Police Integrity

Uganda and in particular the Ugandan police are perceived as highly corrupt. To address the integrity of police officers, an intervention called the Police Accountability and Reform Project (PARP) was implemented in selected police districts between 2010 and early 2013. This paper studies the impact of PARP for a sample of 600 police officers that were interviewed about police integrity by means of twelve hypothetical vignette cases depicting context-specific, undesirable behaviour of varying degrees of severity. The assessments of the cases by the police officers are analysed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting and seemingly unrelated regression techniques. We show that self-selection of police officers into the program is unlikely to drive the results. The results suggest that officers participating in PARP activities (i) judge the presented cases of misconduct more severely, (ii) are more inclined to report misconduct and (iii) also expect their colleag...

Integrity is an essential element of orderly co-existance and an important facet of professional policing. The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Integrity Profile 200 (IP 200), an instrument widely used in South Africa, to assess its utility as an integrity measure for use in the South African Police Service. Although the literature indicates that the constructs measured with the IP 200 are sound, an exploratory investigation in the South African Police Service reveals poor reliability and unacceptable inter-item correlations. This suggests poor factorial validity (model fit). Subsequently an exploratory factor analysis (N = 1457) was done to adapt the scale and improve the model fit. Four factors were extracted and analysed, and satisfactory psychometric properties were found for these factors, including the absence of race-based item bias. The factors are: (i) Integrity restricting orientation; (ii) Moral conscientiousness and accountability; (iii) Organ...

ABSTRACT
This article provides the reader with a literature review with the aim of finding out about the origin and  system of  police  accountability  in  England  and  Wales.  It  is  hoped  that  the  article  will  help  to
identify  some  important  conceptual  considerations  that  ought  to  betaken  into  account  by  any professional  and  responsible  police  departments  seeking  to  embrace  accountability  in  its  policing procedures.

This  article  explores  the  sensitive  issue  of  police  accountability  to  civilian  oversight  bodies  in
controlling  police  excesses.  At  the  centre  of  the  discourse  lies  the  tacit  acknowledgement  that  the enormous  power  and  authority  invested  in  the  police  does  lead  to  corruption  and  excesses  unless adequate checks and balances are installed. 

Keywords:  Police  Accountability,  Police  Ethics,  Police  Integrity,  Policing  the  Police,  Civilian
oversight bodies of Police.

This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the degree to which the code of silence is a uniform phenomenon, spanning across different countries and police cultures. Samples of police officers from Croatia (1,142 respondents), South Africa (871 respondents), and the United States (664 respondents) evaluated 11 scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct. The results indicate that, in all 11 examined scenarios, there is a statistically significant correlation between unwillingness to report misconduct at work and the country of origin of the examined police officers. Own perception of misconduct and estimates of others’ willingness to report misconduct are significant predictors of the respondents’ own willingness to report misconduct at work.

La evaluación de la integridad policial se origina en la literatura de la integridad policial y tiene como bases para su medición el uso de situaciones o escenarios de corrupción.

Esta prueba se fundamenta en el análisis aplicado por Carl B. Klockars y Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic del Instituto Nacional de Justicia de los EE.UU.*, con información proveniente de una extensa encuesta aplicada a los oficiales de policía en los Estados Unidos de América.

Entre los principales resultados de esta prueba se detectó que eventos tan comunes como trabajar en un negocio propio de seguridad por parte de un oficial de policía fuera del horario de laboral (servicio policial) y el hecho de recibir tazas de café y/o comidas gratis, nunca fueron vistos por los oficiales de policía como actos de corrupción policial.
Sin embargo la aplicación de esta prueba detectó que los eventos que implican quebrantar las reglas, romper con la disciplina y la legalidad son considerados como delitos graves que requieren la aplicación de sanciones (castigos).

Qëllimi i këtij studimi ka qenë gjenerimi i të dhënave me interes për zyrtarët e policisë, të cilët mund t’i shfrytëzojnë këto gjetje për zhvillimin e debateve konstruktive për përmirësimin e imazhit të policisë në drejtim të profesionalizimit, integritetit dhe përgjegjshmërisë. Për më tepër, drejtuesit e policisë duhet të marrin në konsideratë nevojën e komunikimit me publikun rreth misionit kryesor të tyre, me theks të veçantë mbi integritetin e policisë dhe kryerjes së detyrave të tyre në respektim të parimeve të shtetit të së drejtës, mbrojtjen e të drejtave të njeriut dhe përqafimit të konceptit të policimit demokratik.

