RF

PURPOSE: A multiple-electrode radiofrequency (RF) system was developed based on switching between electrodes that allows for the simultaneous use of as many as three electrically independent electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine if each multiple-electrode ablation zone is identical to an ablation zone created with conventional single-electrode mode. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine female domestic pigs (mean weight, 90 kg) were used for this study. A prototype monopolar multiple-electrode RF ablation system was created with use of an RF generator and an electronic switching algorithm. A maximum of three electrodes can be used simultaneously by switching between electrodes at each impedance spike (30 ⍀ greater than baseline levels). A total of 39 zones of ablation were created at open laparotomy in pig livers with use of a conventional single electrode (n ‫؍‬ 9), two single electrodes simultaneously (n ‫؍‬ 6 ablations; 12 ablation zones), or three single electrodes simultaneously (n ‫؍‬ 6 ablations; 18 ablation zones). RF electrodes were spaced in separate lobes of the liver when multiple zones of coagulation were created simultaneously. Animals were euthanized after RF ablation, livers were removed, and ablation zones were sectioned and measured. RESULTS: Zones of coagulation created simultaneously with two or three electrodes were equivalent to ablation zones created with use of conventional single-electrode ablation. No significant differences were observed among control animals treated with a single electrode, those with two separate zones of ablation created simultaneously, and those with three simultaneously created ablation zones in terms of mean (؎SD) minimum diameter (1.6 cm ؎ 0.6, 1.6 cm ؎ 0.5, and 1.7 cm ؎ 0.4, respectively), maximum diameter (2.0 cm ؎ 0.5, 2.3 cm ؎ 0.5, 2.2 cm ؎ 0.5, respectively), and volume (6.7 cm 3 ؎ 3.7, 7.4 cm 3 ؎ 3.8, and 7.8 cm 3 ؎ 3.9; P > .30, analysis of variance, pairwise t-test comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: A rapid-switching multiple-electrode RF system was able to simultaneously create as many as three separate ablation zones of equivalent size compared with single-electrode controls. This system would allow physicians to simultaneously treat multiple tumors, substantially reducing procedure time and anesthesia risk.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are commonly deployed in various environments. The WLAN data packets are not transmitted continuously but often worst-case exposure of WLAN is assessed, assuming 100% activity and leading to huge overestimations. Actual duty cycles of WLAN are thus of importance for time-averaging of exposure when checking compliance with international guidelines on limiting adverse health effects. In this paper, duty cycles of WLAN using Wi-Fi technology are determined for exposure assessment on large scale at 179 locations for different environments and activities (file transfer, video streaming, audio, surfing on the internet, etc.). The median duty cycle equals 1.4% and the 95th percentile is 10.4% (standard deviation SD = 6.4%). Largest duty cycles are observed in urban and industrial environments. For actual applications, the theoretical upper limit for the WLAN duty cycle is 69.8% and 94.7% for maximum and minimum physical data rate, respectively. For lowe...

IL-17AA, IL-17FF, and IL-17AF are proinflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In order to measure the levels of these cytokines in synovial fluid and serum samples from RA patients, immunoassays specific for IL-17AA, FF, and AF were developed. Although these assays could tolerate up to 50% pooled normal human serum, false positive reactivity was problematic in patient samples suggesting interference from heterophilic antibodies. We therefore evaluated the ability of several commercially available heterophilic antibody blocking agents to reduce false positive reactivity by testing them against samples that were confirmed as false positives in the IL-17AA, FF, and AF assays. Several of the blockers performed well, including HBR-1, HBR-9, HBR-11, HBR-Plus, Serum Cytokine Assay Diluent, and IIR. We chose to move forward using IIR blocker for sample analysis and verified that IIR had no effect on the assay standard curves and did not affect IL-17 quantitation in plasma from ex vivo stimulated human whole blood. IL-17FF and IL-17AF were below the limits of quantitation of the assays (12.3 and 10.5 pg/ml, respectively) in synovial fluid and serum samples from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). For the more sensitive IL-17AA assay (1.6 pg/ml limit of quantitation), low levels of IL-17AA were measurable in 48% of RA synovial fluid samples (mean, 7.9 pg/ml; median, b 1.6 pg/ml; range, b 1.6-29.7 pg/ml; n = 23) but not in synovial fluid from patients with OA (n = 33). For serum samples, however, IL-17AA was below the limit of detection for both RA and OA patients. When these same serum samples were analyzed in the absence of a heterophilic antibody blocker, false positive reactivity yielded apparent mean IL-17AA levels of 43.3 pg/ml (28% positive; n = 50) and 14.8 pg/ml (12% positive; n = 50) for RA and OA patients, respectively, results that could potentially be interpreted as consistent with disease biology. These studies demonstrate the importance of ensuring that HAb interference is well controlled, particularly when measuring low concentrations of cytokines in samples from patients with autoimmune disease.

