Stone Quarry

SUMMARY: Chapter 8, in Renfrew & Bahn's textbook (Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice), covers what typically survives, what constitutes an "artifact", interpreting usage, obtaining materials (e.g., quarrying; mining), transporting materials, installing materials, manufacturing items, identifying function, experimental archaeology, etc., regarding stone, bone, antler, shell, leather, wood, plant, metal, faience, glass, and other materials and diverse artifacts.  In my view, this is one of the best college textbooks available, and is invaluable for students, archaeologists, and the public in general, to obtain a top notch overview of approaching and interpreting the archaeological record.  UPDATED May 2023.

That talk is never disinterested complicates the relationship between the environment and the claims people make about it. Talk about place, and one's self in it, is particularly complex when the environment poses risk or is otherwise problematized. This study, a secondary analysis of interview data, seeks to extend discursive work on place-identity by examining the ways in which 14 residents of a small English village talk about themselves and their locale. The locale accommodates an active quarry, and many residents had lodged complaints to the quarry about dust, noise and vibrations from blasting. Attention to the interactional context of the interviews illustrates the ways in which (simply) interviewing people about their locale can threaten self- and place-identity. When asked about life in the village, interviewees oriented to two main dilemmas in protecting self- and place-identity: (1) how to justify continued residence in a challenging environment and (2) how to complain about the locale whilst maintaining positive place-identity. Discursive responses to these dilemmas drew upon typical identity processes, such as self- and place distinctiveness and the formulation of out-groups, as well as upon constructions of localized power-sharing and morally obligated tolerance of risk. We suggest that research on problematical places, and of environmental risk, needs to be sensitized to how it may constitute a threat to self- and place-identity, and how this may mediate formulations self and place, as well as of environmental risk.

INTERPRETING THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE, A series of books about work in Melbourne's West designed to illustrate themes in industry and work, with photographs, engravings and maps. Descriptions of the industrial processes and conditions of work have been taken from contemporary accounts in books and newspapers as well as the oral history recordings of the Living Museum of the West.

Unpaved roads are designed with a small input and are constructed from the nearest available materials as possible. It requires routine and periodic maintenance, and their condition can be significantly affected by a period of excessive traffic volumes or inclement weather condition. The accurate estimation of maintenance cost is difficult. Many problems occur in the economic analysis of unpaved roads in comparison with paved roads. Defects which may affect unpaved roads are dusty, potholes, stoneness, corrugations, and rutting. Hence, it needs to apply sufficient stabilization method to strengthen and increase the durability of the unpaved road. Mechanical stabilization is an important application in engineering for different types of construction to improve the performance of road construction materials. The objective of this research was to determine the Engineering properties of natural gravel materials by mechanical stabilization method to be used in subbase material for the un...

A quarry is an excavation or pit, usually open to the air from which quarry resources are obtained, usually rocks found on or below the ground surface. Quarry plays a big role in the construction industry. Some form of quarrying is carried out in virtually every country in the world, if not for the extraction of construction materials, then for the extraction of different minerals including coal. Quarry has important economic, environmental and social effect; both in the countries or regions where it is carried out and beyond. Almost without exception quarrying is carried out by interdisciplinary team of prospectors, geologists, geophysicists and geochemists. This presentation is termed to focus on quarry, founding a quarry, the various quarrying techniques, quarry wastes, quarry fines and quarry products.

