Phyton

Drought is the most common form of abiotic stress that reduces plant growth and productivity. It causes plant injuries through elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Potassium (K) is a vital plant nutrient that notably ameliorates the detrimental effect of drought stress in the plant. A pot experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Japan, under controlled environment of green house to explore the role of K in mitigating drought severity in wheat (Triticum asevitum L.) seedlings. Three days after germination, seedlings were exposed to three water regimes viz., 100, 50, and 20% field capacity (FC) for 21 days. Potassium was adjusted in Hoagland nutrient solution at 0, 6 and 12 mM concentration and applied to pot instead of normal water. Results show that, water deficit stress notably reduced plant growth, biomass accumulation, leaf relative water content (RWC) along with reduced photosynthetic pigments. Increased amount of biochemical stress markers viz., malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), methylglyoxal (MG), proline (Pro) as well as an impaired antioxidant defense system were observed in drought affected wheat plants. On the contrary, K supplementation resulted in improvement of biochemical and physiological parameters that worked behind in improving growth and development of the wheat plants. In addition, enzymes of ascorbateglutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle were also enhanced by supplemented K that accelerated the ROS detoxification process in plant. Although glyoxalse system did not performed well till MG was detoxified might following another short stepped pathways. Our results revealed that drought stressed plants showed better performances in terms of biochemical and physiological attributes, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system, as well as ROS detoxification due to K supplementation with better performance at 12 mM K added in 50% FC growing condition.

This research study about image classification by using the deep neural network (DNN) or also known as Deep Learning by using framework TensorFlow. Python is used as a programming language because it comes together with TensorFlow framework. The input data mainly focuses in flowers category which there are five (5) types of flowers that have been used in this paper. Deep neural network (DNN) has been choosing as the best option for the training process because it produced a high percentage of accuracy. Results are discussed in terms of the accuracy of the image classification in percentage. Roses get 90.585% and same goes to another type of flowers where the average of the result is up to 90% and above.

Bahasa pemrograman adalah software bahasa komputer yang digunakan dengan cara merancang atau membuat program sesuai dengan struktur dan metode yang dimiliki oleh bahasa program itu sendiri. Komputer mengerjakan transformasi data berdasarkan kumpulan printah program yang telah dibuat oleh program. Kumpulan perintah ini harus dimengerti oleh komputer, berstruktur terntentu (syntax), dan bermakna. Bahasa pemrograman merupakan notasi untuk memberikan secara tepat program komputer. Berbeda dengan bahasa, misalkan Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris yang merupakan bahasa alamiah (natural language), sintaksis dan semantik bahasa pemrograman komputer ditentukan secara jelas dan terstruktur, sehingg bahasa pemrograman juga disebut sebagai bahasa formal (formal language).

Pembelajaran Mesin 2018. Penerapan Support Vector Machine (SVM) Pada Sistem Rekomendasi Starbucks. Dataset berasal dari Kaggle (kaggle.com/starbucks/starbucks-menu). Awalnya validasi silangnya hanya 21%, setelah perbaikan meningkat menjadi 80%.

Abstrak Kanker payudara atau breast cancer merupakan kanker kedua yang paling banyak diderita serta menjadi penyebab kelima kematian kanker diseluruh dunia dengan presentse sebesar 6.4%. Guna bertahan hidup, diagnosis kanker payudara harus dilakukan sedini mungkin sebelum sel kanker menyebar ke bagian tubuh lainnya. Teknik machine learning digunakan untuk membantu meningkatkan diagnosis secara otomatis dengan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang diperkirakan mempengaruhi penyebab kanker payudara. Analisis klasifikasi untuk menggolongkan pasien kedalam golongan sehat atau terdiagnosis kanker payudara yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode machine learning menghasilkan nilai akurasi, sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang beragam. Metode terbaik yang dihasilkan adalah analisis klasifikasi menggunakan metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) kernel rbf dengan presentase akurasi atau rata-rata ketepatan klasifikasi sebesar 69.7%. Kata Kunci Akurasi, breast cancer, klasifikasi, machine learning.