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), the Western Flower Thrips (WFT), is a polyphagous and highly adaptable insect of the order Thysanoptera. It has a broad host range but is rarely found on Papaveraceae, which might be due to deterrent effects of alkaloids present in most species of this family. In order to test the adaptive potential of WFT, we investigated its interaction with two Papaveraceae offered as sole feeding source. We found that WFT are able to live and feed on leaves of Eschscholzia californica and Chelidonium majus. Both plants respond to thrips feeding by the enhanced production of benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Furthermore, cell cultures of E. californica react to water insoluble compounds prepared from adult thrips with enhanced alkaloid production. During feeding, WFT take up benzophenanthridine alkaloids from either plant and from an artificial feeding medium and convert them to their less toxic dihydroderivatives. This was shown in detail with sanguinarine, the most cytotoxic benzophenanthridine. A similar conversion is used in plants to prevent self-intoxication by their own toxins. We conclude that WFT causes a phytoalexin-like response in Papaveraceae, but is able to adapt to such host plants by detoxification of toxic alkaloids.

This work deals with the use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a weighted Euclidean distance (the tolerance distance) as an exploratory tool in developing predictive logistic models. The method was applied to a living-donor kidney transplant data set with 109 cases and 13 predictors. This approach, followed by backward and forward selection procedures, yielded two models, one with four and another with two predictors. These models were compared to two other models, ordinarily built by backward and forward stepwise selection, which yielded, respectively, five and two predictors. After internal validation, the models performance statistics showed similar results. Likelihood ratio tests suggested that backward approach achieved a better fit than the forward modelling in both methods and the Vuong's non-nested test between backward-built models suggested that these were undistinguishable. We conclude that the tolerance distance, in combination with MCA, could be a feasible method for variable selection in logistic modelling, when there are several categorical predictors. c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s a n d p r o g r a m s i n b i o m e d i c i n e 9 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 116-128 117 1.

As great advancements have been made in CMOS process technology over the past 20 years, RF CMOS circuits operating in the microwave band have rapidly developed from component circuit levels to multiband/multimode transceiver levels. In the next ten years, it is highly likely that the following devices will be realized: (i) versatile transceivers such as those used in software-defined radios (SDR), cognitive radios (CR), and reconfigurable radios (RR); (ii) systems that operate in the millimeterwave or terahertz-wave region and achieve high speed and large-capacity data transmission; and (iii) microminiaturized low-power RF communication systems that will be extensively used in our everyday lives. However, classical technology for designing analog RF circuits cannot be used to design circuits for the abovementioned devices since it can be applied only in the case of continuous voltage and continuous time signals; therefore, it is necessary to integrate the design of high-speed digital circuits, which is based on the use of discrete voltages and the discrete time domain, with analog design, in order to both achieve wideband operation and compensate for signal distortions as well as variations in process, power supply voltage, and temperature. Moreover, as it is thought that small integration of the antenna and the interface circuit is indispensable to achieve miniaturized micro RF communication systems, the construction of the integrated design environment with the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) device etc. of the different kind devices becomes more important. In this paper, the history and the current status of the development of RF CMOS circuits are reviewed, and the future status of RF CMOS circuits is predicted. key words: RF, CMOS, transceiver, integrated circuit, MEMS, future Kazuya Masu received the B.E., M.E. and

The current trend in medical care in the 21st century is evolving into a minimally invasive specialty. The interest of Interventional Radiology (IR) in cosmetic is increasing particularly for outsetting patients, in the treatment of soft tissue vascular malformations, us-guided injections of Botox Ò and varicous veins management. Advantages of cosmetic IR treatments are many: treatments takes less than an hour and provides immediate relief of symptoms; no scaring, because the procedure does not require a surgical incision; an immediate return to normal activity with little or no pain; and high success rate and low recurrence rate compared to surgery.

