Switching

This work addresses the problem of low power design in high-level synthesis in the scenario of the resources operating at multiple voltages. The problem of resource-and-latency constrained scheduling is tackled and a novel methodology for scheduling as well as design space exploration is proposed. The proposed methodology achieves maximal power reduction of functional units by identifying the maximal parallelism of power hungry operators in resource-constrained/time-constrained designs. A novel scheme is devised for recognizing the ''zones'' of parallel operators that result in maximal power savings when rescheduled to lower voltages. The proposed methodology is developed in the framework of a modified stochastic evolution mechanism in order to tame the computational complexity. The proposed scheduling technique is extremely fast and it runs in Oðn 2 Þ; where n is the number of the nodes in the data flow graph of the design. This is the fastest reported time of scheduling algorithms for resourceand-latency constrained scheduling with resources operating at multiple voltages. The algorithm produces results within accuracy of 3-5% of the integer-linear-programming based (i.e., exponential-timecomplexity) method. The details and the analysis of the results on the standard high-level synthesis benchmarks are provided. Further, analysis of schedules is given for considering generation of control signals for switching the resources. This is the first work to consider such analysis besides proposing an efficient algorithm. r

A new design methodology is presented for outputting digital information from asynchronous analogue circuits, which allows signed frequency encoded signal transfer along a single channel. The circuit outputs data as a series of rate and pulse-width encoded spikes: pulsewidth modulation is used to represent vector and pulse frequency modulation is used to represent magnitude symbiotically. This technique can be used to increase the bandwidth of multiplexed neural signals, such as for address event registration, or by using a time-tofirst-spike system, to multiplex signals on a single channel. Additionally, feedback has been used to improve the switching speed of current starved inverters, reducing their power consumption by over an order of magnitude.

With adiabatic techniques for capacitor charging, theory suggests that it should be possible to build gates with arbitrarily small energy dissipation. In practice, the complexity of adiabatic approaches has made them impractical. We describe a new CMOS logic family-adiabatic dynamic logic (ADL)-that is the result of combining adiabatic theory with conventional CMOS dynamic logic. ADL gates are simple, general, readily cascadable, and may be fabricated in a standard CMOS process. A chain of 1000 ADL inverters has been constructed in 0.9 pm CMOS and successfully tested at 250 MHz. This result, together with comprehensive circuit simulation, suggest that ADL offers an order of magnitude reduction in power consumption over conventional CMOS circuitry.

Market and customer demands have continued to push the limits of CMOS performance. At-speed test has become a common method to ensure these high performance chips are being shipped to the customers fault-free. However, at-speed tests have been known to create higher-than-average switching activity, which normally is not accounted for in the design of the power supply network. This potentially creates conditions for additional delay in the chip; causing it to fail during test. In this paper, we propose a pattern compaction technique that considers the layout and gate distribution when generating transition delay fault patterns. The technique focuses on evenly distributing switching activity generated by the patterns across the layout rather than allowing high switching activity to occur in a small area in the chip that could occur with conventional delay fault pattern generation. Due to the relationship between switching activity and IR-drop, the reduction of switching will prevent large IR-drop in high demand regions while still allowing a suitable amount of switching to occur elsewhere on the chip to prevent fault coverage loss. This even distribution of switching on the chip will also result in avoiding hot-spots.

We consider a scheduling problem in which a bounded number of jobs can be processed simultaneously by a single machine. The input is a set of n jobs J = {J 1 , . . . , J n }. Each job, J j , is associated with an interval [s j , c j ] along which it should be processed. Also given is the parallelism parameter g ≥ 1, which is the maximal number of jobs that can be processed simultaneously by a single machine. Each machine operates along a contiguous time interval, called its busy interval, which contains all the intervals corresponding to the jobs it processes. The goal is to assign the jobs to machines such that the total busy time of the machines is minimized.

