South Sudan

Sudán del Sur, tras el referéndum de 2011, obtiene la independencia como el estado soberano más joven de la comunidad internacional. Poniendo fin a uno de los conflictos más largos de la historia africana. Sin embargo, poco duró la paz, en 2013 comienza una guerra civil que transcurre hasta hoy. Una de las peores crisis humanitarias que no solo han devastado al país, sino que está afectando a sus vecinos fronterizos.
En este trabajo trataremos las causas y consecuencias del conflicto desde un punto de vista interno, regional e internacional. Localizando los principales actores; y, analizando la situación en su conjunto.

People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.

La zone frontalière dans la tourmente · L’accession à l’indépendance du Soudan du Sud en 2011 n’a pas mis un terme au plus vieux conflit africain. Au contraire, la rébellion contre Khartoum a repris dans les États soudanais du Kordofan du Sud et du Nil Bleu, avant de s’étendre à la frontière entre les deux Soudan. Une instabilité qui risque de s’accroître avec la dissidence qui s’est développée dans le Soudan du Sud contre le président Salva Kiir, menée par l’ancien vice-président Riek Machar.

The use of flood records in the reconstruction of African history is both a challenging and controversial undertaking.  This article presents a summary of floods and their local impact in the Upper Nile region and Jonglei of Sudan since the nineteenth century.  It reinforces what has been said in the primary ethnographic and environmental studies of the area, that the viability of permanent settlements and the pattern of seasonal movement in this region are strictly dependent on the distribution of water.  At the same time it demonstrates that the available historical environmental data can provide only a rough outline of flood occurrences before the twentieth century and even within that century the data do not fully describe the consequences of floods.  A more systematic and comprehensive incorporation of oral data is needed in order to make a more complete reconstruction of flood patterns and their effects.

South Sudan is facing a profound crisis of governance within the ruling party and its military wing, the SPLA. Without addressing serious nation-building issues, democratizing the ruling party and opening up the political space, any temporary solutions will only defer the problems to a later date

First published in Buzzle on 16th August 2006

Republished on the same day here:
http://sudaneseonline.com/en2/publish/Articles_and_Analysies_12/Sudan_s_Beja_Blemmyes_and_their_Right_to_Freedom_a_929.shtml

Republished on 23rd August 2006 and discussed in the forum below:
http://www.politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62793
At the moment the misinformed international community plans to spend so easily US $ 3 billion for Lebanon's reconstruction, it is essential to highlight that much less money would be enough to bring peace in the strategically crucial area of Eastern Sudan where the Blemmyes / Beja have started their struggle for self-determination and independence. Support to historically indigenous Beja would bring the Khartoum tyrants at the brink of collapse, opening the path of independence for the oppressed peoples of Sudan, and at the same time it would reshape the entire area of the Red Sea where historical nations demand international recognition.

This study of ZOA activities in Lainya County, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan, describes the critical elements for success or failure of mutual reinforcement.

The study has the following research objectives:

o To assess to what extent the interventions in the field of livelihood reinforced the WASH and education
interventions in the communities and vice versa;
o To provide case studies with examples of successful and non-successful reinforcement of activities in
the field of education, health and livelihoods;
o To compare between various programme activities implemented in villages where DCR member,
ZOA, intervenes. To assess to what extent experience in programme design and implementation of specific programme activities was used whilst implementing new or other activities. This will help to identify critical elements of mutual reinforcement of activities across clusters.

Following its objectives, the main questions this study seeks to answer are:
1. To what extent have the interventions in the field of livelihood reinforced the education and WASH
interventions in the communities, and vice versa?
2. What are examples of successful and non-successful reinforcement of activities in the field of
livelihoods, WASH and education?
3. What have been critical elements of mutual reinforcement with regard to livelihoods and educational
activities?

This paper examines the persistence of violent conflicts in the two Sudans. It examines standard macro-approaches to conflict resolution—democracy, inclusiveness, intervention, secession, as well as the more radical “let-them-fight” thesis—to demonstrate the limitations on the ability of outsiders to manage the conflicts. It concludes that relying on these approaches alone is not likely to lead to meaningful and lasting conflict resolution. The causes of Sudan’s and South Sudan’s wars run deeper than a failure to be inclusive and are instead connected to the nature of the state in Africa.