La trachite euganea, una roccia vulcanica estratta dai Colli Euganei, è una delle risorse lapidee cavate sin dall’età antica nell’attuale comprensorio veneto. Le peculiari proprietà meccaniche contribuirono a una larga diffusione della trachite, in particolar modo in età romana, ma già nel corso della protostoria. Il materiale lapideo euganeo venne impiegato in tutta la Regio X (Venetia et Histria), ma anche nell’Aemilia; verso ovest la trachite giunse a Milano/Mediolanum, in Transpadana e a Villa del Foro/Forum Fulvii in Liguria, mentre a sud è documentata sino a Urbisaglia/Urbs Salvia. Questa pietra trovò impiego tanto nelle fondazioni quanto negli alzati degli edifici, rispettivamente come blocchi sbozzati oppure rifiniti, ma venne messa in opera principalmente nelle pavimentazioni stradali. Basoli trachitici provenienti dai Colli Euganei sono stati identificati verso est sino ad Aquileia, ma risultano utilizzati anche nelle maggiori città sorte lungo la via Aemilia e in un selciato di Ancona, centro più a meridione rispetto al bacino di approvvigionamento in cui è stato documentato l’uso della trachite in un tratto viario. Oltre che in ambito architettonico, la trachite euganea fu sfruttata per produrre manufatti, principalmente strumenti per la macinazione, ma si realizzarono sovente anche cippi, stele e monumenti iscritti. Prendendo le mosse dallo studio analitico di questi ritrovamenti, l’Autore propone un tentativo di ricostruzione delle dinamiche di diffusione del materiale trachitico in età romana: un’analisi combinata di carattere petrografico e geochimico consente infatti di determinare le cave euganee dalle quali venne estratto il materiale per la realizzazione degli elementi architettonici o dei manufatti; sulla base di queste stesse indagini è inoltre possibile ricavare informazioni sul ciclo di attivazione, sfruttamento e abbandono dei siti estrattivi sui Colli Euganei. Allo stesso modo, uno studio integrato della cronologia dei campioni, delle loro cave di provenienza e dei centri in cui sono stati esportati permette di elaborare riflessioni attorno alle dinamiche commerciali e all’impiego della trachite euganea in Italia settentrionale nel corso dell’età romana.

In mining operations carried out below the water table, mine area could potentially affect the surrounding. With further deepening of the mine and quarry, the drawdown can impact on water supply wells and base flow. The variation in radius of influence under confined and unconfined aquifer condition is assessed using a hypothetical case study with three operational quarry sites. Average pit-wise radius of influence (R0) for the pit mine, under unconfined and confined aquifer conditions is 963 m and 61 km, respectively, whereas effective radius (Re) for total (cumulative) excavated mine area is 1.7 and 146 km, respectively. It means that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the unconfined aquifer lies in-between 963 m and 1.7 km. Similarly that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the confined aquifer lies in-between 61 and 146 km. Meanwhile, Re or effective radius for total (cumulative) excavated area seems more appropriate from evaluation viewpoint due to the overlapping (superposition) concentric mining quarries. Thus, assessment of quarry-wise and total radius of influence is of importance to fulfil targeted production, economically with minimum interruptions as part of the mine planning. Moreover, it helps us to assess, monitor and regulate the impact of a mine-dewatering program in the area. Also, the pumping test is often used to estimate radius of influence; it can trigger the inflow or radius of influence. Estimate of the radius of influence using analytical equation mainly independent of discharge/abstraction from the aquifer stands as a preferred choice for the prediction of radius of influence at the quarry/mine pit. There is a strong rationale that policies should be informed by such analytical assessment because it helps us to prevent or minimize negative impacts as part of regulation and pit-mining management and are useful tools for practitioners to design economically efficient and cost-effective in situ groundwater remediation systems, to contain contaminant plumes, to evaluate the surface–subsurface water interaction and to verify numerical models.

La trachite euganea, una roccia vulcanica estratta dai Colli Euganei, è una delle risorse lapidee cavate sin dall’età antica nell’attuale comprensorio veneto. Le peculiari proprietà meccaniche contribuirono a una larga diffusione della trachite, in particolar modo in età romana, ma già nel corso della protostoria. Il materiale lapideo euganeo venne impiegato in tutta la Regio X (Venetia et Histria), ma anche nell’Aemilia; verso ovest la trachite giunse a Milano/Mediolanum, in Transpadana e a Villa del Foro/Forum Fulvii in Liguria, mentre a sud è documentata sino a Urbisaglia/Urbs Salvia. Questa pietra trovò impiego tanto nelle fondazioni quanto negli alzati degli edifici, rispettivamente come blocchi sbozzati oppure rifiniti, ma venne messa in opera principalmente nelle pavimentazioni stradali. Basoli trachitici provenienti dai Colli Euganei sono stati identificati verso est sino ad Aquileia, ma risultano utilizzati anche nelle maggiori città sorte lungo la via Aemilia e in un selciato di Ancona, centro più a meridione rispetto al bacino di approvvigionamento in cui è stato documentato l’uso della trachite in un tratto viario. Oltre che in ambito architettonico, la trachite euganea fu sfruttata per produrre manufatti, principalmente strumenti per la macinazione, ma si realizzarono sovente anche cippi, stele e monumenti iscritti. Prendendo le mosse dallo studio analitico di questi ritrovamenti, l’Autore propone un tentativo di ricostruzione delle dinamiche di diffusione del materiale trachitico in età romana: un’analisi combinata di carattere petrografico e geochimico consente infatti di determinare le cave euganee dalle quali venne estratto il materiale per la realizzazione degli elementi architettonici o dei manufatti; sulla base di queste stesse indagini è inoltre possibile ricavare informazioni sul ciclo di attivazione, sfruttamento e abbandono dei siti estrattivi sui Colli Euganei. Allo stesso modo, uno studio integrato della cronologia dei campioni, delle loro cave di provenienza e dei centri in cui sono stati esportati permette di elaborare riflessioni attorno alle dinamiche commerciali e all’impiego della trachite euganea in Italia settentrionale nel corso dell’età romana.