We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldquohotspotsrdquo and estimate how energy consumption will grow with increasing network capacity. Todaypsilas Internet uses less than 1% of the available electricity supply. However, network energy consumption could grow substantially as access rates increase.

Techniques for active modulation and control of plasmonic signals in future highly-integrated nanophotonic devices have advanced rapidly in recent years, with recent innovations extending performance into the terahertz frequency and femtojoule-per-bit switching energy domains. As thoughts turn towards the development of practical device structures, key technologies are compared in this review and prospects are assessed for the future development of the field. Artist's impression of a hybrid opto-/electro-plasmonic chip combining microelectronic and photonic functionalities.

One of the most common challenges faced by English as Second language (ESL)and English as Foreign Language (EFL) writers in higher education is in composition writing. The researchers observed that students from different language backgrounds used different writing strategies when composing in L2, such as using L1 in order to produce a text in L2. This study investigated to what extent Language Switching (L-S) occurs, and the effect of its occurrence at various cognitive stages among local (ESL) and international (EFL) students. The study adapted the Cognitive Process Model by Flower and Hayes (1981) which introduces the cognitive processes involved while writing a composition. Four subjects were selected based on their rich verbalization to concurrently perform a think aloud protocol (TAP) as they wrote an argumentative essay in English, and to record their cognitive processes as to make explicit what is implicitly present in their mind. The data was transcribed, translated, coded ...

Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, in particular e-store loyalty, has not, however, received the same level of attention despite the increase in the number of organisations that sell directly over the Internet. This paper focuses on two antecedents of e-store loyalty, perceived switching barriers and satisfaction, and the way in which they interact. It found that customers do not consider themselves loyal to the e-store they frequent despite being largely satisfied, that the impact of switching barriers varies at different levels of customer satisfaction, and that what customers consider to be a switching barrier differs at different levels of customer satisfaction. D

A simple, rapid, and accurate column-switching liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for direct and simultaneous analysis of loxoprofen and its metabolites (trans-and cis-alcohol metabolites) in human serum. After direct serum injection into the system, deproteinization and trace enrichment occurred on a Shim-pack MAYI-ODS pretreatment column (10 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) by an eluent consisting of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.9)/acetonitrile (95/5, v/v) and 0.1% formic acid. The drug trapped by the pretreatment column was introduced to the Shim-pack VP-ODS analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using acetonitrile/water (45/55, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid when the 6-port valve status was switched. Ketoprofen was used as the internal standard. The analysis was monitored on a UV detector at 225 nm. The chromatograms showed good resolution, sensitivity, and no interference by human serum. Coefficients of variations (CV%) and recoveries for loxoprofen and its metabolites were below 15 and over 95%, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.1-20 g/ml. With UV detection, the limit of quantitation was 0.1 g/ml, and good linearity (r = 0.999) was observed for all the compounds with 50 l serum samples. The mean absolute recoveries of loxoprofen, trans-and cis-alcohol for human serum were 89.6 ± 3.9, 93.5 ± 3.2, and 93.7 ± 4.3%, respectively. Stability studies showed that loxoprofen and its metabolites in human serum were stable during storage and the assay procedure. This analytical method showed excellent sensitivity with small sample volume (50 l), good precision, accuracy, and speed (total analytical time 18 min), without any loss in chromatographic efficiency. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of loxoprofen in human volunteers following a single oral administration of loxoprofen sodium (60 mg, anhydrate) tablet.

