Social Architecture

החברה החרדית נתפסת בעיני רבים בחברה הישראלית ולעיתים גם בספרות כחברה מאיימת מפני שונותה, שלרוב בלתי מובנת, ומפני גידול כוחה והשפעתה החברתית, הדמוגרפית והפוליטית. תחושת האיום ברוב המקרים נובעת מחוסר ידיעה, מבורות לגבי חייו של השכן ופיתוחן של תיאוריות והשערות המהולות בפיסות מידע קטועות מכאן ומכאן. החרדים אינם נתפסים רק כאיום על אורח החיים החילוני, אלא גם כמערערים את בסיס הלגיטימיות של הקיום הציוני-ישראלי. 
מנקודת מבט זו, השאלה: מי הם החרדים? אינה רק בעלת משמעות אנתרופולוגית, אלא גם בעלת משמעויות רחבות יותר. ואולם, חיבור זה אינו בא להתמודד עם אתגרים היסטוריוגרפיים ואידיאולוגיים שהחברה החרדית מציגה בפני הישראלי והיהודי החילוני- ציוני ולהיפך, ואף לא יעסוק בפוליטיקה. ענייננו הוא לענות על מספר שאלות הקשורות בהתפתחותה של החברה החרדית, אופיה המיוחד, אמונתה והשקפתה הדתית, מגמותיה הדמוגרפיות ותכונותיה הכלכליות בכדי לגבש מסקנות תכנוניות-אדריכליות עבור אותה חברה מרמת הדירה, הבניין והשכונה הפרברית/ עירונית.

This essay was written as the Introduction and Call for the 2016 Berkeley Prize on the Social Art of Architecture; an annual essay prize for undergraduate students sponsored by the College of Architecture and Environmental Design (http://www.berkeleyprize.org/). The essay considers architectural interventions in designing shelter for the 100 million people on the globe without a roof, trapped in the liminal zone between street and home. While Mass Housing is certainly the long-term structural solution, to which architects have long given much attention, much less attention has been directed to the basic questions of temporary shelter, camps, and street interventions. Considering the lack of political will to provide such housing alongside the rapid growth in the global houseless population over the past 20 years, even amidst the overall drop in global poverty rates, points to an urgent need for architectural responses  to provide more comfort, safety, and stability than the pavement  to the increasingly permanent emergency faced by the precarious, floating, and stateless factions of society.

In Ghana, mud, which is a locally available material and can be easily re-used or recycled, has over the years seen a tremendous decline in its use for residential building construction, and is by the year becoming less popular. In 2005 for instance, the Ghana statistical service reported that 50% of houses in Ghana used mud as the main construction material for walls. In 2008, it was further indicated in the Ghana Living standards report that the predominant wall construction material used was cement/sandcrete block, taking up 75.7%. Mud and mud brick construction on the other hand was recorded at 18.5% – a very drastic reduction of mud in the construction field. This research was conducted using a combination of closed and open-ended questionnaires, group interviews with the inhabitants of the community (Kwaso Deduako), field observations, recorded literature, and interviews with building professionals, building contractors, engineers and foreign and local architects.  The main aim was to explore the non-technical aspect of the use of mud in residential buildings in Ghana, focusing on the social acceptance of the building material rather than the construction techniques used in its application. The research also studied the changing trend in the preference of materials, the level of acceptability of mud as a building material within the various income classes in the community and the willingness to use it in future projects.
The study showed that the greatest barrier preventing the increased use and innovation of mud was the perception that it is a primitive material and mud architecture is ‘backward’.

The paper explores Tati's use of new film media in 'Playtime' in ways that reveal more fundamental modes of social, mimetic and situational mediation as performed in the film by architects, and architect-like characters, and by the architectural settings which Jacques Tati devised.

Modernism and geopolitical infrastructure is often explained as
distinct and conflicting discussions, this essay aims to reflect on
African Modernism together with Geopolitical architecture.
Understanding the confidence of African Modernism as
investment to Geopolitical architecture within contemporary
Sub-Sahara Africa.

