Suburban Studies

Préface d’Augustin Berque
Un siècle de banlieue japonaise apporte une réflexion inédite sur les processus d’urbanisation de l’une des sociétés de consommation les plus avancées de la planète, dans un pays dont la population doit, de surcroît, souvent faire face à des désastres naturels. De la fin du 19e  siècle aux temps présents en passant par la crise de Fukushima, l’histoire de la production de l’espace nippon retracée ici nous permet de saisir l’évolution du rapport des Japonais à l’urbain et à leur milieu.

Dans ce contexte, la formation du tissu urbain banlieusard qui entoure les villes, et notamment la capitale, est un phénomène particulièrement éloquent.
Au Japon, logements publics et sociaux n’allant pas de pair, il est essentiel de saisir les motivations d’une réflexion liée au logement populaire en banlieue. Quelles sont les conséquences foncières, sociales et culturelles de la transformation de l’espace imposée par les politiques planificatrices de la seconde moitié du 20e siècle? Un siècle de banlieue japonaise présente les premières initiatives externalisées dans le domaine du logement, les influences occidentales et les prises de position qui ont donné naissance au processus de création de la banlieue japonaise, ainsi que les grands mouvements d’idées sous-jacents.

Afin d’illustrer les résultats concrets de ces phénomènes, l’auteure examine en profondeur la situation des cités de loge-ments publics japonaises, qui exprime certes la mise en œuvre de la modernité dans l’aménagement spatial, mais entraîne également des réalités socioculturelles difficiles. De la naissance du noyau urbain de Tôkyô aux emprunts à l’Amérique de l’après-guerre, de la vague du bunka à l’apogée de Kôdan (l’organisme public du logement), en passant par l’évolution inexorable d’un village où les traditions disparaissent progressivement, Cécile Asanuma-Brice nous présente la poétique et la politique de l’urbain nippon. Elle nous invite de manière spéculaire à nous interroger sur la production de l’espace urbain occidental.

Table des matières
Remerciements | 11

Préface d’Augustin Berque | 13

Introduction / Au paroxysme de
la société de consommation | 15

PARTIE I / NAISSANCE DE VILLE ET STRUCTURATION DE L’ALENTOUR

De la naissance d’Edo à la formation d’une culture d’habiter propre à la périphérie urbaine | 25

Chapitre 1 / Une organisation urbaine au rythme des plateaux | 27
Chapitre 2 / Le rôle des transports dans l’étalement urbain de Tôkyô | 53
Chapitre 3 / L’ère du Bunka 文化 | 71

PARTIE II / FORMATION D’UN SYSTÈME DE LOGEMENT PUBLIC  ET TRANSFORMATION DU MODE DE VIE EN PÉRIPHÉRIE

Naissance d’une préoccupation publique sur la question du logement social
au Japon | 85

Chapitre 1 / L’émergence de la question du logement ouvrier | 87
Chapitre 2 / Du logement d’entreprise à la ville d’entreprise Shatakugai 社宅街 | 95
Chapitre 3 / Lorsque le logement devient une préoccupation publique | 111

PARTIE III / QUAND LA BANLIEUE PERD SON LIEU

Aux prémices de la métamorphose banlieusarde | 129

Chapitre 1 / L’après-guerre 1945-1955 : mise en place des organismes de production et de gestion des logements pu-blics et évolution du cadre juridique | 131
Chapitre 2 / De la modernité | 143
Chapitre 3 / Les influences américaines | 149

PARTIE IV / L’ORGANISME PUBLIC DU LOGEMENT (KÔDAN JÛTAKU)

Naissance et décadence | 157

Chapitre 1 / 1955, début de la période de haute croissance | 159
Chapitre 2 / À nouvelle forme d’urba-nisme, communautés nouvelles | 167
Chapitre 3 / Les années 1980 : kôdan, apogée et déclin | 179

PARTIE V / VAGABONDAGE PÉRIURBAIN, DU TERRITOIRE
À LA CHOSE CONSTRUITE

Chapitre 1 / La formation de la banlieue fasuto-fûdo (ファスト風土 ) | 195
Chapitre 2 /  L’inadaptation de la ville-objet de consommation au territoire: le séisme de 2011 | 205

Conclusion / Du local au global, quand la domination de l’appareil  organisationnel détruit ceux pour qui il a été mis en place | 215