This paper proposes a new configuration to help a GTO to achieve unity turn-off gain and snubberless turn-off capability by utilizing a series connected discrete diode. The maximum turn-off gate voltage, which is crucial for realizing a high commutation di/dt in the GTO gate loop, can be increased from about 20 V of a GTO's gate-cathode breakdown to a voltage

Hubs are special facilities that serve as switching, transshipment and sorting points in many-to-many distribution systems. The hub location problem is concerned with locating hub facilities and allocating demand nodes to hubs in order to route the traffic between origin-destination pairs. In this paper we classify and survey network hub location models. We also include some recent trends on hub location and provide a synthesis of the literature. inter-hub connections; and that no direct service (between two non-hub nodes) is allowed. Although these assumptions are relaxed in some studies, this paper assumes that these three assumptions are satisfied unless otherwise stated. This paper classifies and surveys network hub location models. In network hub location problems there is a given network with n nodes on which the set of origins, destinations and potential hub locations are identified. The flow between origin-destination pairs, an attribute of interest associated with flows on links in the network (cost, time, distance, etc.) and the hub-to-hub transportation discount factor a are known.

There has been much effort in offloading MPI collective operations into hardware. But while NIC-based collective acceleration is well-studied, offloading their processing into the switching fabric, despite numerous advantages, has been much more limited. A major problem with fixed logic implementations is that either only a fraction of the possible collective communication is accelerated or that logic is wasted in the applications that do not need a particular capability. Using reconfigurable logic has numerous advantages: exactly the required operations can be implemented; the level of desired performance can be specified; and new, possibly complex, operations can be defined and implemented. We have designed an in-switch collective accelerator, MPI-FPGA, and demonstrated its use with seven MPI collectives and over a set of benchmarks and proxy applications (MiniApps). The accelerator uses a novel two-level switch design containing fully pipelined vectorized aggregation logic units. Essential to this work is providing support for sub-communicator collectives that enables communicators of arbitrary shape, and that is scalable to large systems. A streaming interface improves the performance for long messages. While this reconfigurable design is generally applicable, we prototype it with an FPGA-centric cluster. A sample MPI-FPGA design in a direct network achieves considerable speedups over conventional clusters in the most likely scenarios. We also present results for indirect networks with reconfigurable high-radix switches and show that this approach is competitive with SHArP technology for the subset of operations that SHArP supports. MPI-FPGA is fully integrated into MPICH and is transparent to MPI applications.

Blog has become an increasingly popular form of social networking technology in recent years. Many world famous web sites (e.g., Microsoft, Yahoo!, and Google) are providing blog services on the Internet. Bloggers, therefore, can easily establish and maintain their blogs through such services. However, research on blogs' adoption and diffusion is rare. In this study, we attempt to study bloggers' post-adoption behaviors. We examine bloggers' intention to switch their blog services by building upon studies in the marketing and IS literature. Particularly, the role of gender is explored and an online survey is conducted to test the research model. Findings confirm that bloggers' intention to switch their blog services is strongly associated with three factors: satisfaction, sunk costs, and attractive alternatives. Meanwhile, moderating effects are found in gender, but not in sunk costs. Implications for both researchers and practitioners are provided.

There has been little research on how market disruptions affect customer-brand relationships and how brand loyalty may be sustained when disruptions occur. Drawing from social identity theory and the brand loyalty literature, the authors propose a conceptual framework to examine these questions in a specific market disruption, the introduction of a radically new brand. The framework focuses on the time-varying effects of customers' identification with and perceived value of the incumbent relative to the new brand on switching behavior. The authors divert from the conventional economic perspective of treating brand switching as functional utility maximization to propose that brand switching can also manifest customers' social mobility between brand identities. Results from longitudinal data of 679 customers during the launch of the iPhone in Spain show that both relative customer-brand identification and relative perceived value of the incumbent inhibit switching behavior, but their effects vary over time. Relative customer-brand identification with the incumbent apparently exerts a stronger longitudinal restraint on switching behavior than relative perceived value of the incumbent. The study has important strategic implications on devising customer relationship strategies and brand investment.

In today's competitive business world customers are considered to be kings. Customers have several choices to make among alternative products, and they exercise a high level of influence in the market with respect to product size, quality and price. Hence, ...