Analisis kestabilan lereng pada dasarnya dianalisis secara 2 dimensi, tetapi hasil dari analisis tidaklah mempresentasikan bagaimana kondisi aktual pada lereng tersebut, hal ini dikarenakan analisis kestabilan lereng secara 2 dimensi tidaklah memperhitungkan seberapa panjang geometri lereng yang akan dianalisis, maka untuk menghasilkan nilai analisis yang lebih representatif dilakukan analisis kestabilan lereng secara 3 dimensi. Pada analisis kestabilan lereng secara 3 dimensi, dapat dilakukan analisis dengan memperhitungkan seberapa panjang bukaan lereng tersebut serta litologi batuan yang menyusun lereng penelitian tersebut. Pada analisis kestabilan lereng secara 3 dimensi perhitungan analisis dilakukan pada titik titik perhitungan yang disebut dengan nodes. Variable nodes yang digunakan pada analisis ini terdiri dari 4 nodes dan 10 nodes dengan jenis elemen yang digunakan adalah graded dan uniform. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai FK yang didapatkan dengan analisis menggunakan 4 nodes menghasilkan nilai FK yang lebih kecil daripada analisis menggunakan 10 nodes dengan nilai FK untuk 4 nodes graded yaitu 2,78 dan 10 nodes graded yaitu 2,18. Sedangkan untuk nilai FK dengan 4 nodes Uniform Low-High menghasilkan nilai FK yaitu 3,87-2,51 dengan grafik turun  dan nilai FK dengan 10 nodes Uniform Low-High menghasilkan nilai FK yaitu 2,31-2,14 dengan grafik turun.

Many Medioeval villages of Monferrato area was build with Pietra da Cantoni, a Miocene carbonatic sandstone: today we don't ave anymore quarryes supplying material despite certain demand arising from buildings and renovation projects. This research aims to ensure procurement of material to be used in the renovation of stone buildings exclusively in the local area.

Açılıp işletildikleri yerde topografyayı ve peyzajı değiştiren, flora ve faunayı etkileyen, buna karşılık ülke genelinde gittikçe yaygınlaşan ve yeterli denetimden uzak çalışan, hatta çalışılmadan terkedilen taş ve mermer ocaklarının sayıca ve işgal ettikleri alan itibariyle artmaları kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Bunların görsel kirliliğe ve doğal yapıda gedikler açmalarına rağmen baştan planlandıkları takdirde, işletme faaliyeti sona erdikten sonra sunabilecekleri rekreatif ve biyotop potansiyelleri olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu bildiride işletme planına entegre edilecek bir rehabilitasyon ve mitigasyon planıyla faaliyeti sona
erdikten sonra bu ocakların insan ve diğer canlılar lehine nasıl düzenlenebileceği ve doğaya-topluma hangi avantajlar sunabileceği konusu ele alınmaktadır.

