Physical Education and Sport

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the four-week two strength training program on the skin fold thickness and body fat percentage (BFP) characteristics according to the maximal strength and strength endurance principles. Sixteen male volunteers participated in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups as the maximal strength group (MSG, n=8, Age=24.00±3.78 year, Height=172.25±2.19 cm, Weight=75.13±6.60 kg) and the strength endurance group (SEG, n=8, Age=25.13±3.09 year, Height=173.38±2.62 cm, Weight=77.00±7.54 kg). 4 weeks training program was applied to maximal strength group according to maximal strength training principles and applied to strength endurance group according to strength endurance training principles. In both groups, body weight, body mass index (BMI), skin fold thickness (triceps, biceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior and posterior, calf) and body fat percentage measurements were taken one day before and after the 4 week period. Between pre-test and post-test of SEG group, significant change was showed in triceps, biceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior and posterior skin fold thickness measurements and VFM parameters (p < 0.05). Significant change was determined in pre-test and post-test of MSG group in triceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior skin fold thickness measurements and VFM parameters (p < 0.05). When the pre-post test differences of the groups were compared, no difference was found between MSG and SEG groups (p > 0.05). As a result, it can be said that 4-week maximal strength training and strength endurance training have positive effects on the skin fold thickness and body fat percentage parameters.

Due to increasing prevalence of the COVID-19 virus, athletes were unable to train optimally. This study aimed to determine the differences in aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index in soccer players as the effect of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Fourteen male participants were recruited from the university soccer team. Anthropometric characteristics were as follows: age = 20.75 ± 1.48 years, height = 174.35 ± 5.59 cm, body mass = 68.95 ± 6.17 kg, and body mass index = 21.92 ± 0.94 kg/m 2. Single-group pretest and posttest designs were selected to conduct this study. A multistage fitness test determined aerobic capacity. ANOVA test was used to identify aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index differences between pretest and posttest on university soccer players. Results: The pretest and posttest were similar in anthropometric characteristics, and there were no significant differences in age (P = 0.382), height (P = 0.106), and body mass (P = 0.068). Our findings showed significant differences between pretest and posttest for aerobic capacity (P = 0.042) and body mass index (P = 0.037) in university soccer players. Conclusion: We conclude that there was a significant effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the soccer player's aerobic capacity and body mass index. These findings may have implications, namely, as functional test's organization, administration, and outcomes while testing the players. Team coaches, trainers, and physiologists must consider the effects of lockdown on the players' performance while preparing players for competition. Further researchers should be established to modify other types of tests, conduct studies with a larger sample and population, and add other variables.

This manual is created to give information about what is the EWoS? Why and from whom it is created. What kind of events was released during the edition of the EWoS 2015 and 2016 and statistic about the amount of people who took part in the activities in the countries from Europe.

In this article pointed that for optimization motive activity of schoolchildren and to improve effective influence of physical education to organism scientists are searching new ways to stowage new teach programs and ways for increasing effectiveness of physical culture and lessons in school. It is noticed that one of the most concrete ways of teaching which help to promote physical, spiritual and aesthetic personal development is fitness programs. Have been analyzed authors scientific works, who paying attention health programs of physical culture, which called satisfy requirements different age categories population. One of the health directions authors highlight Pilates. In the article shown the results of implementation into educational process of high schoolchildren's physical education and author`s programs with elements of Pilates program. The experiment improves that use in educational process high schoolchildren Pilates exercises with influence to physical abilities such as flexibility and coordination give positive effect.

In the present study, we tried to discover the values or the effects considered essential for the development of positive attitudes in practicing motor activities by students. The study had as main research method the survey and the research sample included a total of 100 students from the “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu. Research findings showed that students are aware of the beneficial effects of motor activities both on the biological, psychological and socio-cultural level. Gender differences show that opinions are divided, male students consider the physical and social effects as most important assets developed by the motor activities, while feminine students consider exponential for the motor activities effects, the mental and sanogenic effects.

The aim of the present study was to analyze differences in motor and cognitive abilities of children depending on their value in quantitative indicators of Body Mass Index (BMI) and subcutaneous fatty tissue. The study sample consisted of overall 910 boys and girls, aged 11 to 14, all from elementary schools in Vojvodina (Serbia). Six anthropometric, eight motor and one cognitive variable were analyzed to identify quantitative and qualitative differences in motor and cognitive functioning of children. Children were divided into three groups within gender based on their body mass index calculated and subcutaneous fatty tissue measured. The results obtained from the study indicate the existence of differences in motor and only partly in intellectual abilities between groups of subjects. The greatest differences between the clusters were found in the level of coordination of the entire body, and the static strength of arms and shoulders.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of facilities and equipment in the coaching processes of soccer practical session and also indicate the ways of intervention to the problem. This study was conducted on the Aba Buna sport club, Jimma. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources, which include qualitative and quantitative research method for the purposive. The sample size for the study includes 28 players and 2 coaches. The necessary information had collected through questionnaires which included both open ended and closed ended questions. There were twelve questions in each questionnaire for the players and coaches as well. Only one question is open ended. One week was given to filled questionnaire. The result of study indicates, the facilities and equipment have an exerted impact to improve and develop the efficiency of the clubs practical session. However, the club has intending to solve such problem and solve inadequacy facility equipment is ...