The impact of hot-carrier injection (HCI) due to repetitive unclamped inductive switching (UIS) on the electrical performance of low voltage trench power nMOSFETs is assessed. Trench power nMOSFETs in TO-220 packages have been fabricated and subjected to over 100 million cycles of repetitive UIS with different avalanche currents (I AV ) at a mounting base temperature (T MB ) of 150 °C. Impact ionization during avalanche conduction in the channel causes hot-hole injection into the gate dielectric which results in a reduction of the threshold voltage (V GSTX ) as the number of avalanche cycles (N) increase. The experimental data reveals a power law relationship between the change in threshold voltage (ΔV GSTX ) and N. The results show that the power law pre-factor is directly proportional to the avalanche current. After 100 million cycles, it was observed that the power law pre-factor increased by 30% when the I AV was increased from 160 A to 225 A thereby approximating a linear relationship. Stable subthreshold slope with avalanche cycling indicates that interface trap generation is not an active degradation mechanism. The impact of the cell pitch on avalanche ruggedness is also investigated by testing 2.5 µm and 4 µm cell pitch 30 V rated MOSFETs. Measurements showed that the power law pre-factor reduced by 40% when the cell pitch was reduced by 37.5%. The improved V GSTX stability with the smaller cell pitch MOSFETs is attributed to a lower avalanche current per unit cell resulting in less hot-hole injection and hence, smaller V GSTX shift. The 2.5 µm cell pitch MOSFETs also show 25% improved on-state resistance (R DSON ), better R DSON stability and 20% less subthreshold slope compared to the 4 µm cell pitch MOSFETs however with 100% higher initial I DSS and less I DSS stability with avalanche cycling. These results are important for manufacturers of automotive MOSFETs where multiple avalanche occurrences over the lifetime of the MOSFET are expected.

Loyalty, its antecedents, and its consequences have been considered extensively. Store loyalty, in particular e-store loyalty, has not, however, received the same level of attention despite the increase in the number of organisations that sell directly over the Internet. This paper focuses on two antecedents of e-store loyalty, perceived switching barriers and satisfaction, and the way in which they interact. It found that customers do not consider themselves loyal to the e-store they frequent despite being largely satisfied, that the impact of switching barriers varies at different levels of customer satisfaction, and that what customers consider to be a switching barrier differs at different levels of customer satisfaction. D

In today's competitive business world customers are considered to be kings. Customers have several choices to make among alternative products, and they exercise a high level of influence in the market with respect to product size, quality and price. Hence, it is important for producers to meet the needs of customers in order to stay competitive. One of the marketing communication tools that is used in attracting the attention of the customer and build their loyalty is sales promotion. The aim of this paper therefore is to determine the effect of sales promotion on customer loyalty in the telecommunication industry. In this study, the survey method was used in gathering information from the respondents. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample size of 310, while descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted with the aid of SPSS software. Producers spend a large part of their total marketing communication expenses on sales promotion. Hence, this paper attempts to find the effect of sales promotion on customer loyalty using a sample of customers of mobile telecommunication services. The paper found that, there is positive relationship between sales promotion and customer loyalty. More importantly, it was discovered that non-loyal customers are more prone to switch to competing products as a result of sales promotion than loyal customers.

Recent work has shown the feasibility of integrating nonparametric frequency-domain system identification functionality into digital controllers for switched-mode pulse-width modulated (PWM) dc-dc power converters. The resulting discrete-time frequency response can be used for design, diagnostic, or self-tuning purposes. The success of these applications depends on the fidelity of the identified frequency responses and the degree to which the process is automated, as well as the costs, in terms of gate count, time duration of identification, and effect on output voltage, incurred to obtain these benefits. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating fully automated frequency response measurement capabilities in digital PWM controllers at relatively low additional cost. In particular, it is shown that relatively accurate and smooth frequency response data can be obtained using a Verilog-coded implementation with low tens of thousands of logic gates and about 10 kB of memory. The identification process can be accomplished in several hundred milliseconds and the output voltage can be kept within specified bounds during the entire process. Experimental results are provided for four different PWM dc-dc converters, including a synchronous buck with two different filter capacitors, a boost operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), and a boost operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).

