Roman Palestine

RESUMO O estudo do processo do imperialismo romano na Judeia deve ressaltar as especificidades daquela região frente ao Ocidente conquistado pelos romanos. Dentre tais especificidades destacamos: a recorrência de revoltas armadas e o contato prévio com o helenismo. Para analisarmos como se desenvolveu tal processo imperialista, torna-se fundamental delimitarmos os conceitos a serem utilizados, a fim de que possamos estabelecer as relações entre as especificidades judaicas e o processo imperialista romano. ABSTRACT The study of Roman imperialism in Judea should stands out the specificities of that region face to Roman West. In the midst of such specificities, we point out: the recurrence of gunned revolts and the previous contact with helenism. To analyze how this imperial process developed, is fundamental to establish the concepts we use, with the intention of to relation Judea´s specificities to Roman imperialism.

SOMMAIRE Les idées d'adoption et, d'une façon moins marquée, d'émancipation, reviennent souvent dans la christologie des églises des origines, surtout dans le monde romain. C'est une façon de parler de la liberté du Fils par rapport à la volonté du Père, une façon qui ne dépend ni de considérations psychologiques, inconnues à l'époque, ni de réflexions tirées d'une anthropologie philosophique ou religieuse, mais de formes juridiques, connues par la population puisque, directement ou indirectement, elles touchaient la vie quotidienne. Cette étude veut montrer que ce type de problématique pourrait avoir eu un rôle dans la rédaction matthéenne du récit de l'« agonie » à Gethsémani et qu'en tenir compte peut aider à l'inter-prétation de ce passage.

The ideas of “adoption” and, to a lesser degree, “emancipation” were frequently employed in the Christology of the ancient Churches, specially in the Roman world. Both represent a way of talking about the freedom of the Son in relation to the Father’s will. These ideas did not depend on psychological considerations, unknown at the time, or on reflections drawn from a philosophical or religious anthropology. Rather, they were drawn from a popularized legal language, which touched on everyday life, either directly or indirectly. This study aims to show that such language may have had a role in Matthew’s drafting of the account of the “agony” in Gethsemane and that it can help in the interpretation of this passage.

Comparison of the Galilean fishing industry with that of the Graeco-Egyptian industry as it is reflected in numerous documentary papyri offers several important conclusions about the organization and profitability of fishing and the degree to which fishermen were embedded in other economic networks First, the requirements of fishing meant that fishermen were necessarily connected with multiple “upstream” suppliers of materials essential to fishing and also to intensive supervision and surveillance of landlords and tax officials. Second, some data suggests that fishermen likely enjoyed a level of income well above subsistence. Third, the fishing industry had multiplex connections with other social and economic sectors. It is perhaps because of the instrumental role that fishermen, tax supervisors, and their network connectivity played in the dissemination of the early Christ cult that of the early named members of Jesus’ entourage, it is only fishermen and tax collectors who are identified specifically in relation to their trade.

The chapter introduces the political world of Jesus and the first disciples via a narrative history of Palestine, centered on the period 37 BC–AD 70. It argues that "religion" and "politics" were deeply intertwined in the first century, embedded together in the concrete forms of social life, such that any interpretation of the Gospels needs to take full account of their various interactions with their historical context.

istruzione per la partecipazione È possibile la partecipazione al convegno come uditori secondo le modalità a distanza attraverso piattaforma digitale. I link verranno indicati sui canali on line degli Istituti proponenti in presenza dandone comunicazione alla mail va-ve.convegni@beniculturali.it, salvo diverse disposizioni dettate dalle norme anti-contagio.

Gideon Foerster was born in Afula in 1935, a year after his parents had immigrated from Germany to Mandatory Palestine. The family moved later to Nathania, where Gideon was an active member of the Israeli youth movement HaNoar HaOved. Already as a young boy, his curiosity drove Gideon to accompany his neighbor, Dr. Fritz Berger, who was an Antiquities Trustee, on many of his excursions to archaeological sites in the close vicinity, and it was already at this young age that Gideon had started to find great interest in this field. Upon completing his army service, in 1955, Gideon came to study archaeology and Jewish history at the Hebrew University. After concluding his MA studies in archaeology at the same university, he served as the regional archaeologist of the northern district on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (1963-1984). During this period, he has served in other important roles in major archaeological field projects as well. Among these roles, worthy of mention are his service as the chief assistant of Yigael Yadin at his excavations at Masada (1963-1965), and the excavations Gideon directed himself at Herodium (1968-1969). These field projects in two of the most important building projects of King Herod lay the foundation for Gideon's later significant contributions to the study of Herodian art and architecture. Unquestionably, the most important contribution in this field is his monumental study on the art and architecture of Masada that was published as the fifth volume of the Yigael Yadin