In Egypt there are two different species that are commercially marketed under the same trade name of Neem: one is Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and the other is Melia azedarach L. In this paper, leaf morphological characters (e.g., lamina architecture, stomatography, petiole and blade micromorphology) of both taxa were described and illustrated to aid in the identification and differentiation between the two misidentified taxa. The obtained results concluded that leaf morpho-anatomical characters will not only provide criteria for their correct taxonomic authentication, but would also serve as future standard data for the quality assessment of the pharmaceutical preparation of botanical drugs.

Resumen. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del almacenamiento en frío y factores relacionados con el fuego en la germinación de Arctostaphylos pungens HBK (Manzanita Mexicana), un arbusto común en bosques de pino-encino mal manejados en Durango, México. Debido a que este arbusto presenta una alta densidad en bosques que han sido incendiados, investigamos el efecto de alta temperaturas, humo y carbón sobre la germinación de las semillas. Se trabajó con semillas recién juntadas de los arbustos. El porcentaje de germinación más alto que se obtuvo fue de 30%, para semillas que se almacenaron en condiciones frías, con tratamiento de shock térmico, pasadas por humo y regadas con dilución de carbón vegetal.

ALDESUQUY H. S., BAKA Z. A., ABASS M. A. & NAHLA A. 2014. Control of chocolate spot infection of field beans by shikimic acid and salicylic acid: modulation of defense enzymes, phytohormones and simple phenols. – Phyton (Horn, Austria) 54 (1): xx – xx, with 3 tables. This study investigated the effect of shikimic and salicylic acids at the concentrations of 0.4 and 0.7 mM, respectively, or their combination as phenolic compounds and Ridomil MZ at the concentration of 250 g/100 L as a fungicide on defense enzymes activity, different growth hormones and some phenolic compounds were quantified in Vicia faba leaves infected by Botrytis fabae. Pathogen caused noticeable increase in the activity of defense enzymes (i.e, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase) in infected faba bean plants. In the majority of cases, the applied phenolic compounds induced significant additional increase in such enzymes than that sprayed with fungicide. Moreover, this increment was co...

Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient that plays an essential role in improving soil fertility for optimum plant growth and productivity. It is one of the most deficient macro-nutrients in agricultural soils after nitrogen and is considered inadequate for plant growth and production. To P availability in soils, the farmers are applying huge amounts of synthetic P fertilizers that adversely affect the wider environment, groundwater, soil fertility and microbial population. Many beneficial microbes are known to release and supply soluble P for improving growth and yield of a variety of plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils. Thus, inoculation of these microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to soil to enhance crop production without harming the environment, is an alternative approach to chemical fertilizers. The combined role of AMF and PSB in P solubilization is not well understood and the application and mode of action of these microbial groups are often naive due to variation in the environment. Therefore, the current review article would develop a better understanding of the interactive role and mechanisms of AMF and PSB in improving P availability from both organic and inorganic sources in a sustainable crop production system. Finally, the current review would loop out further avenues for researchers interested to commercially produce effective AMF and PSB-based biofertilizers for sustainable management of phosphorus over a wide range of agricultural crops worldwide.

Turbinicarpus valdezianus is a species under special protection, according to the current law NOM-059-ECOL-2010. It spreads preferably through shoot proliferation in vitro. A common problem associated with the propagation of this species by tis-sue culture is the hyperhydricity or excess of water accumulation in the tissues of shoots explants. The literature on this topic indicates that such response is related with oxidative stress. Because of this, the effects of inhibitors of the gibberellins [paclobutrazol (PBZ) and calcium prohexadione (PCa)] and salicylic (SA) and benzoic ac-ids (BA) were tested to diminish the hiperhydrycity of the sprouts, which was measured after twelve weeks of study initiation. The treatment with PBZ (3.4 x 10 -4 M) completely eliminated hyperhydricity in the sprouts, and significantly increased the organogenesis, with 18 sprouts per explant, in comparison to the 3.55 sprouts per explant observed on the control. In addition to this, PBZ induced several mo...

