Public Health Dentistry

Key Words: dental caries, preschool, racdethnicity, Head Start, socioeconomic status, feeding practices. ... California is among the most popu-lated and ethnically diverse states in the country. It is also among the states with the lowest proportion of the population with ...

We examine a strategy for improving oral health in the United States by focusing on low-income children in school-based settings. Vulnerable children often experience cultural, social, economic, structural, and geographic barriers when trying to access dental services in traditional dental office settings. These disparities have been discussed for more than a decade in multiple US Department of Health and Human Services publications. One solution is to revise dental practice acts to allow registered dental hygienists increased scope of services, expanded public health delivery opportunities, and decreased dentist supervision. We provide examples of how federally qualified health centers have implemented successful school-based dental models within the parameters of two state policies that allow registered dental hygienists varying levels of dentist supervision. Changes to dental practice acts at the state level allowing registered dental hygienists to practice with limited supervisi...

Objectives: Many people experience discomfort to a greater or lesser degree about the prospect of dental treatment. Dental treatment can be a terrible experience, especially for children with dental anxiety. This study estimated the prevalence of dental anxiety among 5-to 8-year-old children in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Methods: The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was translated into Chinese, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was made based on criteria determined from pretest clinical observations of a sample population to set a cutoff score. Then, the parental CFSS-DS was used as a screening tool to survey the dental anxiety levels of 5-to 8-year-old children at kindergartens and elementary schools in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Participants were selected by stratified random sampling. The stratification was done by geographic district, age group, and sex. A total of 3,597 valid questionnaires were collected. Results: The Chinese version of the CFSS-DS had an optimal cutoff score of 38/39 (sensitivity was 0.857, specificity was 0.882) with an area under the ROC curve of 0.912. The estimated prevalence of dental anxiety among 5-to 8-year-old children in Kaohsiung City was 20.6 percent. The dental anxiety score was found to decrease as age increased; primary school boys had significantly lower scores. Conclusions: The prevalence of dental anxiety was found to be high for 5-to 8-year-old Taiwanese children. The study's findings point to the urgent need for preventive health education and intervention programs in Taiwan to promote children's oral health and reduce dental anxiety.

As we celebrate this spectacular 50th anniversary, fluoridation continues to be the most effective public health strategy to reduce the disease burden of dental caries. Curiously, while H. Trendby Dean and his colleagues at the National Institutes of Health were investigating the effects of fluoride on tooth enamel in the mid-l930s, two young boys, one in London and the other in Chicago, were growing up to become the catalysts for another "biological revolution. These two very talented individuals, James Watson and Francis Crick, would later meet by accident at Cambridge and produce their seminal discovery published in April 1953 as a letter in Nature, a one-page article provoking an international scientific adventure to understand living organisms in terms of the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a universal genetic code and a rationale for the applications of recombinant DNA technolugy (rDNA) in fields as diverse as agriculture, energy, indusby, and health. As we now reflect upon the triumphs from fluoridation andponder the next50years and the complexities of craniofacial, oral, and dental diseases, it becomes increasingly evident that recombinant DNA technology coupled with health promotion, disease prevention, and public education offers the promise for remarkable advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutics in oral medicine.

Objectives: This field demonstration trial evaluates the long-term effects of introducing daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste in a Chinese kindergarten (test group) compared to caries development in children who had no organized preventive program (control group). Methods: In the test group teacher-supervised toothbrushing was initiated with 1,000 ppm MFP toothpaste in addition to oral health education activities. Test and control children were examined at baseline (n=289, aged 3 years) and annually thereafter. Results: After three years, 251 children (87%) were still in the trial. Caries development (dmfs) calculation included only those children who were present at both baseline and subsequent annual examinations. At baseline the mean dmfs was 4.8 in the test group and 6.5 in the control group (NS). After three years the caries increment was 6.2 and 8.4 in the test group and the control group, respectively Pc.05).