Frequency oscillator is one of the basic devices that can be used in most electrical, electronics and communications circuits and systems. There are many types of oscillators depending on frequency range used in an application such as audio, radio and microwave. The needed was appeared to use high and very high frequencies to make the rapid development of advanced technology Colpitts oscillator is one of the most common types of oscillator, it can be used for radio frequency (RF), that its output signal is often utilized at the basic of a wireless communication system in most application. In this research, a Colpitts oscillator is comprised from a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier with LC tank. This design is carrying out with a known Barkhausen criterion for oscillation. Firstly, is carried out using theoretical calculation. The secondary is carried out using simulation (Multisim 13). All the obtained result from the above two approaches are 10 MHz and 9.745 MHz respectively. This result is seen to be very encouraging.

Video adalah teknologi pemrosesan sinyal elektronik mewakilkan gambar bergerak. Aplikasi umum dari teknologi video adalah televisi, tetapi dia dapat juga digunakan dalam aplikasi teknik, keilmuwan, produksi dan keamanan. Istilah video juga sering digunakan sebagai singkatan dari video tape, perekaman video, maupun pemutar video.

"It's a Microcontroller Based DIY Electronics Project. Named Wireless RF Module Using PIC Microcontroller. The RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID, wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation. Thanxx.
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specialized RF design tool. The purpose of this paper is very useful for students to know the design procedures at radio frequency. It provide the academic students in the faculty of electronics and communication engineering with modern design tools and techniques, and enhance their learning by stimulating their mind through the design practice. As a result, students to be an electronic engineer will have first hand experiences and an academic proficiency in the field of RF design and simulation, with an understanding for subject content.

This is the second of a two-part overview of the fundamentals of oncology for interventional radiologists. The first part focused on clinical trials, basic statistics, assessment of response, and overall concepts in oncology. This second part aims to review the methods of tumor characterization; principles of the oncology specialties, including medical, surgical, radiation, and interventional oncology; and current treatment paradigms for the most common cancers encountered in interventional oncology, along with the levels of evidence that guide these treatments. ABBREVIATIONS AFP = α-fetoprotein, AJCC = American Joint Committee on Cancer, BCLC = Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, CapeOx = capecitabine/ oxaliplatin, CRC = colorectal cancer, DEB = drug-eluting bead, DEBIRI = drug-eluting beads with irinotecan, EASL = European Association for Study of the Liver, EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor, 5-FU = 5-fluorouracil, FOLFIRI = irinotecan/5fluorouracil/leucovorin, FOLFOX = oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, IRE = irreversible electroporation, NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCI = National Cancer Institute, NET = neuroendocrine tumor, NSCLC = non-small-cell lung cancer, PV = portal vein, RF = radiofrequency, RT = radiation therapy, VEGFR = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

It has sometimes been assumed that children are more sensitive than adults to the effects of radiofrequency (RF) fields associated with cellular wireless telephones. However, relatively few in vitro or animal models have examined this possibility.

A >40% bandwidth fully scalable turnstile-based waveguide orthomode transducer having excellent phase performance is described for the WR75 standard rectangular waveguide. Flexible bandwidth tuning is achieved through the use of an interchangeable stepped scattering element. Reduced height waveguide topology provides a simple, compact, and robust design against mechanical tolerances. The intrinsic broadband nature of halfheight E-plane bends and single-step power combiners assures high order mode free increased bandwidth in balanced phase operation. The designed orthomode transducer exhibits a return loss better than 23 dB at any port, an insertion loss less than 0.06 dB, and an isolation of 50 dB over the full bandwidth. Moreover, the phase difference between orthogonal polarizations is lower than 0.7 over the band, thus enabling applications where phase-matched outputs are required. This design has been chosen for the QUIJOTE cosmic microwave background experiment due to its cost-effective, compact design, and high-quality performance as well as being readily scalable to the WR51 and WR28 waveguide bands. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 00: 000-000, 2010.