Annexe / Si la banlieue nous était contée… par ses habitants | 221
Bibliographie | 227
Glossaire | 243
Index des lieux | 247
Sources iconographiques | 249
Crédits | 253

In the opening lines of the Beach Boys 1964 hit, “In My Room,” Brian Wilson portrays the bedroom and domestic space in general as a place of retreat and security, a world that one can “tell their secrets to.”  Yet, as the narrator confesses to a growing feeling of fragility in this relation, the cavernous soundtrack comes to introduce an unnerving openness that belies this sense of safe enclosure.  This testimonial to isolation and its celebration of interiority is additionally compromised by a complex overlay of harmonies which render the individual voice strangely multiple.  In these dynamics, the song dramatizes the transformation of the home that would occur under Postmodernism as a once discrete and private space would be shot through with its exterior.  While the historical forces behind this transformation are multiple, the most prominent include: the increasing ubiquity and reach of media, the explosion of postwar advertising, the birth of suburbia and the “always on call” employment model of late capitalism.  As the convergence point for these forces, the home in the second half of the 20th century came to relinquish its enduring historical function which Gaston Bachelard describes as “shelter[ing] day-dreaming, the house protects the dreamer, the house allows one to dream in peace.”
This transformation of the home is at the center of the work of photographers John Divola, Gregory Crewdson and Jeff Wall.  While the specific strategies vary between artists, collectively their work visualizes these tensions by presenting the home as somehow uninhabitable, both literally and figuratively speaking.  In these images, the expectation of sanctuary that Wilson and Bachelard describe clash violently with the forces of late capitalism described above, fueling a self-reflexive dialogue in which the operation of the camera is rendered complicit in the larger processes of defamiliarization and alienation in which the home is enmeshed.  For example, John Divola surreptitiously enters abandoned seaside homes in Southern California.  Chronicling his presence through flares and light anomalies, the photographer introduces a tension between the constructedness of the image, the unwanted presence of the photographer and the decay and degradation of the spaces in which these acts take place.  Similarly, Gregory Crewdson creates elaborate, excessively theatrical images of the home which question the association of the domestic with the authenticity and interiority.  Finally, Jeff Wall’s portrayal of the home reveals an intrusion of the world of images into the domestic sphere by self-consciously fashioning the drama of the home according to overwrought types and conventions.  In these works, the image of the home emerges as a space of alienation, but also as the center point for the convergence of historical and technical forces which would shape subjectivity and the politics of the image.

Este artigo tem por objetivo apontar as reflexões relacionadas à dinâmica da paisagem e ao sistema de espaços livres em um recorte da Área de Planejamento 3 (AP3) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, alcançadas a partir da aplicação do método de divisão em Unidades de Paisagem (UPs), desenvolvido pelos grupos de pesquisa QUAPÁ-SEL (FAUUSP) e SEL-RJ (FAU-UFRJ). A motivação para a escolha de um recorte inserido na AP3 está relacionada às permanências históricas em sua paisagem, às transformações experimentadas por esta região na última década (como a construção do Estádio Nilton Santos e do Parque Madureira), ao fato de abrigar quarenta porcento da população do município e ser a região com o menor percentual de áreas verdes. O método de divisão em Unidades de Paisagem incentiva uma abordagem que vai da escala da cidade à escala do lote, permitindo assim assimilar as consequências das ações do planejamento urbano e das transformações na paisagem no dia-a-dia das pessoas e também na forma como os espaços livres da cidade são apropriados. A aplicação desse método permite mapear e considerar a cidade que é vivida e experimentada pelas pessoas, pois além dos aspectos físicos considera ocupações, permanências e a dinâmica intensa de transformação das cidades.

Copyright©2018 Nicholas Manganas. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged, in accordance with our Creative Commons Licence. Abstract: This article takes an autobiographical approach to explore the changes that have occurred in Australian suburbia over the past twenty years. It considers two key queer texts—Christos Tsiolkas's Loaded (1995) and Peter Polites's Down the Hume (2017)—and the manner in which the protagonists of these novels express their class and sexuality in their respective suburbanscapes. Published more than twenty years apart, I argue that the process of queering Australian suburbia that can be read in both novels opens up a space to reimagine how class, ethnic and sexual mobility is negotiated in contemporary Australia.

