Total Dissolved Solids

We conducted a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) focused on water and sanitation in Vinton, TX, a small rural town on the U.S./Mexico Border. We present the Vinton HIA as a case study to inform the practice of HIA in rural limited resource communities with higher than average levels of unemployment and poverty, and limited infrastructure. Household surveys, focus groups, and interviews provided quantitative and qualitative data on water sources and quality, sanitation practices, and community health. We found that some of the current water sources in Vinton did not meet drinking water standards for total dissolved solids and arsenic; the majority of septic tanks were not managed properly; and there was a short-term risk of water scarcity due to prolonged drought in the region. Prevalent ailments reported by participants included stomach problems, diarrhea, and skin problems. These ailments can be related to arsenic and/or biological organisms in water. The positive direct and indirect ...

TDS is modeled for an aquifer near an unlined landfill in Canada. Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines and other indices are used to evaluate TDS concentrations in 27 monitoring wells surrounding the landfill. This study aims to predict TDS concentrations using three different modeling approaches: dual-step multiple linear regression (MLR), hybrid principal component regression (PCR), and backpropagation neural networks (BPNN). An analysis of the bias and precision of each models follows, using performance evaluation metrics and statistical indices. TDS is one of the most important parameters in assessing suitability of water for irrigation, and for overall groundwater quality assessment. Good agreement was observed between the MLR1 model and field data, although multicollinearity issues exist. Percentage errors of hybrid PCR were comparable to the dual-step MLR method. Percentage error for hybrid PCR was found to be inversely proportional to TDS concentrations, which was not observed for dual-step MLR. Larger errors were obtained from the BPNN models, and higher percentage errors were observed in monitoring wells with lower TDS concentrations. All models in this study adequately describe the data in testing stage (R2 > 0.86). Generally, the dual-step MLR and hybrid PCR models fared better (R2avg = 0.981 and 0.974, respectively), while BPNN models performed worse (R2avg = 0.904). For this dataset, both regression and machine learning models are more suited to predict mid-range data compared to extreme values. Advanced regression methods (hybrid PCR and dual-step MLR) are more advan- tageous compared to BPNN.

A systematic approach to optimizing water network has traditionally been utilized to exam and plan water conservation in industrial processes. In the present case study, water-pinch technology was used to analyze and optimize the water network of a steel plant near China's Zhangjiakou city. A system design was developed and a limiting constraint (Cl À concentration) was identified based on investigations of water quality then the minimum freshwater and wastewater targets were determined without considering water losses. The analysis was then extended by calculating the additional input of freshwater required to balance the actual water losses. A nearestneighbor algorithm (NNA) was used to distribute the freshwater and recycled water among each of the plant's operations. The results showed that with some reconstruction of the water network, the flow rates of freshwater and wastewater could be decreased by 57.5% and 81.9%, respectively.

Textile industries are one of the largest consumers of water as well as the producers of large quantities of wastewater effluents. In this study, the important physicochemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the raw water used and the effluents generated were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters of the effluent samples were compared with those of the raw water (bore well) samples to analyze the pollution load of the effluents. The values of the studied physicochemical parameters were much higher than the permissible limits as prescribed by CPCB and WHO. Higher values of pH, TDS, BOD and COD have detrimental health effects on both humans and aquatic life. Direct disposal of the untreated industrial effluents into the water bodies is very hazardous for both biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Therefore proper remedial measures are to be taken for the treatment of effluents before their discharge into the water bodies.

