Arabic Language and Linguistics

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Los documentos parroquiales de localidades habitadas por moriscos ofrecen con cierta frecuencia información sobre las circunstancias en que éstos vivían ^ incluidos algunos aspectos de los usos lingüísticos en su entorno. Más en concreto, las actas parroquiales ofrecen a veces reflejo ñdedigno de situaciones de contigüidad lingüística ^ entre el castellano y el árabe muy avanzado ya el siglo XVL Nos referimos a que la grafía con que aparecen en los documentos los nombres de esas poblaciones hace pensar que los párrocos autores de las anotaciones tenían ciertos conocimientos de lengua árabe, seguramente porque ésta no era del todo ajena a la generalidad de los habitantes de aquellas zonas, frieran moriscos o no.

This study extracted and analyzed the linguistic speech patterns that characterize Japanese anime or game characters. Conventional morphological analyzers, such as MeCab, segment words with high performance, but they are unable to segment broken expressions or utterance endings that are not listed in the dictionary, which often appears in lines of anime or game characters. To overcome this challenge, we propose segmenting lines of Japanese anime or game characters using subword units that were proposed mainly for deep learning, and extracting frequently occurring strings to obtain expressions that characterize their utterances. We analyzed the subword units weighted by TF/IDF according to gender, age, and each anime character and show that they are linguistic speech patterns that are specific for each feature. Additionally, a classification experiment shows that the model with subword units outperformed that with the conventional method.

Halid el-Ezherî’nin (ö. 905/1499) Muvassılu’n-Nebîl ilâ Nahvi’t-Teshîl adlı eseri temel biyografi kaynaklarında zikredilmeyen bir eserdir. İbn Mâlik’in Teshîlu’l-Fevâid ve Tekmîlu’l-Mekâsıd adlı eserinin bir şerhidir.
İbn Mâlik (ö. 672) Arap dili gramerinin Sîbeveyhi’den (ö. 180) sonraki en meşhur ismidir. Eseri bu alanın en temel kaynaklarındandır. Eserini kendisi de şerh etmiş ve Elfiyye’sinde şiir olarak özetlemiştir.
Halid el-Ezherî, Mısır’ın en parlak dönemlerini yaşadığı bir zamanda, geç denebilecek bir yaşta ilim hayatına başlamış ve alanın temel kaynaklarından olan İbn Mâlik’in (ö. 672) eserini Muvassılu’n-Nebîl ilâ Nahvi’t-Teshîl adıyla şerh etmiştir. Bu çalışma esnasında yapılan araştırmaya göre bu eser Türkiye yazmalarında mevcut değildir. Temel tabakât kitaplarında da ismi zikredilmeyen eserin, el-Ezherî’ye ait olduğu yazma nüshada açıkça zikredilmiş, diğer eserlerinde de nüshaya atıf yapılmıştır.

This is a short poem by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣabbān (d. 1206/1791) translated from the original Arabic into English verse. The poem is a concise, technical list of the ten essentials aspects of any science. It is intended to help students memorize the outline of the topic, while a teacher's additional commentary would be needed to really understand the content and meaning of the ten essentials.

Arapçaya olan ilginin son yıllarda giderek arttığı göz önünde bulundurulduğu takdirde hâli hazırda Arapçanın yabancı dil olarak öğretimi için kullanılan modern kaynakların yanı sıra klasik kaynaklar hakkında da literatür bilgisine sahip olmak, kuşkusuz daha verimli bir dil öğretimini beraberinde getirecektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada Osmanlı medreselerinde, Arap dilinin öğretiminde kullanılan kitaplar ve bu bağlamda Osmanlı medrese eğitiminde Arapçanın nasıl bir konuma sahip olduğu araştırılacaktır. Osmanlılarda medreselerin önemli bir eğitim kurumu olmasının yanı sıra, bu kurumlarda okutulan bilimlere ulaşmayı sağlayan Arapçanın öğretimi de o derece önem taşımaktadır. Arapça, medreselerde okutulan tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, kelam, mantık ve felsefe ders kitaplarının dili olması nedeniyle bir anahtar vazifesi görmüş; diğer dersleri anlayabilmek için çıkılan yolda ilk basamağı teşkil etmiştir. Bu çalışmada Arapçaya dair Osmanlı medrese eğitimi çerçevesinde okutulan sarf (morfoloji), nahiv (sentaks), belâgat-me'ânî, bedî', beyân-(retorik), lugatbilim (leksikografi), 'arûz, kavâfî ve vad' gibi ilimler hakkında detaylı bilgiler verilerek bu ilimlere ait ders kitapları teker teker açıklanacaktır. Yazılı kaynak (literatür) tarama yöntemine dayanan bu araştırma ile Osmanlı medrese ders müfredatında yer alan Arapçaya dair söz konusu ilimlerin tasnifi yapılarak bu kapsamda okutulan kitaplar hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu sayede günümüz modern dil öğretim yöntemlerini uygularken Osmanlı âlimlerinin ortaya koyduğu klasik Arapça gramer kitapları da gözden geçirilmiş olacaktır.