RESUMO Em diversos aspectos da vida moderna buscamos imitar o comportamento de nossos ídolos, sejam artistas ou atletas preferidos, ou pessoas de reconhecido sucesso. O mesmo ocorre ao observarmos no ambiente esportivo amador de periferias, os dirigentes se dirigindo às mesas dos anotadores e árbitros. Consciente ou não, há um comportamento cerimonial que remete ao dos grandes espetáculos esportivos televisivos: cumprimentos e cobranças à arbitragem, posicionamento junto aos treinadores na preleção, recebimento de troféu e passagem do mesmo ao capitão da equipe, entre outros. O presente artigo visa responder quais competências são encontradas entre dirigentes esportivos de ligas e equipes não federadas da periferia de Porto Alegre. Para tanto, foram realizadas sete entrevistas entre os meses de fevereiro e março de 2017, buscando respostas para a compreensão que esses personagens têm quanto às dimensões esportivas e patrocínio, bem como verificar a necessidade de capacitação e a intenção dos mesmos em realizarem cursos na área da gestão esportiva. Palavras-chave: Gestão Esportiva. Amadorismo. Periferia.

This paper summarises the results of the research carried out at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture, Slovenia, during the PhD visiting period of the first author from the Gdansk University of Technology, Poland, in the framework of the PhD course "Sensitive urban places", leaded by the second author. Focusing to the specific problems of the Gdansk Osowa district in Poland, this research develops the idea of sensitivity levels of public places, requiring respectful modes and levels of design interventions. In order to bridge the gap between the spatial potentials and the actual situation it demonstrates the dichotomy using two evaluation methods: the first representing abstract (the 'space syntax' method), the second starting from the experiential point of view (the 'spatial sensitivity' method). The results include the incremental methodological contributions to the methods used as well as the interpretation of place sensitivity as the starting point of the intervention potentials of the case study itself. The discussion shows the diverse levels of the transferability and relevance of the results.

There are few places where mobility has shaped identity as widely as the American West, but some locations and populations sit at its major crossroads, maintaining control over place and mobility, labor and race. In Collisions at the Crossroads, Genevieve Carpio argues that mobility, both permission to move freely and prohibitions on movement, helped shape racial formation in the eastern suburbs of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By examining policies and forces as different as historical societies, Indian boarding schools, bicycle ordinances, immigration policy, incarceration, traffic checkpoints, and Route 66 heritage, she shows how local authorities constructed a racial hierarchy by allowing some people to move freely while placing limits on the mobility of others. Highlighting the ways people of color have negotiated their place within these systems, Carpio reveals a compelling and perceptive analysis of spatial mobility through physical movement and residence.

https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/making-suburbia
This chapter considers the power of racial and spatial categories to influence both institutional policy and everyday practice, looking specifically at the Normandy suburbs of St. Louis. Here, the stigmatized space of the ghetto intersects with valorized spaces of the suburbs resulting in unique practices of both subjugation and resistance. Important questions arise at this intersection, such as: How are bodies coded by space and space by bodies? How do historical biases toward race and gender play out differently in different metropolitan spaces and how do people use space to challenge and resist these biases?

http://placesjournal.org/article/swingsites-for-singles/  The singles apartment complex originated in Southern California in the late ’50s and by the ’70s had spread nationwide, attracting attention with magazine stories illustrated with images of wet young flesh. Today they can seem a tawdry relic of a vanished era, yet the “swingsites” were a creative form of housing — and even a force for social progress.

Based on life history interviews with successfully retired drug dealers, this article examines opportunities and challenges in the suburban underground economy. "Friendship" is key. Suburban drug dealing occurs exclusively through networks of friends, kin, and the acquaintances thereof. Friends are functionally necessary for the suburban illegal drug business but also economically inconvenient in that they require sharing drugs, spending time, "hanging out," and "partying." Friends represent "transaction costs" in conventional economic terms. The ambivalence produced by this, in profiting from friends and mixing sociality and commerce, is best understood via insights from economic anthropology, preeminently Marcel Mauss. For Mauss, gifts and self-interest, generosity and profit, are, and ought to be, conceptually inseparable. Dealers vividly demonstrate this entanglement.

While Los Angeles’ San Gabriel Valley is best known for being the “first suburban Chinatown,” it is actually a lively, multiethnic and multiracial area with a complex past. Today, it constitutes the largest, majority-Asian American and Latina/o area in the U.S. Its social and cultural mix make it a vibrant example of suburban cosmopolitanism, in which diverse residents live in relative harmony, with mutual respect for difference. Area cultural producers such as the South El Monte Arts Posse have begun to make work that reflects this ethos, and could reshape normative ideas of what it means to be American.