Low noise amplifier is a crucial and essential component in RF receiver design. It amplifies the received weak RF signal with minimum noise contribution. Designing Low noise amplifier with CMOS technology is one of the important topics in research fields due to its advantages of low power, low cost and higher integration. Applications of LNA include WLAN, WSN and UWB applications. In this paper a detailed survey is provided for various LNA design techniques. The designed circuit is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software.

The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and the American Venous Forum (AVF) have developed clinical practice guidelines for the care of patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs and pelvis. The document also includes recommendations on the management of superficial and perforating vein incompetence in patients with associated, more advanced chronic venous diseases (CVDs), including edema, skin changes, or venous ulcers. Recommendations of the Venous Guideline Committee are based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system as strong (GRADE 1) if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, burden, and costs. The suggestions are weak (GRADE 2) if the benefits are closely balanced with risks and burden. The level of available evidence to support the evaluation or treatment can be of high (A), medium (B), or low or very low (C) quality. The key recommendations of these guidelines are: We recommend that in patients with varicose veins or more...

Vitreous coatings can be used as a means for the corrosion protection of metals and alloys due to their excellent dielectric properties. Their use is of particular interest in the case of highly aggressive media (different pH levels, temperatures up to 600 °C). However, ceramic coatings exposed to aggressive agents and thermal cycles can experience devitrification and spalling problems, with the consequent loss of their protective properties.The present study uses the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique to characterize, in a non-destructive way, the appearance of surface defects induced by the effect of temperature and chemical attack on a vitreous enamel deposited on steel. By means of analysis of the impedance diagrams obtained, a relationship is established between the loss of the coating's protective properties and the mechanism by which the corrosion process takes place.

An object-oriented microwave circuit simulation environment is described. The design of the program is intended to offer flexibility without sacrifying efficiency. Recent developments in object-oriented techniques and in C++ compilers are used to obtain a flexible and robust system ideally suited to the development of a global modeling strategy for the integration of circuit, field, thermal and mechanical analyses. The simulation of spatial power combining systems is used as a vehicle to illustrate the architectural developments of the system.

This article proposes three design topologies of coplanar waveguide elliptic low pass filters. The design procedure is simple and explained in detail for the first topology. Numerical results are provided using the commercially available simulation softwares IE3D and HFSS to show the validity of the design with very good agreement. The proposed filters yield less than 0.1 dB attenuation in the passband (0-2 GHz), with a controllable slope of the transition between passband and stopband. The width of the rejection band is increased by simple filter cascading resulting in a passband to stopband ratio of up to 1:6.

A broad range of high-volume consumer applications require lowpower, battery operated, wireless microsystems and sensors. These systems should conciliate a sufficient battery lifetime with reduced dimensions, low cost and versatility. The design of such systems highlights many tradeoffs between performances, lifetime, cost and power consumption. Also, special circuit and design techniques are needed to comply with the reduced supply voltage (down to 1V).

We developed a neutralizing antibody assay (NAb assay), based upon the complementdependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity of a monoclonal human IgG 1 therapeutic (IgT), to characterize anti-therapeutic antibodies (ATA) in autoimmune patient serum. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were measured by a decrease in the extent of CDC mediated by 50 ng/mL IgT, on a lymphoblastoid cell line. A sample pre-treatment procedure, utilizing a Protein A/G resin to purify total immunoglobulins, was optimized for use in the NAb assay to eliminate the nonspecific assay interferents observed in individual serum samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients. In some individuals, the addition of naïve serum to the assay completely inhibited CDC activity. After sample pre-treatment, the variability of the CDC response induced by IgT in individual serum samples from a drug-naïve RA population, tested over three days, was only 3%, irrespective of complement immune complexes or rheumatoid factor levels. The pretreatment procedure was performed on samples and matrix controls as part of each assay. The NAb assay was able to recover and detect polyclonal ATA from human serum at a concentration of 0.25 μg/mL with pre-treatment. Dose-dependent neutralization of IgT was observed, however, a simple positive/negative reporting scheme was adopted. The NAb assay was found to have the desired properties of specificity, robustness, precision and recovery for validation to support the characterization of ATA in clinical samples.