Digital technologies are now considered important in shaping young people's engagement in and with health and physical activity. Recent discussions show that the use of digital technologies to track health and fitness may over-emphasize the linear understanding of the body and health generally underpinned by Western health ideologies such as healthism. Other studies have shown the increased use of digital technologies in teaching Health and Physical Education (HPE) and as a means to enhance health and increase physical activity. Despite the opportunities and risks apparent in these studies, little is known about how HPE students make choices, negotiate, and resist or embrace the digitalisation of physical activity, exercise, and more broadly health. This study examines HPE students' meaning making of risk and surveillance associated with the self-digitisation of exercise. The study further investigates how the concept of 'prosumption'; the production, curation and consumption of self-data within the context of digitised health and physical activity, is understood. Based on the findings, we have constructed a typology of prosumers that can be used as a pedagogical device to illustrate the various kinds of subject positions students take up with digital technology in health and physical activity. This study extends the current understanding of prosumers by identifying the 'ambivalent prosumer'. The results provide insights that have direct pedagogical implications in HPE teacher education specifically in the areas of knowledge production and consumption of knowledge through digital technology in health and physical activity.

On the 5 of February 2016, the Martial Arts Studies Research Network held its first one-day seminar, on the theme of gender issues in theory and practice. Hosted by the University of Brighton, the day drew around 30 delegates, including academics from various fields of study and martial arts practitioners from a range of styles. The day featured discussion on a number of themes on the topic of gender; while a short summary of these can be found here, this report focuses on the key points raised by delegates during the first of two plenary sessions, addressing the ways in which clubs and gyms might best improve women’s and girls’ involvement in martial arts and combat sports (MACS).

Pemeliharaan kesehatan sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Semakin terpelihara kesehatan ditunjukkan dengan semakin baiknya kondisi kebugaran jasmani seseorang. Kebugaran jasmani atau kesegaran jasmani akan mendukung dalam menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari. Peningkatan kebugaran jasmani dapat tingkatkan dengan olahraga atau kegiatan rutin. Telah banyak program peningkatan kebugaran jasmani yang dilakukan, baik itu dengan biaya yang murah dan menyenangkan. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, diketahui bahwa kebugaran jasmani sangat penting bagi siapapun terutama bagi atlet dan mahasiswa pendidikan olahraga. Kebugaran jasmani dapat dilakukan dengan melalui serangkaian tes, seperti lari cepat 60 meter, tes gantung angkat tubuh 60 detik, tes loncat tegak,  tes baring duduk 60 detik, dan tes lari dengan jarak tempuh 1200 meter. Jenis penelitian yaitu penelitian deskriptif, populasi penelitian ini mahasiswa pendidikan olahraga tahun akademik 2019/2020 Universitas Quality Berastagi sebanyak 15 orang dengan kategori usia respoden yaitu 16-19 tahun. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa peneliti memberikan kesimpulan bahwa tingkat kebugaran mahasiswa pendidikan olahraga tahun akademik 2019/2020 Universitas Quality Berastagi termasuk dalam kategori skor baik dengan jumlah mahasiswa sebanyak 9 orang (60%) dari total keselurahan responden sebanyak 15 orang.

Physical education (PE) has significant potential to shape how young people experience their own and others' bodies. This potential has not always been realized in positive ways and some research suggests that experiences in PE have contributed to young people's dissatisfaction with their appearances. The broad aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of body image as a pedagogical issue within PE. A narrative approach to the review is adopted that enables us to summarize, compare, explain and interpret various types of research relevant to our aim. From the databases ERIC, SCOPUS and PsycInfo, 25 articles were identified that deal with either body image in typical PE lessons or researcher-led attempts to influence students' body image (what we have termed 'pedagogic interventions'). Main findings are that: (1) PE has been presented as both part of the cause and a potential site of intervention to the problem of negative body image; (2) Researchers have based pedagogic interventions on four types of guiding principles; and (3) Researchers have made an array of recommendations for practitioners relating to gender, time, professional development and the characteristics of the pedagogical interventions. Findings are discussed in relation to broader research on body image in society and in PE with a focus on how the findings might inform further scientific practice.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of warming-up of different duration on selected Physical Fitness Components of volleyball players. Twenty male volleyball players of degree college Budgam were selected for the purpose of the study. The ages of the selected subjects were ranging from 18 to 25 years and their status was intercollegiate level. The data were collected on the selected subjects by administrating vertical jump in cm, sit and reach test in centimeters, 4x10 yards shuttle run in seconds, eye hand and eye leg co-ordination in seconds. The selected test items were administered for four days preceded after no warm-up on the first day, 5 minutes warm up on the second day, 10 minutes warm up on the third day and 15 minutes warm up on the fourth day. One way analysis of variance as well as Scheff`s post hoc test were employed to assess the significant difference among the means. The result of the study showed that the significant difference were found in the c...