MA Thesis:  October 21, 1916, a mob lynched Anthony Crawford in Abbeville, SC.  He was a wealthy planter who owned a 427-acre estate.  Crawford’s lynching would resonate around the country, with long lasting consequences.  Afterwards, a mass exodus of African Americans would forever change his hometown of Abbeville, and America, in many ways.  This lynching coincided with the beginning of the Great Migration in 1916.  This thesis will argue three things; first, the mass exodus known as the Great Migration, at the very least, changed trajectory significantly after Crawford’s death. Second, the migrants journeyed with the memories of violence that they then shared with future generations and that shaped their new communities in interesting ways.  Finally, the migrants’ violent memories fueled the chain migration that depended heavily on women’s work and their willingness to help other would-be migrants make the trip out of the South.  While scholars have examined these assertions before, none have deposited the beginning of the Great Migration at the bottom of Anthony Crawford’s hanging feet. I offer this lynching, the Abbeville migration, and women's reactions to impending violence as a beginning of a new conversation about the origins of the Great Migration and a lens from which we can view how African Americans in the early 20th century re-defined citizenship.

This paper aims at analysing a very well-known Italian neighbourhood, which is located in Palermo and called Zen. This neighbourhood has often been described as a clear example of the worst and most disgraced urban landscapes in Italy, as mass media and local stakeholders shaped its image for their own uses. Through a series of interviews, on-the-spot inspections and the use of other qualitative methodologies, the final goal of this paper is to subvert traditional representations of this place and enforce a plural way of describing it, using research techniques that might position the researcher and his or her own description inside a larger framework. Would geographers, social scientists and urban scholars agree on the subjectivity of their own descriptions, they could craft new strategies of storytelling to represent modern and changing urban realities.

Waldorf 1973), one a Hispanic crack dealer and the other a White trafficker of powder cocaine. The first dealer worked openly on the street, in the urban style; the latter dealt indoors, exclusively through networks of kin and friends, the only way to sell drugs in the suburbs. This article seeks to establish "suburban" drug sales as a particular modality, with dynamics specific to its context. Design / methodology / approach: Two in-depth case cases are examined. They are drawn from a larger set of oral interviews that explore the life histories of drug dealers, with an emphasis on how they sold marijuana and cocaine, and how and why they quit selling. Findings: First, the suburban style of drug sales has much to do with the mitigated risks White people face as dealers. Second, suburban dealing illuminates the limits of conventional economic theory to explain drug dealing universally. Originality / value: Because suburban drug deals happen among friends and kin relations they are never anonymous. Making sense of economic transactions among intimates raises a number issues fundamental to economic anthropology: the ambivalence of gifts in social-economic relationships, and more generally the integration of economic phenomena in social dynamics.

Az Árkay Aladár tervezte, 1911 és 1912 között épült Bírák és Ügyészek telepe volt az első nagyobb léptékű kísérlet Budapesten a telepszerű, magánerős villaépítkezésre. A változó életstílus, preferenciák a középosztályt a lakásideál átgondolására késztették és előtérbe került a város külső, zöld övezete, mint kívánatos lakhatási forma. Azonban még a társadalom felső részéhez tartozók számára is jelentős gondot okozott a források előteremtése, így nagymérvű központi hozzájárulással készülhetett csak el a telep.

This paper will focus on three types of structures: the tangible qualities of architectural structures, the intangible aspects of social structures, and the material and discursive elements in the literary structures of cookbooks. By triangulating interpretations of spatial, social, and textual structures, I intend to establish a framework for understanding interactions between people and the built environment, from the individual-domestic scale to the collective-urban scale. Though my analysis focuses on cookbooks and kitchens of the twentieth century, its applications are embedded within a continuous discourse on the relationship between domestic and urban spaces.
Cooking has long been an inherently gendered practice, and the kitchen is consequently a gendered space. Especially in the mid-twentieth century American context, the kitchen is also a racialized space, as racial differences shaped its functional and aesthetic development within the home. While I focus on suburban American kitchens from the early twentieth century to the postwar period, I intend to draw overarching parallels between individual, everyday experiences and collective, societal processes that are congruent to architectural and cultural shifts in the history or contemporary conditions of any given socio-economic, cultural, or regional community.