This article traces the evolution of the office of agoranomos in Greco-Roman Egypt and compares such developments with those of the official’s counterparts in the rest of the Greek world. This comparative approach reveals a wider trend in the Greek East and demonstrates the importance in considering the Egyptian evidence in treatments of the agoranomoi as the office in Egypt was not quite the anomaly that previous scholarship has suggested.

This new book by Reuven Kiperwasser examines the social, cultural, and religious aspects of third-to sixth-century narratives involving rabbinic fi gures migrating between Babylonia and Palestine. Kiperwasser draws on migration and mobility studies, comparative literature, humor and satire studies, as well as social history to reveal how border-crossing rabbis were seen as exporting features of their previous eastern context into their new western homes and vice versa. Through their writing, rabbinic authors articulated the nature and legitimacy of their own scholastic practices, knowledge, and authority in relationship to their internal others. REUVEN KIPERWASSER is research associate and lecturer at Ariel University in Israel and is research associate at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He specializes in rabbinic literature, and his research interests include especially the interactions between Iranian mythology, Syriac-Christian storytelling, and rabbinic narrative. His critical edition of Qoheleth Rabbah with introduction and commentary was published in 2021.

The late Antique mosaic of Orpheus decorated a small room, approximately 18 m2 in area, connected with two even smaller ones, in 4 m2 and the other 2 m2 in area, belonging most likely to a small funerary chapel (or tomb) discovered in the ancient necropolis by the Damascene Gate in Jerusalem; it was discovered in 1901 by H. Vincent.
The author proposes a new interpretation of the iconographic program of the Orpheus myth used by wealthy Christians in a sepulchral context (see Olszewski M.T. «Orphée endeuillé de la mosaïque funéraire de Jérusalem», in Rey Mimoso-Ruiz, B. ed., Actes du colloque «Orphée entre Soleil et ombre», à l’Institut Catholique de Toulouse du 16 au 17 novembre 2007, Inter Lignes, numéros spécial – mars 2008, pp. 205-214, 226). He also proposes a new interpretation of the role Orpheus played in Roman funerary art, concentrating on the importance of the play on words and the visual and textual punning that was popular in ancient art and especially in funerary art. He rejects the popular interpretation of Orpheus as Christ in the Roman catacombs and proposes to interpret the image as that of Orpheus, bard of the departed souls, without any ahistorical connection with Christ. The program of the mosaic from Jerusalem is thus explained as a play on the words Orpheus-orphanos and Chiron (Chi-Rho) and Pan [Παν(τοκράτωρ)].The frequently used Christian funerary formula of resting in peace, Christ or the Lord corresponds
perfectly with the mood created around the mythical bard.
Orpheus’ universal role as singer and musician moving even the most stony of hearts, extolling the beloved departed, is absolutely justified in the context of a 6th-century Christian tomb. Orpheus is a popular and neutral figure, meaning that in effect it does not constitute a threat to Christian theology and can be tolerated by the educated Christians of Jerusalem.

This paper examines the development of coin minting in Lod-Diospolis in its heyday during the Roman and Byzantine periods, beginning in the third century CE, when Lod was a medium sized city but important due to its economic prosperity. Minting coins in a Roman polis was a status symbol and a recognition of the city’s importance. In Lod, however, minting began late compared to other contemporary Roman Poleis.
Over 100 coins originating in Lod were studied, including their attributes, dispersal and iconographic elements—gods, rulers and buildings—as well as their inscriptions. This study set out to understand the economic, political and cultural relationship between Lod and its surrounding area, and with the larger Roman Empire, yielding invaluable insights regarding
the city and its geopolitical world.