La trachite euganea, una roccia vulcanica estratta dai Colli Euganei, è una delle risorse lapidee cavate sin dall’età antica nell’attuale comprensorio veneto. Le peculiari proprietà meccaniche contribuirono a una larga diffusione della trachite, in particolar modo in età romana, ma già nel corso della protostoria. Il materiale lapideo euganeo venne impiegato in tutta la Regio X (Venetia et Histria), ma anche nell’Aemilia; verso ovest la trachite giunse a Milano/Mediolanum, in Transpadana e a Villa del Foro/Forum Fulvii in Liguria, mentre a sud è documentata sino a Urbisaglia/Urbs Salvia. Questa pietra trovò impiego tanto nelle fondazioni quanto negli alzati degli edifici, rispettivamente come blocchi sbozzati oppure rifiniti, ma venne messa in opera principalmente nelle pavimentazioni stradali. Basoli trachitici provenienti dai Colli Euganei sono stati identificati verso est sino ad Aquileia, ma risultano utilizzati anche nelle maggiori città sorte lungo la via Aemilia e in un selciato di Ancona, centro più a meridione rispetto al bacino di approvvigionamento in cui è stato documentato l’uso della trachite in un tratto viario. Oltre che in ambito architettonico, la trachite euganea fu sfruttata per produrre manufatti, principalmente strumenti per la macinazione, ma si realizzarono sovente anche cippi, stele e monumenti iscritti.
Prendendo le mosse dallo studio analitico di questi ritrovamenti, l’Autore propone un tentativo di ricostruzione delle dinamiche di diffusione del materiale trachitico in età romana: un’analisi combinata di carattere petrografico e geochimico consente  infatti di determinare le cave euganee dalle quali venne estratto il materiale per la realizzazione degli elementi architettonici o dei manufatti; sulla base di queste stesse indagini è inoltre possibile ricavare informazioni sul ciclo di attivazione, sfruttamento e abbandono dei siti estrattivi sui Colli Euganei. Allo stesso modo, uno studio integrato della cronologia dei campioni, delle loro cave di provenienza e dei centri in cui sono stati esportati permette di elaborare riflessioni attorno alle dinamiche commerciali e all’impiego della trachite euganea in Italia settentrionale nel corso dell’età romana.

"Latènezeitliche Handdrehmühlen im nordmainischen Hessen
Durch eine möglichst vollständige Zusammenstellung der latènezeitlichen Handdrehmühlen des nordmainischen Hessen konnten eine Typologie erstellt sowie durch eine Gesteinsbestimmung Steinbrüche und Transportwege ausfindig gemacht werden. Ihre Verwendung in dieser Region höchstwahrscheinlich schon vor der Spätlatènezeit, konnte durch Begleitfunde und Befundkontexte erarbeitet sowie ihre Nutzung in Hausnähe durch gut dokumentierte Drehmühlenbruchstücke aus neuesten Grabungskampagnen bestätigt werden. Handdrehmühlen können aufgrund ihrer Konstruktion als frühe Maschinen bezeichnet werden, deren Herstellung sicherlich Spezialisten unterlag, denn eine passgenaue Ausrichtung der Reibflächen ist für ein befriedigendes Mahlprodukt unerlässlich. Für die Wirtschaftsgeschichte sowie für die Rekonstruktion der Handelswege in der Latènezeit stellen daher die Handdrehmühlen eine wichtige archäologische Fundgruppe dar.

Les meules manuelles en Hesse (nord du Main) au cours de La Tène
Un catalogue et un examen attentif des moulins à bras de la Hesse au nord du fleuve Main, ont permis d’identifier les carrières et les itinéraires de transport par détermination des roches et aussi l’élaboration d’une typologie à partir de paramètres d’analyse. L’utilisation de ces moulins a commencée dans la région à partir de La Tène finale au moins, et ils furent utilisés à proximité des maisons, comme l’ont montré quelques chantiers de fouilles récents particulièrement bien documentés. En raison de leur mode d’élaboration, les moulins à bras peuvent être considérés comme des machines précoces. Leur production était sûrement affaire de spécialistes, parce qu’un parfait ajustement des surfaces de travail étant essentiel à l’obtention d’une farine satisfaisante. En matière d’histoire économique et notamment pour la reconstitution des itinéraires commerciaux au cours de La Tène, les moulins à bras constituent donc un lot important de trouvailles archéologiques.

