Psychological Effects of the Media

Abstract: Advances in technology have made music more readily accessible and geographic distance irrelevant in dissemination of music. Greater access to popular music has resulted in greater consumption by both children and adolescents. Popular music in the United States may contain the most sexual content, compared with other forms of media. Exposure to such content is associated with the development of gender ideals and identity, objectification and sexualization of women, permissive sexual attitudes and risky sexual behaviors, as well as greater acceptance of sexual and gendered violence. Even so, current education standards do not include media literacy, much less popular music media literacy, and do not prepare children for best practices related to media consumption. Some of the inadequacies in current education standards include introducing education about media influence on personal development at an age far later than children’s engagement with contemporary media, avoidance of controversial topics, and not making this education compulsory. Considering the lack of media literacy provided in the curriculum, we outline specific foundational curricular recommendations related to media education and specifically for popular music media literacy.
Citation: Wright, C. L., Dillman Carpentier, F., Ey, L.-A., Hall, C., Hopper, K. M., & Warburton, W. (2019). Popular music media literacy: Recommendations for the education curriculum. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 186-193.

We hypothesize that generic frames influence what news people share on Facebook and Twitter through three different routes: emotions, motivations, and psychological engagement. Using a mixed-methods design, a content analysis of a representative sample of articles published in six Chilean outlets was combined with in-depth interviews with digital journalists. After controlling for issue, newsworthiness, informational utility, valence, and other confounds, results show that—across platforms—a morality frame increases news sharing, whereas a conflict frame decreases it. Emphasizing economic consequences also decreases sharing, but only on Facebook. Surprisingly, the human interest angle has no noticeable effects. These results show that news frames can have behavioral consequences, and confirm the existence of a gap between preferred frames of journalists and users.

En las sociedades occidentales los medios de comunicación funcionan como empresas para las que la rentabilidad es un factor primordial y al mismo tiempo reivindican como función principal proveer la información que los individuos necesitan para ejercer su rol de ciudadanos en una democracia (Charaudeau, 2005). En ese contexto la " objetividad " se ha impuesto como el criterio que permite evaluar la calidad informativa del discurso mediático. Así, mediante un análisis de contenido se compararon los telediarios Noticias RCN (del canal privado RCN en Colombia), Le Journal (del canal público TSR en Suiza) y Le 20 Heures (del canal privado TF1 en Francia) en sus emisiones del 19 al 23 de febrero de 2007. Para analizar cómo se manifiesta la objetividad en el discurso informativo, se compararon la estructura, las agendas informativas y la jerarquía de la información de los noticieros seleccionados teniendo en cuenta que corresponden a tres países con contextos socio-políticos diferentes. Los resultados confirman que en los países occidentales los telediarios tienen una estructura similar con algunas diferencias respecto a las secciones en las que dividen la información. El análisis de contenido temático de las principales secciones puso de manifiesto las diferencias que existen respecto a la agenda mediática: mientras que en Suiza, la economía tuvo un lugar privilegiado, en Colombia la política y la parapolítica 4 dominaron la agenda mediática. El análisis cualitativo de la nota más larga que emitieron los tres noticieros el 21 de febrero permitió analizar cómo se aplican los criterios con los que se define la " objetividad " de la información (pluralidad de fuentes, equilibrio, neutralidad, imparcialidad). Palabras clave: información, noticiero, objetividad, análisis de contenido. INTRODUCCIÓN La manera como los medios de comunicación encuadran la información juega un papel importante en la percepción que los ciudadanos tienen de los temas tratados, especialmente cuando los medios son las únicas fuentes de información de las que disponen los individuos (Iyengar, 1991; López, Sabucedo, 2007). Por esta razón, este trabajo se inscribe en un proyecto educativo cuyo objetivo es entrenar a los ciudadanos en el consumo crítico de los contenidos informativos de los medios de comunicación y fomentar las reflexiones críticas de los periodistas sobre su trabajo. Para esto se plantea que los debates sobre la calidad informativa y la " objetividad " periodística necesitan documentarse acerca del funcionamiento de los medios de comunicación y de la práctica profesional periodística. No es suficiente criticar el trabajo periodístico por su falta de " objetividad " o el sensacionalismo con el que presentan la información si no se tienen claras las variables (individuales, empresariales del medio de comunicación, profesionales del periodista y contextuales a nivel socio-político) que intervienen en el proceso de producción de la información. Para esto, se compararon los discursos informativos audiovisuales de tres telediarios de difusión nacional de tres países diferentes poniendo un énfasis particular en la forma como se manifiesta la tan citada y criticada " objetividad ". Los aspectos que se tuvieron en cuenta fueron las agendas informativas, el formato de una nota informativa y la jerarquía de la información. Los tres países seleccionados para el análisis son democracias con economías de mercado. Sin embargo a diferencia de Suiza que es una confederación y funciona bajo un sistema de democracia participativa, Francia y Colombia cuentan con sistemas políticos centralistas de democracia representativa.