Football coaches are those who prepare teams for various competitions in technical, tactical, conditioning, strategy and mental contexts by using academic knowledge and experience, and also decide match squad. Football coaches are responsible for the sporting success of the team. Nowadays, a coach is no longer just a technical and tactical coach. From this point of view, football coaching can also be regarded as football business, where the risks associated with professional career are taken the most. Football whose commercial value is increasing day by day is confronted as a workplace where various labor markets take place. In football, labor markets around coaching profession, similar to other labor markets but shaped by the specific characteristics of the profession many experiences are gained by coaches. The aim of this study is to make a general evaluation of the football coach labor market by taking the football coaching profession in the context of the experience of the coaches through their experiences and opinions. Questionnaire technique was applied to obtain data on professional experiences of football coaches in the survey. Survey questions were prepared by us. The obtained data were evaluated in SPSS statistical program and analyzed by frequency and cross tabulation. From this point of view, research is a descriptive model-based research for revealing the general situation of the market. In the findings section of the study, demographic characteristics related to the performance of the coaching profession such as coach license grades, football histories, and educational status are regarded. The quantitative and qualitative findings are related to their professional experience. Although the results of the survey show that football coaches are exposed to practices outside of the regulations related to their working life, that these experiences cause social and economic insecurity, that these regulations, which classify coaches and determine the scope and duration of their work, also cause a number of grievances, experience unemployment at various times, that they do not feel secure, that they are unemployed at any moment, and that they have gone through long steps to practice their profession.

This paper presents a literature-based discussion of girls‟ participation during physical education lessons in the USA conducted using the Sport Education model developed by Daryl Seidentop (see Seidentop, 1994). First, a review of the literature about girls‟ experiences within traditional physical education is provided and following a short historical account of the model itself. Then paper focuses more specifically on the similarities and differences of the PE experience when girls participate in “seasons” of Sport Education (Seidentop, 1994). A conclusion drawn from this review of literature is that Sport Education has the potential to involve girls in physical education more meaningfully who may have previously been disinterested or disengaged from that kind of educational experience.

This Monograph has the following theme: The development of leadership characteristics
within military physical training. The aim of this research was delimited on the analysis of
how the practice and the conduction of Military Physical Training (MPT) on Academia
Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) does influence on developing leadership essential
characteristics of the future platoon commander from  Exército Brasileiro. The objective is to
analyze what the benefits are offered by the MPT for cadets, and how those benefits aid the
development of leadership essential attributes. The persons that took part of this research were
some cadets of the third and the fourth year from Engineering course and an officer
specialized on Physical Education from AMAN in 2014. The Monograph has the following
structure: At first a bibliographic research was done to give foundation to the theme and to
define the main concepts. After that, opinions were gotten about the relation between the
MPT and leadership, and on this phase, data were collected by using questionnaires and an
interview. The questionnaires were answered by some cadets of the third and the fourth year
from Engineering course, meanwhile the interview was answered by an officer specialized on
Physical Education from AMAN in 2014. The results showed that the MPT sessions,
moreover improving the individual physical condition essential to the military profession,
develop many important attributes as auto confidence, resistance and dedication. In
conclusion, the physical condition of the officer and the attributes acquired on MPT sessions
influence a lot on leadership, however, other attributes and characteristics must be trained and
developed by the commander so that he can establish effective leadership connection with his
troop.

The role of sport in contemporary society needs no emphasis. Sport has become an inexorable part of the modern society with influence being felt in all facets of national life. Sport has also become a symbol of national unity. Governments utilize sport to legitimate themselves. Sport in society is studied because they are closely linked with how people think about and see the world. The overwhelming influence of sports in nations has lent to the evolvement of extensive bureaucracy to support and develop sport. Sociology assists in analyzing and clarifying the different types of relationships within the society.  Man has been able to reduce his tension and to divert a somewhat aggressive behavior to an object instead of towards a friend or a fellow man through participation in sport. This paper therefore, reviews the following: sport and society, the role of sport in the society, social control and sport, socialization and sport, Sport and Socializing Institutions.

Recently, a decline in children’s fitness and lack of exercise has become a serious issue in Japan. Consequently, various governmental institutions have repeatedly taken up this problem and a number of policy recommendations have been made that aim to remedy the situation. Following these recommendations, the new Course of Study has proposed measures such as increasing the number of teaching hours for health and Physical Education (hereinafter abbreviated as “PE”) and reforming the PE curriculum within 12 years. By doing so, it has further emphasized the need “to develop the capacity and skills to engage in exercise throughout life, to realize an enriching
sports life, and to improve physical fitness.” Despite these measures, the polarization between those children who actively engage in exercise and those who do not, as well as children who have an unfavorable or negative attitude toward exercise and PE lessons “Dislike for Exercise
(hereinafter abbreviated as “DE”)” and “Dislike for Physical Education (hereinafter abbreviated as “DPE”)” still persist. The principal role of PE lessons at school is to introduce children to the joy and excitement of exercise. Within this context, emphasis should be placed on “PE”
education that forms the basis of life-long engagement with sports. However, “DE” and “DPE” attitudes inhibit PE in school from achieving its goals.

Тhe Olympic games include many sports, but many sports are developing rapidly, gaining popularity in the world. A lot of young sports, and there are those that for decades trying to get to the Olympic movement. One such sport is karate. The sport was still a candidate for getting into the 2012 Olympic games in London, but did not pass the vote in the International Olympic Committee. Right in Providence the Olympics in 2020 has won the country of the rising sun, Japan. It is in this country originated the practice of karate, and 3 August 2016 during the 129th session of the International Olympic Committee passed a vote, which unanimously adopted a decision to include karate, surfing, baseball, rock climbing and skateboarding in the program of Olympic games of 2020.