Costly investments in storage and transport of onion bulbs makes it increasingly important to identify cultivars with the best chance of long-term storage. This paper discusses our own and other researchers' results and laboratory procedures on onion's pun-gency, soluble solids, dry matter, respiration rate, carbohydrates and catabolism-related enzymes under different storage conditions. The variability in parameters such as carbohydrate composition, pun-gency, soluble solids and soluble uronic acid concentration in wa-ter is growth dependent, and defines the quality of onion bulbs at harvest time. During storage, these parameters can be modified by environmental conditions, presence of pathogens or termination of dormancy. Under postharvest conditions, indicators of dormancy are usually measured as percentage of either root emergence or sprout-ing. Biochemical and physiological parameters such as decreases in sucrose levels and increases in (1) respiration rates, (2) exo hy...

The present study aimed to predict differential enrichment of pathways and compounds in the rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants (Abutilon fruticosum and Nitrosalsola vermiculata) and to predict functional shifts in microbiomes due to water. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA region V3-V4 was done and gene-based microbial compositions were enrolled in PICRUSt to predict enriched pathways and compounds. The results indicated that "ABC transporters" and "Quorum sensing" pathways are among the highest enriched pathways in rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants compared with those of the bulk soil microbiomes. The highest enriched compounds in soil microbiomes of the two wild plants included five proteins and three enzymes participating in one or more KEGG pathways. Six of these eight compounds showed higher predicted enrichment in rhizosphere soil microbiomes, while only one, namely phosphate transport system substrate-binding protein, showed higher enrichment in the surrounding bulk soil microbiomes. In terms of differentially enriched compounds due to watering, only the dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA (Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA (Gln) amidotransferase subunit A showed higher enrichment in rhizosphere soil of the two wild plants after 24 h of watering. Two of the highly enriched compounds namely branched-chain amino acid transport system ATP-binding protein and branched-chain amino acid transport system substrate-binding protein, are encoded by genes stimulated by the plant's GABA that participates in conferring biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and improves the plant's growth performance. The 3-Oxoacyl-[ACP] reductase, a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/ reductase (SDR) superfamily, participates in fatty acids elongation cycles and contributes to plant-microbe symbiotic relationships, while enoyl-CoA hydratase has a reverse action as it participates in "Fatty acid degradation" pathway. The methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein is an environmental signal that sense "Bacterial chemotaxis" pathway to help establishing symbiosis with plant roots by recruiting/colonizing of microbial partners (symbionts) to plant rhizosphere. This information justifies the high enrichment of compounds in plant rhizosphere. The dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA (Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA (Gln) amidotransferase subunit A contributes to the plant ability to respond to watering as it participates in attaching the correct amino acid during translation to its This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This pot-based study investigated the influence of poultry manure and 1:1 mixture of poultry manure + biochar (produced from farmyard manure [FYM] or wood), on the biomass production and concentration of heavy metals in leaves of lettuce and spinach. The concentration of mineral nitrogen (N) and soluble inorganic phosphorus (P) of soils cultivated with these vegetables was also investigated. The application of poultry manure or FYM biochar in soil as 10% (equivalent to 60 t ha-1 , an estimated 1726.8 kg ha-1 N in poultry manure and 1353.9 kg ha-1 N in FYM) and 15% amendment (equivalent to 90 t ha-1 , an estimated 2590.2 kg ha-1 N in poultry manure and 2030.8 kg ha-1 N in FYM) significantly decreased biomass production of lettuce as compared to control (no fertilizer added) treatment. However, mixture of poultry manure with wood-derived biochar at both application rates (i.e., 10% and 15%) and with FYM biochar at lower application rate (i.e., 10%) caused 2-3-fold increase in aboveground plant biomass and 2-14-fold increase in root biomass (p < 0.05). Furthermore, as compared to control treatment, a significant~2-3-fold increase in aboveground plant biomass was also observed in response to mixture of poultry manure with wood-derived and FYM derived biochars at 10% amendment rates. As compared to control treatment, concentration of mineral N and soluble inorganic P were higher in soils of all other treatments. In spinach, amendment of poultry manure or its co-amendment with biochar of FYM significantly increased aboveground plant biomass at 7% (equivalent to 42 t ha-1) as compared to 3% and 5% amendment rates (equivalent to 18 and 30 t ha-1 respectively). The concentration of soil mineral N and soil soluble mineral P was not different between treatments. In lettuce, wood-derived biochar did not reduce concentration of heavy metals (i.e., manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron, (Fe), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) than FYM-derived biochar while in spinach, as compared to poultry manure, co-amendment of poultry manure with wood-derived biochar reduced concentration of heavy metals, indicating differential responses of crops to organic amendments.