La Tène Period Rotary Querns from Hessen north of the River Main
A catalogue of the rotary querns from Hessen north of the River Main and a subsequent examination provided the identification of quarries and transport routes by rock determination as well as a typology of the rotary querns by analyzed parameters. Their use in this region started at least by the late La Tène period and was identified by archaeological finds and find contexts. Their use in proximity to houses was shown by well documented rotary quern fragments from newest excavation campaigns. Due to their construction, rotary querns can be taken as early machines. Their production was surely a matter for specialists, because a properly matched adjustment of the grinding surfaces is essential for a satisfactory meal or flour. Rotary querns therefore represent an important archaeological group of finds for economic history as well as for the reconstruction of trade routes in the La Tène period."

La trachite euganea, una roccia vulcanica estratta dai Colli Euganei, è una delle risorse lapidee cavate sin dall’età antica nell’attuale comprensorio veneto. Le peculiari proprietà meccaniche contribuirono a una larga diffusione della trachite, in particolar modo in età romana, ma già nel corso della protostoria. Il materiale lapideo euganeo venne impiegato in tutta la Regio X (Venetia et Histria), ma anche nell’Aemilia; verso ovest la trachite giunse a Milano/Mediolanum, in Transpadana e a Villa del Foro/Forum Fulvii in Liguria, mentre a sud è documentata sino a Urbisaglia/Urbs Salvia. Questa pietra trovò impiego tanto nelle fondazioni quanto negli alzati degli edifici, rispettivamente come blocchi sbozzati oppure rifiniti, ma venne messa in opera principalmente nelle pavimentazioni stradali. Basoli trachitici provenienti dai Colli Euganei sono stati identificati verso est sino ad Aquileia, ma risultano utilizzati anche nelle maggiori città sorte lungo la via Aemilia e in un selciato di Ancona, centro più a meridione rispetto al bacino di approvvigionamento in cui è stato documentato l’uso della trachite in un tratto viario. Oltre che in ambito architettonico, la trachite euganea fu sfruttata per produrre manufatti, principalmente strumenti per la macinazione, ma si realizzarono sovente anche cippi, stele e monumenti iscritti.
Prendendo le mosse dallo studio analitico di questi ritrovamenti, l’Autore propone un tentativo di ricostruzione delle dinamiche di diffusione del materiale trachitico in età romana: un’analisi combinata di carattere petrografico e geochimico consente  infatti di determinare le cave euganee dalle quali venne estratto il materiale per la realizzazione degli elementi architettonici o dei manufatti; sulla base di queste stesse indagini è inoltre possibile ricavare informazioni sul ciclo di attivazione, sfruttamento e abbandono dei siti estrattivi sui Colli Euganei. Allo stesso modo, uno studio integrato della cronologia dei campioni, delle loro cave di provenienza e dei centri in cui sono stati esportati permette di elaborare riflessioni attorno alle dinamiche commerciali e all’impiego della trachite euganea in Italia settentrionale nel corso dell’età romana.

This field report describes the successful collaboration of UK architecture students, the Indian non-governmental organization (NGO) ARPHEN, and local families in the construction of two community classrooms to provide a bridge into state education for the marginalized children of stone quarry workers in Navi Mumbai. The report examines the role of the architectural students as designers, makers and curators, as well as their relationship with the NGO and local residents. Lessons learned from the project might be applied in other situations of rapid change and scarce resources where architects, NGOs and the local population might collaborate to provide shared infrastructure and community facilities.

This article investigates the relation between the Palestinian stone and marble industry and the occupation. This is done by using David Harvey’s (2003) theory of “accumulation by dispossession” as the frame of reference. Through discerning “dispossessions” and “accumulations”, as well as critically understanding their relations to each other two specific applications of Harvey’s initial “accumulation by dispossession” theory are constructed. On the general level “dispossession by accumulation” is a notion that explains how momentary accumulations in the sector contribute to the general dispossession of holding power of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (oPt). On the individual level “accumulation by normalization” explains how individual profit in the sector contains aspects of (involuntary?) normalization of the occupation. This shines a light on the fragile balance between developing the stone and marble industry and normalizing the occupation. In doing so, this article partly contributes to answering the question of functionality of conflict (Keen, 2007) and takes into account global politics, broader academic discussions and is situated within the critical debate on the relations between Israel and Palestine. Obtaining data for the research was done by a literature study, followed by fieldwork in the oPt during April and May 2015. Various stakeholders cooperated with the research, so it is possible to say that in the Bethlehem and Hebron districts most of the relevant respondents are included in the knowledge base.  Qualitative interviews constitute the method used on the ground, and these were coherently combined with the theoretic information obtained before and after the visit to the oPt.