Objectives: This study assessed the geographic distribution of dentists in Kentucky, determined socioeconomic correlates of practice location, estimated the future availability of dental providers, and made policy recommendations that could improve access to oral health care in Kentucky and other rural states.Methods: Dentists' addresses were mapped using a geographic information system. Poisson regression modeling and geospatial analyses were conducted using SAS v9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and ArcGIS v9.2 (Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA, USA), respectively. Data on the number of dentists (n = 2,391) per county (n = 120) were used for the regression models. Explanatory variables included: per capita income, 2006 intercensal population estimates, percent adults with six or more teeth removed, percent population uninsured, physician-to-population ratios, and region type. A simulation model was used to project dentist-to-population ratios to the year 2016.Results: The dental workforce analysis revealed disparities in the distribution of dentists between rural, urban, and Appalachian Kentucky counties. Dentists were more likely to be found practicing in areas with higher income and higher physician-to-population ratios. Compounding this geographic maldistribution, our projections suggest that the number of dentists per unit population will decrease over time in the near future, likely widening this disparity in rural and underserved areas.Conclusions: These results show present and widening workforce disparities in rural and socioeconomically depressed counties in Kentucky. Understanding the geographic distribution of dentists and the socioeconomic correlates of their practice locations may inform workforce development and reimbursement policies for the goal of improving access to oral health care in these areas.

Objective: The article aimed to define chemical constituents of Ganoderma Lucidum (GL) and Psidium Gujava (PG) and to compare the preliminary antibacterial activity of GL & PG with Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste (MTAP) and Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. Material and Methods: Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to define the chemical constituents of Ganoderma Lucidum (GL) and Psidium Gujava (PG). The preliminary antimicrobial activity of hot aqueous and ethanolic extract of GL and PG was evaluated by Agar diffusion assay at 75,50,25,10 and 5 µl/ml concentration and diameter of zone of inhibition was measured .The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was measured by serial dilution method at the highest concentration of 100 µg/ml (stock concentration) in

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of personality traits and stress with gingival inflammation and with soft-tissue oral pathology. Methods: Personality traits of psychoticism (P), extroversion and introversion (E), and neuroticism (N) were measured with Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPO). Stress was measured with a modified organizational and individual assessment survey (OIAS) developed by Hendrix. Military recruits from Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, were examined for soft-tissue oral pathology and gingival status at weeks one (n=241) and six (n=61) of basic combat training (BCT). The EPQ and OIAS were administered to 217 recruits during week six of BCT. A discriminant analysis was used to determine correlations among study variables. Results: Significant correlations (P <.05) were found between personality traits and various measures of tolerance of stress. Little variance was found between groups originally presenting with or without disease. Only physical stress (P <.005) was shown to affect soft-tissue pathology, while gingival inflammation correlated significantly to E scores (P <.02), tolerance to change (P <.02), and anxiety (P <.05). Conclusions: Data support a possible relationship among certain personality traits, stress variables, and gingival inflammation or soft-tissue pathology in recruits with extreme personality characteristics or perception of high physical stress levels in basic combat training.

The first comprehensive review of the recent literature regarding variation in dentists' clinical treatment decisions is presented. Methods: Variation among dentists in the clinical decisions they make as well as the methods used for assessing this variation are examined at three levels of aggregation of clinical decisions: the dental practice (or dentist), the patient, and the individual tooth. Results: The extent to which differences in dentists ' clinical decisions have been examined is limited. Studies are particularly sparse at the level of the dental practice, where the aggregate of dentists' treatment decisions is reflected. Further, the methods and measures used to assess variation tend to be different across studies, making quantification of variation difficult. Nevertheless, the available information reflects substantial variation in measures such as rates of provision of specific procedures; cost and numbers of procedures recommended for specific patients; and diagnoses, intervention decisions, and treatment selections for individual teeth. Conclusions: Even when differences in patients are controlled, variation in dentists ' clinical decisions is ubiquitous. While its consequences remain undetermined, the variation in basic clinical decisions such as caries diagnosis signals the need to consider the extent to which the appropriateness of care is affected. [J Public Health Dent 7995;55(3):78 7-81

Background: Laser photobiomodulation can be a useful adjunctive method in tissue engineering in enhancement of proliferation
and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Buccal fat pad-derived stem cells (BFPSCs)has been introduced as a promising
source for craniofacial bone tissue engineering. Current study aimed to evaluate the effects of near infra-red photobiomodulation
on (BFPSCs)behavior.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study a pulsed mode of irradiations showed better viability results. Although the 3J/
cm2 0.3W, Pulsed irradiation showed significantly better results for viability and proliferation, however no statistically significant
effect was observed in osteogenic differentiation.