Resumen. Las pudriciones de raíz y tallo (PRYT) en el cultivo de soja causadas por patógenos habitantes del suelo son enfermedades comúnmente encontradas en campos de soja, y son una de las causas más importantes de pérdidas económicas. La sensibilidad micelial de Fusarium virguliforme, Fusarium tucumaniae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum y Macrophomina phaseolina fue evaluada en medio de cultivo agar papa glucosa (25 mL) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones (µg/mL) de fosfito de manganeso (PhiMn) diluido en agua (0; 25; 37,5; 50; 100; 200; 300; 400; 500; 800 y 1000). La sensibilidad del crecimiento micelial fue analizada usando análisis de regresión lineal logarítmico. Se calculó la concentración de PhiMn necesaria para inhibir el 50% del crecimiento micelial (CI 50). Los valores de CI 50 fueron desde 105 µg/mL (Fusarium spp.) hasta 409 µg/mL (M. phaseolina). La formación de esclerocios fue completamente inhibida a 500 µg/mL. Los resultados del presente estudio representan el primer reporte de la acción fungicida/fungistática in vitro del Phi contra los hongos que causan las PRYT en el cultivo de soja.

The need for renewable energy sources makes microalgae an essential feedstock for biofuels production. The molecular aspects and the response to nitrogen (N)-limited conditions with a phytohormone stimulus in microalgae have been slightly explored. In this work, Scenedesmus obliquus was used as a study model to analyze the effect of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA) coupled to nitrogen limitation on cell growth, biomass and fatty acids. The selected 10-5 M BAP increased the biomass by 1.44-fold, and 10-6 M GA by 1.35-fold. The total lipids also increased by 2.8 and 1.11-fold, respectively. The 10-5 M BAP and 10-6 M GA addition to S. obliquus cultures at different initial nitrogen percentages (N-0, N-25, and N-50) showed a significant increase in cell growth and biomass productivity compared to the unstimulated cultures. BAP N-0 and GA N-0 produced the highest lipid yields with 55% and 50%, respectively. The lipid profile analysis revealed an increase, particularly in C18:1 and C16:0 fatty acids. Gene expression analysis showed an over-expression of acyl carrying protein (ACP), stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), fatty acid acyl-ACP thioesterase (FATA), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) genes, which were mainly induced by nitrogen limitation. Furthermore, BAP and GA produced a significant over-expression on these genes in the N-replete cultures. This study shows that BAP and GA, coupled to N limitation stress, can be used to increase the biomass and lipid production in S. obliquus for sustainable biofuels.

Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world. In tropical and subtropical areas, the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses. Single stranded DNA viruses (geminiviruses) are the most perilous pathogens which are responsible for major diseases in agronomic and horticultural crops. Significantly begomoviruses and mastreviruses are the biggest genus of plant infecting viruses, transmitted though Bemisia tabaci and members of Cicadellidae respectively. Plants possesses some naturally existing chemicals term as phyto-chemicals which perform important functions in the plant. Some antioxidant enzymes are used by plants for selfdefense upon foreign invasion of infection. This review explains the present perceptive of influence of viral infections on phyto-chemicals, oxidative enzymes and biochemical changes occurring in the plant. Viral infection mediated phytochemical changes in plants mainly includes: up and down regulation of photosynthetic pigment, increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, elevation of starch content in the leaf and up & down regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes including (GPX) guaiacol peroxidase, (PPO) polyphenol oxidase, (APX) ascorbate peroxidase, (SOD) superoxide dismutase and (CTA) catalase. These changes lead to initiation of hypersensitive response, by thicken of the leaf lamina, lignification under the leaf surface, blocking to stomatal openings, systematic cell death, generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS), activation of pathogen mediated resistance pathways i.e., production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Collectively all the physiological changes in the plant due to viral infection supports the activation of defense mechanism of the plant to combat against viral infection by limiting virus in specific area, followed with the production of barriers for pathogen, accumulation of starch in the leaf and excess production of (ROS). These strategies used by the plant to prevent the spread of virus in whole plant and to minimize the risk of severe yield loss.

Millets hold an immense assurance for food safety and nourishment amid ever-rising agricultural expenses and climate alterations. They are healthful, have supplementary wellbeing profit and need remarkably fewer effort overheads for crop growing. These characters draw attention to millets as a plant of preference for the humankind in the course of emergent alarm about environmental changes. Millets have the prospect to provide biomass and thus bioenergy, reduced carbon emission, carbon footprint and sustainable modern agriculture. As the rate of expansion in budding countries is increasing day by day, the scarcity of energy is a big panic and there is a mounting turn in the direction and rehearsal of waste and biomass as an energy source. Globally, at least 20% of total irrigated land has been injured by salt and 1.5 million hectares is taken away of cultivation every year. Thus, in future, we will have a requirement of efficient crops and utilisation of marginal lands for agriculture. Millet is an answer to the efficient crop. Plants are subjected to various environmental pressures (high/low temperature, heavy metal, salinity, pesticides, etc.) as well as biotic stresses (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.) and millets are not an exception to it. Millets are categorised as glycophytes and can tolerate average salt threshold of about 6 (EC e) (dS/m) with some variation from specie to specie. Increase in the salt concentrations can lead to retarded growth and development, thus need for mitigants arise to reduce such stresses. Some mitigants to overcome the stress levels include proline, polyamine and betaines, Na 2 SeO 3 , H 2 S, KNO 3 , Mg(NO 3) 2 , etc.

Moringa leaf extract (MLE) has been shown to promote beneficial outcomes in animals and plants. It is rich in amino acids, antioxidants, phytohormones, minerals, and many other bioactive compounds with nutritional and growth-promoting potential. Recent reports indicated that MLE improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MLE-mediated abiotic stress tolerance remains limited. This review summarizes the existing literature on the role of MLE in promoting plant abiotic stress acclimation processes. MLE is applied to plants in a variety of ways, including foliar spray, rooting media, and seed priming. Exogenous application of MLE promoted crop plant growth, photosynthesis, and yield under both nonstress and abiotic stress conditions. MLE treatment reduced the severity of osmotic and oxidative stress in plants by regulating osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant synthesis, and secondary metabolites. MLE also improves mineral homeostasis in the presence of abiotic stress. Overall, this review describes the potential mechanisms underpinning MLEmediated stress tolerance.

Sugarcane is one of the major important sugar yielding crops in Bangladesh. As an exhaustive crop, sugarcane removes a huge amount of plant nutrients from the soil. However, the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can be a good approach to deal with nutrient depletion and promote sustainable crop production as well as improve soil health. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify the most fruitful and profitable integrated nutrient management on the aspects of growth, yield and quality of sugarcane in two consecutive growing seasons. Seven treatments: T 1

Specimens of Cymodocea (Viridiplantae, Magnoliophyta) collected on the Tunisian coasts showed a particular morphological and anatomical difference with the classical descriptions of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Asch. the only species of this genus reported in the Mediterranean Sea. In order to precise the taxonomic identity of the new specimens we aimed in this work (i) to verify the identity of the new forms, (ii) to evaluate the genetic diversity of the population, (iii) to test the validity of the existing identification keys of the Tunisian Cymodocea populations. Four stations located in two regions of the Tunisian coasts were sampled. Leaf morphological and anatomical characters used in taxonomic identification were measured (e.g number of cross veins, shape of the apex). The genetic study was performed using three most common chloroplast markers for plant characterization (DNA barcodes rbcL, matK and trnHpsbA). The morphological study revealed the presence of three C. nodosa morphotypes, described here for the first time, while the molecular characterization did not allow the discrimination of these morphological types. In regard to these results, it would be wise to review the classical identification keys of the Cymodocea genus.