A novel switched excitation method for linear frequency modulated excitation of ultrasonic transducers in pulse compression systems is presented that is simple to realise, yet provides reduced signal sidelobes at the output of the matched filter compared to bipolar pseudochirp excitation. Pulse compression signal sidelobes are reduced through the use of simple amplitude tapering at the beginning and end of the excitation duration. Amplitude tapering using switched excitation is realised through the use of intermediate voltage switching levels, half that of the main excitation voltages. In total five excitation voltages are used creating a quinary excitation system. The absence of analogue signal generation and power amplifiers renders the excitation method attractive for applications with requirements such as a high channel count or low cost per channel. A systematic study of switched linear frequency modulated excitation methods with simulated and laboratory based experimental verification is presented for 2.25 MHz non-destructive testing immersion transducers. The signal to sidelobe noise level of compressed waveforms generated using quinary and bipolar pseudo-chirp excitation are investigated for transmission through a 0.5 m water and kaolin slurry channel. Quinary linear frequency modulated excitation consistently reduces signal sidelobe power compared to bipolar excitation methods. Experimental results for transmission between two 2.25 MHz transducers separated by a 0.5 m channel of water and 5% kaolin suspension shows improvements in signal to sidelobe noise power in the order of 7-8 dB. The reported quinary switched method for linear frequency modulated excitation provides improved performance compared to pseudo-chirp excitation without the need for high performance excitation amplifiers.

egies to augment the response to new-generation antidepressants, the use of some atypical antipsychotics is best supported by evidence. Several novel therapeutic options are currently discussed. Evidence suggests that cognitive therapy (CT) is an effective strategy for TRD. Conclusions: The success of switching to a different antidepressant following a first-line agent is supported by evidence, but there is limited evidence for effective combination strategies. Lithium and T 3 augmentation of TCA have the strongest evidence base for successful treatment of TRD. The use of augmentation of newer-generation antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics is supported by a growing evidence base. Current evidence supports CT as an effective strategy for TRD. There is a need for additional large-scale RCT of TRD. The development of new antidepressants targeting novel pathways opens a promising perspective for the management of TRD.

It is a common practice that the unused pairs (inactive conductors) in shielded cables are left open (open circuited at the terminal block) in telecommunication systems. In this paper, it is shown by both theory (based on transmission line analysis) and experiments that if those inactive conductors are shorted to the cable shield, then the transient voltages on the other active conductors (conductors in service) can be reduced when external transients/faults due to lightning or switching couple to the shield. This could be a good EMC practice for transient voltage reduction in telecommunication systems. Index Terms-Cable shielding, lightning and transmission line theory, transfer impedance, transient analysis.

With increased operating frequencies and circuit component density, signal and power integrity problems caused by voltage bounces have become more important for high-speed digital systems. This paper presents a systematic macromodeling of power-bus structures based on the cavity model: first, more accurate models are used to describe conductor and dielectric losses, thus improving accuracy at low frequencies; second, a rational model of the overall power/ground structure in the Laplace domain is presented, and third, the rational macromodel is used to identify the dominant poles, and a simplified Spice-compatible equivalent circuit is synthesized by using only the selected poles. The numerical results confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the method.