Background: The purpose of this research was to translate into Spanish and examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS) in male soccer players. The CCBS is a questionnaire designed to assess athletes' perceptions of sports coaches' controlling interpersonal style from the perspective of the selfdetermination theory. Method: Study 1 tested the factorial structure of the translated scale using confi rmatory factor analysis (CFA) and provided evidence of discriminant validity. Studies 2 and 3 examined the invariance across time and across competitive level via multi-sample CFA. Reliability analyses were also conducted. Results: The CFA results revealed that a four-factor model was acceptable, indicating that a controlling interpersonal style is a multidimensional construct represented by four separate and related controlling coaching strategies. Further, results supported the invariance of the CCBS factor structure across time and competitive level and provided support for the internal consistency of the scale. Conclusions: Overall, the CCBS demonstrated adequate internal consistency, as well as good factorial validity. The Spanish version of the CCBS represents a valid and reliable adaptation of the instrument, which can be confi dently used to measure soccer players' perceptions of their coaches' controlling interpersonal style.

Para alcançar o sucesso e a longevidade da prótese dentária são de extrema importância a adaptação, o acompanhamento e a orientação profissional acerca dos cuidados com a desinfecção e a higienização das mesmas. O acúmulo do biofilme sobre as estruturas da prótese podem desenvolver lesões patológicas na mucosa, como a candidíase oral, estomatite protética, além de desenvolver halitose, cálculos salivares e pigmentação. Esta revisão da literatura objetivou apresentar protocolos de higienização e próteses removíveis, a fim de contribuir e orientar os profissionais da Odontologia quanto à escolha dos métodos de higienização de próteses dentárias. A revisão de literatura esteve pautada em artigos científicos publicados em diferentes base de dados (PubMed, Medline, Scielo, Bireme e Google Acadêmico). Foram selecionados artigos relevantes entre 2005 a 2015 referente a temática em revisão. O método combinado é a alternativa de higienização de eleição para as próteses, por ser de fácil exec...

Objective: This article models the cost-effectiveness, from a societal viewpoint, of a dental caries prevention program using salt fluoridation for children 12 years of age, compared with non-intervention (or status quo) in Arequipa, Peru. Methods: Standard cost-effectiveness analysis methods were used. The costs associated with implementing and operating the salt-fluoridation program were identified and measured using 2009 prices. Health outcomes were measured as dental caries averted over a 6-year period. Clinical effectiveness data was taken from published data. Costs were measured as direct treatment costs, programs costs and costs of productivity losses as a result of dental treatments. The incremental costeffectiveness ratio was calculated. A hypothetical population of 25,000 12-year-olds living in Arequipa, Peru was used in this analysis. Two-way sensitivity analyses were conducted over a range of values for key parameters. Results: Our primary analysis estimated that if a dental caries prevention program using salt-fluoridation was available for 25,000 6-year-old children for 6 years, the net saving from a societal perspective would total S/. 11.95 [1 US$ = S/. (2009) 3.01] per diseased tooth averted when compared with the status quo group. That is, after 6 years, an investment of S/.0.32 per annum per child would result in a net saving of S/.11.95 per decayed/missing/filled teeth prevented. Conclusions: While the analysis has inherent limitations as a result of its reliance on a range of assumptions, the findings indicate that for the situations prevailing in Peru, there are significant health and economic benefits to be gained from the use of salt fluoridation.

To assess the number of school hours missed for dental reasons per 1,000 grade 5 primary school children in 1 school year and compare dentally related school absences with those related to medical and social reasons. Methods: A longitudinal study using a multistage sampling technique was carried out on a sample of 1,211 children attending schools in Lampang province, Thailand. Data on absence were collected from daily school attendance records for 1 year and from children and parents questionnaires and school dental clinic records. Clinical examinations were done using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: A total of 1,158 children (response rate: 95.7 percent) aged 9 to 13 years were examined and returned completed questionnaires. Their caries level was relatively low (DMFT 1.4 Ϯ 1.7). The children (22.5 percent) reported school absence for any dental reason. The mean number of hours of school absence per year for dental care was 434 hours per 1,000 children (613 hours per 1,000 children when dental screening was included). Among those who actually missed school for dental reasons, the numbers of hours missed were 1,923 hours per 1,000 children. Conclusions: The level of school absence for dental-related conditions and care was low per child but cumulatively was considerable. The time missed because of dental reasons was substantially less than the time missed because of other health and social reasons.