The increasing deforestation with an alarming rate is the prime cause of upsetting the balance in the natural ecosystem and the livelihood of local communities. Sustainable forest management and reforestation efforts can equilibrium this destruction and maintain the protected areas. In this regard, soil management strategies for reforestation of the degraded forest land can be helpful. In this review, the potential of using biochar, a solid carbon rich product of biomass thermochemical conversion, as a soil amendment in forest soils has been discussed. The production procedures of biochar, availability of feedstocks and the biochar properties are discussed using the existing knowledge. The positive effects of biochar are soil quality depended and change with varying geographical locations. Therefore, long-term field trials examining a range of biochars, soils, and forest types are required for a better understanding of this issue. Careful planning to match biochar with the soil properties is essential to obtain maximum benefits of biochar as a soil amendment.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the world's most important vegetable crops. Still, phytopathogenic bacteria affect the yield and quality of tomato cultivation, like Agrobacterium tumefeciens (At), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), and Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xa). Synthetic chemical products are used mostly on disease plant control, but overuse generates resistance to bacterial control. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves against At, Cmm, Pst, Rs, and Xa, as well as information about this plant species' chemical composition. Antibacterial activity against pathogens observed by microplate technique, phytochemical screening, and FTIR analysis revealed different bio-active compounds on ethanolic extracts with antibacterial activity. The growth inhibition rate ranged between 0.08% and 99.94%. The inhibitory concentration, IC 50 , required to inhibit 50% of At, Cmm, Pst, Rs, and Xa bacterial growth, was 276.67, 350.48, 277.85, 351.49, and 283.22 mg/L, respectively. Inhibition of phytopathogen bacteria's growth increased as the concentrations of the extract also increased. Moringa oleifera extract can be recommended as a potent bio-bactericide.

The complex composition of herbal metabolites necessitates the development of powerful analytical techniques aimed to identify the bioactive components. The seeds of Descurainia sophia (SDS) are utilized in China as a cough and asthma relieving agent. Herein, a dimension-enhanced integral approach, by combining ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS) and intelligent peak annotation, was developed to rapidly characterize the multicomponents from SDS. Good chromatographic separation was achieved within 38 min on a UPLC CSH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column which was eluted by 0.1% formic acid in water (water phase) and acetonitrile (organic phase). Collision-induced dissociation-MS 2 data were acquired by the data-independent high-definition MS E (HDMS E) in both the negative and positive electrospray ionization modes. A major components knockout strategy was applied to improve the characterization of those minor ingredients by enhancing the injection volume. Moreover, a self-built chemistry library was established, which could be matched by the UNIFI software enabling automatic peak annotation of the obtained HDMS E data. As a result of applying the intelligent peak annotation workflows and further confirmation process, a total of 53 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from the SDS, including 29 flavonoids, one uridine derivative, four glucosides, one lignin, one phenolic compound, and 17 others. Notably, four-dimensional information related to the structure (e.g., retention time, collision cross section, MS 1 and MS 2 data) was obtained for each component by the developed integral approach, and the results would greatly benefit the quality control of SDS. KEYWORDS Descurainia sophia; multicomponent characterization; ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; ion mobility/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; high-definition MS E ; flavonoid This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Forty-four V. dahliae isolates were collected from symptomatic vascular tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey during 2006-2009. Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of V. dahliae from okra were used to determine heterokaryosis and genetic relatedness among isolates. All isolates from okra plants were grouped into two vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) (1 and 2) and three subgroups as 1A (13.6%, 6/44), 2A (20.5%, 9/44) and 2B (65.9%, 29/44) according to international criteria. Pathogenicity tests were performed on a susceptible local okra (A. esculentus) landrace in greenhouse conditions. All isolates from VCG1A and VCG2B induced defoliation (D) and partial defoliation (PD) symptoms, respectively. Other isolates from VCG2A gave rise to typical leaf chlorosis symptoms without defoliation. The obtained data showed that the virulence level of V. dahliae isolates from okra was related to their VCG belongings. Eighteen okra landraces from diverse geographical origins were screened for resistance to VCG2B and VCG1A of V. dahliae. The results indicated that all landraces were more susceptible to highly virulent VCG1A-D pathotype displaying D or PD symptoms depending on their susceptibility levels with a mean disease severity index of 3.52 than to less virulent VCG2B-PD pathotype of V. dahliae displaying PD and ND symptoms with a mean disease severity index of 2.52. Significant differences were observed among the landraces; however, none of them exhibited a level of resistance. Okra landraces; Çorum, Hatay Has and Şanlıurfa displayed the lowest level of susceptibility or little tolerance to both D and PD pathotypes. VCG2B of PD was prevailing in the surveyed areas and VCG1A of D was the most virulent of the VCGs identified. Introduction of resistant genotypes to Turkish okra germplasm from different sources and breeding new resistant okra cultivars are critical for the sustainability of okra production.