Publikacja  naukowa skoncentrowana na rożnych perspektywach wykorzystania technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych przez dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym (w kontekście szans i zagrożeń).
Spis treści:
Kinga Kuszak
Charakterystyka rozwoju dziecka w wieku 3–6 lat ...........................................11
Marek Kaczmarzyk
Neurobiologia wyjątkowości dziecka w wieku 3–6 lat a przestrzeń TIK .........61
Dominik Batorski
Dzieci z sieci – dostęp i korzystanie z internetu przez dzieci
w wieku przedszkolnym ...................................................................................79
Piotr Plichta
Małe dzieci z zaburzeniami rozwojowymi i ich rodzice jako adresaci
działań wykorzystujących technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne..............95
Michał Klichowski, Jacek Pyżalski, Kinga Kuszak, Anna Klichowska
Jak technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne mogą wspierać rozwój
dziecka w wieku przedszkolnym? – studium teoretyczne ...............................115
Jacek Pyżalski
Dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym w świecie technologii
informacyjno-komunikacyjnych – w stronę zagrożeń.....................................159
Katarzyna Makaruk, Szymon Wójcik
Dorośli w wychowaniu małych dzieci do życia
w świecie nowych technologii.........................................................................183
Janusz Morbitzer
Edukacja medialna (małego) dziecka ..............................................................205

Using a field experiment and experience sampling, we found the first evidence that phone use may undermine the enjoyment people derive from real-world social interactions. In Study 1, we recruited over 300 community members and students to share a meal at a restaurant with friends or family. Participants were randomly assigned to keep their phones on the table or to put their phones away during the meal. When phones were present (vs. absent), participants felt more distracted, which reduced how much they enjoyed spending time with their friends/family. We found consistent results using experience sampling in Study 2; during in-person interactions, participants felt more distracted and reported lower enjoyment if they used their phones than if they did not. This research suggests that despite their ability to connect us to others across the globe, phones may undermine the benefits we derive from interacting with those across the table.

Studierea comportamentului mimetic al adolescentului prosumer pe Facebook
se încadrează în șirul cercetărilor cu privire la efectele pe care comunicarea în new
media le generează asupra homo cyber al erei web 2.0. Ritmul amețitor în care
aplicațiile oricărui soft se îmbogățesc și se diversifică de la o oră la alta nu mai lasă
răgazul observării efectelor pe timp îndelungat asupra individului implicat plenar în
actul comunicațional, de multe ori confiscat de un astfel de mod de comunicare.

The manual highlights the results of the research on socio-psychological rehabilitation of a person experiencing the consequences of traumatic events. It is developed the technological approach to the personality’s restoration; there are considered the resources, indicators, and criteria of personality’s psychological health, as well as stages, technologies, and techniques of rehabilitation. There are offered ways of organizing complex psychological support of an individual in an emergency situation. There are determined the possibilities of reintegration of the problem person into society, the means of connections with family environment restoration, the ways of vital life problems solving. It is enlightened the structure of personality’s viability resources, and it is substantiated the feasibility of its restoration technologies usage. It is defined as the potential of mobile applications as a tool for users’ psychological state regulation, and there are offered the algorithms for their usage in psychological help and self-help. There are determined the various types of military’s psychological losses, and there are found the possibilities of self-efficacy resource usage while experiencing the loss. There are presented the technologies of alienation overcoming in participants of combat operations. There are substantiated the conditions for the productivity of social-psychological adaptation increasing in internally displaced persons, and there are designed the art technologies to work with this category of clients.
The manual is addressed to practical, clinical, military psychologists, rehabilitation specialists, social and medical workers, students and teachers of psychological specialties.

Abstract: In 2016 the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 46 Society for Media Psychology & Technology established the Task Force on the Sexualization of Popular Music. The purpose of this report is to (a) expand the review of current research in the area of music influences, (b) review current guidelines pertaining to music regulation, production, and airing, (c) summarize the history of music guidelines and research on the sexualization of popular music, (d) identify ethnic/racial, gender, biological sex, social class, and age differences, strengths, and vulnerabilities to sexualization relative to exposure to popular music, and (e) provide recommendations for popular music media education and literacy as well as policy and music industry recommendations. 
Citation: Wright, C. L., Dillman Carpentier, F., Ey, L.-A., Hall, C., Hopper, K. M., & Warburton, W. (2018). Report of the Division 46 task force on the sexualization of popular music. Washington, DC: Division 46 (Society for Media Psychology & Technology) of the American Psychological Association.

Do the spatial cues conveyed by different audio playback technologies alter the affective experience of music listening or is this rather a matter of quality expectations leading to “placebo effects”? To find out, we conducted a 2-factorial between-subjects design study employing “spatialization type” (‘stereo headphones’ / ‘stereo loudspeak-ers’ / ‘live concert simulation’) and “spatial quality expectations” (‘yes’ / ‘no’) as independent experimental factors. 306 subjects rated the perceived intensity of emotional expression when listening to four different musical pieces as well as the overall audio quality. While we observed significant effects of spatialization type on perceived affective expressivity of music and spatial audio quality, expectation-related placebo effects affected perceived spatial audio quality only. Results are discussed in terms of their significance for music and media research.