Techne

A Socio-Cultural Approach to Growth-Mindset Pedagogy: Maker-Pedagogy as a Tool for Developing a Next-Generation Growth Mindset Laurell, J., Seitamaa, A., Sormunen, K., Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, P., Korhonen, T. & Hakkarainen, K., 8 Apr 2021, Good Teachers for Tomorrow's Schools: Purpose, Values, and Talents in Education. Kuusisto, E., Ubani, M., Nokelainen, P. & Toom, A. (eds.). 1 ed. Brill , p. 296-312 16 p.

EN
Fernando Pessoa placed the brief and unfinished work of his master heteronym, Alberto Caeiro, at the center of his literary, philosophical and poetological oeuvre. Therefore, the edition and hermeneutics of Caeiro’s texts are of fundamental importance to any interpretation of Pessoa’s literary work as a whole. Thus, the five commented, and more or less critical editions have been published during the last 25 years, require a critical evaluation. This study will focus primarily on the critical edition of Ivo Castro that was published in 2015, but it will also draw comparisons with the remaining four. It will be argued that all editions present incoherencies with regard to their methodologies, and that they do not correspond in a satisfying manner to the challenges involved in the heteronymical process of Pessoa’s creative practice. Consequently, a different method of reading and editing beyond the linear and orthotypographical genetic-critical traditions will be proposed. It will be argued that the unfinished character of Caeiro’s text represents a paradigm of non-linear poetic language and poetics, which can be made extensible to the literary context of all heteronyms.
Keywords: Fernando Pessoa, Alberto Caeiro, critical edition, heteronyms.

PT
Fernando Pessoa colocou a breve e inconclusa obra do seu heterónimo-mestre, Alberto Caeiro, no centro de todo o edifício literário, filosófico e poetológico que criou em vida. A edição e hermenêutica do texto caeiriano é, por isso, fundamental para qualquer interpretação da obra pessoana. O facto de nos últimos 25 anos terem aparecido cinco edições comentadas e, mais ou menos ,  críticas da obra do mestre, requer que se proceda agora a uma avaliação crítica deste conjunto. Assim, o presente estudo centrar-se-á, primordialmente, na edição de Ivo Castro de 2015 (por esta pertencer ao projecto da Edição Crítica de Fernando Pessoa) e traçará breves comparações com as quatro restantes. Argumentar-se-á que todas as edições resultam, em maior ou menor medida, ou incoerentes no que diz respeito às suas metodologias, ou insatisfatórias em relação ao processo heteronímico de criação poética praticado. Propor-se-á um método de leitura e edição para além das tradições genético-crítica linear e ortipográfica, e argumentar-se -á que o carácter inconcluso do texto caeiriano representa um paradigma de linguagem poética e ideário poetológico não-lineares que é extensível ao contexto literário de todos os heterónimos.
Palavras-chave: Fernando Pessoa, Alberto Caeiro, edição crítica, heteronímia.

Bu çalışma; techne, tektonik, gündelik hayat kavramlarını
irdeleme ve bu kavramların birbirleriyle
kurdukları ilişkilerin mimarlıktaki karşılığını anlamak
ve anlamlandırmak arayışıyla başladı. Bahsedilen
kavramların mimarlık perspektifinden ara
kesiti bağlam kavramı ile irdelendiğinde, gündelik
hayatın tektonik yapıyla olan karşılaşmalarındaki
bağlam gündelik hayat (pratik) ile tektonik (teknik)
yapının arasındaki ilişkileri şekillendirir. Bu
çalışmanın ana ekseni, teknik olan ile pratik olan
arasındaki karşılaşmaların açığa çıkarılması olarak
düşünülmüştür. Kent ortamında bu karşılaşmaları
açığa çıkarmak için tek ve güçlü bir yapı üzerinden
inceleme alanı olarak Valens (Bozdoğan) Su
Kemeri seçilmiştir.
Nedenselliğiyle kendini inşa etmiş, tek ve güçlü
bir mühendislik yapısı olan su kemerleri içerisinde
Valens Su Kemerini farklı kılan, zaman içerisinde
bu yapının kent içerisinde kalması ve kentle kurduğu
çok katmanlı ilişkilerin zenginliğidir.
Seçilen yapının tektonik yapısı ve onunla ilişkili
olarak yapıldığı Roma dönemindeki su kemerinin
technesi ve tektoniği ve bu tektoniğin zaman içerisindeki
yapısal değişimi incelenmiştir. İlk etapta
bu incelemede tektonik yapı, bağlamdan bağımsız
olarak Valens Su Kemeri üzerinden yapılmıştır.
Çalışma, yapıldığı 678 yılından bugüne geçen
1342 yıl içerisinde; Valens Su Kemeri’nin kentsel
bağlamda kurduğu ilişkilerin çözümlenmesi, tarihi
fotoğraflar üzerinden kentte bıraktığı izleri ve bugünün
kentle olan gündelik hayat ara kesitlerinin
okumaları ile sonlanmaktadır.