The chemical quality of groundwater of western Haryana, India was assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes. A total of 275 water samples were collected from deep aquifer based hand-pumps situated in 37 different villages/towns of Bhiwani region. The water samples were analyzed for different physico-chemical properties, e.g., pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total harness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and fluoride concentrations. In this study, the average TDS content was greater ranging 1,692 (Bhiwani block) to 2,560 mg l−1 (Siwani block), and other important parameters of water, e.g., TA (442–1,232 mg l−1), TH (437–864 mg l−1) and bicarbonate (554–672 mg l−1), were also higher than maximum permissible limit by WHO or BIS. The fluoride appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded greater fluoride concentration, i.e., 86.0 mg l−1 from Motipura village that is highest fluoride level ever recorded for Haryana state. The average fluoride concentration ranged between 7.1 and 0.8 mg l−1 in different blocks of western Haryana. On the basis of fluoride concentration, Siwani block showed the maximum number of water samples (84% of total collected samples) unsuitable for drinking purposes (containing fluoride >1.5 mg l−1) followed by Charki Dadri block (58%), Bhiwani block (52%), Bawani Khera block (33%) and Loharu block (14%). This study clearly suggest that some health deteriorating chemicals in drinking water were at dangerous level and; therefore, water quality could be a major health threat for local residents of western Haryana. The high fluoride level in drinking water has posed some serious dental health risks in local residents.

All the physical and biological parameters were determined. The temperature of water sample in studied area was between 26.4-28.5, lower than World Health Organisation (WHO) prescribed limit. The pH of the water samples in Northeast Bangalore is in range of 6.5-8.5, which was in accordance to WHO, Bureau for Indian Standard (BIS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). TDS values in water samples range from 200-820 mg/L. Nine samples showed higher TDS values and TSS values range from 20-400 mg/L. The samples S01, S04, S08, S14, S15, S19, and S20 contain high MPN Index above 50 and S02, S03, S05, S06, S07, S09, S10, S11, S12, S13, S16, S17, and S18 contain low MPN index below 50. BOD and COD values range from 1.2-5.2 mg/l and 8.8-42.1 mg/l respectively. All twenty samples showed higher DO values than the prescribed limit by WHO. But according to BIS and CPCB, S02, S05, were low than their required limit. S11, S15 and S17 were just at 6.0, rest were higher than their required limit. Seven bacterial strains were isolated from the twenty water samples i.e. Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. Enterobacter spp., Vibrio spp., and Salmonella spp. The purification and disinfection is to control the bacterial contamination. Water samples from Northeast Bangalore investigated that moderately contaminated. The presence of bacteria in the water is the indication of poor quality of water. According to WHO, BIS and CPCB standards, the water can be used as drinking water with caution.

Due to the monsoon changes and the failure of rainfall the drinking water scarcity become the most important problem. The groundwater is one of the most important sources for drinking water nowadays. However due to the dumping of municipal wastes and agricultural wastes in to the ground and industrial waste water into the river leads to the contamination of groundwater. Thus the analysis of the groundwater quality is very important to protect the human health. So in this study an assessment of groundwater quality is conducted in and around Namakkal district, Tamilnadu, India. About twenty samples were taken from the wells and bore wells throughout the Namakkal district with necessary precaution and the physico-chemical and biological characteristics are analyzed.

— Coir pith is a byproduct of coir industry. It is dumped as an agricultural waste for a long period of time. Usually it is disposed by burning which may release lot of carbon into atmosphere causing air pollution. Coir waste has a high lignin and cellulose content. its carbon nitrogen ratio is around 100:1. Because of the high lignin content Left to itself, coir waste takes decades to decompose.Thus it is leached out during course of time due to rain in to water resources causing water pollution. Enhanced microbial activity due to climatic effects eventually degrades the pith. Coir pith is recalcitrant and accumulates in the environment forming hillocks posing environmental pollution in the areas close to coir fiber extraction units. In this study, 4 samples of coir pith at different stages as a function of time were selected and the chemical contents were compared for the degradation studies. It was observed that the raw coir pith contained higher chemical contents. Therefore, coir pith can be treated with the help of microbes in the raw stage itself and can be used as the raw material for plant growth in an eco-friendly way.

