Textile Science and Technology

Wool is a textile resource with a special cultural and economic impact. It was produced and used in all Romanian territories with great success, especially where shepherding was the main occupation. Wool processing has received special attention, being an activity integrated in the shepherd's calendar. Our research will focus on the technical methods of spinning and felting  traditionally used in Transylvania for over 100 years.

The current focal areas within forensic textile science are fibre identification and assessment of the method of damage to fabrics. This paper investigates fabric degradation within clandestine burials. The fabrics considered in this paper, unlike previous archaeological studies, are a modern polyester–cotton blend (65%/35%) and a 100% cotton fabric both of which are commonly used for men's shirting fabrics in the UK. Three laundering conditions were investigated (i) not-laundered, (ii) laundered 6 times, and (iii) laundered 60 times; this represented varying conditions of fabric upon clothing deposition. The two burial conditions; sand and clay, were selected as extremes of soil type. The deposition times (15 and 30 days) were based on a study of clandestine burials in UK crimes. There were clear differences in how polyester–cotton and cotton stained within the two different soil conditions, polyester–cotton becoming extensively stained after a 30-day deposition in sand. The tear force required to tear the fabric after deposition, suggested that polyester/cotton fabrics were consistently weaker after burial, regardless of soil type and deposition period. There was also significant damage caused to not-laundered cotton fabrics after a 30-day deposition in clay. This work indicates that common apparel fabrics can degrade in relatively short times when buried.

The Raw Materials as input & receive the final product as output without any intervention. This is called Continuous Process & Batch/Dis-continuous project is exactly it’s opposite. In semi-continuous process both concept is implemented. The above mentioned concept can also be applied to Dyeing processes as well. If we consider fibres as in input & garments as output than we would have to agree that the over-all process is Batch process.

This paper highlights the basic dyeing terminologies which are often used in dyeing process. The central theme of this paper is to provide authentic knowledge to textile students and practical dyers in complete scientific manner because most of the students & dyeing related people have misunderstanding regarding basic dyeing terminologies. Some explanations of basic terms are also discussed in this paper.

Materials that possess a negative Poisson’s ration are classified to be auxetic textile materials. As compared to conventional
materials, they exhibit a counter-intuitive quality which enables them to expand longitudinally when stretched and contract laterally
when compressed. This counter- intuitive effect occurs as a result of the structural deformation of these auxetic textile materials
when they are subjected to tension. This paper considers the current structures of auxetic textile materials, more importantly their
deformational mechanism, properties and some general applications.

Additive manufacturing features " direct " and " layer-by-layer " fabrication and has significantly facilitated the microstructural design and fabrication of a wide range of highly complex parts. To enable the application of additive manufacturing in major industries and composites, it is necessary to evaluate the microstructural features of additively manufactured parts. Among the various advanced characterization techniques, X-ray micro-computed tomography (m-CT) showed unique advantages as a high resolution, nondestructive and 3D visualization and measurement technique for material characterization. In the research reported in this article, we have fabricated an array of multi-directional preforms and composites and have characterized their microstructural features via X-ray m-CT. First, a solid specimen as well as 3D orthogonal and 3D braided preforms have been fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) and inspected with X-ray m-CT. Then, the fabricated preforms have been infused with silicone matrix and the multi-directional preforms and composites have been tested in compression at different strain levels, to reveal their damage evolution under compressive loading. The preliminary effort made in this research demonstrates the feasibility of characterizing microstructure of additively manufactured parts via X-ray m-CT technique and enables an investigation of the microstructural features and damage evolution of multi-directional preforms and composites.