This article deals with the philosophical idea of worldmaking pursued through techné, meaning the fusion of the technical means of artistic creation, theorizing, and analysis, but specifically occurring in a feedback loop involving introspection and computation (cybernetic phenomenology). The discussion ranges over a wide variety of topics, including (1) the history of music theory from Ancient Greece to the present (including a rebuttal to Daniel Chua’s (2001) account of music history); (2) emergent properties in music arising from self-organization (explored through the Ancient Chinese abstract strategy board game go); (3) the ontology of musical qualities (properties) and categories (including their relation to visual, tactile, and olfactory qualities and categories). 
Various repertoires, artists, and philosophies are referenced. The essay analyzes aspects of Ligeti’s Violin Concerto, Carter’s String Quartet No. 5, and Lachenmann’s Kinderspiel.  Connections to the author’s own previous analytical and theoretical work are also discussed in relation to his interactive algorithmic audio-visual works (such as Fluxations and FluxNOISations). The techné of these is discussed in terms of logistics as well as aesthetic influences, including Wagner, Liszt, Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Crawford, Babbitt, Carter, Xenakis, Parker, Reich, Ligeti, Truax, Oliveros, Kandinsky, Miro, Pollock, Pollock, Hofmann, Rothko, Louis, Frankenthaler, Moholy-Nagy, Newman, Richter, and Brakhage.  The essay touches on philosophical ideas of Bergson, Whitehead, Deleuze, Harman, and Bogost, and more fully engages the philosophies of Nelson Goodman and Hannah Arendt in connection with artistic creation as relating to the theorizing and analysis of artistic works.     

Contact the author at jmailman@alumni.uchicago.edu
Download the article through JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7757/persnewmusi.54.1.0005
or http://tinyurl.com/zdvkllr

Un'introduzione concettuale, dedicata alla costellazione concettuale che ruota intorno all'(en)diadi 'ambiente' -'design', all'interno del percorso di pensiero di Tomás Maldonado.
Le slide mostrano il superamento della dialettica natura-cultura nella definizione di design proposta dell'intellettuale argentino fin dal 1961 e ripresa nel sintagma 'progettazione ambientale', con cui ha nominato il corso di studio tenuto a Bologna e a Milano, sintagma coerentemente ridondante.
Infine, questo carattere diventa il cardine dell'antropologia filosofica proposta innanzitutto, ma non solo, ne La speranza progettuale.

Intervento del 22 aprile 2021, ore 16,30
corso 81935 - Estetiche della città
Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Advance design (cod. 9256) dell'Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
tenuto dal prof. Andrea Borsari

Nuestra investigación se centra en la figura del joven Heidegger y sus enseñanzas en las universidades de Friburgo (1921-1923) y de Marburgo (1923-1927) con el objetivo de realizar una reconstrucción histórico-filosófica de la génesis del concepto de la técnica en este autor. Las hipótesis de trabajo o puntos de partida son tres:
1. Heidegger piensa la técnica a partir de la noción griega de téchne y la caracteriza de tres maneras: como un modo de desocultar el ser del ente, como el saber que guía el trato con el ente intramundano y, de manera derivada, considera que la actividad de la "téchne" (la producción o "poíesis") conforma el horizonte de comprensión de la metafísica. Esto último significaría que la metafísica occidental comprende el sentido del ser a partir del ámbito de los objetos producidos.
2. Aristóteles es la figura con la que Heidegger confronta y dialoga en vistas a una apropiación crítica de la concepción del heleno de la "téchne" como virtud dianoética. Heidegger, en efecto, despojará a las virtudes dianoéticas de su contenido ético para convertirlas en disposiciones fundamentales del existente humano y, posteriormente, las trasladará a los modos de ser de los entes ontologizándolas.
3. Las explicaciones de Heidegger se enmarcan en su proyecto de renovar la filosofía frente a las posiciones de sus contemporáneos que la concebían como ciencia estricta, cosmovisión o teoría de los valores.