Water quality assessment was carried out on the Tawa River for the period of January 2006 to May 2006. The study revealed that the river (stream) exhibit slight temporal and spatial variation in physico-chemical characters of water. The Tawa River is a hard water river with high calcium content (calcium rich) due laxturine depositions along the river. Water is slightly alkaline with moderate fluctuation in pH. However, the river receives industrial effluents and coal ash from a thermal power plant at the Tawa tail end which increases the total dissolved solids and turbidity. Tawa River is impounded at two sites which has a negative effect on the water temperature, pH and nutrient concentration.

a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Khari salt and NaCl are traditional preservatives for raw hides/skin used for leather processing. With well known efficiencies and low cost of curing these sodium salts are applied widely in India. These curing salts generate a huge amount of pollution and salinity in the form of total dissolved solids (TDS) and chlorides (Cl − ) during leather processing. Therefore various investigating groups have been involved in formulating alternative curing systems. With this view, an attempt has been made to evolve a least chloride containing curing system for salinity abatement. In our research work we had introduced an attempt towards salinity treatment in the Kanpur region with another sodium salt i.e. sodium sulphate. In this study we have now compared sodium sulphate salts with NaCl and Khari salts for various paradigms of analysis including moisture content, deterioration rate, bacteriostatic properties and SEM. Results proved that sodium sulphate salts are several folds better than conventional salts cured stock. Since sodium sulphate salts reduce the chloride content from the effluent and also effectively reduce TDS and TSS in the final effluent, they are ideally suited for hide preservation.

Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water. Due to human and industrial activities, the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a days. Like other natural resources, it should be assessed regularly and people should be made aware of the quality of drinking water. Groundwater quality index is a technique for rating water quality, is an effective tool to assess the groundwater quality. The present study is aimed at assessing the groundwater quality index (GWQI) for the groundwater of Nadiad Taluka. This has been determined by collecting data related to total 1002 groundwater samples from 34 Villages of Nadiad Taluka from 1997 to 2006 in Pre monsoon & Post monsoon seasons and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the GWQI, the following 7 parameters have been considered: pH, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, total dissolved solids, and Sodium Absorption Ratio. The GWQI for 1002 Ground water samples ranges from 15.70 to 548.02, almost 34.13 percent of the samples exceeded 100, the upper limit for drinking water. About 27.15 percent of water samples are poor in quality and 4.99 percent of water samples are of very poor quality and should not use directly for drinking purpose. As per the classification based on groundwater quality index 50.20 percent ground water samples shows good quality of water and 15.67 percent sample shows excellent quality of ground water. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the Nadiad Taluka needs some degree of treatment before consumption & should be protected from contamination.

This study aims to investigate the physico-chemical properties of some urban ponds in the ecological system of Lucknow which is called as the city of Nawabs in U.P. But owing to the unplanned development and urbanization, the ponds of this city are struggling for their existence. Inspite of the global alarm for restoration of the water bodies, the ponds in the city are facing neglectance. For the study period ten ponds were selected. The physico-chemical parameters of the water sampled in June 2008 from ten ponds such as PH ranged from 6.55 to 7.93; Turbidity,6.06 NTU to 8.59 NTU; Conductivity,12.32 ms/cm to 16.84 ms/cm; D.O.,3.72 mg/l to 6.81 mg/l; B.O.D. ,3.77 mg/l to 6.40 mg/l. Residual chlorine was detected only in pond A (1.09 mg/l),pond C (1.13 mg/l), pond E (1.04 mg/l) and in pond F (1.03 mg/l).Free CO2 was found between 8.7 mg/l to 19.68 mg/l. TS, TDS, and Chlorides were found much beyond the permissible levels. Alkalinity ranges between 202.55 mg/l to 310.05 mg/l; Acidity between 10.75 mg/l to 15.48 mg/l; Total Hardness between 244.49 mg/l to 254.78 mg/l. Prominent sources of pollution are the domestic sewage, kitchen flow and street runoff etc .In addition, solid waste and garbage tied in polythene bags are recorded along the banks and also floating on the water surface.