TillS BOOK IS ABOUT linear controller design based on optimization of convex or quasi-convex performance criteria. It addresses the problem: "given a linear, finite dimensional time invariant, continuous time model, find if possible a controller (of the same class, linear, time invariant, finite dimensional, continuous time) to meet given design specifications.

Sensitivity of the receiver is one of the important parameter of communication system. System noise figure contributes more roles in receiver sensitivity. In single channel receiver very low noise device is used at the RF front end section to improve the system noise figure. In this research work multi-channel receiver noise figure is analysed with different configuration. In each configuration theoretical noise figure calculated for multi-channel receiver and it compared with measured results. The theoretical calculation and Simulation in Advanced Design System (ADS) is done. Keywords: Advanced Design System (ADS), Multichannel receiver, Noise Figure (NF), RF, system noise figure, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Salah satu kewajiban warga Negara adalah membayar pajak. Tingkat volume kendaraan aktif di Indonesia tergolong sangat tinggi. Tentunya volume yang tinggi akan berdampak pada volume transaksi yang ada pada SAMSAT (Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Daerah).Teknologi RFID merupakan teknologi identifikasi dan verifikasi menggunakan Gelombang Radio yang tidak membutuhkan kontak secara langsung antara objek dengan pembacanya. Melalui paper ini, rancangan sistem RFID akan dibuat untuk mendukung proses bisnis yang ada di SAMSAT dengan cara menerapkannya pada sistem administrasi di SAMSAT, kendaraan, dan dokumen yang bersangkutan. Dengan adanya teknologi RFID yang di rancang dengan baik, diharapkan akan membawa pengembangan teknologi RFID ini untuk berbagai macam kebutuhan yang berhubungan dengan kendaraan.

In advanced communication technology the microstrip filter has an important job in terms of selectivity and elimination of the undesired signals. In microwave and RF frequency applications the design of filter is complex task as lumped components cannot be used in this range of frequency. Microstrip filters are always preferred over the lumped filters at larger frequency for their compact size, lighter weight, lower cost and higher performance. In this paper the design of grooved microstrip patch resonator band-pass filter is presented at mid-band frequency 1.8 GHz for L-Band applications. It also acts as a band-reject filter at center frequency 1.1 GHz, which is innovative concept in microstrip filter design. Band-pass filter has a high attenuation in stop band, small insertion loss of 0.5744 dB and high return loss of 26.52 dB in the pass band whereas Band-reject filter has a low attenuation, high insertion loss of 21.95 dB and low return loss of 0.2432 dB in the stop band. The result is encouraging and fabrication is also very easy.

This article presents various novel and conventional planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG)-assisted transmission lines. Both microstrip lines and coplanar waveguides (CPWs) are designed with circular, rectangular, annular, plus-sign and fractal-patterned EBGs and dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The dispersion characteristics and the slow-wave factors of the design are investigated.

A sectoral Sierpinski Gasket fractal (SSGF) antenna is proposed for dualband operation with wide-bandwidth covering GPS, DCS-1800, PCS-1800, UMTS, IMT-2000, Wireless broadband Internet Services (WiBro), Bluetooth, and WLAN bands. The SSGF antenna consists of volume 65.5 Â 27 Â 1.6 mm 3 . To analyze its performance, measurements are carried out. The proposed antenna model exhibits resonances in 1.51-3.39 GHz (2:1 VSWR BW 76.6%) and 5.31-6.32 GHz (2:1 VSWR BW 17.3%) bands with 2.5-5 dBi gain. Very good agreement is obtained between simulation and experimental results.