Cultural Interactions: Studies in the Relationship between the Arts

Networks of Stone explores the social and creative processes of sculpture production in Athens in the sixth and fifth centuries bc. Using the concept of art worlds, it analyses the contributions and interactions of all those who were in some way part of creating the sculpture set up in the sanctuaries and cemeteries of Athens. The choices that were made not only by patrons and sculptors, but also by traders in various materials and a range of craftsmen all influenced the final appearance of these works of art. By looking beyond the sculptor to the network of craftsmen and patrons that constituted the art world, this study offers new insights into well-known archaeological evidence and some of the highlights of classical art history.

This article presents a survey of philosophical perspectives on the phenomena of ‘nature’ and ‘science/scientific’ in music and does so through a closer look at the first creative period of Péter Eötvös as a composer. Since the beginning of his creative career he has come into contact with issues scanning the relations between music and science, on the one hand, and music and nature, on the other. Considering Martin Heidegger's reflections on the nature of modern science as he articulated them in his Die Zeit des Weltbildes (1938), one can recognise in Eötvös' first creative period (in works like Kosmos, Elektrochronik, Intervalles-Intérieurs, Tale, etc.) not only the motivating, inspiring force of science, but also the limits of this incentive.

This book is a collection of eighty-seven written statements. These thoughts continue from where "Tom Palin: Artist Statements 1992-2013" (Workshop Press: Leeds) left off. In them the author considers questions pertinent to his practice. These include observations on medium, making, knowing, time, picture, place, history, subject, surface, language, formalism, and on the condition of painting today.

Un’indagine sulla modalita della conversazione, del tutto straordinaria, avvenuta tra Papa Benedetto XVI e gli astronauti presenti nella stazione spaziale, ha dato l’avvio ad un’altra conversazione, questa ancor piu straordinaria nella sua impossibilita attuativa, con i filosofi antichi, a proposito del ruolo dell’ascolto, e del conseguente apprendimento, nella crescita in sapienza di ciascun individuo per tutta la durata della vita. L’ascolto e ascolto dell’altro, come l’apprendimento avviene quando c’e qualcuno che insegna. E nella relazione o, si potrebbe dire, nel dialogo, cioe nello scambio di parole e pensieri, che si danno la crescita e lo sviluppo della razionalita umana. Ed e con il supporto della volonta, nell’esercizio, impegno e disciplina, che si ottiene un salto qualitativo di competenza rispetto alle esperienze, ottenuto con la forte spinta dell’apprendimento di ciascuna techne che costituisce, con altre, quella pluralita che rende l’uomo a buon diritto un animale raz...

Lo studio di Giulia Lombardi, svolto sul Peri syndesmôn del grammatico alessandrino Apollonio Discolo (II sec. d.C.), è di grande interesse per il lettore che desideri entrare nella problematica del linguaggio e della grammatica antica, perché colma il vuoto di un lavoro preciso sui connettori, trattati dal punto di vista sintattico come una delle otto parti del discorso. Seguendo l’indagine dettagliata e approfondita di tutta la serie variegata di particelle incluse da Apollonio in questo suo scritto minore, e tutte debitamente trattate nella loro funzione sintattica e nel loro significato, l’autrice accompagna il lettore a familiarizzare con la traduzione meno comune del termine greco ‘syndesmos’ con ‘connettore’, rispetto a quella abituale di ‘congiunzione’, per condurlo a scoprire come, secondo Apollonio, nessuna parte del discorso possa essere compresa se non all’interno di una prospettiva semantica; e, quindi, come anche lo studio dei connettori, apparentemente marginale, si riveli ricco di insegnamenti su tutta la concezione sintattica antica, proprio per il carattere dinamico e relazionale esercitato dai connettori nei confronti degli altri componenti, più o meno complessi, del discorso. 
Giulia Lombardi invita, inoltre, il lettore a cogliere l’interesse filosofico di questa indagine non solo dalle fonti stoiche con le quali Apollonio si è direttamente confrontato, ma soprattutto dai riferimenti platonici ed aristotelici, mettendo in luce quanto essi siano indispensabili per comprendere la portata degli assunti sui quali il padre della syntaxis abbia regolato la costituzione di una vera e propria techne grammatike: il rapportarsi costantemente all’universalità e il rendere ragione di ciò che si propone, in modo da essere davvero capaci di insegnare, come si richiede ad un technikos.
Michel Fattal, Université Grenoble Alpes