Study was carried out to examine the effect of application of resistance band in the female boxers on the levels of the anaerobic power and Maximal Bench Press force (MBP). The study was carried out on 12 female subjects, in ages between 19 and 23yo, who are actively engaged in the boxing branch. The subjects were divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 people, as Constant Resistance (CR) and Wavy Resistance (WR). The average age of CR group was 21.33±0.81 years, the average height 169.67±2.06 cm, and the average body weight 65.28±8.95 kg. The average age of WR group was 21.16±0.75 years, the average height 173.50±3.27 cm, and the average body weight 65.56±3.19 kg. In the study, the exercise of resistance band was made by all subjects four days a week for 6 weeks between  the  hours 9.00-10.00,  boxing  training for competition period between the hours 18:00–20:00  in  evenings. In CR group, the bands in the same color and resistance were used by the method of the black band constant, resistance, in WR group, the bands in different color (red, blue, black) and resistance by the wavy method. Before training, the body weights, and the levels of anaerobic power and MBP levels of both groups were determined. The same measurements were repeated six weeks later. In the statistical analyses of the data obtained, in determining the differences between in-group test and the final test, Paired-sample t-test was used. In determining the difference between two groups, pre-test and final test, independent samples t-test was used. The significance between differences was determined at the level of P<0,05. As a result; as a matter of fact, it can be said that the constant resistance method of CR group is more effective than the wavy resistance method of WR group. Hence, conducting the studies of resistance band that will be conducted specific to branch, using the method of constant resistance, can be more effective.

The overweight problem in Iraq has been a great issue that needs to be solved by government to ensure a better well-being. The purpose of this paper is to explore the need of the modern technology in physical education in order to overcome the issues of overweight in Iraq. The methodology used in this paper is through library research which focuses on issues of overweight and modern technology application in physical education programs. It can be concluded that the use of modern technology in physical education programs will help to promote the use of best practices in physical and health education in order to overcome overweight issues. Further suggestion relating to the prospects of modern technology in physical and health education were recommended in this paper.

Öz Günümüzde dijitalleşmenin yaygınlaşması sonucu dijital oyun bağımlılığı sorunu baş göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda araştırmada sporcuların ve e-spor oyuncularının dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve dijital oyun bağımlılığına ilişkin farkındalık düzeyinin incelenmesini amaçlamıştır. Araştırmada tarama modelinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya günde en az 30 dakika bir e-spor oyununu oynayan ve haftada en az 2 gün spor yapan 61 sporcu, 80 e-spor oyuncusu katılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Akın, Usta, Başa ve Özçelik'in (2016) Türkçeye uyarladığı Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (OBÖ) ile Demir ve Cicioğlu'nun (2020) geliştirdiği Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığına İlişkin Farkındalık Ölçeği (DOBİFÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson Spearman Korelasyon, Mann-Whitney U Testi, Kruskal-Wallis Testinden yararlanılmıştır. OBÖ ve DÖBİFÖ puanları arasında negatif yönde yüksek düzeyde anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. Dijital oyun bağımlılığı puanının erkek e-spor oyuncularının lehine anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Sporcuların yaşı ile OBÖ arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde, DÖBİFÖ puanı arasında negatif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Zararlı alışkanlığa sahip olma durumuna göre OBÖ ve DOBİFÖ arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmamıştır. Katılımcıların günlük dijital oyun oynama süresi ile OBÖ ve DOBİFÖ puanları arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, e-spor oyuncularının sporculara göre yüksek düzeyde oyun bağımlılığına sahip olduğu ve oyun bağımlılığına ilişkin farkındalıklarının sporculardan daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Abstract Lately the issue of digital gaming addiction has arisen due to the widespread of digitalization. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the digital gaming addiction and the awareness levels regarding digital gaming addiction in athletes and e-sports players. In this research, relational screening was used as the research method. 80 e-sports players who play an e-sport game at least 30 minutes a day and 61 athletes who train at least 2 times a week participated in the study.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan teknik dasar lempar cakram dalam proses belajar mengajar dengan mengunakan media modifikasi pada siswa kelas V B SD Negeri 18 Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research). Subjek penelitian siswa kelas V B SD Negeri 18 Kota Bengkulu yang berjumlah 25 siswa. Hasil pra siklus dalam proses belajar mengajar teknik dasar lempar cakram secara keseluruhan terdapat 20% tuntas belajar dan 80% belum tuntas belajar. Dan hasil penelitian pada siklus kesatu menunjukan bahwa jumlah indikator pada lembar observasi aktivitas guru dalam pembelajaran masih terlaksana 18 item atau baru mendapat presentase (72%), dan pada lembar observasi aktivitas belajar siswa pada pembelajaran masih terlaksana 13 item atau baru mendapat presentase (52%) dari jumlah keseluruhan lembar observasi yaitu 25 item. Ini menunjukan bahwa proses belajar mengajar baik guru maupun siswa masih rendah atau masih pada kategori belum tuntas belajar. Sedangkan hasil disiklus ke dua menunjukan bahwa jumlah indikator yang guru lakukan pada proses belajar mengajar meningkat yaitu 22 item atau mendapat presentase (88%). Begitu juga dengan jumlah indikator yang siswa ikuti pada proses belajar mengajar disiklus ke dua meningkat menjadi 20 item atau mendapat presentase (80%). Ini menunjukan bahwa tindakan yang dilakukan disiklus kedua baik guru maupun siswa dapat dikatakan telah tuntas belajar. Berdasarkan hasil diatas maka disimpulkan bahwa dengan mengunakan media modifikasi dapat meningkatkan proses belajar mengajar teknik dasar lempar cakram.

