado encontra aqui uma ampla variedade de doenças mentais, com os seus critérios diagnósticos, e uma detalhada explicação do modo de atingir esses objectivos. Tudo coisas fáceis, porque difícil é o tratamento, e mais difícil, ainda, é manter-se saudável no meio desta complicada civilização consumista.

The purpose of this essay is to weave a conceptual reading of inhibition of action, which is based upon the formula that defines it as a restriction of an ego-function. This analysis is structured accordingly to the three axes that establish a metapsychological investigation: topological, dynamical and economical. The first chapter approaches the historical contextualization of the term ‘inhibition’ and its employment in Freud’s works. Further, a topological analysis of inhibition is deployed, focusing in the formulation that its agent and object coincide in the same psychic instance: the ego. The second chapter deals with the dynamic aspect of inhibition, of which fulfills the function of avoiding the actualization of a psychical conflict, the instauration of a new repression or the development of anxiety. The third chapter verses over the economical dimension; in this one, the inhibition is activated in situations of heightened reduction of the ego’s energy availability.

Daha önce Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) tanısı için dolaylı yoldan travmatik olayla karşılaşma kabul görmüş iken The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-V) ile birlikte artık bunun geçerli olmadığını biliyoruz. TSSB gerçekleşebilmesi için doğrudan karşılaşma, şahit olma, öğrenme, cinsel şiddete maruz kalma, mesleki maruziyet gibi durumlar tanımlanmıştır. Bu yeni tanım bize özgül fobi oluşumunda daha sağlam temeller verdi.

Analysis of a psychosocial problem from the perspective of psychoanalysis

Las fobias forman parte de una problemática psicosocial que aqueja al 9% de la población mundial. (UNAM, 2017). El campo del psicoanálisis ha hecho lo propio en cuanto a la investigación del origen de las fobias; en el presente artículo se otorga una visión más amplia de esta problemática psicosocial que tiene como fin integrar las diferentes investigaciones psicoanalíticas partiendo desde el psicoanálisis clásico de Freud, Lacan, Melanie Klein hasta la construcción integradora de los orígenes de las fobias.

Starting from the concept of anxiety, we proceeded to separate the “physiological” form from the “pathological” forms, distinguishing between fear, anguish, panic, phobia, fear, terror and stress, all terms often confused and overlapped in the common jargon. Distinguishing the individual psychopathologies contained in DSM-V anxiety disorders, with a focus on the psychodynamic profile, the analysis focused on the neural correlates involved in anxiety disorders and on the best pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches chosen to treat the morbid condition, paying particular attention to the strategic model and the most important clinical techniques.

"They fuck you up, your mum and dad.
    They may not mean to, but they do.
They fill you with the faults they had
    And add some extra, just for you."
–Philip Larkin


zombie, n. “a small yellow flower”

Yorgos Lanthimos’ Dogtooth (2009) exists in the shadow of certain real life cases and, as a film about a dictatorial Greek patriarch, is open to readings of political allegory; aesthetically, it is a post-Haneke minimal-realist piece, of fixed shots and cramped framing, and it employs an amalgam of professional and non-professional actors; it is also a reflection on the transgressive and liberating possibilities of the cinema itself; but what is most interesting about the film, from a Lacanian perspective, is what it suggests about language and family structure. And so, through concepts such as phobia and the paternal metaphor, as well as alienation and the uncanny – as they are theorized by Lacanian psychoanalysis – this chapter will explore the constitution of the Subject, in and through language, in Dogtooth to reveal – in a properly psychoanalytic manner – what the “pathological” instance here can tell us about the general condition.

This study aimed to test a combined treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), compared with CBT integrated with systematic desensitization, in reducing fear of flying. Participants were patients with aerophobia, who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups in a before- and after-treatment research design. The Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire (FAS) and the Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire (FAM) were used. The efficacy of each program was evaluated comparing the pre- and post-treatment levels of fear of flying within subjects. A comparison of the post-treatment scores between subjects was
also conducted. Results showed the effectiveness of each model with a significant improvement in the examined psychological outcomes in both groups.