It is well known that nucleic acids play an essential role in living organisms because they store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the synthesis of proteins. However, less is known about the ability of nucleic acids to bind specific ligands and the application of oligonucleotides as molecular probes or biosensors. Oligonucleotide probes are single-stranded nucleic acid fragments that can be tailored to have high specificity and affinity for different targets including nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, and ions. One can divide oligonucleotide-based probes into two main categories: hybridization probes that are based on the formation of complementary base-pairs, and aptamer probes that exploit selective recognition of nonnucleic acid analytes and may be compared with immunosensors. Design and construction of hybridization and aptamer probes are similar. Typically, oligonucleotide (DNA, RNA) with predefined base sequence and length is modified by covalent attachment of reporter groups (one or more fluorophores in fluorescence-based probes). The fluorescent labels act as transducers that transform biorecognition (hybridization, ligand binding) into a fluorescence signal. Fluorescent labels have several advantages, for example high sensitivity and multiple transduction approaches (fluorescence quenching or enhancement, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and excimermonomer light switching). These multiple signaling options combined with the design flexibility of the recognition element (DNA, RNA, PNA, LNA) and various labeling strategies contribute to development of numerous selective and sensitive bioassays. This review covers fundamentals of the design and engineering of oligonucleotide probes, describes typical construction approaches, and discusses examples of probes used both in hybridization studies and in aptamer-based assays.

We propose and demonstrate two configurations for optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation and transmission of 3-Gb/s downstream data based on a gain-switched laser (GSL). The first configuration generates an optical comb spectrum from a GSL that can be appropriately filtered to generate two optical sidebands with 60-GHz separation. These sidebands are modulated with baseband data by using an external intensity modulator and then transmitted via optical fiber to the remote antenna unit (RAU). The second configuration produces a modulated optical frequency comb by driving the laser with both RF local oscillator and data streams coupled together and then followed by the same optical filters to generate two modulated optical sidebands. At the RAU, these two sidebands are heterodyned using a photodetector to generate the electrical modulated mm-wave signal. We investigate the distribution of these two methods over 3-km fiber with 2-m wireless link and demonstrate the system simplicity and cost efficiency for mm-wave over fiber systems. Both configurations are simulated to verify our obtained results and show system performance at higher bit rates.

At the core of Derek Parfit's most famous and influential philosophical work, Reasons and Persons, is a 'short story'. A story about a teletransporter and about a person who gets transported through it -and about who they 'really' are, or about what we should care about this. Parfit argues that his 'thought-experiment' shows that 'personal identity' as (Analytic) philosophy understands it doesn't matter. That, in particular, so long as I know that 'my self' on Mars is unharmed by the teletransporter, then it shouldn't matter to me that I (or 'I') remain on Earth, soon to die. In this paper, a work(s) of literature/film, Priest's and the Nolans' The Prestige, is used to challenge the method and alleged moral of this, Parfit's famous 'branch-line' teletransportation thought-experiment. (Or rather: I suggest that the film, in particular, effects this challenge itself. I am only drawing attention to the nature and effect of it.) By treating Parfit's little tale as a story, a (fragment of a) work of literature, we can more easily see how it need not have the moral that Parfit alleges for it. For

Power failure or outage in general does not promote development to public and private sector. The investors do not feel secure to come into a country with constant or frequent power failure. These limit the development of industries. In addition there are processes that cannot be interrupted because of their importance, for instance surgery operation in hospitals, transfer of money between banks and lots more. This paper presents the design and construction of an automatic power changeover switch that switches power supply from public supply to generator once there is public power supply outage and it does this automatically. This is achieved by the use of integrated circuits that have timing abilities and relays to effect switching.

Power failure or outage in general does not promote development to public and private sector. The investors do not feel secure to come into a country with constant or frequent power failure. These limit the development of industries. In addition there are processes that cannot be interrupted because of their importance, for instance surgery operation in hospitals, transfer of money between banks and lots more. This paper presents the design and construction of an automatic power changeover switch that switches power supply from public supply to generator once there is public power supply outage and it does this automatically. This is achieved by the use of integrated circuits that have timing abilities and relays to effect switching.

_The results of measuring residual voltage of metal oxide surge arresters (MOSAs) show that MOSA has dynamic behavior against switching and lightning overvoltages. For this reason, to obtain the real behavior of MOSA, several models have been proposed. In this paper, regarding the importance of MOSA modeling and selecting an appropriate model in different studies, four models-IEEE, Pinceti, Fernandez, and P-K are analyzed under different scenarios. The simulation results are also compared with the manufacturer's data and the accuracy of mentioned models are determined in details. This study, which is performed by EMTP-RV ® software, indicates that concentrating on the particular model for all studies does not provide the appropriate accuracy.

