Numismatics

The aim of this article is to discuss a very important topic of interest and to define the character of an immense group of coins, namely - the group of the tetradrachms, which, according to the author, are called the tetradrachms of the island of Thasos, and the ‘Thasos type’ tetradrachms of ‘bad-style’. A number of authors have supported the hypothesis that the coins in question are eastern Celtic imitations. The author of this article has analyzed a number of large coin hoards, which he has already sorted and published. The methodology includes the analysis of spatial distribution; the examination of the internal chronology and dynamics of the coinage; a ‘die-study’. The author has divided the coinage in terms of names and types of Thasians present on the coins in three main groups: original – up until approximately the end of the 2nd century BC; of a ‘Thasos type’ under the control of the Roman administration in Macedonia in the period up until ca. 80 BC; imitative - after 70 BC. At the same time, the author has given his own definition regarding which tetradrachms of the “Dionysios Soter” type are imitations. These are the rough and almost completely barbarous imitations, on which the legends are simply forged by marks. The images are stylized and they diverge from the prototype. The coins themselves, which have so far been called imitations, the author has divided into three groups: the first and the second ones he refers to as ‘bad-style’ coins, whereas the third one he calls ‘real’ imitations. The question of the so-called imitations of the tetradrachms of the Macedonian regions has been touched upon, as well.

I am in the beginning stages of establishing the Southeast Asian Numismatics Digital Archive (NOTE: An early proof-of-concept site can be found at seanda.omeka.net. A proposal currently under consideration would adopt the numisdata platform of dedalo.dev, the best example of which is monedaiberica.org). The main objective of SEANDA is to be an ever-evolving authoritative curated database of coinage produced in Southeast Asia from the fifth century CE to the beginning of the modern era. Initially, the project will focus on pre-Islamic coin series from mainland and island Southeast Asia, with Islamic and post-1400 CE material added as organizational resources become available.

SEANDA will include full descriptions of all coin series, types, and varieties produced in the region together with high-quality digital images of the best examples available to researchers. Entries will be based upon the study of institutional holdings, private collections, previous research, dealer catalogues, auction offerings, and archaeological excavation reports among other resources. A full bibliographic apparatus will be supplied, together with links to additional online resources. To assist in their detection, modern forgeries, fakes, and fantasy pieces will be included as well.

Analysis of representative coin specimens and associated artifacts will assist in understanding design choices and symbolism, weight standards and denominations, mint practice, metallurgical content, as well as their function within Southeast Asian prestige, tribute, and trading networks. The inclusion of hoards and individual coin finds will be used to determine the numismatic geography for each series, type, and variety. Seals, sealings, seal impressions, renderings of coin motifs found in various media, copper-plate and stone inscriptions, as well as other related  historical documents, will be included in the database as well.

The objectives of SEANDA are three-fold. First, to provide a standard for describing and identifying Southeast Asia's numismatic heritage by archaeologists, researchers, museum professionals and collectors. Second, to bring together in a single location all reliable information regarding coin finds in the region. And third, to present that information in a readily accessible format. For more information, see USING THIS SITE.

SEANDA is dedicated to honoring the numismatic contributions of Jan Wisseman Christie (1947-2021), Pamela Gutman (1944-2015), Vasilijs Mihailovs (1978-2015), B.N. Mukherjee (1932-2013), M. Harunur Rashid (1925-2010) and Nicholas Rhodes (1946-2011).

If you are interested in contributing to this effort, please contact me:
Robert S. Wicks, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Miami University Art Museum, Director (2000-2021)
Oxford, OH 45056
wicksrs@miamioh.edu

Gli Annali di storia bresciana, promossi dall'Ateneo di Brescia, sono realizzati con il contributo della www.morcelliana.com I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche), sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633 ovvero dell'accordo stipulato tra SIAE, AIE, SNS, SLSI e CNA, CONFARTIGIANA-TO, CASARTIGIANI, CLAAI e LEGACOOP il 17 novembre 2005. Le riproduzioni ad uso differente da quello personale potranno avvenire, per un numero di pagine non superiore al 15% del presente volume, solo a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da AIDRO, via delle Erbe n. 2, 20121 Milano, telefax 02.809506,

This MSc thesis contributes new information to and original analysis of the topics of Viking-Age silver hoards and Irish monastic settlements, as well as their respective usefulness for understanding the early medieval Irish economy. Historiography regarding the early medieval Irish economy has been affected by colonial and nationalist myths, creating an image of a rural and subsistence-level society that was poorly integrated into the larger Viking-Age silver economy and primitive in nature. Furthering Revisionist arguments, this thesis challenges these assumptions by demonstrating Irish ownership of silver hoards and the economic roles of monastic settlements (which may have served as proto-urban sites). 
The research entailed a mixed methodological approach. Primarily, data regarding silver hoards and settlements in Ireland (both Irish and Hiberno-Norse) was plotted within a GIS system to allow for distributional analysis. Measurements were taken from the created maps to provide quantitative data, while discovered trends and relationships were qualitatively analyzed within a comprehensive historical context. These methods were complemented with a historical critique of a coin database, allowing for more detailed study of the content of hoard finds.
The results of the analyses revealed a strong relationship between silver hoards and monastic settlements (with mostly coins found at these sites), substantiating the economic significance of the latter. Additionally, many hoards were found inland and deep within independent Irish kingdoms. Few hoards were found to be randomly deposited. Rather, most were associated with either Irish or Hiberno-Norse settlements, as well as borders between kingdoms. Such promising results illustrate the need for more extensive research on both silver hoards and the Early Medieval Irish economy, both of which possess complexities that require further elucidation.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der Horizont des Imperium Romanum nach Osten anhand von numismatischen Zeugnissen untersucht werden. Hierfür bieten sich vor allem die römischen Münzfunde aus Indien an, da sie in der Fachwelt am meisten diskutiert wurden.

Conclusions about the duration of participation in the circulation of the
coins from the 6th–7th centuries are presented by analysing the coin composition of the collective finds from the studied period. The results show that the life span of specimens from this period is 60–80 years, even up to 100 years, as other researchers have also concluded. However, it was established that the coins minted between 527 and 602 AD circulated for half this time (i.e. 30–60 years) and dropped out of circulation within the same period (ca. 602 to ca. 629 AD). This time coincides with some administrative reforms in the organisation of the
production of coins, but also with the production and distribution of an extremely large number of newly minted coins of gold, silver and bronze. These observations allow us to argue that, after 602 AD, a new monetary policy was formed in Byzantium, which had two main goals. Firstly, to increase the revenues from the production of coins and their subsequent
distribution (by increasing the volume of coins produced and putting them in circulation, which necessitated the withdrawal from circulation of the ‘old’ coins). And, secondly, to optimise the production costs (by overstriking old coins, reducing the volume of bronze coinage, closing of mints and concentrating the production in Constantinople).

Der Bayerische und der Böhmische Pfennig (Text auf Tschechisch)
Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereits im Hochmittelalter sowohl durch intensive Handelsbeziehungen wie auch durch Migrationsprozessen eng miteinander verbunden. Die Phasen, Richtungen und Strömungen dieser Beziehungsgeschichte lassen sich am Beispiel des damals kursierenden Geldes rekonstruieren. Sie lassen auch Rückschlüsse auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse im Hochmittelalter zu. Im Folgenden werden daher die Rahmenbedingungen von handel und Verkehr nachgezeichnet, um anschließend die Herstellung und Verbreitung von Münzen zu analysieren, anhand deren sich unterschiedliche grenzüberschreitende Währungsräume erkennen lassen. Die Entstehung und der Wandel dieser Währungsräume gehen dabei einerseits auf die Migrations- Siedlungsgeschichte Böhmens zurück, andererseits auf strukturelle Bedingungen wie natürliche Ressourcen.

The quantitative and qualitative growth of archaeological research in post-classical contexts in Italy has made it possible to conduct a census of coin finds in churches from the early Middle Ages to the Modern Era. This paper presents the first results of a preliminary study and discusses the problems related to the documentation and interpretation of these finds, in order to enrich the current debate and propose new research perspectives. To this end, numismatic as well as archaeological and contextual aspects (topography, stratigraphy and formative processes, association of findings, general contexts) have been taken into account. The result is of this study shows, of one hand, it shows the complexity of attitudes and the variety of uses of currency in medieval religious contexts and, on the other, it highlights the semantic ambiguities and the different interpretative problems often derived from archaeological documentation that is not yet sufficiently focused on some of the most important specifications and contextual data.