The current urban social space of the Porvenir´s district, is determined largely by the large influx of immigrants over the last 4 decades have led to a redistribution of the different social strata. This study is a detailed analysis of the socio-spatial situation of this district, with emphasis on the use of research methods in order to exploit in every way the possibilities and advantages inherent in each of them and allow and a high degree of validity and representativeness of the data. In such form, has been diagnosed with a series of sustainable, such as the breeding of small animals like rabbits through soil treatment using agricultural knowledge to permaculture based on current state social programs, economic activities and gentle to the environment and tested in certain parts of Peru in order to re actively inserting part of the population currently lives below the indexes district abandoned, social exclusion, ethnic exclusion and lack of opportunities technologies. Architecturally development allows us to appreciate a level of integration in the research basis points as the natural environment and urban context. However, although at first “soup kitchens” may seem segregated nuclei I identified each of the aspects that limit their approach and have developed so articulated this study with the short-, medium – and long term counter the reality current problems found.

The world is haunted by crisis and architects are responding with various “conscious” practices. The testing of ideas is invaluable, however we must also unpack the interconnections between crisis, space, and new architectural practices.

This paper will traverse the global economic crisis and revolts, the commodification fetish of architecture, observe a “conscious” architectural practice, and suggest architects follow the new political imagination with a new architectural imagination. The dominant practice of architecture that people aspire to practice and that has engulfed architecture pedagogy in the United States and elsewhere is a fetish for “conscious” architectural objects disguised by progressive rhetoric: sustainable, political, social, public interest, acupuncture, smart, for the other 90%, etc. The practices of architectural consciousness are a fetish (and have a “talisman complex”) that assumes they can produce a predetermined societal impact from an aesthetic, innovative or technological nature of the architectural object.

Comparing to other forms of human creation, architecture is often slow and passive. It takes years, if not decades to complete a public building. From the initial competition entry by Asplund to the actual building, the Gothenburg Law Courts took 24 years to complete. During this time, the shift of aesthetic culture in Sweden from Neoclassicism to National Romanticism and finally to Functionalism has influenced the building’s architectural style. Besides stylistic influences, the paradigm of existing political and social structure in Sweden is undergoing tremendous change. With the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) winning the general election and the majority of parliament in 1932, the country’s policy has become more liberal. A great number of bold economic stimulus schemes were launched to develop better infrastructure for the country. The Gothenburg Law Courts was finally conceived under this stimulus scheme led by the Swedish Social Democratic Party. This essay took interest in the most significant and controversial work of Gunnar Asplund, the Gothenburg Law Courts (1937). The following analysis will focus on different parties’ reactions and interpretation of a Gothenburg Law Courts in an attempt to understand the influence of the building socially and politically.

In the context of ongoing economic and environmental crises, “social architecture” has gained traction as a description of those practices that seek to challenge the dominant professional model of capital-intensive, client-dependent architectural production. Approaching “social architecture” as a representation that contains crucial assumptions both about mainstream architectural practice and disparate strategies for its rejection, this paper draws on recent critical social science literature to analyse fieldwork with the Rural Studio, a design-build program in Alabama, USA. Exploring different understandings of “social architecture”—including as expressed by students, teachers, clients and community members—we suggest that the category is, in practice contexts, replete with tensions, rejections and uncertainties; coherence of intention or outcome can certainly not be assumed when architects attempt to deal with contradictions and crises emerging from other parts of capitalist society.

This paper introduces the PHP (People’s Housing Process) approach to housing provision in South-Africa as a noteworthy third way that allows housing provision for the urban poor. In this contribution we will illustrate how, in an assisted approach of self-help housing, the government can play an important role in safeguarding the production of homes rather than merely providing dwellings. In doing so taking into account the more intangible and symbolic meaning of the house and home, which we argue are a central factor for a sustainable housing strategy.

This assisted self-help housing scheme was approved in 1998 and was inspired by the work of homeless people’s federation (SAHPF) and saving and housing schemes from around the globe. The further development of the scheme has been a challenging process but we argue that the PHP programme deserves more attention as a housing provision mechanism. Additionally, one of the strengths of the PHP approach is its applicability in a wider area of project types, from township upgrading to hostel redevelopment projects, and illustrated in this contribution by introducing the hostel redevelopment poject Ilinge Labahlali in Cape Town.