Research publication documenting a cultural and physical survey of stone quarry worker settlements in Navi Mumbai, India. Produced by Valerie Saavedra Lux, Paul Watson, Shamoon Patwari and Bo Tang at the Faculty of Architecture and Spatial Design at London Metropolitan University in 2008.

Unpaved roa ds are de signed with a s mall input and ar e constructed fr om th e neare st a vailable m aterials as possible. It r equires routine and pe riodic m aintenance, and thei r co ndition ca n be s ignificantly af fected by a peri od of e xcessive tr affic volumes or inclement weather condition. The accurate estimation of maintenance cost is difficult. Many problems occur in the economic analysis of unpa ved r oads in comparison with pa ved r oads. D efects whi ch may a ffect u npaved r oads are dusty, potholes, sto neness, corrugations, and rutting. Hence, it needs to apply sufficient stabilization method to strengthen and increase the durability of the unpaved road. Mechanical stabilization is an important application in en gineering for different types of con struction to i mprove the performance of r oad construction materials. The obj ective of this research was to determine the E ngineering properties of natural gravel materials by mechanical stabilization method to be used in subba se material for the unpaved road. The methodology carried out in this research study includes: (a) field visual inspection and sampling of natural gravel materials from three quarry sites around Jimma area; and (b) laboratory tests to identify the physical and mechanical properties of natural gravel. Based on the laboratory test results, natural gravel materials from the Seka quarry site has an excellent Abrasion resistance of 35.26%, Plasticity Index of 13% a little bit above the u pper li mit, and good gradation (coarser and less subtle or bind er materials), right CB R val ue. While the J iren quarry site has a little Abrasion resistance of 52.09%, medium plasticity index, poor gradation (moderate fine material), CBR value of 28.90% which was below 30% minimum requirement, but had good MDD. On the other hand, the Merewa quarry site comprised of a very poor Abrasion resistance of 78.3 4%, Plasticity Index of 2 3.90% which was beyond the upper limit pl asticity index of 1 2%, and poor gradation (more fine materials), poor CBR value and poor MDD. Therefore, it is concluded that the natural gravel from the Seka quarry site is suitable for subbase course. But since road construction around Jimma is booming, the natural gravel from this quarry site would be soon deple ted. About this, mechanical stabilization is r ecommended by bl ending the natur al gravel from Seka quarry site with 54% by weight with Jiren natural gravel of 46% by weight to meet the minimum requirements for subbase materials.

Steinbruddslandskapene omkring middelalderens klosteranlegg på Selja i Nordfjord, Hovedøya ved Oslo og Rein i Sør-Trøndelag er undersøkt, spesielt med tanke på hvordan disse, til dels store landskapene, ble benyttet for leveranser av lokal stein til byggingen av anleggene på 11- og 1200-tallet. Det viser seg at de to sistnevnte steinbruddslandskapene i stor grad også var i bruk i etterreformatorisk tid, mens det på Selja ikke er mange spor av steinbrytning etter middelalderen. Dette har å gjøre med den generelle historien: Hovedøya og Rein ligger i områder der det var stor aktivitet etter middelalderen; Selja opplevde ikke det samme.
Totalt er det registrert bort i mot 60 enkeltsteinbrudd, flest på Hovedøya. Det dreier seg stort sett om små brudd som ble benyttet for leveranser av murestein og "gråstein". Det er ingen brudd for "finstein" nær klosteranleggene; stein som ble benyttet til arkitekturdetaljer og skulptur. Slike steintyper (kleber, metaolivinstein, kalkstein, marmor) ble "importert" fra brudd lengre unna anleggene.
Et av målene med undersøkelsene var å kartfeste enkeltbrudd og steinbruddslandskaper, slik at de kan representeres i Askeladden, Riksantikvarens sentrale database over kulturminner i Norge. I rapporten gjøres det rede for vanskelighetene ved kartfesting av slike, til dels store landskaper, og det gis anbefalinger til hvordan vanskelighetene kan overvinnes.
Rapporten har et innledende, teoretisk kapittel der beskaffenhet, registrering og datering av steinbrudd blir diskutert. I et avsluttende kapittel med diskusjon og anbefalinger blir temaer fra innledningen gjenopptatt i lys av undersøkelsene som er foretatt. Det konkluderes med at det foreliggende pilotprosjektet bør videreføres i et hovedprosjekt, med mål om å utarbeide maler eller en liten håndbok for registreringer av alt fra små enkeltsteinbrudd til store steinbruddslandskaper i Norge. Her vil, naturlig nok, resultatene fra pilotprosjektet utgjøre en grunnstamme.
Den viktigste grunnen til at pilotprosjektet bør videreføres, er at få steinbrudd, og spesielt de store og viktige steinbruddslandskapene fra middelalderen og nyere tid, er svært dårlig representert, hvis overhode, i Askeladden. Mange av disse industrikulturminnene har derfor dårlig vern. Om de er kjent, så er dette ofte i lokalmiljøet og i fagkretser, men ikke nødvendigvis hos ansvarlige myndigheter og utbyggere som fort kan få seg en overraskelse når graving pågår og det allerede er for sent.