Ce guide été conçu dans le cadre des travaux du Groupement d’intérêt scientifique (GIS) Moyen-Orient et mondes musulmans, pour recenser l'ensemble des bibliothèques et médiathèques françaises possédant des fonds utiles pour la recherche sur le Maghreb, le Moyen-Orient et les mondes musulmans.
Eric  Vallet  (Université  Paris  1  Panthéon-Sorbonne)  en  a coordonné  la  rédaction.

In his objective study of the texts, Maurice Bucaille clears' away many preconceived ideas about the Old Testament, the Gospels and the Quran. He tries, in this collection of Writings, to separate what belongs to Revelation from what is the product of error or human interpretation.

His study sheds new light on the Holy Scriptures. At the end of a gripping account, he places the Believer before a point of cardinal importance: the continuity of a Revelation emanating from the same God, with modes of expression that differ in the course of time. It leads us to meditate upon those factors which, in our day, should spiritually unite rather than divide-Jews, Christians and Muslims.

As a surgeon, Maurice Bucaille has often been in a situation where he was able to examine not only people's bodies, but their souls. This is how he was struck by the existence of Muslim piety and by aspects of Islam which remain unknown to the vast majority of non-Muslims. In his search for explanations which are otherwise difficult to obtain, he learnt Arabic and studied the Quran. In it, he was surprised to find statements on natural phenomena whose meaning can only be understood through modern scientific knowledge.

He then turned to the question of the authenticity of the writings that constitute the Holy Scriptures of the monotheistic religions. Finally, in the case of the Bible, he proceeded to a confrontation between these writings and scientific data.

The results of his research into the Judeo-Christian Revelation and the Quran are set out in this book.

This study examines spoken Arabic language in Harran with examples. It aims to find out the features of this language of this region and the proverbs used by people.
The research has indicated that as in other Arabic dialects in Harran, the first letter of the words in the shape of kashkasha, istinta‘, taltalatu bahra, failun are read by kasra (a vowel sing indicating a short i), and pronouns of third person (he/she) are pronounced by shadda (doubled consonant), and that it has the features of such dialects imala and akalun al-baragis. It has further showed that Harran proverbs have words which are used in classic literary language. 
Keywords: Harran, Harran Arabs, Harran dialects, Proverb, Arabic language

This paper provides updated digital images of four Qurʾān fragments from Chicago's Oriental Institute Museum (OIM) that appeared in Nabia Abbott’s Rise of the North Arabic Script, and calls attention to features of their paleography and vocalization which are not apparent from her original black-and-white plates. In doing so, it demonstrates that these four fragments all belong to the same copy of the Qurʾān, which is also the same Qurʾān as nineteen leaves in Paris’ Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) and two leaves in Doha’s Museum of Islamic Art (MIA). All twenty-five folios of this Qurʾān contain a unique vocalization system that represents /a/ and /u/ with miniature red forms of alif and wāw. This system of “letter-form” vocalization signs is unattested in other Qurʾān manuscripts and corresponds with a type of vocalization which medieval sources describe as shakl al-shiʿr: “the marking of poetry.” The subsequent discussion analyzes the features of this shakl al-shiʿr system and contextualizes it within the history of both this Qurʾān manuscript and Arabic writing as a whole.

Article is open access with full manuscript images available on the JNES site here: https://doi.org/10.1086/712876

English Translation of "Arabe préislamique, arabe coranique, arabe classique : un continuum ?", dans Karl-Heinz Ohlig & Gerd-Rüdiger Puin (Hrsg) Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, p. 248-265. Berlin : Verlag Hans Schiler, 2005.

People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.