لمدينة اللد تاريخ طويل على مر الزمن، بدء من العصر الحجري الحديث )الألفية السادسة قبل الميلاد( وحتى يومنا هذا. كان لموقع المدينة في العصور القديمة أهمية حاسمة عبر تاريخها وتطورها. تقع اللد بشريط من سهل داخلي، ممتد بين السهل الساحلي وبين الجبال، على طرق البحر، بمفترق طرق مهم تمر به الطرق الرئيسية المؤدية من الساحل نحو داخل البلاد وإلى القدس. تساعد كل من المصادر التاريخية المتنوعة والاكتشافات الأثرية المتعددة على استعادة ماضيها الممتد من منتصف الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد وحتى يومنا هذا. تعرض هذه المقالة تطور سك العملة في اللد، خلال الفترة الرومانية. كانت مدينة اللد في تلك الفترة متوسطة الحجم، ولكنها مهمة بسبب ازدهارها الزراعي. سك العملة في البوليس الروماني هو بمثابة رمز، واعتراف بأهمية المدينة. في اللد، بدأ سك العملة في بداية القرن الثالث ميلادي، وقت متأخر نسبيا بالمقارنة مع مدن البوليس الرومانية الأخرى. تحلل المقالة أكثر من مئة عملة سكت في ديوسبوليس، خصائصها وعناصرها الأيقونة: الآلهة والحكام والمباني وأكثر من ذلك، جنبا إلى جنب مع التحليل النصي للكتابات التي تظهر عليها. من خلال هذا التحليل نحاول فهم العلاقة الاقتصادية والسياسية والثقافية بين ديوسبوليس والمنطقة المحيطة بها والإمبراطورية الرومانية بشكل عام.

The paper discusses a group of gold lamellae, originating from graves in Roman Palestine, which bear the ancient Greek formula
θάρσει NN· οὐδεὶς ἀθάνατος  (Take courage, NN! No one is immortal) or its variations. It also contains a publication of two new lamellae, and several lamellae that have not been associated with this group in the past are added to the list. The new evidence is considered in the context of the ongoing debate on cultural and ritual connotations of the Palestinian lamellae.

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Samaria, renamed Sebaste after the annexation to Herod’s kingdom, was mostly excavated in the first half of the 20th century. Despite its relevant archaeological heritage, the history of the city is scarcely known. During the Middle Imperial period, Samaria–Sebaste flourished, as is suggested by the renovation of several buildings. Under Septimius Severus the city was granted the status of colonia from which is benefited greatly. This paper intends to reappraise data from old excavations, with the aim to frame the local urban renovation of the 2nd and the 3rd centuries ce in a broader regional context. With regard to this objective, marble/stone trade and architectural decoration will be analysed.

Este trabajo pretende demostrar lo plausible de la ruta seguida por Jesús tal como se la describe en Marcos 7, 31, señalando que, históricamente, nada hay de imposible, o siquiera de extraño, en descender de las tierras altas del Líbano hacia la costa de Sidón, y desde allí marchar en dirección sur por la Via Maris, atravesando la llanura de Esdrelón hasta alcanzar Escitópolis, virando entonces hacia el norte, de vuelta al Gennesaret, siguiendo el curso del Jordán, evitando así el retraso resultante de atravesar las colinas de Galilea, contra lo afirmado por algunos autores.

Close Comparison between the events which are described in the Rabbinic sources which occurred according this sources in Rosh Hashanah in Yavneh after the fall of Jerusalem and in Usha after the Bar Kokhba revolt can shed light on the way this towns became Mythological places in the Rabbinic legacy.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo da produção, circulação e iconografia militar de moedas produzidas pelas colônias romanas Élia Capitolina e Cesareia Marítima entre os séculos I e III EC. Também objetiva discutir o duplo papel da moeda propagandístico e econômico) no contexto da Palestina romana por meio da análise da relação entre a recorrência de certos tipos monetários e o contexto histórico-militar em que estes estavam inseridos. Para isso, teremos como foco a atuação do exército romano, seja como difusor do discurso imperial transmitido pela iconografia monetária por meio do escoamento dessas moedas para toda a província, seja pela utilização de sua imagem como ferramenta de manutenção da ordem, de controle das fronteiras e de afirmação política.