Un’indagine sulla modalità della conversazione, del tutto straordinaria, avvenuta tra Papa Benedetto XVI e gli astronauti presenti nella stazione spaziale, ha dato l’avvio ad un’altra conversazione, questa ancor più straordinaria nella sua impossibilità attuativa, con i filosofi antichi, a proposito del ruolo dell’ascolto, e del conseguente apprendimento, nella crescita insapienza di ciascun individuo per tutta la durata della vita. L’ascolto è ascolto dell’altro, come l’apprendimento avviene quando c’è qualcuno che insegna. È nella relazione o, si potrebbe dire, nel dialogo, cioè nello scambio di parole e pensieri, che si danno la crescita e lo sviluppo della razionalità umana. Ed è con il supporto della volontà, nell’esercizio, impegno e disciplina, che si ottiene un salto qualitativo di competenza rispetto alle esperienze, ottenuto con la forte spinta dell’apprendimento di ciascuna
techne che costituisce, con altre, quella pluralità che rende l’uomoa buon diritto un animale razionale.

In this paper, I analyze the phenomenon of modern technologies from zipper bags to AlphaGo with the Aristotelian concept of Enthelechy from the point of view of the telos of our existence and technology in order to understand how we came to the state of the Anthropocene and what is needed for us to do in the era of the Anthropocene.

This paper aims to highlight the most salient developments in early modernity that made it possible to identify “design intelligence” as a recognizable form of cognition. The intent behind such a move is to highlight what might be called the conceptual resources inherent in the original, early modern conception of _disegno_. Focusing particularly on the contributions of early architectural theory, I analyze the historical moment of the Italian Renaissance during which _disegno_ (“drawing”) developed from a semi-theoretical formulation of a basic artisanal technique into a fully fledged method for reasoning, on par with the so-called “topics of invention” that were taught as catalysts for rhetorical creativity. The three most distinctive features of _disegno_ are (1) its essentially semantic character, which is evidenced by its close etymological relations to modern English words such as “sign,” “signal,” and “designate”; (2) its amphibious ontological status, such that it must be conceived as both a manual practice and a form of cognition; and (3) its susceptibility to improvement through regular exercise.

I begin by briefly articulating each of these three features of early modern _disegno_, providing a few representative texts in support of its analysis. I then formulate these three features as conceptual constraints that broadly govern the potentialities and constraints of design intelligence, thereby rendering those constraints available as conceptual resources. Efforts by contemporary writers—such as Michael Jemtrud and Michael Speaks—to valorize design intelligence and to commend its exercise to those who are not professional “designers” inevitably rely upon the philological situation of the term design. A better understanding of that situation will enable a more adroit articulation of the value of design intelligence and the pedagogical techniques that have evolved to inculcate and refine it.

As an example, I will examine the practice of prototyping. I will argue that prototyping enacts design intelligence insofar as it (1) symbolizes the original intention expressed in the animating program; (2) deliberately conceives making and thinking as informed by one another; and (3) aims to improve a design (understood as both mental concept and material object) by enriching the practitioners’ experiential understanding of the project.

This research is concerned with establishing a method of analysis which will allow a maximum amount of information to be obtained from a flake of paint regarding the nature of both the binder and the synthetic organic pigments which may be present in alkyd paints for artists. Two chromatographic techniques were tested: pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography (PyGC); pyrolysis in the presence of an alkaline reagent (a technique called THM - thermal hydrolysis and methylation) followed by gas chromatography. The results of the analysis show that these two chromatographic techniques complement each other. A first analysis by PyGC enables alkyd resins to be differentiated from other synthetic or natural resins and certain categories of synthetic organic pigment (azo pigments and phtalocyanine blue) to be detected. Further analysis by THM/GC then provides more precise data concerning the components of the alkyd binder, i.e. the nature of the polyalcohol, polyacid and oils or fatty acids. On the basis of these results it is now possible to envisage applying this protocol of analysis to the characterisation of modern varnishes, glazes and paints for artists, as well as to that of products used in 20th-century conservation-restoration.

European Policies consider a multitude of Low Carbon Technologies to transform cities to Low Carbon Cities. Some of these technologies can form distributed systems. These are new forms of Energy Networks which can contribute to reducing the vulnerability and homogenization of urban patterns as they evolve to become part of the urban infrastructure. This evolution process also involves computerizing elements of the infrastructure, and thus relates to the Smart City concept. In this sense, a Distributed and Renewable energy system becomes interactive promoting a set of novel system properties. Following a qualitative approach, this paper presents an innovative conceptual framework in order to establish, communicate and disseminate these new system properties.