Toute activité sportive est perçue en général comme étant positive et bénéfique. Mais quand, cette activité libératrice à la base, devient addiction, teintée de souffrance et des syndromes de manque, elle n’est plus centrée sur le plaisir, mais elle empêche le bon fonctionnement du sujet dans les autres domaines de sa vie. Creusant cette problématique, particulièrement dans l’activité de la musculation, nous avons touché au fond de la psyché, à un complexe, celui d’Adonis, qui englobe notamment les domaines du narcissisme défaillant, de l’estime de soi oscillante, et ses répercussions sur l’image du corps que l’Adonis travaille à changer, pour relayer à des assises narcissiques défaillantes. À travers les thèses analytiques des relations d’objets, les thèses sociales, passants par les thèses neurobiologiques, nous avons démontré notre problématique. Puis à travers des entretiens cliniques et des tests scientifiques administrés à des hommes qui fréquentent les salles de gym pour exercer la musculation, nous avons vérifié nos hypothèses. Tout cela dans le but d’aider les hommes à trouver des moyens pour désamorcer leur insatisfaction corporelle et apprendre à reconnaître leurs problèmes, trouver de nouvelles manières de percevoir leur corps et découvrir d’autres façons d’avoir confiance en eux-mêmes et un sentiment d’accomplissement en soi, loin de toute forme d’addiction.

Activité physique - Addiction - Anorexie masculine renversée - Anxiété - Complexe d’Adonis - Compulsion - Corps - Défaillance narcissique - Dépendance - Dépression - Dysmorphophobie - Dysmorphie - Estime de soi - Fixation – Homosexualité - Image corporelle - Masochisme - Musculation - Narcissisme - Narcissisme primaire - Narcissisme secondaire - Phobie - Relation d’objet narcissique - Sport - Théorie de la Relation d’objet - Trouble obsessionnel compulsif -

This article examines how abolitionists developed a rhetorical tradition premised on the neologisms colorphobia and Negrophobia in order to posit an affective basis for race prejudice. These concepts functioned initially as puns on hydrophobia, the historical name for rabies, named for the dread of swallowing water known to accompany the disease. In other words, colorphobia harbored a precise metaphor in its etymology, picturing the slave system as a mad dog in the throes of a rabid breakdown, spreading race prejudice in the form of an infectious fear. Exploring the forms this rhetoric could take, I demonstrate that while satire thus served as the dominant mode early on, phobia’s emphasis on fear soon began to inspire strategies of public health activism, too. Political discourse in the U.S. began to incorporate scientific investigations of fear as a psychological state. I conclude by arguing that Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Dred is the most significant novel to respond to this rhetorical trend. Skeptical of the move to console the fear of slaveholders and proslavery advocates, Stowe endeavors to repurpose a phobic aesthetic in the form of the novel’s protagonist Dred, originally spelled “Dread” (phobia's closest nineteenth-century synonym), to explore the potential uses of fear as a political feeling.

In an important sense, Freud’s metapsychology is built on the back of animal phobias, which he repeatedly trots out whenever he needs to substan- tiate his theories of the castration complex, anxiety, and even the foundational Oedipal complex.1 From a feminist perspective, it is fascinating that behind the animal phobias that define Freud’s work—Little Hans’s horse, the Rat Man, the Wolf Man—there are consistently fantasies of matricide, self-birth, and womb envy. Perhaps more significantly, there are sisters who both torment and titil- late their brothers and thereby contribute to the onset of their phobias. Freud relegates to the background these terrible sisters and their abjected mothers to put the father at the center of animal phobia. In this essay, I will explore the mothers and sisters effaced by the father-animal and the ways in which they “bite back” in Freud’s own analysis of animal phobias.

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) environments are increasingly being used to provide therapy to those suffering from mental health problems. Virtual environments can provide a safe and realistic simulation to expose patients to the cause of their problem. This paper presents a review of the use of 3D environments to assess and treat mental health problems. Within the review applications to treat mental health problems such as post-traumatic disorder, autism and phobias are described. The areas reviewed in this paper describe more recent works in the area of three-dimensional interfaces for the treatment of mental health problems.