What does scandal designate? Is it a narrative of moral outrage, a titillating spectacle of shame, or a violation that simultaneously unsettles and consolidates norms and traditions? Scandal as a phenomenon, event, and analytical category has been the focus of de bates and representations in works by Kant, Heidegger, Rousseau, Sade, and Mme de Sévigné, as well as in The Arabian Nights. These engagements with scandal in philosophy, literature, and media constitute a genealogy if not a tradition that emphasizes the relations between scandal and the body, gender, story-telling, visuality, marginality, and pow er. From the body of Aphrodite that frames scandal in the Greek mythological context to the body of Egyptian activist and nude blogger Alyaa Elmahdi, adulterous affairs and fantasies of debauchery particularly have been used as instruments to critique the rich and powerful but also to oppress women and sexual minorities. What becomes of scandal in the age of the Internet, apps, and social media? The article examines whether the digital is bringing about the demise of scandal as an affective scene that generates outrage and condemnation but also as a model of telling and representing tied to antiquated re portage genres, gossip scenes, and fictional models. Genealogy The word "scandal" comes from the Greek word skandalon, which means moral stumble and trap. 1 One of the most famous scandals in antiquity is the one generated by the adul terous relation between the god of war, Ares (Mars), and the goddess of beauty, Aphrodite (Venus) or Cypris, as she comes from the eastern part of the Greek world (the island of Cyprus). Homer tells us that when Ares stayed in Aphrodite's bed into dawn, Helios, the sun god, making his journey from east to west, saw the lovers in bed. Helios, best known as the gossiper among the gods as he sees everything, told Aphrodite's husband Hephaistos, thereby setting the scene of scandal on Mount Olympus. 2 Following Helios's "seeing" and "gossiping," Hephaistos, the blacksmith who works in the forge all night, laid a "trap" for the lovers: an invisible chain net that would fall and immobilize them when set. A revealer, a whistleblower, and artificer, Helios sets the stage for the scene of scandal.

Title in English: "Studies on the the historical and doctrinal genesis of Islam - Bruno Bonnet-Eymard and the French school of scholarly skepticism"

ENG. The article presents briefly the scholarly theory on the historical and dogmatic origins of Islam by the modern French researcher Bruno Bonnet-Eymard, with an attempt to classify its place in the modern field of Islamic studies. The result of over thirty years of Bonnet-Eymard’s work is his translation of the first five Qur’anic suras into French, with their comprehensive critical edition, prepared on the basis of his own philological, historical and theological exegesis. Bonnet-Eymard, belonging to the Islamicist skeptical school, attempts to read the Arabic Qur’anic text also from the perspective of other Semitic languages - mainly Hebrew and Syriac. Regardless of the flaws and merits of Bonnet-Eymard’s exegesis it surely is a valuable source of scholarly insights, conclusions and linguistic remarks that cannot be overestimated for modern critical studies of the Qur’anic text.

PL. Artykuł przedstawia pokrótce teorię naukową współczesnego francuskiego badacza Bruno Bonnet-Eymard dotyczącą historyczno-dogmatycznej genezy islamu, wraz z jej miejscem we współczesnej islamistyce. Owocem trzydziestu lat jego pracy jest tłumaczenie kilku pierwszych sur Koranu na język francuski, wraz z ich obszernym wydaniem krytycznym, opracowanym na podstawie własnej egzegezy filologicznej, historycznej i teologicznej. Bonnet-Eymard, należący do szkoły islamistów-sceptyków, odczytuje arabski tekst koraniczny również przez pryzmat innych języków semickich – głównie hebrajskiego i syryjskiego. Niezależnie od meritum wysnutych wniosków, egzegeza Bonnet-Eymard stanowi kopalnię wartościowych spostrzeżeń, wniosków i skojarzeń językowych nie do przecenienia dla krytyczno-naukowych studiów nad tekstem koranicznym.

Whether in Melbourne or in Belfast, advances in communication technology are changing the way community interpreting is designed and delivered. Rather than having an interpreter on-site, an increasing number of language service providers are cashing in on technology to offer their interpreting services remotely: via phone or video. There is no denying that technology breaks the distance barrier and brings cost savings, yet there are numerous other issues that transcend geography, finance and time that have a direct bearing on the primary purpose of interpreting: clear meaningful communication (CMC). The paper examines the mechanics of remote interpreting focusing on the perceived benefits of virtual interpreting in various linguistic, cultural and professional settings. It also sheds light on the process of interpreting away from the traditional setting of the communicative triangle and particularly in the total absence of visual cues. Furthermore, the new format of interpreting places pressure on the professional delivery of the service as interpreters are forced to accept calls that are mostly unexpected and usually unscheduled.