The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER)’s National Strategy (2014-2016) lists four strategic priorities, which includes; ‘to identify and promote broader ACHPER collaborations and partnerships’. The International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance (ICHPER-SD) shares vision and purpose with ACHPER and PENZ (Physical Education New Zealand), specifically with an international focus. Hence, ACHPER, PENZ and ICHPER-SD, working in collaboration, compliment and strengthen one another in promoting active and healthy living, as evidenced throughout history.
The umbrella international organisation ICHPER was first conceived in 1950, and officially founded in Rome, Italy in 1958. The theme of the first ICHPER world congress was ‘Child Health and the School’. There have since been 36 world congresses, 32 regional congresses and numerous forums, conferences and symposia. The ICHPER name was extended to include ‘Sport’ and ‘Dance’ (ICHPER-SD) in Yokohama, Japan in 1993. The latest congress, the 56th ICHPER-SD Anniversary World Congress & Exposition was recently held in Bahrain (December, 2014). ACHPER was formally known as Australian Physical Education
Association (APEA) and the name change was a direct result of the ICHPER-SD first and only world congress to be held in Oceania (Sydney, 1970). Some may remember the
ICHPER-SD (Oceania) first Regional congress, held in Wellington, NZ in 2006. The title of the 1970 Sydney world congress was 'New Endeavours in Physical Education, Health Education and Recreation', it was of international significance, the best attended conference in the history of APEA and a milestone for ‘Health, Physical Education and Recreation’ (Kirk & Macdonald, 1998). Proud ACHPER member and ICHPER-SD Vice-President
(representing Oceania region), Dr. Timothy Lynch, shares the strong history, direction and opportunity for working collaboratively with one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious international umbrella organisations.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of tennis technique training and games on reaction times of 10-12 years old boys. For this study, 40 subjects who did not perform any physical activity volunteered. Subjects randomly assigned two groups: Experimental group: 20, control group: 20. The experimental group was subjected to 8 week three days a week and 60 minute per session tennis and education with games training program modified according to relevant age group. The control group did not participate any physical activity. Visual, auditory and mix reaction times were measured by Newtest 1000 reaction timer. Subjects’ reaction times were measured twice before and after training program. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for analysis of the data obtained from the study. Independent Sample T test was used for comparison between groups, and paired samples t test was analyzed at p <0.05 significance level. As a result of the study, there was no difference in the control group, and after eight weeks of tenement-specific games and technical training, the research group revealed significant changes between auditory, visual and mixed reaction times in both hands.

The priority in the process of physical development of the child belongs to the family and school. The problem of joining a school with parents to enhance the involvement of children in physical exercise and raising the level of physical education of parents is today relevant. Family and school cooperation is one of the most effective ways out of the crisis in the field of physical education of the younger generation.

The institute of higher program on the physical culture of students foresees achievement by them for period of teaching in relation to the high level of development of basic physical qualities. Many researches exposed at the same time, that middle school did not create an enough durable base for successful realization of the program of physical development of student young people. This position is stipulated by the necessity of search of more effective methods and forms of organization of educational process on physical education in the institute of higher. Considerable theoretical and empiric material, grounding different facilities and methods of physical education of student young people, is accumulated in the last decades. However many questions, having both theoretical and practical value did not get necessary permission.

The Physical Education teachers have trouble with online classes. It is slower to communicate and it's harder to keep track of students' exercise through a computer screen. Some teachers have issues providing feedback when they can't see the progress made in their students. Teachers have a very limited number of activities and exercises to assign to students because not all students have the equipment needed. This study explores the experiences and challenges encountered by the tertiary Physical Education teachers in online teaching in times of COVID-19 pandemic in UM Tagum College, Cebu Doctors' University and the Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology. Six college physical education teachers participated in this study. A qualitative case study method employing phenomenological procedures to collect and analyzed the data was used. The challenges encountered by the Physical Education teachers in online teaching includes slow internet connection, outdated device and software, late submission of students' output, difficulty in assessing performance task, difficulty in demonstration of skills and health issues. Meanwhile, the coping up mechanisms of Physical Education teachers on the challenges encountered involves the use messaging apps which use least amount of data, giving considerations to students, peer tutoring, prerecorded assessment, make a prerecorded video demonstration, and adapting the situation. This study showed that indeed every narrative account of the informant is a text to be read which attempted to determine the multiple concerns of their experiences in the implementation of the new normal education in times of COVID-19 pandemic that remains to be encouraging and exhilarating. Future studies should establish a theoretical framework for online physical education classes by examining the educational value of modifying existing pedagogical methods, content, evaluations, and so on to teach online Physical Education classes more effectively.

This  study  examines the  significance  and challenges  among  the  physical  education  students towards digital and distance learning. An online survey technique was adopted to conduct this study in Aligarh district schools with a number of 464 participants. The age group ranged from 15 to 19 years for all participants. All the students who participated in this survey were currently attending online classes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Semi-structured online questionnaires developed with Google Forms. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Questions are based on a five-point Likert scale from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. The survey was circulated on the social media platform among students. Students give their consent and provide appropriate answer to each question. The average time taken by a student was 4-5 minutes to complete the survey. The results demonstrate that the physical education students are not voluntarily accepting online classes during the lockdown period, student are
attending online classes the first time in their lives, many students have not been able to afford online classes, students have experienced stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and they feel so online learning
is an added burden on them, the institution does not provide any technical training for student to become familiar with the online classes, and the students were not completely satisfied with the quality of these
online learning classes. There is a need for teacher and school management to take measures  to avoid student inconveniences in organizing digital and distance teaching and learning seamlessly.