This systematic review evaluates evidence describing histologically validated performance of methods for identifying carious lesions. A search identified 1,407 articles, of which 39 were included that described 126 assessments of visual, visuaVtactile, radiographic (film and digital), fiber optic transillumination, electrical conductance, and laser fluorescence methods. A subsequent update added four studies contributing 10 assessments. The strength of the evidence was judged to be poor for all applications, signifying that the available information is insufficient to supporf generalizable estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of any given application of a diagnostic method. The literature is problematic with respect to complete reporting of methods, variations in histological validation methods, the small number of in vivo studies, selection of teeth, small numbers of examiners, and other factors threatening both internal and external validity. Future research must address these problems as well as expand the range of assessments to include primary teeth and root surfaces. [J Public Health Dent ZUO2;62(4):ZU?-131

We set out to develop and implement a system of diagnostic codes for use in the computerized management information system of the Community Dental Services of the North York Public Health Department. Methods: We received staff input on common diagnoses, reviewed other diagnostic systems and established criteria for an ideal coding system. The codes are consistent with the format of other classification systems used in dental management information in Canada. They were implemented in 1997-98. Results: We developed a system of four-digit, numeric codes for dental diagnoses. The diagnostic codes are specific at the level of the patient, consistent with current evidence on the natural history and classification of diseases, consistent with conventional measures of oral conditions, and fit the paradigm of the Canadian system of treatment codes. In the first year, 91 percent of 6,740 patients had at least one diagnosis, with a mean of 2.5 per patient. The five most common diagnoses were smooth surface caries, pit and fissure caries, calculus, teeth with deep fissures, and gingivitis. Conclusions: We have developed a coding system for dental diagnoses that has achieved high use and provided more accessible information on the conditions seen by staff dentists. [J Public Health Dent 1999;59(3): 762-701

Background: To translate and validate the Chinese version of the Quality Of Life Radiation Therapy Instrument and the Head & Neck Module (QOL-RTI/H&N), a disease-specific scale to measure quality of life (QOL) for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who received radiotherapy. Methods: The QOL-RTI/H&N was translated and validated according to the standard process: a translation and backtranslation procedure, pilot testing and a validation study. HNC patients were enrolled from the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University and assessed using the QOL-RTI/H&N, QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35. Reliability (internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability), validity (content validity, construct validity, criterion validity and discriminant validity), and responsiveness analysis were performed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the QOL-RTI/H&N. Results: A total of 238 patients (99.2%) completed the questionnaire. Item RTI23 had 16.0% missing data. Other items had low percentages of missing data (0.4% or 0.8%) or no missing data. The average time to finish the scale was 9.8 minutes. Cronbach's alpha of the domains ranged from 0.41 to 0.77. The split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.77. All of the intra-class correlation coefficients were equal to or greater than 0.8. All of the item-own domain correlation coefficients were greater than those of the item-other domain. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that Comparative Fit Index, Normed Fit Index and Non-Normed Fit Index were equal to 1.00. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.01, with 90% CI (0.00, 0.10). The domain scores of the QOL-RTI/H&N were significantly correlated with those of the QLQ-C30 or QLQ-H&N3. All domain scores of patients in different radiotherapy stages were statistically significant (P < 0.05), apart from the speech domain. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the QOL-RTI/H&N is a valid, reliable and responsive scale to measure QOL in HNC patients and can be used to assess the effects of radiotherapy treatment on these patients.

In clinical decision making, dentists routinely choose between alternative treatments such as crown vs amalgamlcomposite buildup, root canal vs extraction, fixed bridge vs removable partial denture, and prophylaxis vs subgingival curettage or periodontal scaling. A number of technical and patient factors can influence dentists' choice of treatment in these situations; however, little is known about their relative importance. To address this issue, a list of technical (e.g., periodontal status and caries rate) and patient (e.g., cost and patient preference) factors possibly influencing choice of treatment was developed for each pair of services. Responding to a mail questionnaire, 156 general dentists in Washington State listed the top three factors influencing their choice of service in each pair. Results revealed that dentists took different factors into account in choosing among alternative treatments. Technical factors dominated over patient concerns; only about 33 percent of the dentists considered patient factors important in choosing alternative therapies. The latter group was less preventively oriented, were solo practitioners, worked longer hours, and had lower prices. Results suggest patients may have little influence on prescriptions of therapy among experienced general dentists.