O presente estudo, procurou aliar a reflexão filosófica a respeito do tema da técnica, com noções a respeito da natureza mesma de um objeto de aprendizagem, com vistas a uma breve investigação a respeito de aplicativos para dispositivos móveis na área de filosofia e estudo de língua inglesa. Procuramos nos referenciar na reflexão filosófica a respeito do tema da técnica elucidado pelo filósofo Heidegger, e sua reflexão a respeito da técnica moderna e a noção grega de téchne. Em seguida, procuramos autores como Isaura e Nobre a respeito da definição de objetos de aprendizagem, e partimos para um levantamento e pesquisa, feito entre final de 2013 e início de 2014, utilizando a interface do sistema Android, culminando na análise de um objeto de aprendizagem em aplicativo móvel de filosofia.

Asked to edit and critically review the exchange between philosopher Rafael Capurro and Linda Treude on the concept of information, the below linked document presents the final version of the exchange, including my contributions to copy and content editing as well as bibliographic suggestions from my review. The final version of the document can be accessed at http://www.capurro.de/moraes.html

- Jared Bielby


"The term information is omnipresent in academic research as well as in everyday life. Buzz words such as information society, information age or information overload are floating around everywhere. But what do we mean exactly with 'information' in different contexts?

The philosopher Rafael Capurro dealt with this question in the late 1970's in his PhD thesis on the concept of information. Especially the philosophical community was suffering at that time from a lack of reflection thereupon. Capurro tried to fill this gap. The following remark by the physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912-2007) had a particular impact on him.

"Today we are getting accustomed [...] to understand information as something different from matter and consciousness. What we have discovered is an old truth in a new place. It is the Platonic eidos, the Aristotelian form, expressed in words such that also a human being in the 20th century can learn about them."

Weizsäcker’s step back to the history of ideas motivated Capurro also to deal with ethical issues of the information society particularly since the rise of the internet. The handling of digital information requires new cultural skills that are addressed with the term 'information literacy.' In the last ten years many projects in the Library and Information Science field (LIS) include or are even focused on information literacy (IL). In many of these projects there is a pre-understanding that IL has to do with the ability to find, filter, and process digital information. At the same time, there is a gap between this pre-understanding and an the ongoing academic discussion on the concept of information. The following dialogue deals particularly with this gap."

~ Linda Treude

The preparation of food and nutrition is a pervasive techne in the classical Greek world. Indeed, food technology may be a defining characteristic of humanity (Levi-Strauss, 1964). We begin with a glimpse of a tension in the use of the word techne in relation to the preparation of food in Plato’s Gorgias 462d-e. Turning to the Presocratics, we discern three distinct perspectives on food, those of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the treatise Regimen (Περὶ Διαίτης). In Regimen, we find an anticipation of the distinctions made by Plato in the Gorgias passage, and trace some of the implications in what we may call the “food technology” of this treatise that manages to be both philosophical and technically informative.

Technology is part of the activities we do in our daily lives. It is both the method by which we have come to be able to organize our lives and society and an experience in itself through the worlds and opportunities it opens up for us. Because technology has come to develop so much and be so complex, we can no longer see technology as a tool. It can mimic the human process of learning, thinking and even creation, which requires the technology to be redefined. To bring a new definition of technology, we start from the idea that man has built technology according to his resemblance so that it can do human work. For technology to cross the tool threshold, it needed to mimic human intelligence - which it did, and because of this we define technology by looking at its capacity of being episteme, techne and praxis

Résumé Les matières colorantes sont des vestiges encore mal connus de nos jours. L'intérêt qu'elles suscitent tient à ce qu'elles sont susceptibles de révéler des pratiques techniques diverses et complexes, mais il tient aussi à leur forte potentialité à traduire des ...