Il presente contributo prende le mosse dai risultati di una lunga ricerca sul campo (circa 7 anni, dal 2005 al 2013) relativa alla borgata di Tiburtino III (Maggioli, Morri, 2006, un parallelepipedo che, nelle periferia orientale di Roma, si sviluppa nel senso della lunghezza tra via Tiburtina e via Collatina.

There is an ongoing migration from rural to urban and vice-versa. As cities are centers of the economic and socio-cultural life and the labor market, many people prefer living in or close to city centers. On the other hand, despite the city's vividness and opportunities regarding its accessibility, many others prefer escaping from the central locations, since the center has specific urban problems like pollution, overpopulation, traffic jam, etc. This orientation creates a new type of settlement pattern called suburban areas. These areas are located in the skirts of a city, occupied mostly by detached housing and gated communities. Rural areas also tend to become suburbs of metropolitan cities and be the subject of rural gentrification (Scott, 2011). These housing areas enclosed in their gated areas are distant both from cities and from other nearby amenities. This situation poses different kinds of challenges in local government and planning processes.

This paper offers a comprehensive interpretation of how an “Indian neighborhood” emerged in the Phillips district of South Minneapolis in the decades that followed the Second World War. It examines some of the ways that postwar urban strategies and political developments (suburbanization, the expansion of the middle class, interstate construction, and inner-city devalorization, for example) operated to divide the city by producing and sustaining discrete zones of privilege and deprivation, cementing the “structured advantage” of some and the exclusion of others. Building on this analysis, it concludes with a consideration of how the distribution of these advantages is illustrative of the enduring potency of the “colonial relation.”

Holden Caulfield, the beat writers, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and James Dean—these and other avatars of youthful rebellion were much more than entertainment. As Leerom Medovoi shows, they were often embraced and hotly debated at the dawn of the Cold War era because they stood for dissent and defiance at a time when the ideological production of the United States as leader of the “free world” required emancipatory figures who could represent America’s geopolitical claims. Medovoi argues that the “bad boy” became a guarantor of the country’s anti-authoritarian, democratic self-image: a kindred spirit to the freedom-seeking nations of the rapidly decolonizing third world and a counterpoint to the repressive conformity attributed to both the Soviet Union abroad and America’s burgeoning suburbs at home.
Alongside the young rebel, the contemporary concept of identity emerged in the 1950s. It was in that decade that “identity” was first used to define collective selves in the politicized manner that is recognizable today: in terms such as “national identity” and “racial identity.” Medovoi traces the rapid absorption of identity themes across many facets of postwar American culture, including beat literature, the young adult novel, the Hollywood teen film, early rock ‘n’ roll, black drama, and “bad girl” narratives. He demonstrates that youth culture especially began to exhibit telltale motifs of teen, racial, sexual, gender, and generational revolt that would burst into political prominence during the ensuing decades, bequeathing to the progressive wing of contemporary American political culture a potent but ambiguous legacy of identity politics.

Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City seems anomalous in twentieth century urban history. First presented in 1930 as a critique of existing American cities, the project developed into a program for territorial decentralization over the ensuing decade. Although Wright's often elliptical rhetoric can seem disengaged from urban discourse, this article argues that Broadacre City was based on prevailing suburban trends that it attempted to intensify. In doing so, the article makes two significant claims about Wright's work. The first is that Broadacre City was not a utopian master plan but rather a hermeneutical framework for managing socio-spatial change. The second is that the project was as critically attentive to changes in and around American cities as it was uncritically informed by existing forms of privilege and prejudice. If Broadacre City appears to be better grounded in urban history as a result, then its historiographic status needs to be revisited.

Though suburbanization in the United States during the 1950s is a well-known story, scholars still consider postwar prosperity and basic desire on the part of the American people to move further away from the problems of the inner city as its primary causes. While it is true that various factors contributed to phenomenal growth of the suburbs between 1945 and 1960, historians thus far have paid little attention to policymakers’ fears of atomic attack as a significant factor in population dispersal. This article examines how sociologists, scientists and other experts considered the reduction of urban vulnerability a Cold War priority, and worked to encourage dispersion of people and factories as a civil defense measure.

LIVRO COMPLETO

A finalidade desta pesquisa é oferecer, introdutoriamente, a análise de aspectos da história do bairro de Anchieta, no subúrbio carioca, tendo como ponto inicial a relevância da ferrovia, especificamente a Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil (EFCB), em seu processo de desenvolvimento e inclusão no espaço urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.