A variety of matching schemes for VOQ switches that provide high throughput for uniform traffic have been proposed. The dual round robin matching (DRRM) scheme has performance similar to iSLIP and lower implementation complexity. DRRM with exhaustive service (EDRRM) algorithm was created as modification of DRRM algorithm with goal to improve performance of DRRM algorithm for bursty and non-uniform traffic conditions. Under extremely unbalanced arrival traffic, an exhaustive service policy may lead to unfairness and starvation. This paper proposes matching scheme for VOQ switches that provides high throughput almost the same as EDRRM scheme and avoid unfairness and starvation under unbalanced traffic.

This paper presents a high-performance torque and flux control strategy for high-power induction motor drives. The control method uses the torque error to control the load angle, obtaining the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control principles. The voltage vector is then generated by an asymmetric cascaded multilevel inverter without need of modulation and filter. Due to the high output quality of the inverter, the torque response presents nearly no ripple. In addition, switching losses are greatly reduced since 80% of the power is delivered by the high-power cell of the asymmetric inverter, which commutates at fundamental frequency. Simulation and experimental results for 81-level inverter are presented.

Simultaneous in situ UV-Vis-NIR spectro-electrochemical and a.c. impedance techniques have been realized for the first time. Combination of the data obtained by these parallel, independent methods can be exploited in the future in the elucidation of the redox mechanism of various transparent electroactive layers.

The paper presents the case study of SF 6 circuit breaker failure during switching-off an unloaded and relative long 400 kV transmission line. Both breaking chambers of the circuit breaker were destroyed. Due to the specific place and type of fault the relay protection system did not operate during circuit breaker failure and transients have been recorded only by a power quality monitoring system installed in the nearby line bay. Recorded events were used for circuit breaker post-mortem analysis. Simulations and fault analysis were carried out using EMTP-RV software.

Through mixed-mode device and circuit simulation, this paper provides an estimate of the effective output capacitance (C EFF ) and drive current (I EFF ) for delay (τ f = 0.69R sw C EFF , where R sw = V DD /2 I EFF ) estimation of unloaded tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) inverters. It is shown that unlike MOSFET inverters, where C EFF is approximately equal to the gate capacitance (C gg ), in TFET inverters, the output capacitance can be as high as 2.6 times the gate capacitance. A three-point model is proposed to extract the effective drive current from the real-time switching current trajectory in a TFET inverter.

"El discurso cinematográfico no ha dejado de luchar por adaptarse y competir con las pantallas rivales que le han surgido con la revolución digital, lo cual ha transformado su propia textura. Podemos clasificar estas transformaciones en dos grandes órdenes. Por un lado, la puesta en escena y la propia concepción del raccord han dado lugar a lo que denominaremos hiperencuadre, en el que la pantalla fílmica se ofrece como receptáculo de todas las pantallas con las que rivaliza (ordenador, vídeos de vigilancia, imágines de satélite, etc.). Por otro lado, el cine posclásico opta por la deconstrucción de la linealidad narrativa y el despliegue de distintas tramas y niveles de acción y representación que nos llevan a la noción de hiperrelato

The film discourse has constantly fought to adapt and struggle with the competitor screens that have arisen with the digital revolution, which has transformed its own texture. We can sort these transformations in two large kinds. On the one hand, the staging and conception of the raccord have given rise to what we'll denominate hyperframe, in which the cinematic screen is being offered as enclosure of all the screens that contends with (computer, video surveillance, satellite images, etc. ). On the other hand, the cinema postclassic chooses the deconstruction of the narrative linearity and the deployment of different plots and levels of action and representation that lead us to the notion of hipernarration"