Despite long-term efforts to use appropriate dental equipment for treating dental caries in economically less developed countries, the predominant treatment remains extraction. The reasons for this failure to save teeth are given in this paper. Supported by results of research undertaken in economically developed countries, a 15-step treatment module for dental caries is presented. This technique, which is called Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), is based on removing decalcified tooth tissue using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive filling material. The technique does not require electricity. The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed and its use in a school oral health program in Zimbabwe presented. We conclude that ART can make restorative oral care more available to a larger part of the world population than it is today.

Background: To translate and validate the Chinese version of the Quality Of Life Radiation Therapy Instrument and the Head & Neck Module (QOL-RTI/H&N), a disease-specific scale to measure quality of life (QOL) for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who received radiotherapy. Methods: The QOL-RTI/H&N was translated and validated according to the standard process: a translation and backtranslation procedure, pilot testing and a validation study. HNC patients were enrolled from the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University and assessed using the QOL-RTI/H&N, QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35. Reliability (internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability), validity (content validity, construct validity, criterion validity and discriminant validity), and responsiveness analysis were performed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the QOL-RTI/H&N. Results: A total of 238 patients (99.2%) completed the questionnaire. Item RTI23 had 16.0% missing data. Other items had low percentages of missing data (0.4% or 0.8%) or no missing data. The average time to finish the scale was 9.8 minutes. Cronbach's alpha of the domains ranged from 0.41 to 0.77. The split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.77. All of the intra-class correlation coefficients were equal to or greater than 0.8. All of the item-own domain correlation coefficients were greater than those of the item-other domain. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that Comparative Fit Index, Normed Fit Index and Non-Normed Fit Index were equal to 1.00. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.01, with 90% CI (0.00, 0.10). The domain scores of the QOL-RTI/H&N were significantly correlated with those of the QLQ-C30 or QLQ-H&N3. All domain scores of patients in different radiotherapy stages were statistically significant (P < 0.05), apart from the speech domain. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the QOL-RTI/H&N is a valid, reliable and responsive scale to measure QOL in HNC patients and can be used to assess the effects of radiotherapy treatment on these patients.

Despite long-term efforts to use appropriate dental equipment for treating dental caries in economically less developed countries, the predominant treatment remains extraction. The reasons for this failure to save teeth are given in this paper. Supported by results of research undertaken in economically developed countries, a 15-step treatment module for dental caries is presented. This technique, which is called Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), is based on removing decalcified tooth tissue using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity with an adhesive filling material. The technique does not require electrici@ The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed and its use in a school oral health program in Zimbabwe presented. We conclude that ART can make restorative oral care more available to a largerpatt of the world population than it is today. [J Public Health Dent 1996;56(3):135-40]

This is the first study that provides normative, reliability, factor validity and discriminant validity data of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988) in the Spanish general population, Sanz and Navarro&#39;s (2003) Spanish version of the BAI was administered to 249 adults. Factor analyses suggested that the BAI taps a general anxiety dimension comprising two related factors (somatic and affective-cognitive symptoms), but these factors hardly explained any additional variance and, therefore, little information is lost in considering only full-scale scores. Internal consistency estimate for the BAI was high (alpha = .93). The BAI was correlated .63 with the BDI-II and .32 with the Trait-Anger scale of the STAXI 2, but a factor analysis of their items revealed three factors, suggesting that the correlations between the instruments may be better accounted for by relationships between anxiety, depression, and anger, than by problems of discriminant validit...

In India, tobacco use is incredibly linked to poverty and accounts for the high public health costs of treating tobacco-related diseases. Dental public health programs aid in detecting the tobaccorelated periodontal diseases, oral cancers, etc., where the majority belongs to the submerged portion of iceberg, which otherwise leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Moreover, public health dentists plays a key role in identifying both clinical and subclinical cases and aid in tobacco use cessation through various modes of health education and counseling. Therefore, the community-based measures are deemed to be the most cost-effective tool for tobacco cessation.