This exploratory comparative study compares how police officers belonging to two different cultures regard various types of police corruption, how severely they think transgressions should be punished, and how willing they are to report infractions. In order to measure police integrity and to identify the potential for police misconduct we applied the methodology developed in the United States by C.B. Klockars and his colleagues. The present quantitative analysis is based on survey data obtained from two convenience samples, consisting of American police officers who recently attended the Administrative Officer's course at the Southern Police Institute in the United States and Romanian police officers enrolled in or graduates of the Master's program at the Romanian Police Academy. Even if a potential for unethical behavior was detected in both groups under study, results show that Romanian police officers appear to have a higher level of tolerance toward police misconduct than their American counterparts.

Uganda and in particular the Ugandan police are perceived as highly corrupt. To address the integrity of police officers, an intervention called the Police Accountability and Reform Project (PARP) was implemented in selected police districts between 2010 and early 2013. This paper studies the impact of PARP for a sample of 600 police officers that were interviewed about police integrity by means of twelve hypothetical vignette cases depicting context-specific, undesirable behaviour of varying degrees of severity. The assessments of the cases by the police officers are analysed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting and seemingly unrelated regression techniques. We show that self-selection of police officers into the program is unlikely to drive the results. The results suggest that officers participating in PARP activities (i) judge the presented cases of misconduct more severely, (ii) are more inclined to report misconduct and (iii) also expect their colleagues to judge misbehaviour at the level of the police more critically although the latter two coefficient estimates are smaller in size. This suggests that PARP activities have affected the perception of police officers but only encouraged them moderately to actually take action against bad practices.

Published by:

Kosovar Centre for Security Studies (KCSS)

Title:

Kosovo Security Barometer Special Edition -

CORRUPTION, RULE OF LAW AND POLICE INTEGRITY IN KOSOVO

Author:

Plator Avdiu

Date:

26tth of March 2019

This special edition of Kosovo Security Barometer presents deconstruction on Kosovo’s public perception on corruption, rule of law and police integrity. This report provides a comprehensive and detailed data interpretation concerning perception of the public opinion based on a pre-defined set of questions on the issue at hand.

In this regard, this report elaborates the 2018’ Kosovo Security Barometer respondents’ perception towards trust,  direct contacts and the presence of corruption in the following targeted institutions: Courts, Prosecution, Kosovo Police, and Municipalities. Thus, the report has measured public perceptions on the targeted institutions with the aim to analysing the most relevant issues challenging the rule of law and integrity of justice, security and municipal institutions in Kosovo.

This report consists of three sections:

The first section introduces the level of trust expressed by respondents on the relevant institutions (justice, security and municipal institutions), as well as the direct contact of the surveyed respondents with these institutions during 2018. Similar to previous years, security institutions are leading when it comes to public trust when compared to other institutions analysed in this special edition.

The second section of the report interprets key security threats and risks in Kosovo. Given that corruption has been ranked as the highest problem to Kosovo’s national security, this section is focused on views of respondents towards corruption in the relevant institutions. Apart from general interpretation of data on corruption in Courts, Prosecution, Kosovo Police and Municipalities, the report offers cross-tabulated data analysis based on regions, rural/urban areas, gender balance, and ethnic composition of respondents for all targeted institutions.

While, the third or final section of the report provides a detailed interpretation of open-ended and closed-ended questions of the 2018 survey of Kosovo Security Barometer on main issues harming police integrity in Kosovo. Accordingly, results presenting opinions of respondents on corruption within sectors of the Kosovo Police mirror a better understanding on what are the most and the least corrupted police sectors in Kosovo. Furthermore, data analysis through cross-tabulated results (based on regions, areas, gender balance, and ethnic background) provides an exhaustive elaboration of respondents’ attitudes towards police corruption in Kosovo.

Given that the Kosovo Security Barometer’s survey was conducted in the second half of 2018 (September-October 2018), thus it does not reflect some of the developments that have occurred from November 2018 to March 2019.

This report is published in the framework of the Kosovo Security Barometer Programe.  Perceptions presented in this report are a summary of information gathered from respondents and it solely demonstrates how people perceive institutions. It is no way a conclusive assessment on the quality of the work of institutions subject to this study. It shall serve as an instrument to them toward addressing potential shortcomings, but also an indicator of the effectiveness of their communication with the people.