Although numerous studies have expounded on depletion of the Ogallala aquifer, very few researchers have studied groundwater quality therein which relates to the 'usability' of available groundwater resources. The objective of this study was to elucidate regional trends in groundwater quality and salinization in the Ogallala aquifer, underlying 49 counties and two Groundwater Management Areas (GMA 1 and 2) in Texas, on a decadal scale between 1960 and 2010. Contrasting groundwater quality distinguished GMA 1 (northern Ogallala) from GMA 2 (southern Ogallala), and shallow wells (depth <50 m) from deep (>50 m) wells. The GMA 2 was characterized by pronounced groundwater nitrate (NO 3 À ) contamination accompanied by elevated levels of sulfate (SO 4 2À ), chloride (Cl À ) and salinity (TDS), marked by an abundance of mixed cation SO 4 -Cl and Na-Cl facies. In contrast, Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-HCO 3 facies prevailed in GMA 1 with substantially lower salinization, SO 4 2À , Cl À and NO 3 contamination. In shallow wells, more abundant in GMA 2, about 80% and 32% of observations exceeded the United State Environmental Protection Agency's Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL, 500 mg L À1 ) for total dissolved solids (TDS) and MCL (44 mg L À1 ) for NO 3 , respectively in the 2000s (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010), with progressive increases in both parameters since the 1960s (1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969). Majority (>60%) of the shallow observations since the 1980s (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989) have exceeded the natural background of 11 mg L À1 of NO 3 À indicating anthropogenic sources, The NO 3 À contamination was more apparent in domestic wells indicating substantial human health risk. Groundwater salinization in this aquifer resulted from a combination of natural (e.g. upwelling of highly mineralized groundwater from the underlying formations, seepage from playas and saline plumes, and evaporative enrichment) and anthropogenic processes (irrigated agriculture and hydrocarbon exploration activities). Natural processes were largely aggravated by anthropogenic practices such as lowering of hydraulic heads in the Ogallala aquifer due to prolonged irrigational pumping, inducing cross-formational flow from underlying highly mineralized older formations (Edwards Trinity (High Plains)) which led to groundwater mixing between the formations and rise in salinity levels in the Ogallala aquifer over time.

Research was carried out to investigate the effect of different sucrose concentrations and chemical preservatives (combined doses) at refrigeration temperature (4-10 o C) on physicochemical and sensory attributes of strawberry juice stored for one year. The samples were numbered as, T R24 =Strawberry juice (7.5brix)-no preservatives (control), T R25 =Strawberry juice (7.5brix) with 0.1% sodium benzoate, T R26 =Strawberry juice (7.5brix) with 0.1% potassium sorbate, T R27 =Strawberry juice (7.5brix) with 0.05% sodium benzoate+0.05% potassium sorbate, T R28 =Strawberry juice (20.5brix)-no preservatives (control), T R29 =Strawberry juice (20.5brix) with 0.1% sodium benzoate, T R30 =Strawberry juice (20.5brix) with 0.1% potassium sorbate, T R31 =Strawberry juice (20.5brix) with 0.05% sodium benzoate +0.05% potassium sorbate. Maximum increase in total soluble solids (TSS) content occurred in T R25 and T R26 (20%) while T R29 , T R30 and T R31 showed similar increase i. e. (9.75%). Maximum decrease in pH content occurred in T R24 (19.65%) while minimum decrease was observed in T R31 (10.27%). Maximum increase in titratable acidity occurred in T R24 (145.92%) followed by T R28 (136.19%) while minimum increase occurred in T R31 (101.90%) followed by T R29 (103.80%). Maximum ascorbic acid decreased in T R24 (88.81%) followed by T R28 (84.26%) while minimum decreased was observed in T R31 (70.27%). Maximum increase in reducing sugar was recorded in T R30 (26.49%) while minimum increase occurred in T R27 (19.65%). Maximum decrease in non reducing sugar was occurred in T R28 (89.84%) while minimum decrease occurred in T R27 (26.76%). Maximum decrease in color was recorded for T R24 (37.50%) followed by T R28 (31.25%). Flavor deterioration occurred in control samples and maximum decrease was observed in T R24 (87.50) followed by T R28 (75%) while concentrated samples less loss in flavor during storage. Comparatively better consistency was recorded by sweetened juice. