Regional geography and regional development

The  challenges  that  official  migration  statistics face in the 21st century are manifold. In line with intensifying globalisation processes, and new patterns  and  types  of  migration,  new  routes  and new  migrant  identities  have  been  emerging. However,  the new trends also  offer  new, potentially usable data sources, tools, and methods for
the measurement of this changing phenomenon. Attempting to  provide  an  overview  of  the Hungarian migration statistical system, the aim of this paper  is  to  promote  interdisciplinary  scientific dialogue  on
migration  and share  some  of  the most  important  figures  and  trends  of  international  migration  in  Hungary,  highlighting  its  remarkable  geographical  aspects  in  the  European context,  and  the  peculiarities,  challenges,  and opportunities of its measurement.

The current paper analyses regional disparities in North Macedonia at NUTS 3 level. This paper aims to determine whether there is a trend of decreasing or increasing the socioeconomic disparities between the regions in the period after 2014. The analysis uses different socioeconomic indicators such as the unemployment rate, gross domestic product per capita, gross fixed capital formation, and the number of active business entities. The main methods used in the research are analysis, comparison, and synthesis. The findings show that there are no significant reductions in regional disparities between regions. The Skopje Region remains the most developed region. Additionally, the findings reveal that if the Skopje Region is excluded from the analysis, interregional inequalities in the other seven regions are not very pronounced. Inequalities in regional development necessitate the implementation of the regional policy and development measures that will be discussed in the concluding remarks.

This research is concerned with a statistical method that has recently become widespread
in the international literature; although, it is still limited in Hungarian research. The method
is geographically weighted regression (GWR), which is demonstrated through an example
of its application. GWR is a local model that is founded on the basis of regression,
prominently taking into consideration the geographical distance. Since it does not calculate
the global relations of the whole data, but concentrates on the relationship of the dependent
and independent variables locally within a determined search area, it allows consideration
of the spatially varying processes. Simply, GWR is a developed version of the global
regression model, since, through its use, it is possible to take into account the local features
that are hidden by the global approach.

Complete conference proceedings for the II Brazilian Congress of Leisure Studies that took place September 2016 in the city of Belém, Brazil.
Anais completos do II Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos do Lazer, realizado em setembro de 2016 na cidade de Belém-PA.

Professor R.B. Singh (1955-2021) had been the first Indian Geographer to have the dual distinction of holding the position of the IGU Secretary General and ICSU Scientific Committee Member. He was the first Indian and second Asian Secretary General and Treasurer of the IGU (2018-2022). Professor Singh was a distinguished geographer of the 21st Century India who had made distinct academic contributions over the last five decades, illustrated with publishing 16 books, 37 anthologies, and around 260 research papers (see appendix 1). He has covered and profusely published researches in 11 fields—Environmental Studies, Geoecology; Land resources, Land use/ Land cover; Water issues, Hydrology; Disaster, Natural Hazard; Quality of Life, Livelihood; Climatic Change, Air Pollution study; Urban Environment, Health, and wellbeing; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Environmental Monitoring; Geography, Development Studies R-U; Mountain Studies, Forestry, Tourism; and RS, GIS, Recent trends appraisal. He had supervised 39 PhD and 81 MPhil dissertations (see, appendixes 2 & 3). This paper presents an appraisal of his life journey on the path of Lineage, Legacy and Liminality—a type of biographical highlights in the frame of his practising geography, while also emphasising various niches, distinctions, networks and collaborative programmes.
Keywords: R.B. Singh; Lineage; IGU, Secretary General; Environmental Studies, Climatic Change; Mountain Studies; Future Vision.

Sectionalism denotes the division of a country, such as the United States, into sections based on shared cultures, religions, and racial, economic, and political identities. These sections then compete, putting their interests over those of the other sections. In the case of the United States, one of the most significant sectional conflicts was the Civil War, where North and South battled due to conflict over racial, economic, religious, and political differences. However, sectional conflict can be seen as early as British colonialism during which time the colonies competed with each other and with their governments in Europe and later as other sections such as the West developed its own characteristics and interests. Religion and race were frequently at the core of sectional conflicts, in everything from the Revolutionary War, the drafting of the Constitution, the failure of compromise regarding slavery, and the intermittent battles with Native Americans over land and religious practice to the emergence of the West and the great immigration and religious innovation that took place there. In all these cases, sections constructed identities in which race and religion were fundamental and were also significant points of contention. Even today, at the beginning of the 21st century, sectionalism continues with geographic sections still battling for dominance, and cultural sections square off in what is commonly called the culture wars.

La communication montre le rôle de la région comme collectivité locale à créer dans l'atténuation des déséquilibres régionaux et dans le processus du développement territorial en Tunisie.
Communication au Séminaire "Urbanisme et services urbains à l’échelle des métropoles et des régions".

Perencanaan pembangunan yang terarah merupakan syarat dalam upaya pengelolaan wilayah. Melalui pembangunan yang terencana dapat ditentukan tahapan pembangunan secara tertib berdasarkan prioritas pembangunan dengan memperhatikan daya dukung sumberdaya alam dan sumberdaya manusia yang ada. Dalam upaya untuk membuat suatu perencanaan pengembangan wilayah yang optimal dan terpadu untuk mengatasi kesenjangan antar wilayah ini, maka perlu diketahui bagaimana sebenarnya diferensiasi perkembangan masing-masing wilayah. Analisis faktor digunakan untuk mengetahui sifat saling ketergantungan antara variabel-variabel yang ada. Analisis sektor unggulan dilakukan setelah diperoleh analisis keterkaitan antar sektor dalam analisis input-output. Untuk menentukan sektor unggulan perlu diukur skor tingkat keunggulan setiap sektor ekonomi menggunakan Indeks Komposit. Analisis faktor adalah kajian tentang saling ketergantungan antara variabel-variabel, dengan tujuan untuk menemukan himpunan variabel-variabel baru, yang lebih sedikit jumlahnya dari pada variabel semula, dan yang menunjukkan yang mana di antara variabel-variabel semula itu yang merupakan faktor-faktor persekutuan (Suryanto 1988). Dalam analisis faktor, variabel-variabel dalam jumlah besar dikelompokkan dalam sejumlah faktor yang mempunyai sifat dan karakteristik yang hampir sama, sehingga lebih mempermudah pengolahan. Analisis faktor pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk mereduksi data, yaitu proses untuk meringkas sejumlah variabel menjadi lebih sedikit dan menamakannya sebagai faktor (Rivani 2012). Berdasarkan tujuannya analisis faktor dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua macam yaitu analisis faktor eksploratori dan analisis faktor konfirmatori. Analisis faktor eksploratori tidak dilakukan hipotesis yang bersifat teoritis dalam menggunakan analisis faktor, sehingga kesimpulan pengelompokan pada faktor-faktor akan dibuat berdasarkan apa yang nanti diperoleh dalam analisis.

Malda district of West Bengal is divided into three physiographic units' viz. Tal, Diara and Barind. Of
these, Tal is the marshy tract, mostly composed of bog lands formed in many pockets around shrinking
inland drainage lines. The Diara region, on the other hand, is a well-drained flatland formed by fluvial
deposition of new and fertile alluvium that provides ideal sites for livelihood practices giving rise to
very high population density. Floods and riverbank erosion are common in these regions that certainly
influence the demographic attributes of the area. Location wise, some part of Diara is adjacent to Indo-
Bangladesh border and Jharkhand and Tal region borders Bihar. As a result, movement of the
population both at national and international level is common, which also results in the demographic
changes. The present article highlights on the changing demographic attributes viz. the size, growth,
density, and distribution of the population in these two regions from 1971-2011 census, based on the
secondary data where decadal growth rates (geometric and exponential) and population concentration
index of Tal and Diara have been computed.

This paper investigates disparity in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the two most backward states of India, despite being endowed with relatively rich natural resources. The poor performance of these two states is not merely due to weak institutions and political instability coupled with social conflict rooted in sectarian politics based on caste, class and ethnic division, but also, at the same time, poor socio-economic backwardness which includes poor human development indicators, low income, poor infrastructure and overall output. For making comparisons in the two states at district level, the study has computed indices using Principal Component Analysis for the four sectors, for instance, agriculture, services, health and education for the years 2001 and 2011. To identify the clusters of backward regions of the states, Cluster Analysis has been used as these two states are similar in respect of historical antecedents, climate and other variables and, hence, districts lying in these two can be merged and compared. The empirical findings depict that districts spread in the two states that are identical in many respects, and thus, in terms of disparity, they look like miniature of the country that has a high inter-state disparity.

O presente artigo apresenta uma análise de
políticas territoriais em processos de integração
sul-americana. Para tanto aborda-se os vários
regionalismos e, em especial, o regionalismo pósneoliberal
dos anos 2000 assim como o projeto
da América do Sul como uma região geopolítica,
suas assimetrias internas e possíveis repercussões
territoriais de projetos de redes de circulação
em regiões periféricas. Por fim trata-se dos
rumos atuais da integração sul-americana e das
infraestruturas de conexão.

Paper develops a measure of spatial agglomeration of economic activity based on geo-localizations of firms. Proposed here Spatial Agglomeration Index (SPAG) includes the effects of location, distance between firms and overlapping impact resulting from the size and number of companies in given sector. SPAG builds a new class of measures of spatial density of economic activity inside the region, basing on geometrical representation of firms with circles, without referring to often used Ripley’s K function. SPAG detects different spatial distributions of economic activity, including clusters. We provide also the Monte Carlo significance test of SPAG, based on theoretical distribution
for spatially uniform locations of business.

Megalopolis paradigm and territorial restructuring in Italy: a first analysis of internal accessibility.

– Could Gottmann’s studies on megalopolis contribute to the reflection on the territorial restructuring of Italy? This article analyses in an historical perspective the megalopolitan paradigm, by reconstructing its main characters, and tries to address the issue of how it could be usefully applied to the analysis of the Italian territory, with a particular focus on its internal connectivity, through an analysis of the accessibility to
the main centers by rail. Considering the existing partitions of the national territory (and their relative costs), a wider unit of analysis, such as the megalopolitan scale, could be of use in promoting a more territorially balanced development.

Paradigme mégalopolitain et re-aménagement du territoire en Italie: une première analyse de l’accessibilité interne.

– Est-ce que les études de Gottmann sur la mégalopolis pourront contribuer à la réflexion en cours sur le re-aménagement du territoire italien? Cet article examine le paradigme de mégalopolis, en re-construisant historiquement les principaux caractères et en essayant d’indiquer comment il pourrait être appliqué à l’analyse du territoire italien, pour l’amélioration de sa connectivité interne, par une analyse de
l’accessibilité par le rail haute-vitesse aux majeurs villes. Si on considère la quantité de partitions existantes sur le territoire
national, l’emploi d’une unité d’analyse à l’echelle mégalopolitaine pourrait se révéler fort utile pour la promotion
d’un développement des territoires plus equilibré.

This interpretive article relies on insights from three critical literatures -world-systems analysis, postcolonial studies and, to the extent of an extended simile, the economic sociology of flexible global production -to propose a geopolitical understanding of what the European Union (EU) is. The authors begin by interrogating the tendency within much of the current research and commentary on the EU to treat it as a state of sorts. They then outline some mechanisms -pertaining to its internal and external linkage structuresthat have enabled the EU to perform successfully in a geopolitical context where most of the main actors are states. Finally, drawing on critical insights from the sociology of subcontracted production and distributed organization, the authors suggest ways in which the EU, in its current form, might be thought of beyond the constraints of the current theoretical language of statehood.

This paper provides an insight into the transformation processes that have affected Upper Silesia, a Polish border region with long traditions of industrialisation, autonomous structures and volatile historical changes. It shows how the region, profoundly affected by the structural crisis of mining and heavy industry and experiencing unfavourable demographic processes, has managed to recover and prosper under new conditions. In a fragmented space characterised by strong urbanisation, industrial restructuring has been based on the renewal of traditional branches and the creation of new development paths through reindustrialisation and service-based development. The size of Upper Silesia, and particularly the conurbation surrounding Katowice, has also led to attempts at establishing effective metropolitan governance, a challenge whose success depends as much on harmonising internal interests as finding a compromise acceptable by both the region and the central government.

Sektor perekonomian di Kabupaten Temanggung yang mengalami perubahan posisi pada masa yang akan datang yaitu sektor pertambangan dan galian, sektor industri pengolahan, sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran, dan sektor jasa-jasa. Faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan posisi pada sektor pertambangan dan galian, sektor industri pengolahan  dan sektor jasa-jasa adalah faktor struktur ekonominya. Sedangkan faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan posisi pada sektor perdagangan, dan hotel dan restoran.

Landfilling prevails in waste management options in Romania like others new EU members, being contrary to the concept of waste hierarchy promoted in recent years by EC. Waste disposal is done usually in non-compliant landfills and Government established a program to close these sites. This paper aims to analyse the transition from traditional waste management systems to an integrated system at national, regional and local scale. Assessment of landfills location based on buffer analysis (using GIS techniques) is made according to the proximity of five critical factors (CF) such as: residential area, industry & commercial units, agricultural lands, rivers & lakes, forest and protected areas, all these factors being sensitive to pollution. Thus, most of these old sites are badly or improperly located related to surroundings and only few have an acceptable location in the study area! Therefore, the proposed method can be a necessary tool in EIA studies of these environmental threats at regional scale.

The aim of the present study is to analyse the events and results of the elections to bodies of regional self-governments in Slovakia in November 2017. The elections were held under the conditions of the amended legislation after the abolition of the two-tier election system of the presidents of the regions. The study analyses the process of forming pre-election coalitions and the mobilisation of voters. The research is based primarily on official election results as well as political party documents and information published in the media. Although the strongest body of the ruling coalition, Direction – Social Democracy Party, obtained the highest number of seats, there was a marked drop in voter participation. This is a continuation of a trend in evidence in the parliamentary elections in 2016. The regional elections of 2017 signalled, in contrast, the consolidation of the right-wing opposition (SaS, OĽaNO, and KDH), whose agenda contains elements of anti-European and anti-party populism.

Celem pracy jest analiza wpływu głównych współczesnych przemian społeczno-ekonomicznychna interpretację czynników rozwoju regionalnego. Wśród analizowanychwspółczesnych przemian wyróżnia się przełom modernizacyjno-postmodernizacyjny, którego zasadniczym  momentem  jest  proces  transformacji.  Te  zaś  tworzą  swoisty  akcelerator  oddziaływania  dwóch ważnych  procesów rozwojowych –integracji  gospodarczej  i globalizacji, które w fundamentalny sposób przekształcają współczesne systemy społeczno-gospodarcze. Wskazane przemiany i procesy w poszczególnych krajach Europy występowały w różnych okresach powojennej rzeczywistości i z różną intensywnością. Stąd też istotnym elementem rozważań jest uwzględnienie specyfiki tych zjawisk w  krajach  kapitalistycznych Europy Zachodniej oraz krajach demokracji ludowej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W wyróżnionych układach  przestrzennych  rozpatruje się zatem wpływ procesów transformacji i postmodernizacji oraz integracji gospodarczej i  globalizacji na nowe podejście do rozumienia czynników rozwoju regionalnego jak i ich roli w rozwoju. Wśród badanych czynników wyróżnia się: kapitał materialny (kapitał naturalny i kapitał fizyczny), kapitał ludzki, kapitał społeczny, kapitał finansowy oraz innowacje technologiczne i organizacyjne. Przedmiotowe badanie realizowane jest w ramach projektu badawczego FORSED (http://www.forsed.amu.edu.pl) finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki w ramach konkursu OPUS 10 -2015/19/B/HS5/00012: Nowe wyzwania polityki regionalnej w kształtowaniu czynników rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego regionów mniej rozwiniętych. 

CZYNNIKI ROZWOJU REGIONALNEGO W ŚWIETLE WSPÓŁCZESNYCH PRZEMIAN SPOŁECZNO-EKONOMICZNYCH - DYSKURS TEORETYCZNY. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322095852_CZYNNIKI_ROZWOJU_REGIONALNEGO_W_SWIETLE_WSPOLCZESNYCH_PRZEMIAN_SPOLECZNO-EKONOMICZNYCH_-_DYSKURS_TEORETYCZNY [accessed Feb 14 2018].

Daya dukung lingkungan adalah batas teratas dari pertumbuhan suatu populasi dimana jumlah populasi tidak dapat didukung lagi oleh sarana, sumber daya dan lingkungan yang ada. Kota Kediri merupakan kota terbesar ketiga di Provinsi Jawa Timur dengan total luas 63.404 km 2. Pada tahun 2015 jumlah penduduk Kota Kediri mengalami peningkatan menjadi 312.538 jiwa. Kota Kediri dikenal sebagai pusat perdagangan utama untuk gula dan industri rokok terbesar sehingga menjadikan Kota Kediri sebagai salah satu pilihan untuk berinvestasi yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan peningkatan kebutuhan lahan sepeti permukiman, pabrik dan sebagainya. Kajian mengenai kesesuaian lahan dan daya dukung lahan di Kota Kediri dapat menjadi pedoman dalam pemanfaatan lahan dan evaluasi Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) sehingga terwujud ruang wilayah nasional yang aman, nyaman, produktif dan hamonis antara lingkungan alam dan lingkungan buatan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian lahan berdasarkan daya dukung lingkungan dan mengetahui kemampuan lahan dan daya tampung untuk permukiman. METODOLOGI Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur dengan luas keseluruhan mencapai 63,404 km 2. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, seperti peta kemiringan, peta drainase, peta erosi, kedalaman efektif, tekstur tanah, peta pemaebilitas dari instansi terkait. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis spasial GIS Arcview 3.1 ESRI dengan cara overlay data spasial

This study seeks to identify the spatial distribution of and changes in areas of economic growth and stagnation in Poland resulting from spatial differences in the process of the country's socio-economic advancement. The research covered two spatial systems, NUTS 2 and NUTS 4, and embraced the following steps: (1) identification of the spatial distribution of areas of economic growth and stagnation, by region and subregion, and of its determinants; (2) analysis of variations in the spatial distribution of areas of economic growth and stagnation, by region and subregion, and of its consequences; and (3) conclusions from the development trajectories identified and recommendations for intervention measures to be taken under cohesion policy. The results presented here come from one of the stages of a research conducted under the project Socio-economic development and the formation of areas of economic growth and stagnation, funded by the National Science Centre (N N306 791940). The project is implemented by a team of staff members of the Department of Regional Analysis of the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, headed by the present author.

The social and economic growth has been characterized by polarization. This phenomenon results in an emergence of the economic growth and stagnation areas. The distribution of these areas and its variability are affected by diverse growth factors which lead to convergence or divergence of the growth rate. While the very fact of developmental differences is accepted in market economy, the increasing growth diversity results in numerous negative consequences and is perceived as one of the strongest barriers to an economy’s good performance. This leads to a situation when intervention is imperative as part of the cohesion policy which, irrespective of the adopted model (be it the compensation or the polarization-diffusion model) is aimed at growth convergence on all the spatial levels. This monograph is an attempt at identifying and interpreting the above regularities and sums up an international research project financed by the National Science Centre (NN 306 79 19 40) on Socio-economic growth vs. the emergence of the economic growth and stagnation areas. In 2011-2014 the project was carried out by employees of the Department of Regional Analysis of the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The foreign partners involved in the research included prof. Dovile Krupickaite, Ph.D. ( Geografijos ir kraštotvarkos katedra Vilniaus Universitetas, Lithuania) and prof. Pavol Korec, Ph.D. (Katedra humánnej geografie a demo geografie, Univerzita Koménskeho v Bratislavie, Slovakia) and their associates. The main goal of the project was to analyse the process of social and economic growth with its characteristic spatial diversity leading to the emergence of the growth and stagnation areas and to identify important factors stimulating or hampering growth in these areas. In the research, the partial and total system approach to growth were adopted. The analysis was carried out on Poland’s regional as well as intra-regional units (NUTS-2 and NUTS4/LAU-1) with reference to the obtained results (as far as the availability of comparable statistical data allowed) for Lithuania and Slovakia. The analysis timeframe was 2000-2010.

The goal of this paper is to analyse the effect of chief present-day socio-economic changes on the interpretation of factors of regional development. Standing out among them is the modernisation-postmodernisation transition, the fundamental moment of which is the process of transformation. Those changes are an accelerator of two megatrends in development: globalisation and economic integration, which fundamentally transform modern socio-economic systems. Those processes occurred in the individual European states in various periods of the postwar reality and with various intensity. Hence a significant element of the present reflections is an analysis of their specificity in the West European capitalist countries and the people’s democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. Analysed in those spatial terms is the effect of the processes of transformation and postmodernisation as well as globalisation and economic integration on the new understanding of factors of regional development and their role in it. The factors examined include: material capital (natural and physical capital), human capital, social capital, financial capital as well as technological and organisational innovations. The paper is theoretical in nature and follows from the completion of the first stage of studies in the framework of a research project financed from the means of the National Science Centre, entitled ”New regional policy challenges in the formation of factors of the socio-economic development of less advanced regions” (2015/19/B/HS5/00012).

The life sciences is an industrial sector that covers the development of biological products and the use of biological processes in the production of goods, services and energy. This sector is frequently presented as a major opportunity for policy-makers to upgrade and renew regional economies, leading to social and economic development through support for high-tech innovation.

Innovation, Regional Development and the Life Sciences analyses where innovation happens in the life sciences, why it happens in those places, and what this means for regional development policies and strategies. Focusing on the UK and Europe, its arguments are relevant to a variety of countries and regions pursuing high-tech innovation and development policies. The book’s theoretical approach incorporates diverse geographies (e.g. global, national and regional) and political-economic forces (e.g. discourses, governance and finance) in order to understand where innovation happens in the life sciences, where and how value circulates in the life sciences, and who captures the value produced in life sciences innovation.

This book will be of interest to researchers, students and policy-makers dealing with regional/local economic development.

Celem pracy jest ocena stopnia przygotowania instytucjonalno-programowego samorządow terytorialnych ośrodkow regionalnych w Polsce do absorpcji środkow polityki spojności Unii Europejskiej oraz identyfikacja opinii przedstawicieli tych samorządow na temat konsekwencji wynikających z dostepu do tych środkow. Artykul zawiera cześciowe wyniki projektu badawczego „Rola środkow europejskich dla rozwoju miast Polski – 10 lat czlonkostwa w Unii Europejskiej” realizowanego przez zespol pracownikow Zakladu Analizy Regionalnej Instytutu Geografii Spoleczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UAM w Poznaniu, w ramach ktorego w okresie maj 2014–styczen 2015 przeprowadzono badania terenowe przy wykorzystaniu techniki ankiety.

Open dumps was the main option of the local communities in household waste management, this practice being banned after July 16, 2009. The paper examines the correlation between dumpsites volumes, population density and local geographical conditions in the context that in most rural administrative-territorial units of the county there were no facilities for waste collection. The geographical distribution of dumpsites volumes reflects the disparities between different areas of the county and on the other hand, it highlights the spaces exposed to pollution. Also, the comparative analysis between 2004 (preaccession) and 2009 (post-accession) reflects a rudimentary waste management system in this period which favored the waste dumping. This paper analyses the issues of rural waste management and its environmental implications at local scale. Such approaches are necessary for a proper analysis of EU environmental policies implementation at regional and local level.

The cities are facing illegal dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) because the waste collection facilities do not cover the entire population. Furthermore, this sector is poorly developed in small towns or villages annexed to administrative territory units (ATU) of cities , MSW are disposed in open dumps polluting the local environment. This paper analyzes on the one hand the urban disparities on public access to waste collection services (WCS) in the North-East Region on the other hand, it performs a comparative analysis between 2003 and 2010 outlining the changes made in the context of Romania's accession to EU. Also, it performs a quantitative assessment method of uncollected waste at urban level and correlated to demographic features of each city. Spatial-temporal analysis of waste indicators using thematic cartography or GIS techniques should be a basic tool for environmental monitoring or assessment of projects from this field in every development region (NUTS 2). The EU acquis requires the closure of noncompliant landfills, the extension of waste collection services, the development of facilities for separate collection, recycling and reuse according to waste hierarchy concept. Full coverage of urban population to waste collection services is necessary to provide a proper management of this sector. Urban disparities between counties and within counties highlights that current traditional waste management system is an environmental threat at local and regional scale.

Sanitation services still not fully cover the urban population and this leads to different types of pollution and affects the urban landscape. This paper aims a geographical approach by highlighting territorial disparities in the Romanian counties regarding the urban population access to waste collection services and to examine the environmental issues. Statistical database processed by ascending hierarchical cluster analysis are mapped at the level of Romanian counties achieving a spatial-temporal analysis for the period [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. The paper also discuss about the current dysfunctions existing in urban waste management from Romania. Development of waste management facilities are in the process of transition from a traditional system based only on landfilling towards an integrated waste management system which develops the recycling and recovery of waste generated. Romania as an EU member country must improve the quality of sanitation services. Each city must provide the full collection of municipal waste generated in order to eliminate the illegal dumping.

How can spatial location affect the operation of society, population or economic conditions? What is the role of neighbourhood and distance in social phenomena? In what way can a social organisation limit spatial barriers? How would spatial structures be affected by the attraction and repulsion of territorial units? Does society only use or also design regions? These questions are explored in this study. This work analyses some important issues, concepts and analysis procedures of the territorial structure of society and social processes of spatiality. It does not contain a comprehensive theory of spatiality and regional science; it is primarily a practical empirical research. Many theoretical works aim at defining the spatial structure of Europe. This article provides an overview of models describing the spatial structure of Europe. The study describes the economic spatial structure of Europe using bi-dimensional regression analysis, based on the gravity model. The spatial structure of Europe is illustrated with the help of the gravity model and spatial auto-correlation. With these patterns, it is possible to justify the appropriateness of the models based on different methodological backgrounds by comparing them with the results of this paper. The subject of field theory concepts and methods that can aid regional analyses is examined, and attempts to offer a synthesised knowledge with a wide variety of examples and methods.

Pengaruhi perkembangan suatu kota adalah keterkaitannya dengan kota lain, baik dalam maupun luar negeri, serta keterkaitan dengan daerah belakangnya (hinterland) atau daerah pedesaan sekitarnya. Sering keterkaitan ini terwujud sebagai suatu bentuk sistem kota menjadi unsur utama dan merupakan simpul (node). Keterkaitan ini memegang peranan penting dalam pembentukan pola dan struktur sistem perkotaan, dan dalam merangsang perkembangan kota. Kota Cirebon yang merupakan kota mandiri terbesar kedua di Provinsi Jawa Barat setelah Ibukota Jawa Barat yaitu Bandung, memiliki kegiatan perekonomian dan sosial yang berkembang pesat, sehingga menyebabkan munculnya pusat-pusat pertumbuhan baru untuk menampung kegiatan ekonomi dan sosial dalam kota ini. Hal ini akan membuat interaksi antar wilayah di sekitar Kota Cirebon guna mendukung kegiatan ekonomi. METODOLOGI Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat dengan menggunakan populasi yang ada yaitu kelurahan-kelurahan yang ada di dalam wilayah Kecamatan Harjamukti yaitu Kelurahan Argasunya, Kelurahan Kalijaga, Kelurahan Harjamukti, Kelurahan Kecapi, dan Kelurahan Larangan. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah kekuatan interaksi pusat pertumbuhan, ketersediaan fasilitas, dan potensi ekonomi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari instansi terkait, seperti BAPPEDA Kota Cirebon, BPS Kota Cirebon, BPS Indonesia, dan Pemerintah Kecamatan Harjamukti. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis gravitasi. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kota Cirebon menghadapi masalah urban seperti kepadatan dan kemacetan di pusat kota. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut Kota Cirebon menetapkan pusa-pusat pertumbuhan baru di sekitar pusat kota utama. Daerah yang ditetapkan sebagai pusat pertumbuhan baru adalah Kecamatan Harjamukti agar tercipta interaksi wilayah yang baru. Untuk mengetahui kondisi wilayah dilakukan identifikasi interaksi suatu daerah dengan daerah lain.

The modern rules of socio-economic development show a tendency to its ever widening divergence, thus exposing the poor efficiency of regional policy measures undertaken so far. External determinants of development are connected with changes in the economic system, controlled by rules of a transformation that results in the appearance of postmodern conditions of economic activity characteristic of the present stage of development of cognitive capitalism. Those changes are reinforced by globalisation, its symptoms intensifying with the advancing process of economic integration. What is a real challenge in those difficult conditions is an effective control of regional development factors in order to increase convergence, because the definition of those factors and the interpretation of the mechanism of their operation keeps changing, and they greatly differ in space. Hence an efficient regional policy requires a reorientation towards an integrated, territorially oriented approach. This new regional policy paradigm rests on an integrated and dedicated intervention adjusted to individual characteristics of the territorial capitals of particular areas that determine various responses to the dynamic socio-economic changes. The goal of this analysis is to determine changes in regional development factors in the new conditions of integrated, territorially oriented intervention. The research procedure embraces three stages. The first offers a synthetic presentation of the theoretical foundations of and changes in the conception of the paradigm of a territorially oriented regional policy, with special attention paid to the significance of territorial capital, the diffusion of development, and its integrated planning. Presented in the second are findings concerning the direction of modern mega-trends in socio-economic development and their contribution to changes in the factors of regional development. The third, fundamental stage of analysis involves the identification of the changing factors of regional development for an efficient intervention of a regional policy implemented in accordance with the integrated, territorially oriented approach. The research is conducted in the framework of the OPUS 10-2015/19/B/HS5/00012 project of the National Science Centre, New regional policy challenges in the formation of factors of the socio-economic development of less advanced regions. Its results will help to work out an ex-ante model of regional development factors providing a basis for their operational indexing and for an empirical verification of the assumptions adopted in studies of development differences at a variety of spatial levels in the European Union and Poland.

As a famous tourist destination in Europe and Germany, the River Rhine is still attracting many tourists from all over the world. For the most part, the scenery and rich cultural heritage of the region is well preserved. However, compared to tourism throughout Germany, tourist numbers are stagnating on the Rhine. Probably not all target groups feel addressed. At the same time, the monastery Kloster Eberbach in the Rheingau area shows how proper heritage management makes a difference. This paper analyses latest trends in the area, looks at its strengths and weaknesses, and discusses possible reasons for success in cultural tourism.

The aim of this study was to determine the opinions and self-evaluation of the students of Geography Department
about the applications of Cooperative Learning in Regional Geography course. The study was carried out
for twelve weeks with 76 students who are in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Karabuk University
between 2011-12. In this study, descriptive survey model and content analysis were used along with opinion
surveys towards cooperative learning, self-evaluation scale, and open-ended semi-structured questionnaire
about the applications to collect the data. In the analysis of quantitative data mean, standard deviance, and t-test
were applied, while in the analysis of qualitative data content analysis was applied. At the end of the research the
students of Geography Department declared that their interest and participation in the course were increased,
their social aspects were improved, the lectures were entertaining and there was a positive atmosphere in the
classroom thanks to the applications of cooperative learning. In the self-evaluation about the applications, the
students stated that most of the students came to class with preparations, they used various resources while
preparing a presentation, they carried out their individual responsibilities in the group work and they did their
best for the sake of the group’s success.The aim of this study was to determine the opinions and self-evaluation of the students of Geography Department
about the applications of Cooperative Learning in Regional Geography course. The study was carried out
for twelve weeks with 76 students who are in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Karabuk University
between 2011-12. In this study, descriptive survey model and content analysis were used along with opinion
surveys towards cooperative learning, self-evaluation scale, and open-ended semi-structured questionnaire
about the applications to collect the data. In the analysis of quantitative data mean, standard deviance, and t-test
were applied, while in the analysis of qualitative data content analysis was applied. At the end of the research the
students of Geography Department declared that their interest and participation in the course were increased,
their social aspects were improved, the lectures were entertaining and there was a positive atmosphere in the
classroom thanks to the applications of cooperative learning. In the self-evaluation about the applications, the
students stated that most of the students came to class with preparations, they used various resources while
preparing a presentation, they carried out their individual responsibilities in the group work and they did their
best for the sake of the group’s success.The aim of this study was to determine the opinions and self-evaluation of the students of Geography Department
about the applications of Cooperative Learning in Regional Geography course. The study was carried out
for twelve weeks with 76 students who are in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Karabuk University
between 2011-12. In this study, descriptive survey model and content analysis were used along with opinion
surveys towards cooperative learning, self-evaluation scale, and open-ended semi-structured questionnaire
about the applications to collect the data. In the analysis of quantitative data mean, standard deviance, and t-test
were applied, while in the analysis of qualitative data content analysis was applied. At the end of the research the
students of Geography Department declared that their interest and participation in the course were increased,
their social aspects were improved, the lectures were entertaining and there was a positive atmosphere in the
classroom thanks to the applications of cooperative learning. In the self-evaluation about the applications, the
students stated that most of the students came to class with preparations, they used various resources while
preparing a presentation, they carried out their individual responsibilities in the group work and they did their
best for the sake of the group’s success.The aim of this study was to determine the opinions and self-evaluation of the students of Geography Department
about the applications of Cooperative Learning in Regional Geography course. The study was carried out
for twelve weeks with 76 students who are in the Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Karabuk University
between 2011-12. In this study, descriptive survey model and content analysis were used along with opinion
surveys towards cooperative learning, self-evaluation scale, and open-ended semi-structured questionnaire
about the applications to collect the data. In the analysis of quantitative data mean, standard deviance, and t-test
were applied, while in the analysis of qualitative data content analysis was applied. At the end of the research the
students of Geography Department declared that their interest and participation in the course were increased,
their social aspects were improved, the lectures were entertaining and there was a positive atmosphere in the
classroom thanks to the applications of cooperative learning. In the self-evaluation about the applications, the
students stated that most of the students came to class with preparations, they used various resources while
preparing a presentation, they carried out their individual responsibilities in the group work and they did their
best for the sake of the group’s success.

Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice - 13(4) • 2413-2418
©2013 Educational Consultancy and Research Center

ABSTRACT
Cross-border relations imply processes that may or may not evolve into cross-border regions. The La Plata Basin, due to its historical, economic and geographical conditions, is a region prone to develop this type of socio-geographic formation, which explains in its interior, the existence of 24 twin cities, of the 33 recognized by Brazil. In the Triple Border region between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, the embryonic, yet informal Iguaçu Cross-Border Region develops around the triple twin cities of Puerto Iguazu, Foz do Iguaçu and Ciudad del Este. IIRSA’s regional infrastructure integration actions carried out by multiscale territorial actors are stimulating this cross-border process and causing important political, economic, social and environmental consequences in this border region and, in particular, for the triple twin cities involved in this process.
Keywords: cross-border region. triple twin cities. La Plata Basin. UNASUL. IIRSA.

Pembangunan ekonomi daerah adalah proses pemerintah dan masyarakat mengelola sumber daya yang ada dan membentuk suatu pola kemitraan antara pemerintah daerah dan sektor swasta untuk menciptakan suatu lapangan kerja baru serta merangsang perkembangan ekonomi dalam wilayah tersebut. Kabupaten Temanggung mengalami peningkatan kinerja perekonomian yang dapat dilihat dari nilai nominal PDRB baik atas dasar harga konstan maupun harga berlaku serta laju pertumbuhan perekonomiannya. Selain itu, besarnya PDRB per kapita Kabupaten Temanggung dari tahun 2002-2006 selalu mengalami peningkatan (BPS 2007). Oleh karena itu, sektor apa yang mengalami perubahan posisi dari sektor non basis menjadi sektor basis di masa yang akan datang sehingga pemerintah dapat menyusun program pembangunan ekonomi di Kabupaten Temanggung guna meningkatkan pendapatan daerah. METODOLOGI Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Data yang digunakan adalah data Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Kabupaten Temanggung Atas Dasar Harga Konstan tahun 2002-2006, Indeks Harga Implisit PDRB Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Kabupaten Temanggung tahun 2002-2006 dan Kabupaten Temanggung dalam Angka 2007. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Location Quotient (LQ). HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kabupaten Temanggung memiliki beberapa sektor perekonomian seperti sektor pertanian; sektor pertambangan dan galian; sektor industri pengolahan; sektor listrik, gas dan air bersih; sektor bangunan; sektor perdagangan, hotel, dan restoran; sektor pengangkutan dan komunikasi; sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan; dan sektor jasa-jasa. Sektor-sektor ini akan mengalami perubahan pada masa yang akan datang.

Addressing the methodological and topical challenges facing demographers working in remote regions, this book compares and contrasts the research, methods and models, and policy applications from peripheral regions in developed nations. With the emphasis on human populations as dynamic, adaptive, evolving systems, it explores how populations respond in different ways to changing environmental, cultural and economic conditions and how effectively they manage these change processes. Theoretical understandings and policy issues arising from demographic modelling are tackled including: competition for skilled workers; urbanisation and ruralisation; population ageing; the impacts of climate change; the life outcomes of Indigenous peoples; globalisation and international migration. Based on a strong theoretical framework around issues of heterogeneity, generational change, temporariness and the relative strength of internal and external ties, Demography at the Edge provides a common set of approaches and issues that benefit both researchers and practitioners.

Celem analizy jest ocena wielkości i struktury inwestycji finansowanych ze środków unijnych w kontekście ich zgodności z potrzebami obszarów wzrostu w Polsce wynikającymi z tworzenia i wzmacniania czynników rozwoju. Przedmiotem badań są obszary wzrostu wyznaczone metodą analizy skupień przeprowadzonej na podstawie wartości wskaźnika syntetycznego dla okresu 2000-2010, na poziomie powiatów. W pierwszym kroku postępowania badawczego identyfikuje się czynniki rozwoju w obszarach wzrostu w ujęciu całościowym oraz w ujęciu częściowym. W drugim kroku postępowania badawczego, w układzie analizowanych jednostek, określa się poziom i strukturę wykorzystania funduszy unijnych w latach 2004-2010, zarówno ogółem, jak również w podziale odpowiadającym wskazanym aspektom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Ostatnim etapem postępowania badawczego jest analiza stopnia dopasowania wielkości i struktury pozyskanych funduszy unijnych do zidentyfikowanych czynników rozwojowych obszarów wzrostu.

Schemat postępowania badawczego:
1. Analiza rozkładu obszarów wzrostu i stagnacji gospodarczej w ujęciu całościowym w Polsce w latach 2000-2010
2. Wybór obszarów wzrostu (klasa I i II) jako przedmiotu dalszej analizy.
3. Identyfikacja czynników rozwoju obszarów wzrostu w ujęciu całościowym i częściowym.
4. Poziom i struktura wykorzystania funduszy UE w wyróżnionych obszarach wzrostu w ujęciu całościowym i częściowym.
5. Analiza relacji między zidentyfikowanymi czynnikami rozwoju obszarów wzrostu w ujęciu całościowym i częściowym a wielkością i strukturą wykorzystania funduszy UE.

The social and economic growth has been characterized by polarization. This phenomenon results in an emergence of the economic growth and stagnation areas. The distribution of these areas and its variability are affected by diverse growth factors which lead to convergence or divergence of the growth rate. While the very fact of developmental differences is accepted in market economy, the increasing growth diversity results in numerous negative consequences and is perceived as one of the strongest barriers to an economy’s good performance. This leads to a situation when intervention is imperative as part of the cohesion policy which, irrespective of the adopted model (be it the compensation or the polarization-diffusion model) is aimed at growth convergence on all the spatial levels. This monograph is an attempt at identifying and interpreting the above regularities and sums up an international research project financed by the National Science Centre (NN 306 79 19 40) on Socio-econom...

Na década de 1990, o discurso neoliberal entra no cenário político dos países subdesenvolvidos. As concessionárias de serviços passam a atuar no território brasileiro incumbidas de prestar serviços para a sociedade mediante regras de contrato de concessão. Mas ao mesmo tempo, as agências reguladoras dos serviços prestados fiscalizam tais empresas de forma deficitária. Com isso, empresas passam a abandonar trechos considerados não rentáveis. Entre elas, a América Latina Logística - ALL, responsável pelo transporte ferroviário da Malha Sul do Brasil desde 1996, que abandonou o trecho Passo Fundo – Marcelino Ramos (RS). O objetivo desse artigo é discutir a reforma do Estado brasileiro no que se refere ao processo de concessões/privatizações, bem como evidenciar a luta dos atores locais/regionais a partir de Audiências Públicas para a reativação do trecho ferroviário em prol do desenvolvimento local/regional, de modo que se façam cumprir as cláusulas contratuais.