In what follows, the PHP approach is introduced, and the increasing interest of the government illustrated. Then, using two case studies, the importance of the assistance of government and NGOs is elaborated upon. In conclusion the challenges that still need to be met are highlighted.

La première partie de ce travail s’interroge sur la crise du logement à Bruxelles. On y explore les causes et facteurs de la problématique, définit le terme de logement décent et ce que signifie le « droit à la ville ». On s’y intéresse particulièrement aux personnes en situation de grande précarité afin de déterminer le plus grand facteur d’inclusive. L’auteur souligne les carences des solutions institutionnelles menant au développement d’alternatives sur le terrain par des associations citoyennes. La problématique du logement est mis en connexion avec celle du parc immobilier vacant à Bruxelles: Effectivement 2013 ce sont entre 15000 et 30000 logements privés, 2275 logements sociaux et plus de 1000000 m² de bureaux qui sont inoccupés. Et pourtant plus de 2600 personnes sans-abris et mal logés.
Ces conditions favorisent un accroissement du phénomène du squat. Aussi l’auteur pose l’hypothèse qu’à partir de ce contexte un élément de réponse possible émerge: la convention d’occupation temporaire et le développement au sein de celui-ci d’un logement collectif solidaire.
La seconde partie consiste en une étude de cas : Le « 123 rue royale ».
Cet ancien Squat situé dans un immeuble de bureaux de la communauté française est le premier projet en son genre en Belgique. Les habitants, qui signent en 2007 une convention d’occupation temporaire avec le propriétaire, portent un projet de logement solidaire alternatif en autogestion. Celui-ci allie logements a mixité socio-économique, ateliers urbains et projets de récupération. Tous les projets au sein du « 123 » se basent sur les mêmes principes : L’autogestion la solidarité, la participation et le prix libre. Ainsi des habitants récupèrent chaque jour les invendus de divers magasins pour leurs repas et le dimanche organisent une table d’hôte. On peut aussi y réparer son vélo à partir de pièces récupérées. Ce projet qui existe depuis 9 ans au moment d’écrire ces lignes reste néanmoins dans la précarité, car les habitants peuvent se voir expulsés du bâtiment, une fois un acquéreur trouvé, dans un délai de 6 mois. Quant à savoir qui, du bâtiment ou des habitants porte réellement le projet…

Salama, A. M. and Wilkinson, W. (eds.) (2007). Design Studio Pedagogy: Horizons for the Future. Urban International Press, Gateshead, United Kingdom. ISBN # 1-872811-09-04.

This groundbreaking book is a new comprehensive round of debate developed in response to the lack of research on design pedagogy. It provides thoughts, ideas, and experiments of design educators of different generations, different academic backgrounds, who are teaching and conducting research in different cultural contexts. It probes future universal visions within which the needs of future shapers of the built environment can be conceptualized and the design pedagogy that satisfies those needs can be debated. Addressing academics, practitioners, graduate students, and those who make decisions about the educational system over twenty contributors remarkably introduce analytical reflections on their positions and experience. Two invited contributions of N. John Habraken and Henry Sanoff offer visionary thoughts on their outstanding experience in design pedagogy and research.Structured in five chapters, this book introduces theoretical perspectives on design pedagogy and outlines a number of thematic issues that pertain to critical thinking and decision making; cognitive and teaching/learning styles; community, place, and service learning; and the application of digital technologies in studio teaching practices, all articulated in a conscious endeavor toward the betterment of the built environment.

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Review by Michael J. Crosbie
http://archnet.org/publications/4957

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Review by Halina Dunin-Woyseth
http://archnet.org/publications/5094

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Review by Research-Design Connections
http://researchdesignconnections.com/pub/design-studio-pedagogy-horizons-future

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Review by Julia W. Robinson
http://archnet.org/publications/5095

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Review by Nikos Salingaros http://architectureurbanism.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/salingaros-review-of-design-studio.html

The objective of this essay is to highlight the ability of architecture to challenge the government, by reinforcing the identity of place. This essay will examine Makoko and Makoko Floating School by Nlé Architects as basis for this argument. Nlé Architects aims to enhance and celebrate the identity of Makoko instead of replacing it with ostentatious buildings as intended by the government.

ABSTRAK Rumah Limas ialah rumah tradisional yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Rumah Limas yang ada di Kota Palembang terdapat hubungan antara ruang dalam dengan gelar kebangsawanan masyarakat Kota Palembang. Terdapat empat gelar kebangasawanan yang ada di masyarakat Kota Palembang, yaitu raden, masagus, kiagus, dan kemas. Gelar ini diberikan berdasarkan pekerjaan serta fungsi tatanan masyarakat di era Kerajaan Kesultanan Palembang Darusallam, dan diberikan secara turun-temurun. Ruang sosial yang ada di dalam Rumah Limas merupakan salah satu implementasi gelar sosial kebangsawanan masyarakat Palembang. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan upaya terhadap peninggalan bangunan yang ada. Dengan melakukan konservasi pada bangunan bersejarah serta memberikan penjelasan mengenai pola masyarakat yang terdapat di Kota Palembang pada era Kesultanan. Studi ruang sosial Rumah Limas ini dilakukan dengan mengamati denah serta observasi langsung. Metode analisis kualitatif digunakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan suatu keadaan yang memberi pengaruh pada ruang sosial rumah. Hasil studi didapatkan tiga ruangan sebagai perwujudan strata sosia, yaitu ruang pagar tenggalung sebagai tempat duduk masyarakat dengan gelar kemas dan kiagus, ruang jogan tempat duduknya masagus, dan ruang gegajah sebagai tempat duduknya gelar raden dan tempat diadakannya upacara adat. Kata kunci: strata sosial ruang, rumah limas, polans pasial ABSTRACT Rumah Limas is a traditional house owned by the people of Palembang, South Sumatra. Limas house in the city of palembang there is a relationship between the inside space with the nobility of the people in Palembang City. There are four title kebandasawan existing in the city of Palembang that is, raden, masagus, kiagus and kemas. This title is given based on the work and also the function of the community order in the era of Sultanate of Palembang Darusallam Sultanate and given hereditary. This research is expected to be a record for all, and can also provide an effort to preserve the existing buildings in the conservation of historical buildings. The study of social space in Limas House is done by observing the floor plan and also direct observation. Qualitative analysis method is used with the aim to know things relating to a situation that gives effect to the social space of the house.There are three rooms as the embodiment of social strata that is, tenggalung fencing room as a seat of society with a degree of kemas and kiagus, jogan space masagus and gegajah space as the title of raden and also the place of ceremonies of customs. Keywords: social strata of space, rumah limas, spatial pattern

The wide-ranging debate relating to the architect’s responsibility towards society has often been over-simplified by use of the term participation, resulting in the production of a tide of literature on the subject.
De Carlo was one who supported participation, but the matter is not as simple as that. Numerous examples have been cited, mainly of residential architecture, some of which council housing, in which the architect interviewed the inhabitants. Several critics have commented that he used maieutic to convince people to support his projects; others claim that in reality it was only a pretext for propaganda and publicity. What is certain is that participation was a key word for De Carlo, who was an attentive anticipator of present-day issues.
The intention of this work is to explain De Carlo's theoretic by means of the cultural context and editorial production, in order to arrive at an understanding that the object in discussion is not participation (which can be defined as a tool) but rather the role architecture can have with regard to society.
This will be explained by means of a close examination of the most noteworthy events which took place at the end of the CIAM until the creation of Team X and from the tenth Triennial of Milan in 1954 with the Mostra dell’Urbanistica entitled “Cronache Italiane”, up to the seventh Biennial of Architecture in 2000, organized by Massimiliano Fuksas entitled “Città, Less Aesthetics, More Ethics”. A rapid survey, similar to a trailer, in which the real protagonists are always the same: space understood as architecture and society understood as the people who inhabit it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prxspFrSK-o

https://inhh.org/2021/05/11/space-and-the-hospital-international-network-for-the-history-of-hospitals-conference-26-28-may-2021/

http://www.artis.letras.ulisboa.pt/en/eventos,9,1615,detalhe.aspx

https://arthist.net/archive/34121

http://www.cham.fcsh.unl.pt/ac_actividade.aspx?ActId=1085

The 13th International network for the history of hospitals conference will explore the relationship between space and hospital. Space, in both its physical and conceptual manifestations, has been a part of how hospitals were designed, built, used, and understood within the wider community. By focusing on space, this conference aims to explore this subject through the lens of its architectural, socio-cultural, medical, economic, charitable, ideological, and public conceptualisations.

This online symposium will bring together academics from a range of disciplines to present case studies from across the globe to explore the relationship between space and hospitals throughout history by examining it through the lens of five themes: (1) ritual, space, and architecture; (2) hospitals as 'model' spaces; (3) the impact of medical practice and theory on space; (4) hospitality and social space; (5) sponsorship.

This virtual conference is sponsored CHAM, NOVA FCSH; ARTIS - Instituto de História da Arte, FLUL; IECCPMA - Instituto Europeu de Ciências da Cultura Padre Manuel Antunes; and CML - Câmara Municipal de Lisboa.

In partnership with research projects: Hospitalis: Hospital Architecture in Portugal at the Dawn of Modernity (PTDC/ART-HIS/30808/2017) and All Saints Royal Hospital: city and public health (CML; CHAM, NOVA FCSH).

13th Conference. International Network for the History of Hospitals, Lisbon, 26-28 May 2021.

Дипломная работа, Московский архитектурный институт, 2020 В основе нашего проекта мы поставили три основные проблемы: связь с городом, отсутствие инфраструктуры и неконтролируемый рост неформальных поселений. Мы предлагаем упорядочить хаос, который функционально был создан правильно, потому что люди строили для себя в первую очередь то, что им нужно. В этом случае мы предлагаем инъекцию, которая огибает места, которые можно оставить, и изменяет проблемные области. Авторы: Сергей Головин Анастасия Степанова, под руководством проф. МАМЛЕЕВА Оскара Раульевича.

Architects are reemphasizing their social mission and creating new forms of ‘social architecture,’ which has elsewhere been categorized as ‘activist,’ ‘humanitarian,’ ‘progressive,’ and ‘public interest.’ This present form of social architecture has roots in 1960s experimentation and has been a reaction to professionalization of the discipline and to stylistic postmodernism. It has paralleled environmental consciousness, and has become more relevant with rising inequality due to the global recession and continuing economic instability. The magnitude of social architecture’s development is impressive. A ‘social architectural’ program has been voted by the Deans of Architecture schools as the best education model in the US[1] and the work of socially engaged architects has been exhibited at MoMA in New York.[2] ‘Social architects receive national awards, teach studios in the Ivy League, and organize conferences to spread influence beyond their disciplinary boundaries.

                As new practices develop, controversies have surfaced regarding the architect’s ambiguous relationship to yielding disciplinary power. This paper will present (1) critical perspectives on social architecture, (2) ethnographic snapshots from the field, (3) a geopolitical perspective, and (4) a projectile where the ‘social’ is more radically localized alongside social movements like the Right to the City.

Design Studio Pedagogy: Horizons for the Future, Ashraf M. Salama and Nicholas Wilkinson (Editors), Review by Halina Dunin Woyseth, 2007
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The book in question is an extensive work, which assembles essays by twenty-six authors. The structuring concept of the book builds upon the following thematic parts: 1. Theoretical Perspectives; 2. Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Studio Pedagogy; 3. Addressing Cognitive Style in Studio Pedagogy; 4. Community, Place and the Studio; 5. Digital Technologies and the Studio. Each part has its own introduction written by the editors. The subject of the book is a field of expertise for the editors. Ashraf Salama has published numerous works on the matter since his influential book “New Trends in Architectural Education: Designing the Design Studio” (1995). Nicholas Wilkinson has been a studio educator for over 20 years and has written extensively on education and housing in addition to his experience and sustained effort as chief editor of Open House International. Their introduction to the book is followed by two invited essays by N. John Habraken and Henry Sanoff, both internationally renowned education practitioners and scholars. The message of the book appears to be a unanimous criticism of the dominating design studio practices. The book offers a broad picture of the current transformation of these practices.
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See more by downloading the full article