La formazione dell'insegnante in educazione fisica, richiede non solo l'analisi degli ambiti d'intervento, dei contenuti e delle modalità organizzative, ma anche la conoscenza delle modalità di insegnamento per promuovere l'apprendimento delle competenze motorie. Obiettivo del contributo è analizzare gli effetti degli stili d'insegnamento sulle diverse modalità di apprendimento. Gli allievi come imparano le competenze motorie? La variazione degli stili d'insegnamento, determina modalità diverse di elaborazione delle informazioni e di risposta dell'allievo, sollecitando modalità di apprendimento diverse e personalizzate. La didattica delle competenze motorie richiede intenzionalità didattica e la proposta di compiti motori orientata non solo sulla quantità ma, soprattutto, sulla qualità, valorizzando il successo personale e le motivazioni degli allievi. Si sostiene la necessità di utilizzare differenti modalità di comunicazione e stili d'insegnamento perchè l'acquisizione di abilità motorie e conoscenze sia supportata dalla non linearità, necessaria ad apprendere competenze motorie in modo efficace e

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical fitness variables between kho-kho and kabaddi players of higher secondary school girls. To achieve the purpose of the study, selected 15 kho-kho players and 15 kabaddi players from P.S.G.G. Kanya Gurukulam Higher Secondary School, Peelamedu, Coimbatore. who did not participate in any of the special training or the coaching programme. However they were allowed to participate in their regular physical education classes in the college as per their curriculum. The subjects were aged between 20 and 25. For the study, the physical fitness variables selected were Endurance and Flexibility. To find out whether there was any significant difference between kho-kho and kabaddi players, the dependent 't' ratio was used. The result of the study showed that the there was a significant difference in Endurance and Flexibility between kho-kho and kabaddi players of Higher Secondary School girls.

The forms of physical recreation activities among the students are analyzed. It is determined that physical recreation, as a systemic, multi-faceted phenomenon, combines various factors of psychology and human physiology, caused by economic, political, socio-cultural and ideological factors. The structure of leisure of the younger generation has been researched, as well as the relation of youth to the use of physical recreation has been determined. The factors of motivation concerning the choice and application of forms of physical recreation are analyzed. The influence of socio-cultural and psychological factors on youth leisure planning on the basis of motor activity is considered. The necessity of distribution of the biological form of manifestation of recreation and social recreational activity of a person, acting as two independent planes of study of physical recreation, is indicated. The weighty factors that influence the motivation of student youth to engage in different types of physical recreation are determined.

In this research, it was aimed by university students to develop a measurement tool to measure the attitudes of individuals having mental disabilities towards sports activities in terms of validity and reliability. This study which was designed as a mixed model, was performed as two different working groups consisting of totally 376 university students (235

The importance of senior secondary school physical education (PE) is underscored by the assessment of learning outcomes being linked to future access to higher education, employment and further training. Yet within the broad spectrum of PE studies, the investigation of senior secondary school PE has been limited. This article serves the purpose of exploring the key concepts and themes from senior secondary PE syllabi across Australian states and territories. The Leximancer text-mining software was applied as an innovative tool for the exploratory conceptual and thematic analyses within the Curriculum Analysis of Senior Education in Physical Education (CASE-PE) study. A number of similar themes emerged within the CASE-PE study from across the state and territory senior physical education syllabi, including skills, physical, learning, assessment, study, use, performance and training. A number of themes were unique to each state and territory and major concepts had differing levels of ...

Актуальність. Філософське осмислення гри є важливим аспектом її міждисциплінарних досліджень, який сприяє всебічному й ґрунтовному вивченню цього наукового феномену, уможливлює ефективне використання
його потенцій у різних сферах життєдіяльності людини. Визнання гри глобальним й універсальним явищем, невід’ємною складовою частиною життя означає, що будь-які перетворення та зміни в життєдіяльності кожної людини прямо чи опосередковано співвідносяться з ігровим чинником.
Мета роботи – розкрити основні положення філософського напряму міждисциплінарних досліджень гри. Методи дослідження – аналіз, синтез та узагальнення наукової інформації з проблеми дослідження, навчально-методичної літератури й Інтернет-джерел.
Результати роботи. Логіка пізнання ігрового феномену веде до синтезу наук, котрі його вивчають, формуючи таким чином взаємозв’язаний комплекс наукових уявлень щодо гри як цілісної різноманітної системи. Гра розкриває єдність динамічного зв’язку людини й світу. Вона уможливлює зустріч та осягнення іншого співбуття, через яке відбувається пізнання себе. Унікальність ігрового буття зумовлена здатністю людини осмислювати світ, можливістю надавати певний сенс речам, подіям, явищам. Сутність гри становлять правила й порядок, які утворюють ігровий простір. Головним у грі є не сама ігрова ціль чи завдання, а динамічність цього процесу, що визначає шляхи й способи її реалізації.
Висновки. Гра як міждисциплінарний феномен науки є всеосяжним
інтегративним чинником існування людини та пізнання нею навколишнього світу й самої себе. Філософія розглядає гру світоглядною категорією, за допомогою якої формується розуміння природи світу та людської сутності, здійснюється пошук сенсу життя. Гра виступає фундаментальною характеристикою буття, універсальним механізмом реалізації всього сущого, а ігрова діяльність є дієвим способом поєднання свободи та необхідності, безперервного й дискретного, сталого та перемінного. Синтезуючи минуле й майбутнє, відоме з незнайомим, ігровий феномен дає змогу можливе перетворити в реальне.