Americans can be divided into two groups: those who own guns and those who do not. Although people who own guns and people who do not own guns are often separated along social, cultural, and political lines, it is unclear whether these divisions might extend to population differences in emotional experience. In this paper, we use national cross-sectional data from the 2014 Chapman University Survey on American Fears (n = 1,385) to test whether gun owners are more or less afraid than people who do not own guns. We build on previous work by testing two hypotheses with a broad range of fear-related outcomes, including specific phobias and fears associated with being victimized. The symptom perspective argues that gun ownership is a behavioral expression of fear, that gun owners need guns to protect themselves because they are irrational cowards. Although binary logistic regression models provided minimal support for this idea, there was some evidence to suggest that the odds of gun ownership are higher for people who report being afraid of being victimized by a random/mass shooting. The palliative perspective claims that gun ownership mitigates fear, that owning a powerful weapon is somehow soothing to individuals and their families. Ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression models suggest that people who own guns tend to report lower levels of phobias and victimization fears than people who do not own guns. This general pattern is observed across multiple indicators of fear (e.g., of animals, heights, zombies, and muggings), multiple outcome specifications (continuous and count), and with adjustments for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, the presence of children, religious identity, religiosity, religious attendance, political orientation, region of residence, and urban residence. Additional longitudinal research is needed to confirm our findings with a wider range of covariates and fear-related outcomes.

Hate and fear are negative but very powerful influences on human beings. Islamophobia is hate for and fear of Islam. Like every human-feeling hate, fear and anger are not evil in themselves. After all we should hate crime, fear consequences off ill deeds and feel anger on injustice. But should we hate and fear Islam? If yes, then what in Islam should we fear and if no, then those who do hate Islam – why they do so? Is there a way-out of this?

Trypophobia adalah jenis ketakutan pada pola berlubang yang berulang, kadang juga berornamen. Sedangkan phobia sendiri adalah ketakutan secara berlebihan pada suatu hal. Trypophobia secara umum dapat diartikan sebagai penyakit psikologis seperti merasa merinding, jijik, ngeri, gatal, dan takut berlebihan saat melihat lubang-lubang kecil seperti sarang lebah atau terumbu karang. Penyakit Trypopbobia Seseorang yang mendetita Trypophobia akan merasa begitu ketakutan saat melihat benda-benda berlubang. Ketakutan berlebih dapat menimbulkan keringat dingin, merinding, mual bahkan muntah-muntah. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena penderita trypophobia melihat lubang-lubang tersebut seperti seolah melihat hewan yang menjijikkan. Istilah trypophobia untuk menggambarkan orang-orang yang memiliki ketakutan berlebih pada lubang. Ketakutan yang mampu membuat stres, sebab penderita percaya bahwa lubang – lubang kecil tersebut dapat tumbuh menjadi lubang besar di kulit. Ada beberapa kasus bahwa penderita trypophobia menjadi paranoid setelah tergigit serangga. Menurut Arnold Wilkins dan Geoff Cole melakukan penelitian untuk pertama kali pada enderita Trypophobia, dan hasil dari penelitian tersebut memberi kesimpulan bahwa ketakutan lebih ke arah jijik, bukan rasa takut itu sendiri. Namun dalam hal ini banyak kalangan dokter yang tidak mengakui secara langsung bahwa Trypophobia adalah phobia sungguhan. Penyebab Trypophobia Sampai saat ini belum diketahui apa penyebab pasti penyakit trypophobia ini. Sedangkan gangguan ketakutan yang diderita disebut juga gangguan anxietas fobik. Secara umum orang yang memiliki gangguan ini akan nampak aneh di mata lingkungannya, sebab ia ketakutan pada sesuatu yang nampak tak wajar untuk ditakuti. Sedangkan phobia sendiri berasal dari pikiran negative yang berasal dari diri sendiri. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Universitas Essex di Inggris memberi kesimpula bahwa, penyebab trypophobia adalah kemiripan lubang yang dilihat dengan benda-benda beracun. Selain itu para ahli juga menyimpulkan bahwa penyebab dasar penyakit ini memang sudah ada sejak kecil dengan mulai merasa ngeri atau jijik saat melihat lubang-lubang tersebut. sedangkan secara ilmiah, belum ditemukan secara pasti. Gejala Trypophobia Seorang penderita trypophobia akan mengalami trauma psokoligis saat melihat lubang-lubang beraturan meskipun itu hanya gambaran dari sarang lebah. Efek yang ditimbulkan dari trauma ini bermacam-macam di antaranya: 1. Panik secara luar biasa saat melihat lubang 2. Merasa merinding atau geli pada indra peraba (kulit) 3. Jantung berdebar-debar kencang 4. Jijik, merasa mual-mual, bahkan muntah 5. Kepala pusing atau migrain.

Acrophobia is a scientific term used to describe the fear of height. To some people, this fear is manageable, but to others, the fear could pose danger to their life if it stars to interfere with their day to day activities. The conventional treatment for acrophobia is usually done through exposure therapy, where individuals suffering acrophobia will be gradually exposed (physically) to height. The disadvantage of conventional treatment is that it could put the sufferers in life threatening situation. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to create the presence of height using a simple 3D virtual environment, which later could be used in exposure therapy for acrophobia. The system consists of a multimedia workstation, a Head Mounted Display (HMD) and a virtual scene of a busy city surrounded by tall buildings. The experiment consists of the user being gradually lifted up and down on an open elevator hanging outside one of the buildings. Set of questions were being asked to each participant after the experiment, and the results shown that with simple 3D virtual environment, the simulation of height is achievable.

Φόβος είναι μια συναισθηματική αντίδραση με προσαρμοστική αξία, που εκλύεται σε κάποιο συγκεκριμένο αντικειμενικό κίνδυνο. Παρά το γεγονός ότι ο φόβος, ως έναν βαθμό, είναι κάτι συνηθισμένο στην παιδική ηλικία και εφηβική ηλικία, η σοβαρότητα των συγκεκριμένων φοβικών αντιδράσεων μπορεί να κριθεί μόνο από τις συνέπειες που έχουν στην καθημερινή ζωή του παιδιού-εφήβου.

Representations of serpents are ubiquitous in the iconography of pre-Hispanic and early colonial Mesoamerica. Snakes, and reptilian features combined with other signs and symbols, are found in visual and verbal expressions of the experience of a sentient cosmos, including the surface of the Earth, the sky, and the underworld. Reptilian attributes were worn by rulers and priests as manifestations of their sacred status, legitimizing their political and social power. In this paper serpent imagery is framed in embodiment theory and evolutionary aesthetics, drawing on concepts developed by scholars from a wide range of disciplines.

This paper explores the traits of the leadership dexterity of special students. Leadership in special students is not an expected phenomenon. Cases of special students studying at the University of Tampere, Finland are reported on here. Each case contributes uniqueness and offers qualitative insight into this phenomenon. Interviews were conducted on the respondent's willingness. The interviewees were special students who suffered from different special dexterities such as cerebral palsy, dyslexia, and height phobia. The findings suggest that realizing weakness is important and transforming these in strengths that lead to behavioral changes. Initiating special abilities enhances in strengthening the weaknesses empowering them to perform better through adaptability. Their initiative persistence is high because they are pushing themselves harder. This empowers them to increase their competence through maintaining the stability and adaptability to perform. However, losing persistence is another form of weaknesses.

In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the differences in state-trait anxiety, spiritualism, and maladjustment among three different groups of participants showing symptoms of phobia (specific phobia, social phobia, and mixed phobia) and a group of normal controls. Data from a sample of 200 participants were utilized for the purpose. The tools used were Fear Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Materialism-Spiritualism scale, and Mathew Maladjustment Inventory. The major finding of the present study was that the phobic groups scored significantly higher than the control group in state anxiety, spiritualism, and maladjustment. In trait anxiety, the mixed phobia group scored higher compared to all the other sub groups.