Architectural Education, Design Pedagogy, Community Design, Social Architecture, Place Making

It all started with a walk in the cramming of Mănăștur in Cluj, when suddenly the wall of blocks made room to a huge green space bordered by woods and tens of urban gardens apparently emerged from nowhere. We reached “La Terenuri," the area named thus due to the sports fields set here. This place was the communal meadow of Mănăștur village, pulled down to be replace with what is now the densest neighbourhood in Cluj, Mănăștur. Here, for 30 years, things have not changed too much: people grow vegetables on generous plots and children play at their leisure on the green surface, in the woods and on the fields. All those take place under the umbrella of legal uncertainty of properties and claims coming in the time of the real estate boom.

Considered to be the answer to the problem of globalisation, the “architecture of resistance” was exposited by Frampton (The anti-aesthetic: essays on postmodern culture. Bay Press, Port Townsend, pp. 16–30, 1983) in his polemical essay of the Six points, and illustrated through practice by some architects. The power and degree of the architectural ‘resistance’, though, was restrained by its rather aesthetic focus. As Moore (Constructing a new agenda: architectural theory 1993–2009. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp. 365–384, 2007) points out Frampton’s modern regionalism was not based on a political perspective, but on a concept that stressed summarising the history of architecture from an individual aspect, rather than declaring a new agenda for praxis. In his non-modern manifesto Moore (Constructing a new agenda: architectural theory 1993–2009. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp. 365–384, 2007) claims the necessity of the production of a regenerative architecture, instead of basing academic considerations on design, will participate in the construction of integrated cultural and ecological processes by magnifying local labour and constructing the technologies of everyday life. Regeneration has an impact on solving the economic trauma in today’s peripheral societies by motivating the centre to reconsider its role about natural sources of sustainability. Subsequently, we cannot reject the idea expounded by Solà-Morales (Differences: topographies of contemporary architecture. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 57–72, 1987), of the possibility of a new life springing from half-abandoned or marginal areas. What is the unique architectural self-reference that is still untouched by reproducible technologies and global political interventions? To respond to this question, this chapter takes a closer look at the latest relevant tendencies of the architecture of the ‘Marginal Worlds’.

Short biography on Jemp Michel, architecte and artist. Member of the Luxembourg Secession Movement. Designer of furniture, of the Luxembourg pavillon at New York's Worldfare. Architect of the exibit halls in Luxembourg, of commercial buildings. One of the Luxembourg Modernism pioneers. 
Revue Technique Luxembourgeoise N°3/2016, Luxembourg, 2016, p. 64-67.
cf histoireurbaine.eu / bibliographie

Multiculturalism, as result of migration due to a variety of reasons, has transformed the spaces
of the contemporary city. Architecture, when both ethical and responsible, can become an opportunity
for dialogue between different peoples. In fact, newly arrived cultures have become
part of everyday life and have fertilized society, with their wealth of imagination, which is expressed
through complex urban forms (De Carlo, 2004, 25).
Sicily, an island in the center of the Mediterranean, has been the scenario of great migration
movements. It could find itself becoming, as has happened in the past, the gateway for the flow
of people, goods, ideas and culture. Some areas of the city must be redesigned and a dialogue
created with those whom we consider different. One of the primary issues concerns the needs
of these new communities in relation to their faith. Religion, in fact, has proven to be a factor
that can unite different national affiliations, while keeping them distinct.
A research team, led by Marcello Panzarella, illustrated this in their thesis on South-East Palermo
in which an innovative typology for the Mosque in the West was elaborated (design by
Isabella Daidone). The profound difference between the urban fabric of Medina and that of
modern cities posed a fundamental question about the relationship between the mosque and
the faithful. Also the call to prayer by muazzin, forbidden in some western cities, needed to
be taken into account in the elaboration of the design. Moreover the aim of the design is the
resolution of an abstract typological problem: namely, the linking of two symbolic forms, the
circle (the dome in the plan) and the square (for the disposition of the faithful in parallel lines).
In this scenario, multiculturalism becomes one of the most important factors in contemporary
Europe in which ethical and responsible architecture has to be practiced.

Angela Brady, architect, the former RIBA president, states that “Architects should not assume what
people want until they clearly hear from the actual people.” I
Without a doubt, architecture affects the quality of life. Hence, architects ought to have a certain sense
of social responsibilities. Consequently, there are architects who become advocates in their
communities, beyond being mere members of organizations, which results in positive impacts in their
areas.
As architects, the most efficient way to contribute to society would be to participate in public projects in
their area. Since such projects require a tremendous understanding of the local people, the community,
and the place, establishing trust with inhabitants of the region is a requisite for a successful outcome. At
the same time, this is the most difficult task to achieve successfully. It gets even harder when architects
have projects that are not in their territories. It is apparent that there are many bad examples that
resulted in strong distrust between the local people and architects due to architects’ misinterpretation
and ignorance to the local desires.
To prove their capabilities in delivering the local’s desire, architects should be flexible to apply people’s
demands on local situations. Trust does not come from simple words or conversation. It should be
backed up with certain evidence on how architects implemented people’s requirements in their design.
Fred Kent, the founder of the Project for Public Spaces, Inc., stated that “Building better communities
through improving their public spaces is one area where architects can really add value ̶but only if they
let the community drive the programming and design.”ii Thus, architects should be guides for
communities, rather than being advocates of their design ego.
This paper will unfold into three categories. First, it will examine how architects became disconnected
with the general public. Second, it will illustrate successful examples of strong trust built between
communities and architects. Finally, it will focus on how to establish such trust with the people, the
communities and the place.

Abu Dhabi’s urban fabric, as represented through its architecture, has drastically changed since its nascent stages of urbanization. Much of the built city has undergone complete erasure and transformation fueled by large scale government development and more recently, a growing real estate market in Abu Dhabi. Amidst its rapidly changing urban atmosphere are Abu Dhabi’s original national houses or Sha‘biyat, which illustrate the story between Abu Dhabi’s urban past and present. Sha‘biyat, a colloquial Arabic word meaning “popular,” were Abu Dhabi’s first modern residential buildings developed by the government. Abu Dhabi’s 1968 mass-housing plan, designed by urban planner and architect Abdelrahman Makhlouf, called for the development of 2,000 family units. Initially, the Sha‘biyat were meant to house Bedouin families who had been living a nomadic lifestyle. Though the houses were meant to bring a sense of residential permanence to Abu Dhabi, the Sha’biyat were not designed to be rigid. They were to be modular and easily expanded throughout time. Some of Abu Dhabi’s earliest national housing can be found 150 kilometers outside of Downtown Abu Dhabi in the Maqam district of Al Ain.

I arrived at Maqam, as an American urban design student, with preconceived notions about the failure of government housing. However the public housing in Maqam is successful because it is able to adapt and provides each family with a sense of ownership. I was welcomed into a Sha‘biyat by a family of four generations who were granted the house in the 1970’s. Each family member had a different story and attachment to the home. For the grandmother, the house was her first introduction to a sedentary life style. For her daughter, the house was a bridge between her mother’s traditions and her own children’s expectations for modern commodities. The daughter had expanded the house as her family grew over the years. The Sha‘biyat were designed not only to fill a housing gap, but to also continuously adapt to the needs of each Emirati household. Each Sha‘biyat is no longer confined to its original layout. The neighborhood scheme in Maqam has now matured into a mix of expanded, low-rise Sha‘biyat houses and upgraded villas. Maqam's evolving architecture continues to illustrate each family’s distinct case of Emirati modernity.

“Are you interested in building a decent apartment somewhere in Belgrade at 300-400-500 euro/m2? Without getting yourself into debt and un-payable loans, living in impossible conditions or waiting for your relatives to move to the countryside or to Heaven. Impossible?” It was with this announcement by the end of 2012, that the platform Who Builds the City took the step to become active in shaping one of the highest ranking unresolved societal issues in Belgrade – the access to affordable housing – and in response initiated the Smarter Building project. The basic idea of the project is to reflect on a method to realize apartments that would be available to a large number of those who do not have one, nor can afford one under the current economic conditions. The project is open to people interested and willing to jointly engage – in a “smarter” way – by planning collectively, investing responsibly (their time, knowledge, work skills and/or financial resources available) and building intelligently. Taking a twist with the notion “smart house”, “smarter building” suggests that housing should – through a collective process – be much more a social response, than delving into smart materials and energy efficiency.

There is an architectural practice that has evolved outside of neoliberal policies and competitive environment and apart from the mainstream architectural narrative that has changed in recent years. The architecture groups and architects within this new approach have become more intensely questioning other ways of practising the profession and how different transformations can be experienced. This article bears how different approaches to the process of architectural groups in Turkey during the change of the epidemic with the insecurity and what kind of practi- ces emerges to figure out how to establish an alternative way outside of the system.

Retracing the contemporary history of a peripheral neighbourhood of Barcelona undergoing a process of complete demolition, the author reflects on the “structural homology” between the spatial configuration and the social order, a complexity that ethnography is able to capture and share with planners and other professionals. Repensar Bonpastor is a multidisciplinary device with which an
independent group of architects, urban planners and anthropologists faced the difficulties of elaborating a collective alternative to the demolitions and forced evictions that are disrupting the social life of this stigmatized neighbourhood, through socializing the difficulties of the inhabitants with a
wider community.

This practical, hands on introduction guides you through the basics of undertaking research in day-to-day architectural practice helping you to exploit the growing opportunities on offer. It explores how developing a research specialism can improve the quality of your projects, help to define your brand and generate new channels of revenue with innovative services for clients.

The text is divided into four sections focussing on different types of Architecture Research Practice; commercial, cultural, social and technology. Each section includes a series of inspiring case studies written by practitioners themselves on the way in which research benefits their business as well as an essay by an expert which sets these projects in their methodological context.  In this way the book highlights the broad spectrum of research being undertaken and the practical implications for the practice and their projects.

This is designed for architects and practices who want to develop a clear specialism that adds brand value and will enable them to access new funding streams as well as students of architecture who are getting to grips with architectural research.  This book will inspire cutting edge and innovative architectural practice that can clearly demonstrate its impact and value to non-architect clients.

This book presents a wide range of innovative concepts and practical ideas for teaching architectural design. It explores different aspects of studio teaching and what impact they have on the attitudes, skills, methods, and tools of architects. It offers a comparative analysis of contemporary trends that are committed to shaping and identifying studio objectives and processes.
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The book includes five chapters as follows:
1) Introduction: Problems in the Practice of Architecture;
2) The Architect and Society;
3) Design Education and Studio Work in the Conventional Approach;
4) Revolutionary Concepts for Teaching Architectural Design - Design Studio Teaching Models; and
5) Expanding the Knowledge Base in the Architectural Design Studio.

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"... This is an important book because it probes into the motivations of design educators by placing a mirror before them and allows for for a critical examination of the design studio. Dr. Salama paves the way for design educators to openly discuss and debate the delivery system of architectural education and its impact on the future role of the architect..." Henry Sanoff, Distinguished Professor of Architecture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

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...This is an invaluable guide to architectural educators because Dr. Salama has not only captured the body of knowledge about architectural designing and studio teaching and put it in a pithy form but he has also developed a typology of kinds of architectural studios, explaining what experiences each offers the student..." Jon T. Lang, Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, University of New South Wales, Australia.

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Download book here: https://www.academia.edu/23006902/New_Trends_in_Architectural_Education_Designing_the_Design_Studio_Ashraf_M._Salama_1995

La figura del arquitecto individualista  ha marcado generaciones enteras que aspiran al starchitectismo como eje rector de la profesión. Sin duda ha habido aportaciones geniales desde esa perspectiva. Edificios que admiramos y estudiamos por la manera en que se viven y se sienten, o que incluso llegan a sintetizar experiencias, técnicas y modos de vida particulares de una región. Estas construcciones dejan registro no sólo del talento del arquitecto o arquitecta en cuestión, sino de la cultura que las envuelve.