While it was invented nearly two centuries ago in Germany, the balance bike is only now beginning to make its presence known in the United States.  A balance bike is a bicycle with no pedals – propelled by running or walking – and is designed to teach young children how to ride a bike in less time by allowing children to practice balance and steering with minimal risk of falling.  The introduction of the balance bike to the United States is gaining traction as the “new” way to transition children to riding a bicycle without using training wheels.  However, the implementation of a balance bike unit within the vast majority of elementary physical education programs is surprisingly lacking. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the balance bike, highlight the benefits of implementing it into the elementary physical education curriculum, and offer a four-lesson ready-to-use balance bike unit plan.

Keywords: archaeophysiology, archaeology, physiology, physical performance, tactical athletes, panoply, armor, armour, ancient swordsmanship, battle, combat, combat stimulation, battle mode, Bronze Age, Homer’s “Iliad”, weapon use, sword, xiphos, spear, horse carriage, shield, helmet, bow, warrior, fighter, soldier, battle physiology, theatre of operations, battle environment, Greeks, Achaeans, Trojans, Trojan War, Mycenean civilization, history, marines, Greek Army, Hellenic Army, special forces, dietary, nutrition, battle psychology, reflexes, body temperature, target deflection, fatigue, glucose, visual stimulation, hearing stimulation, reaction time.
The purpose of this research is to study the manner of battle and the use of weapons by a Greek warrior who was fully armored during archaic times and more specifically in the Bronze Age (Trojan War period). The main question of the research was whether the "Dedra panoply" was useful battle equipment or was an artifact for use only in the rituals and celebrations of the time. Due to the originality of the research and the lack of precedent data, a new branch of science was required: the "Archeophysiology" ®, that is, the combination of archeology (through archaeological findings and ancient texts) and physiology (through the creation of specific physical performance protocols, manufacturing of equipment and taking measurements in a simulated combat environment). Measurements were required to be made, to assess the various factors affecting the human physiology of already trained and professional fighters (warriors), who are now identified as “tactical athletes”.

For the most realistic approach to the battle, noncommissioned officers and privates of the Hellenic Armed Forces (HAF) and in particular from the Special Forces (SF) of the Marines were used, who executed, a Trojan War-based combat protocol created by studying the Homeric Epic of the "Iliad" (Maronitiw D.N., 2016) (Asimoglou P., Petmezas S., Flouris A., Koutedakis Y.2, Fatouros I.2, Giakas I.2, Jamurtas AZ2, Wardle K. & D.3,2017). The creation of the battle protocol took into account: the morphology of the terrain, the environmental conditions, the time constraints of the different phases of the battle (transition - engagement - return), the respective geographical distances traveled by the warriors daily, as well as the different combinations of weapons and fighting techniques of the corresponding time period described in the Iliad (Petmezas S., Asimoglou P., Flouris A., Koutedakis Y.2, Fatouros I.2, Giakas I.2, Jamurtas A.2, Wardle K. & D.3, 2017).
The combat equipment used by the volunteers of the HAF consisted of a complete armor replica of the Mycenaean era, a helmet and replicas of the weapons of the era (shape-weight-materials-construction techniques). The weapons used in the various techniques of armor were: spear (throws – thrusts/close combat blows), Mycenaean sword 85 cm long (thrusts/slashing blows - cuts), Mycenaean bow (close range shots) and other materials found on battlefield, in our case medium /small stone (throws).
A study was also carried out and measurements were taken of the use of a two-horse battle carriage and its effect on the physiology of the user as well as on the nutrition and other habits of the ancient tactical athletes during a whole day in battle engagement. At the same time, measurements were performed of the effect of fatigue on warrior psychology, its effect on target accuracy and fighter’s reflexes (speed) using visual and auditory stimuli equipment.
A total of 13 healthy adult men volunteers (Hellenic Army Special Forces) (age 29.2 ± 7.9 years, height 172.7 ± 4.5 cm, weight 74.1 ± 6.8 kg) participated in the research. The physiology measurements performed throughout the protocol were: skin temperature, produced force (total and mean value) of blows in each different combination of battle techniques, stroke (target) deviation (total and mean value) of the hits in each different type of combat, the difference in the deviation of volunteers’ blows from the target center by type of combat, the subjective perception of warriors’ fatigue, blood glucose concentration, urine specific gravity and color at the beginning and end of the protocol, reaction time to visual and auditory stimuli throughout the protocol.
Results showed a positive low power correlation (r = 0.119, p <0.001) between skin temperature and protocol steps. The total force output of the volunteers’ blows in each different type of battle showed a statistically significant positive high force correlation (r = 0.802, p <0.001) between the total force produced and the blows numbers. The difference in mean power produced by battle type showed statistically significant changes [F (3, 503) = 18.6; p <0.001] by type of battle. Also, the analysis of the total deviation of the volunteer blows from the target in each different type of battle showed statistically significant changes in the total blow number deviation [F (3, 503) = 96.0; p <0.001] by type of battle. The difference in the deviation of volunteer blows from the target based on the type of battle did not show any statistically significant changes in the mean deviation of volunteer blows from the target (p> 0.05). The total force produced, the mean generated force, the total deviation of the blows from the target, as well as the mean deviation of the blows from the target during the different phases of the protocol in battle “1vs1” showed that the total produced force [F (30, 372) = 1.5; p = 0.047] decreased from start to the end of protocol. The total force produced, the mean produced force, the total stroke deviation from the target, and the mean deviation of the strokes from the target during the different phases of the protocol in the “chariot vs chariot” battle did not show statistically significant differences in some of the variables considered (p> 0.05) between the variables considered and the protocol stage. Subjective perception of volunteer fatigue showed a positive high force correlation (r = 0.603, p <0.001) which was statistically significant. The blood glucose concentration of the volunteers showed a statistically significant decrease in glucose concentration [F (7, 95) = 3.0; p = 0.007] which was statistically significant (r = -0.234, p = 0.017). Urine specific gravity analysis and urine color at the beginning and end of the protocol showed no statistically significant differences in any of the variables examined (p> 0.05). The same analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation between urine specific gravity and urine color (r = 0.683, p <0.001). The reaction time to visual stimulus showed no statistically significant changes (p> 0.05). The reaction time to auditory stimuli showed an increase in reaction time which was judged to be close to statistical significance [F (7, 96) = 1.94; p = 0.07].
Through this research and the science of archeophysiology, it turned out that the particular type of armor used was useful (combat) warfare equipment and not only for ritual use. It was carried on the battlefield by important military agents (commanders/army chiefs) providing maximum protection to the warrior who wore it from the Bronze Age weapons throughout the battle. The similarity of archaic period battle equipment in form, weight and use, to its modern combat equipment, proves the functional perfection achieved by the ancestors of the Greeks some 3500 years ago, both in the manufacture of the equipment and in the manner of training the human body to fully utilize personal combat equipment.

