Political Economy of Energy

International Political Economy is a multidisciplinary field which officially falls under the political science discipline. IPE of energy is a nascent field to which scholars have only recently started to identify. IPE scholarship generally focuses on issues where politics and economics intersect, and looks at a variety of actors, including individuals, states, and international organizations. Since IPE’s official founding in the 1970’s, following the energy crises and the end of the gold standard, most energy research has focused on issues related to oil, such as OPEC, the “resource curse,” oil companies, and domestic policies related to oil. We suggest a number of promising areas for research: on the theoretical side, making politics explicit and incorporating international organizations, regionalism, community interests, international structure, ideas and identity and environmental studies into IPE scholarship. We also suggest three issue areas–renewable and other energy sources, electricity, and sovereign wealth funds.

Como inversionista es importante saber que Mexico se encuentra en un momento coyuntural en su industria energética. Los bajos precios de los hidrocarburos han demostrado no ser un desincentivo para detener la expansión de las energías renovables y su integración en los diferentes procesos productivos del país. El mercado mexicano es amplio y atractivo, no sólo por los vastos recursos que posee en viento, sol, geotermia, hídricos y biomasa, sino también por la oportunidad de manufacturar equipo para el sector gracias al impulso al contenido nacional que se dispone ahora en la implementación de la Reforma Energética.

introduction and table of content for the edited volume with Prof Kim Talus on States and Markets in Hydrocarbons. the ´book contains chapters of prominent researchers, including J Mitchell, P Aalto, B Sovacool, V Vivoda,, P Andrews-Speed. for details, see http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/states-and-markets-in-hydrocarbon-sectors-andrei-v-belyi/?K=9781137434067

Key points:
• Gazprom on the European market: Results of July sales on Gazprom’s ESP: Sales volumes double mon-on-month as deliveries to Austria and Slovakia rebound; Gazprom-owned FSRU leaves Kaliningrad
• Nord Stream: Nord Stream 2 construction companies face potential US sanctions; Gazprom launches legal challenge to 3rd Gas Directive amendments affecting Nord Stream 2
• Southern Corridor: Second line of Turkish Stream to pass through Bulgaria, not Greece – Russian FM; Turkish Stream faces Bulgarian delay to end of 2020; Hungary and Serbia sign agreement on Turkish Stream
• Asia: Gazprom signs gas purchases contract with Turkmengaz

During the last 25 years Poland and Lithuania have initiated numerous bilateral cooperation projects and initiatives. Ambitious expectations of such cooperation were based in the energy sphere. It was expected that it would help Lithuania to exit Russia’s energy system. However, these expectations did not materialise and many energy projects are delayed. This raised doubts whether the countries are truly interested in such cooperation. This article tries to answer this question and analyses Poland’s motives behind energy cooperation with Lithuania. It appears that Poland has little interest to participate in the construction of a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania, whereas it has a strong interest to construct electricity and gas interconnections with Lithuania.

Key points:
• Gazprom and the EU:
o Gazprom on the European market: Gazprom and European Commission representatives set for further meetings to discuss Gazprom’s antitrust proposals in light of stakeholder feedback
o Gazprom in the Baltic region: Finnish government formally proposes opening of Finnish gas market to competition from 2020; Latvijas Gāze gains competitors on the Latvian gas market in the form of Latvian Latvenergo and Lithuanian LDT
• Nord Stream: European Commission hoping for mandate to negotiate with Russian government over Nord Stream 2
• Southern Corridor: Gazprom begins offshore construction of Turkish Stream pipeline
• Ukraine: Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce makes first ruling in Gazprom-Naftogaz arbitration case
• Asia: Gazprom and CNPC open two-way temporary checkpoint on the Russia-China border for construction of Power of Siberia; Gazprom signs several memoranda on potential gas-sector projects in China at Belt & Road Forum in Beijing
• Other news: Gazprom reserve additions greater than annual production for 12th year in a row; Gazprom shows year-on-year increase in gas sales on St Petersburg International Mercantile Exchange (SPIMEX)

• Gazprom and the EU:
- Gazprom on the European market: Gazprom signs framework agreement with OMV for cooperation on small-scale LNG; Netherlands receives first-ever cargo of US LNG as domestic production continues to decline; Poland also receives its first ever delivery of LNG from the US; Poland and Denmark sign agreement on pipeline connection by 2022
- Gazprom in the Baltic region: Gazprom and Shell sign agreements to set up JV and begin studies for Baltic LNG project; Construction begins at Hamina-Kotka small-scale LNG terminal in Finland; Achema, Litgas, and LDT book import capacity at Klaipeda LNG terminal for 2017-2018 gas year; Estonian PM continues to lobby for new Estonian LNG terminal on the Gulf of Finland in meetings with PMs of Latvia and Lithuania; GET Baltic electronic gas trading platform set to begin new regional operations on 1st of July 2017
• Nord Stream: European Commission requests mandate from EU member states to negotiate with Russian Federation over Nord Stream 2; US Senate proposes new sanctions that could impact European investment in Nord Stream 2, provoking a sharp reaction from Germany and Austria
• Southern Corridor: Gazprom, Edison, and DEPA agree to coordinate Turkish Stream and Poseidon pipelines; Putin visits Turkish Stream construction
• Ukraine: Following Naftogaz claim of ‘victory’ in preliminary arbitration hearing, Gazprom responds that first ruling is ‘on balance’ good for Gazprom, denies revocation of ‘take or pay’ clause in their bilateral contract
• Asia: Gazprom announces aim to complete half the length of the Power of Siberia by end of 2017