Cardamine amara and the C. pratensis group (Brassicaceae) in Croatia. ± Phyton (Horn, Austria) 46 (1) 99 ± 111, 2 figures. ± English with German summary. New data on the distribution of Cardamine amara L. and the C. pratensis group in Croatia are presented. Till now only C. pratensis L. (s.str.) and C. amara subsp. amara were reported in floras and checklists for this area. Based on the study of herbarium specimens, five taxa, namely C. amara L. subsp. amara, C. amara subsp. austriaca MARHOLD, C. matthioli MORETTI, C. majovskyi MARHOLD & ZA Â BORSKY Â , and C. dentata SCHULT., are confirmed for the area of Croatia. The occurrence of C. majovskyi and C. amara subsp. austriaca is affirmed also by chromosome number counts (both 2n = 32). Although no specimens corresponding to C. pratensis s.str. were found, its occurrence in Croatia cannot be ruled out, as it occurs in neighbouring regions of Hungary and Slovenia.

Patrones de diversidad de plantas trepadoras y epifitas vasculares en el bosque lluvioso Valdiviano de Sudamérica: una síntesis entre los años 2000 y 2010 Diversity patterns of climbing plants and vascular epiphytes in the Valdivian rain forest of South America: a synthesis between 2000 and 2010 Pincheira-Ulbrich J Resumen. Se sistematizó el conocimiento sobre los patrones de diversidad de plantas trepadoras y epifitas vasculares en el bosque lluvioso valdiviano de Sudamérica entre los años 2000 y 2010. El método se basó en el estudio de publicaciones en cuatro bases de datos mediante el uso de palabras claves. Los resultados mostraron 12 estudios efectuados en Chile y dos en Argentina, la mayoría en bosques primarios dentro de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Las investigaciones fueron efectuadas esencialmente a escala de hábitat, y sólo se encontró un estudio a escala de paisaje y dos revisiones a escala regional. Los muestreos utilizados se basaron en observaciones desde la base del suelo, y sólo dos investigaciones accedieron a la copa de árboles emergentes. Los hallazgos más relevantes mostraron que: (1) la diversidad fue mayor en bosques primarios que secundarios; (2) la abundancia de helechos epifitos (Hymenophyllaceae) se correlacionó positivamente con el gradiente de humedad del hábitat; (3) las plantas trepadoras mostraron tolerancia diferencial a la sombra; (4) la diversidad de ambos grupos de plantas se correlacionó positivamente con el diámetro del forofito, y (5) la mayoría de las trepadoras y epifitas mostraron selectividad por las especies forofitas. Además se constató que la riqueza de epifitas vasculares y plantas trepadoras a escala de hábitat varió entre 8 a 16 especies, y entre 6 a 14 especies, respectivamente. El conocimiento sobre los niveles de intercambio de especies entre hábitats en ambientes fragmentados y a escala de paisaje es escaso, y deben priorizarse los estudios en espacios con alta presión antrópica para mejorar las posibilidades de conservación de este grupo de plantas.

Rhizodeposition is a key process influencing nutrient availability through its stimulation of microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Microbial community structure and function in the rhizosphere has been hypothesised to be a consequence of variation in the quantity and quality of rhizodeposition. This paper discusses the character of carbon loss from trees and describes the use of community level physiological profiles (CLPP) to characterise microbial communities from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of hybrid larch {Larix eurolepis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), sycamore {Acer pseudoplatanus) and non-rhizosphere (bulk) samples from a farm woodland site. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) was used to analyse the carbon utilisation data and discriminate treatment effects. CVA discriminated the rhizosphere and rhizoplane microbial communities from the bulk soil. The carbon profiles of the rhizosphere microbial communities from the three tree species were similar, but there was significant discrimination of the communities from the three tree rhizoplanes. These differences were mainly attributable to differences in carboxylic acid utilisation. Isolation and enumeration of culturable microorganisms from these soils confirmed the stimulatory effect of the rhizosphere on microbial growth, and in particular on pseudomonad proliferation, and that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial communities associated with these tree species. The possible relationship between microbial diversity and carbon availability in the rhizosphere of different tree species is discussed.

Resumen. La cebolla es un importante cultivo debido a su valor como alimento con una vida relativamente larga siendo así un produc-to no perecedero. Es muy útil entender las respuestas del crecimiento del cultivo de cebolla para realizar las prácticas a campo que conduz-can a un mayor y óptimo crecimiento. Se realizó un experimento a campo usando una variedad Valcatorce en un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco replicas a dos densidades de siembra y tres niveles de fertilización nitrogenada. El crecimiento del bulbo siguió una clásica curva sigmoidea. Durante el rápido período de crecimiento, el cultivo tuvo la mayor área foliar (AF) con al menos seis hojas por planta. Con el aumento de la densidad de plantas aumentó la producción en kg/ha pero disminuyó el tamaño del bulbo. Defoliaciones del 40 al 60% del AF tuvieron un fuerte impacto en la producción de bulbos sólo en los primeros estadios de crecimiento. En los últimos estadios, el AF remanente fue aparentemente lo suficientement...

BERGMEIER E. & DIMOPOULOS P. 2001. Chances and limits of floristic island inventories-the Dionysades group (South-Aegean, Greece) re-visited.-Phyton (Horn, Austria) 41(2): 277-293, 1 figure.-English with German summary. A new, annotated and critical flora inventory for the three South Aegean Dionysades islands is presented, differentiated for each island, and based on 240 own vascular plant records and all available data from literature. The total list for the island group comprises now 277 species of which 51 are reported for the first time. Astragalus sesameus was found new for the South Aegean (Cretan area), and Medicago arborea is new to the native flora of wider Crete. The distribution of M. arborea and other cliff species into phryganic habitats on the two major islands was not noticed by previous researchers and is, since grazing by domestic herbivores was given up, probably a rather recent phenomenon. A comparison between the first (GAN-DOGER, ca. 1917) and our recent records (in 2000) revealed few cases of taxa which are now likely to be extinct. They are weeds that bear witness of former local cultivation on the two bigger islands. The great majority of the new findings is not owing to recent establishment but to previous observation gaps. There is but one clear case of recent introduction: Oxalis pes-caprae. The question is raised whether conventional species census is an adequate tool for island monitoring. It is suggested to install and perform a more consistent and standardized way of island monitoring, including appropriate sampling on community and population level.

Readily available chemical fertilizers have resulted in a decline in the use of organic manure (e.g., green manures), a traditionally sustainable source of nutrients. Based on this, we applied urea at the rate of 270 kg ha −1 with and without green manure in order to assess nitrogen (N) productivity in a double rice cropping system in 2017.