This paper presents social science research conducted by UNICEF and CDC in South Sudan to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak; it shows how digital education of young social mobilizers may reduce the diffusion of misperceptions about health, by increasing the level of trust of the community towards health authorities in the context of MIL Cities. The qualitative methodology was finalized to collect data on health during a pilot study carried out in the counties of Yei, Juba, Kajo-Keji and Morobo from April to June 2020. Therefore, this was a pilot study in areas characterized by digital divide, which demonstrates the importance of MIL cities with regards to the indicator of health. The paper presents a qualitative analysis of the different misperceptions about COVID-19, by focusing on the following factors: existence of COVID-19; its propagation, signs, symptoms and risk of mortality, its prevention, its artificial, natural or supernatural sources, its treatments. Training young social mobilisers was a key element in collecting data from local communities and for implementing a near-real time reporting mechanism to quickly respond to misperceptions with regards to the ongoing epidemics.

Background
From 2011 to 2014, a program aimed to improve sexual and reproductive health practices among adolescent girls was implemented by the non-governmental organization BRAC in partnership with the Government of South Sudan and with funding from the World Bank. BRAC had implemented similar programs in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda.

Objectives
Monitoring and evaluation data gathered by BRAC revealed that implementation of its program in South Sudan faced more challenges than comparable efforts in other African countries. This motivated BRAC to further investigate adolescent sexual and reproductive health beliefs and practices in South Sudan.

Methods
Data was gathered from seven key informant interviews and nine focus groups of adult women and men and adolescent girls and boys in Torit and Magwi Counties in Eastern Equatoria state.

Results
The study found a strong cultural preference for girls to demonstrate their fertility by beginning to have children at an early age (13–16 years) and to have many children (8–12). It also found that education on HIV/AIDS had been effective.

Conclusions
To be effective in South Sudan, adolescent sexual and reproductive health programs must take the current social norms and practices into account and learn from the successes of HIV/AIDS education programs.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2005 in different cattle camps in Juba, Mangalla and Terekeka localities of Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. Serum samples were collected from 514 cattle of different age groups. Samples were analysed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with commercially available polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) ELISA kits. The overall serological prevalence of Theileria parva was 70.8% (364/514). The highest rate of prevalence was observed in Mangalla (91.2%) and the lowest in Juba (61.8%), with Terekeka recording 71.8%. Regarding the age groups, older cattle (over four years of age) showed a significantly higher rate of prevalence (p>0.001) than calves (below one year of age). The implications of these results in the overall epidemiology of East Coast fever in South Sudan are discussed and possible recommendations for future implementation of disease control measures are outlined.

The Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF) in the Republic of South Sudan (South Sudan), at present the largest CHF in terms of annual contributions, has served a critical role in how the Humanitarian Community meets the needs of the people and communities of South Sudan during a devastating period of emergency. While the Evaluation covers the period from 2012 to 2014, the level 3 emergency declared in 2014 was a particularly complex time for the humanitarian response and the CHF. This period is covered in some detail throughout the report.

Two notions of governance—both attractive to their respective supporters—meet in
this chapter: the rule of law and the dream of an Azande kingdom. Using the movement
to reinstall the Azande king in South Sudan’s Western Equatoria as a case study,
the chapter highlights the challenges faced by the rule of law field when grappling with
the notion of “context.” Rule of law programs in South Sudan have focused primarily
on providing access to legal services and on harmonizing customary and common law.
Both approaches operate with the assumption that the rule of law can be improved by
streamlining different justice providers and by providing capacity building to allow better
navigation of the streamlined system.
Rule of law programs are now frequently expected to consider context in their programming,
yet such a perspective often presumes that “context” is a stable entity. Using
the notions of governance, justice, laws, and democracy expressed by supporters of
reinstating the Azande king, this case study shows that context is a performative dynamic
interplay between changing, symbolic, and imagined realities and histories. Any external
rule of law program, including its own symbolic certainty about working in a contextspecific
manner, becomes part of this internal process. This means that constructing
a singular “context” out of a history that is lived and re-narrated by those whose very
context rule of law reformers are trying to understand is a more complex task than the
movement to be context specific suggests.

This book advances the claims of feminist international relations scholars that the social construction of masculinities is key to resolving the scourges of militarism, sexual violence and international insecurity. More than two decades of feminist research has charted the dynamic relationship between warfare and masculinity, but there has yet to be a detailed account of the role of masculinity in structuring the range of volatile civil conflicts which emerged in the Global South after the end of the Cold War.

By bridging feminist scholarship on international relations with the scholarship of masculinities, Duriesmith advances both bodies of scholarship through detailed case study analysis. By challenging the concept of ‘new war’, he suggests that a new model for understanding the gendered dynamics of civil conflict is needed, and proposes that the power dynamics between groups of men based on age difference, ethnicity, location and class form an important and often overlooked causal component to these civil conflicts.