This paper is focused on testing the hypotheses that stone textures and other characteristics form the basis of selection of materials for grinding implements.  The example is a previously non-reported coquina quarry in the Colorado Desert of Southern California.

Η παρούσα μελέτη αποτελεί σύντομη παρουσίαση της
πρόσφατης έρευνάς μας για την εξόρυξη του κωακού
μαρμάρου κατά την αρχαιότητα. Παρουσιάζονται τα μέ-
τωπα εξόρυξης που πρόσφατα εντοπίστηκαν στο όρος
Δίκαιος και εξετάζονται τα ίχνη λατόμησης, οι θέσεις
απόρριψης που διερευνήθηκαν και τα ημίεργα γλυπτά
από την Κω. Ο απώτερος στόχος της έρευνάς μας αφορά
στη συνολική θεώρηση της κωακής μαρμαρογλυπτικής
κατά την αρχαιότητα, μέσα από την επισκόπηση του ο-
γκωδέστατου κατάλογου με τα έργα από κωακό μάρ-
μαρο στην Κω, αλλά και όσα έχουν εξαχθεί στις
απέναντι μικρασιατικές ακτές και στα γύρω νησιά, ο
οποίος εκπονήθηκε στο πλαίσιο της διδακτορικής δια-
τριβής της γράφουσας, που υποβλήθηκε στο Πανεπι-
στήμιο Αθηνών (Τομέας Αρχαιολογίας και Ιστορίας της
Τέχνης), υπό την εποπτεία της καθηγήτριας Γ. Κοκκο-
ρού-Αλευρά. Η έρευνά μας συμπληρώθηκε με την πραγ-
ματοποίηση φυσικοχημικών αναλύσεων σε δείγματα
μαρμάρου από τα γλυπτά και αγγεία που ήρθαν στο φως
κατά την ανασκαφή στο ελληνιστικό ιερό του Απόλ-
λωνα και στον παλαιοχριστιανικό οικισμό της αρχαίας
Αλάσαρνας (σημ. Καρδάμαινας) της Κω, στο εργαστή-
ριο Αρχαιομετρίας του Ε.Κ.Ε.φ.Ε. «Δημόκριτος», υπό τη
δ/νση του καθηγητή Ιω. Μανιάτη και τη συνεργασία του
Δρ. Δημ. Ταμπακόπουλου. Τα αποτελέσματα των εργα-
στηριακών αυτών αναλύσεων θα διαφωτίσουν περισσό-
τερο την έρευνά μας.

The Mergelland region in the South of The Netherlands has about 500 underground quarries and mines, ranging from Neolithic times to medieval times and the modern cold war era. These more than 500 kilometer of galleries are dark, cold and humid and form an invisible underground landscape. Although it is hidden, it is full of history and archaeology and local heritage.
The obscurity of these tunnels make them unpopular for protection and studies, but with good analyses in GIS, these valuable features can be visualized. The analyses of the underground galleries give insight in the methods of extracting the minerals and can be connected with historical sources. Estimations can be made about the amount of people working in this craft and industry.
Bringing the archaeology of the underground darkness into the open and presenting its values to science and the public.