La lezione "Rivedere il paradigma tecnocratico odierno alla luce del detto aristotelico <<il genere umano vive di TECHNE>> fa parte del Modulo 3 del Joint Diploma in Ecologia Integrale (Alleanza per la cura della Casa Comune fra le Università Pontificie di Roma) 2017/18. Il Modulo 3 corrisponde al tema del capitolo 3 dell'Enciclica <<Laudato si’>>, dal titolo <<La radice umana della crisi ecologica>>.
Le due lezioni di questo modulo sono tenute da me, per la prima parte e, per la seconda, dalla professoressa Congiunti. Entrambe siamo della facoltà di filosofia della Pontificia Università Urbaniana che oggi accoglie il Joint Diploma.
Al mio intervento ho dato il titolo: “Rivedere il paradigma tecnocratico odierno alla luce del detto aristotelico il genere umano vive di techne”. Intendo, infatti, approfondire quei termini come ‘tecnologia’ e ‘tecnocrazia’, che sono stati trattati nei primi due paragrafi del capitolo 3; mentre la seconda lezione, quella che sarà tenuta dalla professoressa Congiunti, dal titolo “Verso un'ecologia integrale: oltre l'antropocentrismo moderno, il riduzionismo epistemologico e la frammentazione del sapere”, riguarda il terzo paragrafo.
Rispetto al titolo di questo capitolo, la radice umana della crisi ecologica, ho aggiunto nel titolo della mia lezione alcuni elementi tratti dai sottotitoli dei due paragrafi. Infatti, il riferimento che farò ad Aristotele sarà proprio andando a rivedere quel concetto di techne della tradizione antica, da cui tutte le parole come ‘tecnologia’, ‘tecnica’, ‘tecnocrazia’, etc. derivano.
Intendo, dunque, sottolineare come il confronto con i nostri antichi possa essere di aiuto, anche per precisare la radice dei nostri progressi e, in particolare, dei nostri progressi dal punto di vista della tecnica e della tecnologia.

Afin de satisfaire les demandes de datation par le carbone-14 (14C) pour l&#39;archéologie, le Ministère de la Culture représenté par le C2RMF (Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France) s’est associé au CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers, département des Sciences Chimiques et des Sciences de l&#39;Homme et de la Société), au CEA (Direction des Sciences de la Matière), à l’IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) et à l’IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), pour l’achat d’un spectromètre de masse par accélérateur (SMA) totalement dédié à la mesure du 14C. Son utilisation sera coordonnée au sein d’une nouvelle Unité Mixte de Service du CNRS (UMS).

During Thatcher's Britain (1979-1990), the inner-city squatting movement and the hippy convoy movements of the 1970s formed a new lifestyle culture, termed 'New Age Travellers' by the contemporary media. It was a reaction to the injustices of early neoliberalism and a romantic desire to salvage what was left of the natural world before every facet of life became ‘up for sale’. Over three decades since the birth of this movement, I explore the life-worlds of those who remain on the road today and those who retreated into more conventional forms of living. The piece asks what sustains a ‘creationist culture’ such as this, in contrast to other travelling cultures who are sustained through family heritage and tradition. I address some of the familiar misconceptions and stereotypes of a culture which has all too often been spoken for, concluding that the lifestyle is sustained by a commitment to craftsmanship and an integral appreciation (and tolerance) for nature.

According to Glaucon’s conception of justice, the government is constituted by a contract which determines the legal and the just. From its constitution the ruler may control the subjects’ justice without being subject to the contract himself. To reinforce Thrasymachus’ speech Glaucon will offer Socrates a challenge where the latter has to prove that justice is superior to injustice. Thus, it is Socrates’ task to show this under any counterfactual circumstance, always bringing benefit to the one who acts justly. The difficulty in responding to the challenge proposed by Glaucon is shown by the case in the Republic where the fulfillment of justice seems not to bring benefits, but penalty to the agent. This is precisely the case of the Philosopher Ruler and his coercion (ananke) to rule. For that one must understand the reason why the philosopher is coerced to rule, not as a matter of choice, but something whose denial is made impossible due to justice. Socrates’ solution to the challenge of justice starts from the definitions of political justice, where each citizen is compelled to do his own duty, and psychic justice, defined as a harmony between the parts of the soul. Our argument shows that the justice within the philosopher’s soul itself is justified by thenecessity of fulfilling the justice in Kallipolis, as well as allowing good government.

resumo: Ao associar governo à téchne, Trasímaco estabelece que o governo também exige um conheci-mento específico. Esse saber permitiria que o governante pudesse beneficiar-se dos governados, tirando proveito deles. Em sua definição de governo, ele aproximará essa téchne do governo ao governante in-justo, mais especificamente o tirano. Neste trabalho, pretende-se analisar a relevância dos argumentos de Trasímaco para a filosofia política. Palavras-chave: Trasímaco. Sócrates. Governo. Téchne. Filosofia Política.