The views presented in this report are perceptions of the respondents and do not necessarily represent the views of Kosovar Centre for Security Studies. Opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED).

2 This is a conceptual paper on police deviance and its multi-faceted forms. It seeks to address the lack of an adequately formulated framework in the literature of the breadth and depth of police misconduct and corruption. The paper argues for the use of a proposed ‘sliding scale ’ of police deviance by examining the nature, extent and progression of police deviance and crime using research in Australia and Canada as illustrative case studies. This sliding scale is designed to research, capture, and store and hence extend the knowledge base of what constitutes police deviance at the level of the individual, the group and the organisational contexts of policing. As such, the conceptual framework is a robust yet flexible research tool and it’s utility as a sliding scale constitutes a step forward in advancing the knowledge on police deviance and criminality through adopting an integrated and holistic approach to managing such knowledge.

Published by:
Kosovar Centre for Security Studies and Belgrade Center for Security Policiy
Title:
Assessment of police integrity in Kosovo
Author:
Plator Avdiu and Skender Perteshi
Date:
December 2015
This report aims to assess the integrity within the Kosovo Police and to address the key problems and challenges. Progress and regress in relation to police integrity is measured through six sections or indicators: the transparency of police work, the influence of political interests on the operational work of the police, human resources management, financial management, internal control and external oversight of police work. Given that this is a comprehensive study, it provides a qualitative analysis of the relevance of integrity principles, with the aim of keeping the Kosovo Police accountable, honest and ethical.
The study revealed six major findings. (i) In general, the Kosovo Police is transparent in terms of providing information to the media and the public. The police Information and Public Relations Office is in charge of conducting all the activities related to transparency. However, the police are far from being perfect in this context. There should be far less bureaucracy when it comes to access, statistics, data and detailed information about its work. Therefore, the Kosovo Police should be more proactive to ensure its timely transparency concerning the requests from media, non-governmental organizations and other relevant parties.
The Report is published as part of the Action “Western Balkans Pulse for Police Integrity and Trust: POINTPULSE”. The Action is supported by the European Union through the program “Civil Society Facility” under the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). The contents of the Report are the sole responsibility of the Kosovar Centre for Security Studies (KCSS) and views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the European Union.

Integrity is an essential element of orderly co-existance and an important facet of professional policing. The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Integrity Profile 200 (IP 200), an instrument widely used in South Africa, to assess its utility as an integrity measure for use in the South African Police Service. Although the literature indicates that the constructs measured with the IP 200 are sound, an exploratory investigation in the South African Police Service reveals poor reliability and unacceptable inter-item correlations. This suggests poor factorial validity (model fit). Subsequently an exploratory factor analysis (N=1 457) was done to adapt the scale and improve the model fit. Four factors were extracted and analysed, and satisfactory psychometric properties were found for these factors, including the absence of race-based item bias. The factors are: (i) Integrity restricting orientation; (ii) Moral conscientiousness and accountability; (iii) Organisational/management integrity, and (iv) Lie scale. The results account for a significant deviation and simplification from the original instrument structure. It is recommended that the original IP 200 should not be used in this context but that the adapted scale be used.

This academic research has been conducted within the project on “Ethics for the Prevention of
Corruption in Turkey (TYEC)” which was funded by the European Commission and implemented
by the Council of Europe in co-operation with the Council of Ethics for the Public Service of the
Republic of Turkey.

The  overall  objective  of  TYEC  is  to  contribute  to  the  prevention  of  corruption  in  Turkey  in
accordance with European and other international standards through the implementation and
extension of the code of conduct, and the development of anti-corruption measures.

This chapter presents the research findings of a case study of an accountability project implemented with the Uganda Police Force between 2010 and 2013. The project set up a series of workshops involving the police and a variety of societal actors and organized activities to create awareness of changes to the public order management regime. The impact of the accountability project was assessed by comparing police districts where the project was implemented with districts that did not take part in the project. The analysis of crime statistics does not show a difference between the two groups of districts. A survey among 600 police officers demonstrates that the project has influenced the way police officers respond to integrity issues in their day-to-day work. Interviews with 23 middle- and high-ranking police officers show enhanced awareness of accountability issues, related to the treatment of civilians and their rights. Although the project is not a sufficient condition for behavioural change, it may lead to changes in attitudes, which are a necessary condition for changes in the behaviour of the police toward the public.