This paper introduces a lexical resource, ARLEX, for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) that explicitly lists ambiguity at the lexical and syntactic levels for each token. Arabic orthography is known for being underspecified for short vowels and other markers such as letter doubling and glottal stops, known as diacritics. This leads to further ambiguity in orthography with real impact on natural language processing (NLP) applications, not to mention readability and human language processing. We specifically target listing alternative ambiguous forms of words within and across the same part of speech (POS), namely where tokens with no specified diacritics may have multiple possible diacritized alternatives. The entries in this dictionary are constrained to five POS tags: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. A morphological analyzer and disambiguator is leveraged to generate the desired linguistic properties. The resulting inventory, ARLEX, is a large scale comprehensive resource of words, recording their degree of ambiguity at various levels with example usages. ARLEX could be most useful for NLP applications, pedagogical applications, as well as socio-and psycho-linguistic studies.

With growing texts of electronic documents used in many applications, a fast and accurate text classification method is very important. Arabic text classification is one of the most challenging topics. This is probably caused by the fact that Arabic words have unlimited variation in the meaning, in addition to the problems that are specific to Arabic language only. Many studies have been proved that Naive Bayes (NB) classifier is being relatively robust, easy to implement, fast, and accurate for many different fields such as text classification. However, non-linear classification and strong violations of the independence assumptions problems can lead to very poor performance of NB classifier. In this paper, first, we pre-process the Arabic documents to tokenize only the Arabic words. Second, we convert those words into vectors using term frequency and inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) technique. Third, we propose an efficient approach based on Kernel Naive Bayes (KNB) classifier to solve the non-linearity problem of Arabic text classification. Finally, experimental results and performance evaluation on our collected dataset of Arabic topic mining corpus are presented, showing the effectiveness of the proposed KNB classifier against other baseline classifiers.

The study aimed to investigate (a) the effect of digital games, songs, and flashcards on vocabulary knowledge of Iranian EFL preschool learners and (b) the young learners" performance on mid-course tests of vocabulary with different topics. The participants included 350 preschool female learners in Oshnaviyeh, a town in Western Azarbaijan Province and were divided into three tablet, song, and traditional groups. Pre and post-tests of vocabulary and four mid-course tests based, on the learnt vocabularies, were administered during the research. The materials also consisted of a digital game, 16 songs, a structured student book, a workbook, and 60 flashcards. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the vocabulary knowledge of preschool learners who learnt vocabularies via games, songs, and flashcards. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in the three groups" mid-course tests with different topics. The findings r...

This study investigates the extent to which phonological characteristics of Farsi speakers of English interfere with their intelligibility when they interact with L1 Australian English speakers. Many students who are learning English within Iran, as well as Farsi speakers of English abroad, have difficulties in pronunciation that have an effect on their intelligibility when they interact with L1 English speakers. This study examines L1 Australian English speakers' perceptions of the effect of pronunciation on intelligibility of Farsi speakers of English. A sample of four Farsi speakers of English and five L1 Australian English speakers participated in this research. The research method included an unstructured interview, twenty sentences that contained specific phonemes, and ten sentences including consonant clusters. The Farsi speakers of English were invited to participate in the process by attending an interview and reading aloud the two sets of sentences whilst being tape recorded. Then, the L1 Australian English speakers were invited to listen to the tape recording of the Farsi speakers of English and answer the three sets of questions accordingly. The findings demonstrated that the phonemes and consonant clusters which do not exist in the Farsi sound system and syllable structure caused difficulties for Farsi speakers of English to a varying degree.

A partir de los textos de las epístolas denominadas zurzūriyyāt, en este artículo se pretende profundizar en las dos caras del personaje en torno al cual se articulan estas originales y singulares composiciones, exclusivas de la literatura andalusí. El retrato literario que de él transmiten tiene mucho que decir sobre la figura histórica de un hombre apodado al-Zurayzīr, que en estas creaciones literarias oscila entre el símbolo y la realidad y que recuerda mucho al héroe de las maqāmāt.

Based on the epistles called zurzūriyyāt, in this article we try to study in depth the two sides of the character around which these original and unique literary pieces —exclusive of Andalusian literature— revolve. The literary portrait that these texts convey about the mentioned character has much to say about the historical figure of a man nicknamed al-Zurayzīr, who fluctuates between symbol and reality in these literary creations and who is very reminiscent of the hero of the maqāmāt.