La crescita quantitativa e qualitativa delle indagini archeologiche in contesti post-classici in Italia ha consentito di impostare un lavoro di censimento dei ritrovamenti di monete nelle chiese dall’Alto Medioevo fino all’Età Moderna. In questo contributo si illustrano i primi risultati di questo studio preliminare e si discutono le problematiche connesse alla documentazione e all’interpretazione di tali rinvenimenti, al fine di arricchire il dibattito in corso e proporre nuove prospettive di ricerca. A tal fine, sono stati presi in considerazione tanto gli aspetti numismatici quanto quelli archeologici e di contesto (topografia, stratigrafia e processi formativi, associazione dei ritrovamenti, contesti generali). Ne emerge un quadro articolato che da un lato mostra la complessità di atteggiamenti e la varietà di utilizzi della moneta nei contesti religiosi medievali, e dall’altro mette in luce le ambiguità semantiche e i diversi problemi interpretativi spesso derivati da una documentazione archeologica ancora poco attenta ad alcune importanti specifiche e ai dati di contesto

22  perforated  coins  were  excavated  in  the  Aquincum-Graphisoft  cemetery,  the  eastern  graveyard of the civil town, primarily found in child graves. This is surprising compared to the general scarcity of these pierced coins in larger numbers. Most peculiar are the coins with three perforations that are diffcult to interpret, and are mostly found on the Middle anubianlimes. The closest parallels are from the Viminacian cemeteries in Moesia Superior, where a large  number  were  deposited  in  child  graves.  In  several  cases  these  perforated  coins  formed  part of a necklace or bracelet that were given as toys and protection to the infants, since they were more exposed to harm.

Tav. I. a: denaro ottoniano di Pavia, collezione privata; b: denaro ottoniano di Lucca, Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi, Lucca; c-d: denaro lucchese per Corrado II e per Enrico IV, collezione privata; e-f: denari lucchesi per Enrico V, Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi, Lucca; g: denaro di Pisa per Federico I, collezione privata; h: denaro attribuito a Volterra dallo scavo di Miranduolo (da Cicali, I reperti monetali).

If you want to be remembered as “Great” it helps to be the child of a king, whether your name is Alfred, or Catherine, or ….Alexander.

It also helps to fight victorious wars.  History’s losers seldom get to be called “Great”

And it helps to be Rich.  Alexander’s father, king Philip II of Macedon was the richest man in Greece, thanks to the gold mines of Mt. Pangaion, and he left Alexander the best trained and equipped army in the world.

This is the script for my podcast, which is online at:
https://coinweek.com/coinweek-podcast/coinweek-podcast-140-what-made-alexander-great/

Özet: Makalede Osman Gâzî'nin İbrâhim Artuk tarafından yayımlanan ilk sikkesi hakkındaki bâzı iddiâların bilimsel tenkidi ve 1980'li yıllarda ünlü nümismat Nicholas Lowick'in R. P. Lindner'le birlikte inceledikleri, ancak o zamandan beri nerede olduğu bilinmeyen ikinci Osman Gâzî sikkesinin fotoğraf ve çizimleri ekseninde; Osman Gâzi için hutbe-sikke gibi şartların oluşup-oluşmaması, ilk Osman Gâzî sikkesinin sahte olduğu iddiâları, "İstiklâl-i 'Osmânî" hakkında öne sürülen yaygın görüşler ve kuruluş dönemi ile ilgili diğer tartışmalı meseleler yeniden ele alınmıştır.

Resumo: O presente artigo busca discutir a ficção para além do ψεῦδος (pseûdos) no mundo grego. Para tanto, examino o estatuto da ficção e do ficcional a partir de moedas falsas. Na relação do homem grego com sua moeda, falsa ou verdadeira, deparamo-nos com situações em que moedas falsas são autorizadas a integrar a circulação, tornando-se, consequentemente, equivalentes às verdadeiras; há também moedas falsificadas capazes de pôr em xeque as verdadeiras; e ainda as falsas que podem se tornar mais verdadeiras do que as reais. É preciso notar que o contraste vocabular entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) não permite perceber a fluidez da fronteira entre uma ideia e outra. Donde, talvez, a contribuição de observar como essa mesma fronteira se comporta nas práticas do mundo grego pouco familiares às noções de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (como no caso das moedas), mas que, inevitavelmente, participam de sua elaboração e sofisticação. Tais práticas ajudam, assim, a explicar o pacto de ficcionalidade no teatro clássico.
Palavras-chave: falsificação; moedas falsas; moedas verdadeiras; ficção; teatro.

LA CONTREFAÇON ET LE THÉÂTRE GREC: DEUX FACES D'UNE MÊME PIÈCE
Résumé: Dans cette réflexion, je voudrais discuter la fiction au-delà du ψεῦδος (pseûdos) dans le monde grec. J'examine, pour ce faire, le statut de la fiction ou du fictionnel, en particulier dans les fausses pièces. Dans la relation de l'homme grec avec sa monnaie, tant réelle que fausse, on est confronté à des situations où il y a des pièces fausses qui sont autorisées à intégrer la circulation et, par conséquent, sont équivalentes aux vraies; ainsi que pièces contrefaites qui sont capables de mettre en échec la vraie monnaie; et encore des contrefaites qui peuvent devenir plus réelles que les réelles. Il faut noter que le contraste entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) ne permet pas de percevoir la fluidité de la frontière entre une idée et l’autre. D’où, peut-être, la raison d’observer comment cette même frontière se comporte dans les pratiques du monde grec, en principe pratiques peu habituées aux notions de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (comme dans le cas de la monnaie), mais qui, inévitablement, ont participé à leur élaboration et à leur sophistication. Et qui aident (ces pratiques) à expliquer le pacte de fiction au théâtre classique.
Mots-clés: contrefaçon; fausses pièces; varies pièces; fiction; théâtre.