Dental caries is a major public health problem. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are the main organisms responsible for the initiation and progression of caries. Various antimicrobials have been used against these caries causing organisms but they have many side effects. Hence there is a need for an alternative which is effective as well as economical. Ocimum sanctum L. has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times for its diverse healing properties. However there is a paucity of literature regarding its antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial effect of Ocimum sanctum L. against caries causing microorganisms Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Material and Methods: Ethanolic Ocimum sanctum L. extract was prepared and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus by serial broth dilution method. Results: The MIC of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum L. against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was 2.5% (25mg/ml) and 10% (100 mg/ml) respectively. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum L. showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

A dynamic relation exists between sugars and oral health. Diet affects the integrity of the teeth; quantity, pH, and composition of the saliva; and plaque pH. Sugars and other fermentable carbohydrates, after being hydrolyzed by salivary amylase, provide substrate for the actions of oral bacteria, which in turn lower plaque and salivary pH. The resultant action is the beginning of tooth demineralization. Consumed sugars are naturally occurring or are added. Many factors in addition to sugars affect the caries process, including the form of food or fluid, the duration of exposure, nutrient composition, sequence of eating, salivary flow, presence of buffers, and oral hygiene. Studies have confirmed the direct relation between intake of dietary sugars and dental caries across the life span. Since the introduction of fluoride, the incidence of caries worldwide has decreased, despite increases in sugars consumption. Other dietary factors (eg, the presence of buffers in dairy products; the use of sugarless chewing gum, particularly gum containing xylitol; and the consumption of sugars as part of meals rather than between meals) may reduce the risk of caries. The primary public health measures for reducing caries risk, from a nutrition perspective, are the consumption of a balanced diet and adherence to dietary guidelines and the dietary reference intakes; from a dental perspective, the primary public health measures are the use of topical fluorides and consumption of fluoridated water.

The Dental Hygiene Program is a fairly recent addition in the field of the health professions in Portugal. In the past 19 years, the programme has developed community activities alongside with clinical work. This programme provides an education that is responsive, scientific and professional, in a learning environment that is dynamic, student-centred and that encourages collaboration between students and faculty. The community activities play a major role in the curricula of the programme and allow the students to develop skills in working with a wide range of population groups and to attend to their specific needs. Dental hygienists are integrated in health teams and work under the supervision of a physician or a dentist. Among other responsibilities, the following functions are part of the scope of the profession: to participate in health education programmes and sensitise the population to the prevention of dental diseases, to participate in the planning, implementation, and eval...

Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black - Pada kesempatan ini saya akan memberikan pembagian / Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black.  Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black ini digunakan untuk menentukan perawatan pasien.
http://adifkgugm.blogspot.co.id/2013/08/klasifikasi-karies-gigi-menurut-gv-black.html

To study the antibacterial effect of different Greek honeys, samples of citrus honey, Saturja spp. Honey, and oregano and sage honey were collected directly from producers. Manuka honey and artificial honey were used as controls. The honeys were diluted in various concentrations to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and were also placed in agar wells to determine the inhibitory zones of growth. The bacteria tested were two reference strains and five pathogens isolated from patients with various dental ailments. A series of samples were diluted with artificial saliva instead of distilled water to simulate the conditions in the oral cavity. The results show that in most cases the Greek honeys, and particularly the citrus honey and the oregano and sage honey, outperformed the antibacterial activity of manuka honey against all tested bacteria. This performance was due to the hydrogen peroxide as well as to other components of the honeys, that is, peptides and other sub...

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about the Pictorial health warnings on tobacco packs among engineering students and identify the areas that need consideration Methods: Four Hundred engineering students were recruited from various Engineering colleges in Bangalore city, India. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the demographic data as well as knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Pictorial health warnings on tobacco packs. Results: The majority of the Engineering students (89.5%) were aware about the presence of Pictorial warning labels on the Tobacco packs. About 81.5% were able to understand these Warnings. Majority (90.7%) agreed that Pictorial warnings must be present on tobacco pack. Two third of the students agreed that a tobacco user avoids looking at these Pictorial Warnings. About 42% of the students agreed that this warning encourages one to quit the habit of tobacco usage. Around 37.1% never made an attempt to quit in last one year, inspite of seeing Pictorial warning label on the tobacco packs. Half of the Engineering students (55.5%) opined that there is a need for more gory images. Conclusions: The Engineering students had knowledge and positive attitudes about the Pictorial warnings on Tobacco packs. But they lacked the motivation to quit the habit in spite of the presence of warnings. Hence, there is a need to motivate them and also make the warnings impactful.