Compression garments have been extensively in varied medical and sports applications. The article critically reviews the design aspects of knit compression garments for suitability in sports and medical applications. The influences of physical attributes of suitable knitted fabrics on the amount of pressure generated on the underlying body have been studied. The tensile properties of the knit fabrics having various orientations to stretch, predictive pressure generated by compression garments have been primarily considered. Subsequently a method of validating the reliability of laplace law for calculating applied pressures for calculation of applied pressures that are generated by compression garments have been highlighted. Modeling of compression garments has been done with the intended value of unit pressure for the body circumference of a variable curvature radius. The basis of modeling considered can be applied in designing compression garments supporting external treatment such as after burn therapy and lymphadema. The physical and mechanical properties of nylon/spandex knitted fabrics used as commercial medical compression garments have been analyzed. The findings help to understand whether a fabric is suitable for engineering compression garments and also for estimating the required compression force for designing an individualized compression with the medical compression fabrics. The dynamic pressure attenuation of compression garment is studied experimentally. The findings enable a better understanding of the characteristics of elastic fabric used for making compression garments, and prove useful for medical practitioners with scientific developments and for effective applications. The physical and mechanical properties of nylon/spandex knitted fabrics as commercial medical compression garments have been investigated. Specifically fabric elasticity and bursting strength have been studied to show the applicability of the fabrics for providing satisfactory compression. Such study is necessary to understand whether a fabric is suitable for engineering compression garments and also for estimating the required compression force for designing an individualized compression garments with medical compression fabrics. Study has been carried out to evolve an effective design and development of various high stretch compression products by analyzing fabric size, stretch properties and clothing pressure for different knit structures.

The present article emphasises wet cleaning as an aid to conservation. Textiles being organic in nature deteriorate easily. There are many factors like light, temperature, humidity, dirt, dust, stains which are responsible for the degradation of antique textiles. Thus, the role of museums in the conservation of textile heritage is very important. Wet cleaning is an important part of curative or remedial conservation. An attempt was made to develop standardized methods for wet cleaning of cotton artifacts using some indegineous cleansing agents: distilled water, Reetha ( Sapindus Mukorossi) and soap.

Experiential learning-that is, hands-on learning or learning
by doing-has long been known as one of the best ways for
students to learn [1]. By applying their theoretical knowledge in
real-life situations, students can gain a concrete understanding
of complex ideas. When students study abstract topics such
as visual design, it’s even more important for instructors to
find ways to teach experientially. Measuring and describing
the impacts of experiential learning activities helps university
professors understand which of their practical activities such as
laboratory assignments and practicums are most effective, but,
more importantly, evaluating teaching methods helps explain why
some methods are more effective and how learning takes place in
various practical experiences [2]. Since well before the American
education philosopher John Dewey wrote about the value of
educational pragmatism in the early 1900s, college faculty have
been successfully employing experiential learning techniques in
their classrooms.

Analiza struktury i technik wytwarzania obiektów tekstylnych oraz materiałów użytych do ich produkcji, jest nie tylko podstawą właściwej identyfikacji obiektów, ich pochodzenia oraz datowania, lecz także podstawą właściwej konserwacji, określenia sposobu przechowywania a także kontroli stanu obiektu.
Tekstylia starzeją się nie tylko w trudnych warunkach archeologicznych, lecz także w normalnych warunkach atmosferycznych. Przy wysokiej wilgotności i braku dobrej wentylacji atakowane są one przez bakterie, grzyby i insekty. Promieniowanie ultrafioletowe powoduje wzrost kruchości włókien oraz fotochemiczną degradację barwników, co objawia się utratą kolorów. Ostatnim czynnikiem niszczącym jest ludzka działalność. Oprócz złej ekspozycji i przechowywania, należy tu wymienić niewłaściwe metody konserwatorskie. Przykładem są zabiegi z wykorzystaniem środków, mogących uszkodzić wyrób, niewłaściwie przeprowadzane naprawy, uzupełnianie ubytków nitkami i tkaninami o zupełnie innych własnościach, co może prowadzić do osłabienia zachowanej części wyrobu.
Jedną z przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy jest stosunkowo mała wiedza odnośnie możliwości badawczych współczesnej analizy chemicznej w zastosowaniu do obiektów tekstylnych. Brak jest też świadomości, że szereg zabiegów konserwatorskich uniemożliwia późniejsze badania obiektu, eliminując z niego istotne elementy, z czego wynika postulat dwuetapowych badań – zarówno przed, jak i po konserwacji, co może zapobiec stosowaniu niewłaściwych zabiegów konserwatorskich a także ukazać ich wpływ na własności tkanin.
Praca przedstawia nowoczesne metody analizy tekstyliów oraz przykłady ich zastosowania w praktyce badawczej i konserwatorskiej.