Every occupation desire recognition as a profession for a variety of reasons, sport management inclusive for example Law, medicine and Engineering are professions that traditionally carry with them prestige, respect and autonomy. Ethical code of conduct are meant to address a variety of ethical issues of the profession such as level of knowledge and skills; licensing; maintenance of discipline within the profession, establishment and registration of persons entitle to practice. It is with this in mind that the paper explored professional society, ethical issues, ethical code of conduct as moral and social obligation. The paper provides the foundation for a rational application of the principles of ethics to the ethical problems that confront the sport management profession in Nigeria. Many would suggest that the present ethical environment in sport management profession is in an abysmal state as the field does not have a recognize body (Association/Society) the like of NASSM SMAANZ, EASM, ALGEDE and AASM. There is the need for the setting up of sport management professional association to be called Nigerian Sport Management Association (NISMA) as currently there is no such association in existence. When established, the association should have a professional creed for consideration of its members and this will require cooperation with a wide range of other professional bodies in the field, such as NAPHER-SD, NASSM, NSHA and other closely related occupational and professional group; these is because developing a code of ethic for sport managers is problematical undertaking. The breadth of the field makes it very difficult to create a code that has encompassing relevance.

En el contexto de la clase de educación física usualmente se trabajan diferentes propuestas
de enseñanza a través de juegos y tareas que presentan un grado de planificación acorde a los propósitos docentes especificados en cada año. Ahora bien, las actividades relacionadas con los deportes no convencionales como las prácticas deportivas en la naturaleza son en ocasiones actividades aisladas cuya práctica depende de diferentes variables.
Esta investigación que se encuentra en sus etapas finales, implica una realización de entrevistas a docentes de Educación Física del distrito de José. C Paz, que en sus prácticas docentes insertan la escalada deportiva como propuesta de enseñanza. Dichas entrevistas y observaciones de clase fueron realizadas en el año 2016.
Tomando la escalada como actividad escolar no convencional, puede afirmarse que esta actividad queda confinada a ser realizada únicamente en campamentos y muchas veces tercerizadas a manos de empresas que se subcontratan, quitándole al docente la posibilidad de integrar a sus clases la enseñanza de este deporte. Así mismo, la práctica de la escalada deportiva no resulta dependiente de la región geográfica.
Este trabajo de investigación permitirá elaborar propuestas pedagógicas relacionadas con deportes escolares en la naturaleza promoviendo la escalada deportiva como deporte apto para ser realizado dentro de la escuela durante las clases regulares y fuera de ella cuando se realicen salidas educativas y campamentos.

Physical education teachers are expected to educate all students including those with disabilities. However, this can be challenging particularly when a future, novice, or current teacher does not appreciate or understand the challenges that a person with a disability may experience both in the physical education setting and in everyday life. Therefore, to foster disability appreciation among nine future physical educators enrolled in a college physical education program, a class assignment was designed to provide each participant with a 24-hour experience of living with a disability. Participants video recorded their experiences, and summary journals were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Resulting themes included Specific Experiences, Learning Outcomes, and Disability Appreciation. Themes are discussed and compared with current literature. Practical application and future research opportunities are suggested for others seeking to encourage practical experience that fosters disability appreciation in an adapted physical education class.