Amidst the international movement to privatize and deregulate electricity and gas sectors of economies, the question of the integration of those sectors has been somewhat underestimated. In fact, the integration of energy markets across boundaries is occurring. We examine this process in three regions: Europe, Central America, and South America. We analyze the forces driving integration in each area, and estimate the prospects for progress. We take a close look at Nordpool, which is now the most integrated market in the world, to see if it can serve as a model for other regions. We close with a set of conditions that we suggest are necessary for a successful international integration of energy markets. r

La réglementation de l'exploration pétrolière au Brésil a toujours fait l'objet de controverses politiques. Elle est largement le résultat d'affrontements autour du rôle de l'État et, en particulier, de la société d'État Petrobras dans l'économie. La découverte d'importantes réserves de pétrole en 2007 a relancé ce débat et a nourri un conflit politique qui a abouti à la destitution de la présidente de la République dix ans plus tard. 1 Cet article se limite à la réglementation concernant les relations entre le secteur privé et l'État, l'allocation des revenus pétroliers ainsi que les efforts du secteur pour développer l'ensemble de la filière de production. Cela implique que d'autres thèmes pertinents concernant la réglementation du secteur, comme les spécifications de qualité, la sécurité-y compris celle du travail et de l'environnement-ne seront pas abordés. à la fois pour des raisons de focalisation et d'espace, 2 Le terme « pré-sel » vient de la géologie et fait référence au fait que les nouvelles réserves se trouvent sous une couche de sel qui doit être perforée pour extraire le pétrole. Dès lors, les zones situées au-dessus de cette couche sont connues sous le nom de « post-sel ». B. Muxagato, « La découverte des gisements d'hydrocarbures du « pré-sel », un défi pour l'avenir de la puissance brésilienne », Études internationales, vol. 43, n° 2, juin 2012, p. 185-212. 3 R. Bielschowsky, Pensamento Econômico Brasileiro. O ciclo ideológico do desenvolvimento, Rio de Janeiro, Contraponto, 1996, passim. Les cadres réglementaires régissant l'ex-ploration et la production pétrolières 1 sont rarement le résultat de considérations purement techniques. Ils font souvent l'objet de débats qui mobilisent les visions et les passions poli-tiques par-delà le partage des revenus pétro-liers. Dans ce schéma, la présence d'intérêts internationaux est particulièrement ressentie dans les pays en développement. Le Brésil ne fait pas exception à la règle, mais présente certaines caractéristiques qui confèrent à son expérience un caractère sui generis. Il a fallu des décennies au pays pour trouver du pétrole, puis d'autres encore jusqu'à ce que le Brésil atteigne une production significative dans les années 1980. Les efforts du pays visaient à atteindre une certaine autosuffisance, sans jamais envisager de devenir un grand expor-tateur. Or c'est précisément cette dernière possibilité qui s'est présentée avec les grandes découvertes en haute mer, à environ 200 km de la côte et à 7 000 mètres de profondeur, dans la région qui va désormais être connue comme la province du pétrole pré-sel 2. Cette réalité nouvelle a relancé le débat autour du cadre réglementaire. Cet article vise à analyser la trajectoire du débat et les politiques mises en oeuvre pour l'exploration pétrolière dans la région depuis son origine. Trois approches sont identifiées en suivant Ricardo Bielschowsky 3 :

• Gazprom and the EU: Gazprom-PGNiG gas price talks at ‘an advanced stage’; Gazprom and Eni pledge to continue close cooperation; Calm before the storm: Gazprom Deputy Chairman meets EU Competition Commissioner, with Gazprom due to reply to EU antimonopoly ‘Statement of Objections’ by the 28th of September
• Nord Stream: OMV CEO Seele confident of EU approval for Nord Stream II, meets with Gazprom CEO Miller to discuss joint venture for the project
• Turkish Stream: Stop and go – Russia and Turkey continue trading proposals, but real progress not expected until formation of new Turkish government in November; SE European Foreign Ministers could meet in September to discuss the ‘Tesla’ extension to Turkish Stream
• Ukraine: EU Commissioner for Energy Union meets with Ukrainian Energy Minister and Naftogaz CEO, and plans meeting with Russian Energy Minister in September ahead of next round of trilateral talks; Gazprom CEO expresses concerns over Naftogaz winter gas storage
• Belarus: Gazprom begins construction of Gazprom Centre in Minsk, set to be ‘the tallest building in Belarus’
• Asia: Shell participation in Sakhalin-III in doubt as US imposes sanctions on the project; Gazprom reports ‘good dynamics’ in ongoing negotiations with PetroChina and CNPC over pipeline deliveries of Russian gas to China, despite concerns over the commercial viability of the projects
• Other: Gazprom’s annual gas production could reach record low in 2015, as the company also cuts its sales price forecast

Accepted. In press, vol. 35, no. 103, December.
O ntrodução
PRESENTE ARTIGO apresenta algumas das ideias desenvolvidas pela linha de pesquisa sobre ciência pós-normal e democratização do conhecimento do Projeto Temático Fapesp “Governança Ambiental no Contexto da Macrometrópole Paulista face à Variabilidade Climática”. A ciência pós-normal reflete essa ontologia em metodologias híbridas como forma de explicar fenômenos complexos como as mudanças climáticas e a necessária transição enérgica para fontes renováveis que mitiguem emissões de gases poluentes e de efeito estufa, e para uma vigorosa alteração do perfil de consumo que implique a redução da demanda energética. Com base nesse referencial, o artigo adota uma estrutura conceitual que busca trazer a noção de “estilo de política”, tomando como recorte dois desafios de caráter sistêmico: a transição energética e a mitigação e adaptação à mudança climática.