Exploring the role of masculinities through two case studies, the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991–2002) and the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005), this book will be of great interest to postgraduate students, practitioners and academics working in the fields of gender and security studies.

This paper assesses multidimensional poverty in Sudan and South Sudan. We use the National Baseline
Household Surveys (NBHS) of 2009 to measure poverty incidence in education, consumption, access to
public assets and possession of private assets across these two countries. We differentiate between
children/teenagers aged six to fourteen years and adults aged fifteen years or older. We apply a counting
method for measuring multidimensional poverty at the individual level and perform dominance tests to
check for the robustness of the poverty comparisons. Our findings show regional and sub-population
differences in the unidimensional and multidimensional poverty status of people in Sudan and South
Sudan. Poverty in Sudan is generally less severe than in South Sudan, with a pattern showing (i) lesser
unidimensional incidence of poverty; (ii) lower multidimensional poverty indices and prevalence, but
similar breadth, in Sudan than in South Sudan, both for adults and children. This pattern also points
towards Khartoum and Western Equatoria as the states with the least poverty, and Northern Darfur,
and Warap as the states with the greatest poverty, both for adults and children, in Sudan and South
Sudan, respectively. Policy intended at reducing poverty in each of the two countries should recognize
the poverty profile differences across age groups, geographical areas and dimensions.

Whilst there is no shortage of women at the micro-entrepreneur level, these are scarce at larger business levels in South Sudan. This article considers the possible causes of this scarcity, as well as potential methods of addressing this disparity based on Peace Dividend’s experience of financing and promoting medium sized entrepreneurs in South Sudan

This essay identifies a particular mode of testimonial writing, ‘hybrid testimony’, which is produced through creative collaborations between victims of historical violence and professional writers. Through analysis of two autobiographical responses to the civil wars in Sudan —  Slave: The True Story of a Girl’s Lost Childhood and Her Fight for Survival (2004), by Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, and What is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng (2006) by Dave Eggers — it considers whether hybrid testimony should be considered a distinct genre in its own right, reflecting on the cultural, historical and political forces that determine the ways that this literature is written and read.

The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 marked the end of Africa’s longest civil war between the government of Sudan and Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement. A few years prior to the signing of the CPA, the SPLA started to demobilize children from their ranks. This is still going on. While some children are formally demobilized with assistance from organizations as well as the UN, others are not. This study examines the reintegration process of these youth into life as civilians and students in schools in Malakal.

The main findings of the study shows that in general, Children Associated with Armed Forces and Groups (CAAFG) do not get specific attention in Malakal. However, there are both international and national policy documents that address them. They are labeled and stigmatized by the society and some suffer from trauma. Half of them have lost one or both parents and they struggle to get money for school and basic living. Currently, none get the support that is necessary to secure their future and give them a good education which is needed to rebuild Sudan.

The sourounding environments do not cooperate to their benefit and they are not addressed in particular in the schools. If the reasons that made them choose to join the armed group are not addressed, they might as well find their way back. Therefore the reintegration process into the school system is of crucial importance, not only for the individual CAAFG, but for the future of Southern Sudan. The study shows that former CAAFG are marginalized in numerous ways.

In 2006 and following the signing of the CPA, the first strategic plan was developed to achieve the major objectives to avail the required adequate numbers of human resources for health equipped with appropriate competences to be equitably distributed to provide quality service to all population of South Sudan. The purpose of that plan was partially achieved during the period of its implementation between 2007 and 2017 due to variable factors and constraints. As the plan runs until 2017 and with the new political and developmental atmosphere after independence, it seems legitimate to revise and update the second half of the plan to run between 2011 and 2015. In revising and developing the updated version has taken into consideration the lessons learned from implementation in the last five years and the major changes in structural and functional elements. The main purpose of the plan is to provide direction for effective planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health intervention to achieve the nationally planned health outcomes. As this strategic plan 2011-2015 has not been made accessible to researcher up till now, I thought of uploading my final version for researchers and those interested in HRH South Sudan.

Trabajo de Fin de Máster sobre el reconocimiento de Estado desde la perspectiva de la política exterior del Estado Español hacia dos supuestos diferentes: Sudán del Sur y Kosovo. Este TFM fue realizado en el año 2013 analizando la evolución histórica y política de estos dos nuevos Estados hasta alcanzar la posición que España tomó hacia cada uno de ellos.