Objective: This paper reviews case definitions and clinical diagnostic criteria of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) in children aged 1 to 5 years old. The acronym S-ECC as used in this paper refers to nursing caries, baby bottle tooth decay, rampant caries, labial caries, maxillary anterior caries, and other terms used to refer to severe dental caries in preschool children. Methods: A search was carried out for articles published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in MEDLINE using the following terms: nursing caries, baby bottle tooth decay, early childhood caries, rampant caries in preschool children, labial caries, maxillary anterior caries, and nursing bottle caries. MEDLINE's MeSH terms "dental caries" and "deciduous teeth" were used to search for other relevant studies. Reports were selected if they included children 1 to 5 years of age and described diagnostic criteria or case definitions of S-ECC. Three previous reviews were searched for other relevant reports. One unpublished report was included in this review and data from NHANES 111 were analyzed to provide information on caries patterns in preschool children in the United States. The first author read all the abstracts from the MEDLINE search and tagged relevant reports for photocopying, He also abstracted all the information from the reports. The first author calibrated the second author, who independently read all included and excluded reports. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: Out of 126 studies, 32 were excluded and 94 (93 published and 1 unpublished) were included in this review. Eighty-one of the 94 published studies were cross-sectional surveys or clinical siudies, 7 were case-control ciinical siudies, 2 studies were conirofed clinical trials, and 4 were cohort or field trials. About two-thirds of the included studies did not report on calibration of examiners. Information on reliability of examiners was reported by 19 of the 94 studies. The included studies varied widely in the name used to identify S-ECC, case definitions, and diagnostic criteria. "Cavitation" was the most common criterion used to define dental caries. Several studies measured early or noncavitated carious lesions. Twenty-seven studies used the presence of 1 dmf maxillary incisor to classifj. a child with S-ECC.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Smile esthetic Index in evaluation of anterior esthetics. The current
study was designed to be photographic evaluation of 100 photos of subjects to evaluate the smile esthetic index. The study
was conducted in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. The photos were selected from the institute's patient database after obtaining patient consent. The smiles were graded based on the esthetic smile index and this score was compared to the mean of VAS score given to those photos by two other observers. The results of Esthetic Smile Index were compared with mean esthetic scores graded on 10 by two observers and Perason correlation was done. Positive Correlation was found between
these values (0.87). Smile Esthetic Index could be used for quantific

In a globalized world of cut throat competition the survival of any dental clinic depends on the performance of the dentists. This requires designing enriched forms of occupational environment for increasing the job satisfaction and improving ergonomics. Effective practices of improving the work environment have a positive influence on the occupational health, performance and job satisfaction of the dentist. Work environment can be identified as the place that one works. Setting up the dental clinic in an appropriate environment is bound to influence the work life of the dentist and hence the work spot must be located in an apt and conducive environment. The work place should help free flow of work and free movement of the dental staff. If there is no sufficient work space, there will be unnecessary movement of staff and cause delay in completion of work schedule, resulting in crowded and cramped work space creating an adverse psychological impact on the dentist. The dental staff must be routinely reviewed on how important professionalism and demeanor is to a patient's perception of the dental clinic. Dental instruments must be stored in sealed paper pouches and kept in a storage area which contains a separate enclosed storage for sterile items and single-use disposable items. Instruments and dental supplies must never be stored under sinks or in wet areas. Holders must be used to insert and remove sharp instruments to minimize the risks of self-injury. The dental practitioner must be constantly aware of the risk of exposure to blood-borne infections during dental procedures with needles and drilling instruments and tools such as burs and drills. The dentist a pivotal personality in the dental sector organization performs his dental procedures within the context of his relevant environment. This study is exploring the various factors that are going to influence the occupational environment of the dental professional inside his dental clinic like locality, ambience, dental staff, instruments, dental chair, noise, ventilation and lighting which will eventually have an impact on his improved performance and job satisfaction.

Objectives: The purpose of this review, commissioned by the Administration for Children and Families, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Health Care Financing Administration, and the Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service, was to update the evidence of the dietary factors that affect dental caries, and subsequently formulate dietary recommendations for preschool children based on principles of cariology. Methods: Literature on the dental caries process, dietary factors affecting dental caries initiation and progression, and nutrition education and counseling were reviewed and synthesized. Dietary guidelines for children at various ages were then constructed based on the review. Results: Dental caries in preschool children is due to a combination of factors, including colonization of teeth with cariogenic bacteria, type of foods and frequency of exposure of these foods to the cariogenic bacteria, and susceptible teeth. Caries risk is greatest if sugars are consumed at high frequency and are in a form that is retained in the mouth for long periods. Sucrose is the most cariogenic sugar because it can form glucan that enables firm bacterial adhesion to teeth and