"This paper describes several radio frequency interference shields that have been developed for integration with high-speed bulk-input turret-test IC handlers. The shields were developed to mitigate interference to noise figure measurements of Low Noise Amplifier components. Two categories of shielded enclosures were evaluated for shielding effectiveness and ease of incorporation into the existing machines and manufacturing processes. The first category enclosed the handler's working area in its entirety, while the second one enclosed the testboard only. Variation in the testboard shield design was required to suit different collet trajectories between handler models. The shielding effectiveness (SE) was measured according to the MIL-STD-285 standard. The different designs exhibited SE in the 16-49 dB range.

Index Terms —  RF shielding, electromagnetic screening, noise figure measurement."

In this paper, we discuss a methodology to design and synthesize analog CMOS components such as RF amplifiers. The inputs of the synthesis tool are the circuit specifications described at highlevel of abstraction, fabrication dependent technology parameters and un-sized circuit topologies. The output is a sized net list, which meets the user constraints.

This paper describes a design technique for a RF CMOS Low Noise Amplifier and Mixer. System level calculations are presented validating the feasibility of the proposed LNA/Mixer topology for its application. Tested and simulated in a 130-nm CMOS technology, the LNA achieves a minimum noise figure of 0.627dB, a noise figure of 0.833dB, and a forward-gain of 24.6dB at 600MHz from a 1.2-V supply.

"The main cause of loss in the PIN-Schottky limiter is the diodes’ parasitic capacitances. Techniques to counter the parasitic capacitances include using bare chip, air cavity packaging, diode stacking, mesa construction, isolating the Schottky diode from the signal path and connecting the diodes to a low impedance node. But the aforementioned techniques either sacrifice cost, manufacturability, size, performances or thermal ruggedness. To reduce loss in the PIN-Schottky limiter, we re-configured its parasitics into a low pass ladder network. This paper reports on the new configuration’s changed large signal and transient performances. We observed improved isolation at 0.9 and 2.4 GHz, and a beneficial reduction in the initial energy that slips through the limiter before limiting begins. In conclusion, this configuration simultaneously improves insertion loss, matching, isolation and spike leakage suppression. It has the potential to improve limiting performances in wideband receivers for wireless communication and medical imaging.
Index Terms — Limiter, receiver protection, Schottky assisted PIN limiter, Schottky enhanced PIN limiter, quasi-active limiter."

As we know that now a day we use the Wi-Fi technology for the data transmission .Wi-Fi use radio frequency for data transmission, but RF support only limited bandwidth due to confined spectrum. As day by day internet user increased data transfer rate decreased. So we need a new technology which able to full fill user requirement to increase the data transfer rate. To full fill user requirement a new technology come across the world i.e." Li-Fi" technology. Li-Fi stands for Light Fidelity. Li-Fi provides 100 megabits/sec speed which is faster than Wi-Fi speed. In simple words Li-Fi is a method of communication in which we transmit data using visible light region of electromagnetic spectrum with help of LEDs. Li-Fi provides better bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security than Wi-Fi.

A powerful design approach for a broadband high-frequency amplifier is developed. In particular, the new matching network presented here, based on an extension of the dual-frequency transformer, allows us to overcome the inherent restriction of previously proposed structures. Design relationships are provided and discussed through a numerical example. Finally, the proposed structure is successfully applied to the design of a Ka-band (26 -40 GHz) linear amplifier with a minimum return loss of 18 dB. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 15: 423-433, 2005.

The often touted advantages of MR guidance remain largely unrealized for cardiovascular interventional procedures in patients. Many procedures have been simulated in animal models. We argue these opportunities for clinical interventional MR will be met in the near future. This paper reviews technical and clinical considerations and offers advice on how to implement a clinical-grade interventional cardiovascular MR (iCMR) laboratory. We caution that this reflects our personal view of the "state of the art."

This VGA is designed for a GSM subsampling receiver. It operates at an IF frequency of 246MHz. The VGA provides a 60dB digitally controlled gain range in 2dB steps. The VGA is implemented in a 0.35µm CMOS process. The current is 9mA@3V. The overall gain accuracy is less than 0.3dB. The noise figure at maximum gain is 8.7dB. The IIP3 is -4dBm at minimum gain.