Les pedreres medievals a la Corona d’Aragó, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 2017, 303 p.
ISBN: 978-84-9965-398-3

Actes d'un congrés dedicat a l'estudi de les pedreres medievals a la Corona d'Aragó, al seu ús i explotació i a les seves especifitats

La pietra ollare nelle Alpi Coltivazione e utilizzo nelle zone di provenienza 2 a circolare (agosto 2016) CAI Sezione di Varallo Commissione scientifica Pietro Calderini con la collaborazione di Associazione italo-svizzera per gli scavi di Piuro Comune di Piuro Ecomuseo della Val Malenco Ecomuseo della pietra ollare e degli scalpellini di Malesco Giovedì 11 agosto 2016, Carcoforo (Valsesia, Vc) Convegno Il caldo senza fumo. Le stufe in pietre verdi in Valsesia Sabato 8 ottobre 2016, Varallo (Valsesia, Vc) Convegno La pietra ollare nelle Alpi. Coltivazione e utilizzo nelle zone di provenienza Domenica 9 ottobre 2016, Mergozzo e Malesco (Ossola, VCO) Escursione Viaggio nella pietra ollare ossolana dai luoghi di consumo ai luoghi di produzione

Archaeological research on the extraction, distribution and utilization of soapstone artifacts in northern Norway has been limited, but systematic geological documentation of soapstone exposures that includes quarry activity provides an opportunity to expand archaeological insights into soapstone provenance and extraction. This article brings together geological and archaeological evidence related to soapstone use in northern Norway to the north of Saltfjellet in Nordland in order to evaluate the current state of knowledge for this resource. The initial section provides a chronological overview of archaeological
evidence for soapstone use and associated site contexts, including the distribution of artifact types in time and space. This is followed by a presentation of soapstone geology from a historical perspective focusing on quarry documentation. Quarry evidence is reviewed and results from recent collaborative geological and archaeological surveys presented within a framework of relevant research problems. The final section outlines potential avenues for future interdisciplinary soapstone research.

Researchers have noted and studied the finely formed manos and metates of the Casas Grandes region of northern Mexico, but little is known about how and where they were produced. During a survey project in 2013, we located a quarry, the first discovered in this region, where grinding stones were manufactured using a suite of stone tools. We report the morphology of the site, the tool kit of the metateros (metate makers), and ethnoarchaeological implications resulting from the study of modern metateros that can aid in the interpretation of prehistoric ground stone quarries. Las manos y metates finamente trabajados de la región de Casas Grandes en el norte de México han sido observados y estudiados, pero poco se sabe sobre su manera y lugar de producción. Durante un proyecto de reconocimiento en 2013 localizamos una cantera, la primera descubierta en esta región, donde las piedras de moler de basalto vesicular fueron fabricadas usando un conjunto de herramientas de piedra. Reportamos la morfología del lugar, las herramientas de los metateros y las implicaciones etnoarqueológicas resultantes del estudio de metateros modernos que pueden auxiliar la interpretación de las canteras prehispánicas para piedras de moler.

Primary and secondary raw material preference in the Neolithic societies in Northwest Turkey in the production of polished stone tools

Abstract

New excavations and field surveys as well as specific studies on stone tools broaden our knowledge in the last decade on the technology of the Neolithic populations in North-western Turkey where we had no information previously. Thanks to the excavations at the Neolithic sites like Hoca Çeşme, Aşağı Pınar, Ilıpınar, Aktopraklık, Kaynarca, and Hamaylıtarla we have now an important number of materials on polished stone tools. An investigation of the choice for the primary and secondary deposits in the production of these tools provide us hints to understand the reasons of long distance acquisition as well as why only some type of tools were preferred to be manufactured from nearby secondary sources. As metamorphic rocks in particular, is the most commonly preferred raw material in the polished lithic assemblage of Neolithic sites in this region, we consider that the subsistence and economy may heavily depend on these type of material especially when these type of tools are needed. The detailed examination of the physical features of these finished or unfinished (blank) tools reflect the information on their procurement strategies. Especially our analysis on Hoca Çeşme, Aşağı Pınar, Aktopraklık, Hamaylıtarla and Kaynarca Neolithic sites with the help of some basic statistical presentations put forward substantial information on the daily life of the Neolithic societies."