En el Archivo Histórico Nacional, en la sección de Papeles de Estado, encontramos un Expediente sobre la Amistad de varias naciones de Indios de Luisiana, entre los años 1778 y 1788. En el mismo se contiene la documentación relativa al acopio de efectos para regalos a los indios Uchizes-Creeks bajos-y Falapuches, así como la fabricación en la Casa de Moneda de México de medallas de plata según las muestras enviadas por el Gobernador, cuyo diseño fue encargado a Tomás Francisco Prieto.

""Archaeologist, Teacher, Friend. Nicolai Telnov’s Anniversary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL
N. V. Zhilina (Moscow, Russia). Stamped Jewel Attire Reconstructed Based on Old Rus Hoards of 10th — 13th Centuries (from the ornamental stamping to the emblem of the princely power). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
V. Ivanišević (Belgrad, Serbia), M. Kazanski (Paris, France). Justinian’s Heruli in Northern
Illyricum and Their Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova). North-Eastern Possessions of the First Bulgarian Kingdom in 7th—10th cc.: History and Burial Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
A. V. Kurbatov (St.-Petersburg, Russia). Raw materials for leather crafts, technical means
for leather processing and assortment of leathers in Mediaeval Rus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

JEWELLER’S CRAFT
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russia). Adornments of Romny Time from Kursk Oblast
(second half of 8th — late 10th cc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Y. V. Stepanova (Tver’, Russia). Temple Rings from Ancient Russian Rural Archaeological Sites in the Upper Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
S. S. Ryabtseva (St.-Petersburg, Russia — Kishinev, Moldova), N. P. Telnov (Kishinev, Moldova). A Hoard from Alcedar and Centers of Jewellery Industry in Eastern Europe in late 9th — early 11th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
А. Boldureanu (Kishinev, Moldova). The Byzantine and Islamic Coins from Alcedar Hoard . . . 301

ARCHAEOLOGY OF REPRESENTATIONS
Y. V. Mysko, S. V. Pyvovarov (Chernivtsi, Ukraine). Finds of Knives with Curls on the Handles in the Region of the Upper Prut and the Middle Dniester . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 309
I. Berdzenishvili (Tbilisi, Georgia). Early Christians in Abkhazia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet 329
Requirements to contributions to Stratum plus. 345

Содержание

AD GLORIAM 

Р. А. Рабинович (Кишинев, Молдова), С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинев, Молдова)
Археолог. Учитель. Друг. К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова 15

МОНОГРАФИЯ В ЖУРНАЛЕ 

Н. В. Жилина (Москва, Россия)
Тисненый убор по древнерусским кладам X—XIII вв. (от орнаментального рифления до эмблемы княжеской власти) 23

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПУБЛИКАЦИИ 

В. Иванишевич (Белград, Сербия), М. Казанский (Париж, Франция)
Герулы Юстиниана в Северном Иллирикуме и их археологические следы 147
Н. Д. Руссев (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Северо-восточные владения Дунайской Болгарии VII—X вв.: история и погребальные памятники 159
А. В. Курбатов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Кожевенное сырье, техническое обеспечение его выделки и сортамент кож средневековой Руси 169

ЮВЕЛИРНОЕ ДЕЛО 

А. Г. Шпилев (Курск, Россия)
Украшения роменского времени из Курской области (вторая половина VIII — конец X вв.) 221
Ю. В. Степанова (Тверь, Россия)
Височные кольца из древнерусских сельских памятников Верхневолжья 275
С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинёв, Молдова), Н. П. Тельнов (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Алчедарский клад и центры ювелирного производства Восточной Европы конца IX — начала XI вв. 285
А. Болдуряну (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Византийские и исламские монеты из Алчедарского клада 301

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ 

Ю. В. Мысько, С. В. Пивоваров (Черновцы, Украина)
Находки ножей с волютообразными навершиями в Верхнем Попрутье и Среднем Поднестровье 309
И. Бердзенишвили (Тбилиси, Грузия)
Раннее христианство в Абхазии 317

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet327
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»
Требования 341