The purpose of this report is to outline the current provision of microfinance in Southern Sudan and to raise attention to the constraints that presently restrict its broad based provision and its potential impact.

While a handful of microfinance institutions (MFI’s) currently provide microfinance services in Southern Sudan, these only service 1% of potential clients, offer a limited range of products, and do not as yet address the productive, rural and agricultural sectors effectively. Certain MFI’s suffer from a high default rate and feedback from the microfinance agencies detail limitations including unstable access to funds (particularly in terms of grant and equity), the lack of a regulatory framework that would enable them to better fund themselves through savings, and poor capacity (poorly trained staff, lack of IT systems, poor monitoring and controls, etc). Further issues that have been hindering the MFI’s provision of microfinance include low staff retention and the demolition of markets by local government entities, while their geographical and sectoral outreach is limited respectively by security concerns and client access to productive training.

The main measures with the potential to address these constraints include the better incentivised entry of further large international microfinance actors (attracted through the development of a regulatory framework, a more integrated approach to urban planning that takes into account the importance of building the informal sector as a source of income generation, the comprehensive training of the labour force, and the smoother and enhanced access to loan, equity, and grant funding), in coordination with the enhanced capacity building of the present actors (through the increased provision of technical support to the microfinance agencies). As there are now a number of organizations now involved in the provision of support to the microfinance industry in Southern Sudan, a better coordination between relevant organizations would be recommended to avoid duplication and address all gaps. Finally, given the acute need of recovering communities with little access to capital or finance, the development of agricultural and rural lending methodologies appropriate to the post conflict environment would key in enhancing livelihood possibilities.

How is the international community supposed to act facing devastating civil wars, while being caught between the responsibility to protect civilian populations and the principles of state sovereignty? International attention on internal conflicts is today highly unequally distributed, leading to very different levels of reaction to protect the civilian victims. The war in Southern Sudan seems to constitute a special case in this respect, evolving from a “forgotten war” to a highly internationalized one. This article focuses on the external perceptions of this war, as one particular aspect of its internationalization, concerning its religious aspect, the
question of slavery and the humanitarian crisis.

The Republic of South Sudan, recently emerging from the longest civil war in contemporary African history, has set goals towards post-conflict reconstruction in many areas of social services. However, the educational infrastructure continues to struggle, and many stakeholders in government and international and local organisations are not sufficiently aware of the needs, challenges and opportunities that face the implementation of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the country. Preparing future generations of youth and adults with in-demand technical skills and retraining ex-combatants to enter a peacetime workforce is essential to the development and growth of South Sudan. As a first step towards creating the foundation necessary for post-conflict training, we collected and analysed qualitative data from focus groups, in-depth interviews, field observations, and archival documents and identified three interrelated elements that require attention for the effective development of TVET: political climate, curriculum and delivery options. The resulting findings offer a starting point for addressing some of the key constraining factors for the important job of TVET development in South Sudan.

Little is known about the usefulness of psychotherapeutic approaches for traumatized refugees who continue to live in dangerous conditions. Narrative exposure therapy (NET) is a short-term approach based on cognitive–behavioral therapy and testimony therapy. The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Sudanese refugees living in a Ugandan refugee settlement (N
43) who were diagnosed as suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) either received 4 sessions of NET, 4 sessions of supportive counseling (SC), or psychoeducation (PE) completed in 1 session. One year after treatment, only 29% of the NET participants but 79% of the SC group and 80% of the PE group still fulfilled PTSD criteria. These results indicate that NET is a promising approach for the treatment of PTSD for refugees living in unsafe conditions.

The Austrian photographer Richard Buchta (1845–94) is regarded as having undertaken the earliest photographic tour of central Africa, in 1878–9. The photographs he published as a result were celebrated and reproduced, mostly in engraved form, by all the major explorer-writers of central Africa in the period, including Wilhelm Junker, Gaetano Casati, and the missionaries C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin. His photographs were also drawn upon extensively by Friedrich Ratzel in his lavishly illustrated three-volume work The History of Mankind (1896). Yet despite such contemporary success, Buchta’s pioneering photographic work fell into obscurity in the twentieth century, and knowledge of his work is now largely confined to regional specialists. While it is certainly time for Buchta to be re-inserted into mainstream accounts of the history of photography in Africa, the paper also adds to a fuller understanding of the way in which his photographs of the historical Equatoria Province (now parts of South Sudan and northern Uganda) shaped the visual representation of its peoples in European literature for a generation and continue to do so in the digital age.