On the author`s page:
https://www.academia.edu/30763049/%D0%91%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%AB_%D0%98_%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%92%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%95_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98_%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%92_%D0%98_%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%97%D0%95%D0%99_%D0%92%D0%98%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%92_VI_IX_%D0%92%D0%92
The article considers role and dynamics of mutual images in the communication of Bulgars and Slavs with the Byzantine Empire and among themselves in connection with their migration across Danube, settlement in the Balkans, formation and enlargement of the Bulgarian state in the 7th–9th cc. The Byzantines’ phobias towards Bulgars and Slav incorporated both the reminiscences of the ancient fears of enemies and new eschatological fears. They were being overcome by real and symbolic interiorization of the outer enemies, which in political contacts were perceived as military opponents and trouble-making neighbors, untrustworthy allies, friends by status or insubordinate subjects. Their transfer from the world of images to the world of politics obviously did not make the Rhomeoi’s relationships with the «inner barbarians» free from the impact of traditional images and their remnants, which in the case of the Bulgars and integrated into
their state Slavs kept on existing after their conversion to Christianity. In their turn, the relations between theBulgars and Slavs, on the one side, and Byzantium on the other, were determined not only by political and
militaly challenges, but with their acculturation into the symbolic space of the Christian Empire conjugated with their attitudes to the statuses and nominations offered by Constantinople. The Bulgar-Slav relations and their symbolic expressions were shaped during their cooperation, which had begun long before the arrival of Asparuch to the Balkans, and in the course of the competition of the Bulgarian state with Byzantium for Balkan Slavinias. Nevertheless, the reminiscences of the ancient ethnic phobias in the mediaeval Byzantine and Slavonic texts existed more as literary fashion than as reflections of the current social and political realities. *****  В статье рассматриваются роль и динамика взаимных представлений в общении язычников-болгар
и славян с Византийской империей и друг с другом в связи с их переходом за Дунай, закреплением на Балканах, созданием и расширением болгарского государства в VII–IX вв., до принятия
христианства в 863 г. Фобии византийцев в отношении болгар и славян включали как реминисценции античных страхов перед врагами, так и новые эсхатологические страхи. Они преодолевались реальной и символической интериоризацией внешних противников, которые в политических контекстах воспринимались как военные противники, беспокойные соседи, ненадежные союзники, статусные «друзья» или непокорные подданные. Переход из мира представлений в мир политики, разумеется, не освобождал отношения ромеев с «внутренними варварами» от влияния традиционных имиджей и их элементов, которые в случае с болгарами и интегрированными ими в свое государство славянами продолжали сохраняться и после принятия христианства. В свою очередь, отношения болгар и славян к Византии определялись не только политическими и военными вызовами, но и аккультурацией в символическое пространство христианской империи, сопряженной с отношением к предлагаемым Константинополем статусам и номинациям. Болгаро-славянские отношения и представления о них формировались в основном на основе сотрудничества, начавшегося задолго до прихода Аспаруха на Балканы, и соперничества с Византией за балканские Славинии. Реминисценции древних «этнических» фобий в средневековых византийских и славянских текстах, тем не менее, сохранялись скорее в форме литературной моды, нежели отражали состояние современных им общественно-политических реалий.

The Freudian and Kleinian conceptions of the struggle between &#39;life&#39; and &#39;death&#39; instincts are not identical. This paper puts forward a model which attempts both to reconcile and add to the differences between them, whilst making some suggestions about the &#39;nature of goodness&#39;. Attention is focused on the phantasy of returning to the womb and its consequent anxieties to the growing, active ego. Such anxiety, and its reverse, can only be moderated by the introjection of an object which is capable of creatively resolving the resulting conflicts. When envious feelings are not tolerated the impetus for such an introjection is reduced, which, in turn, increases the envy.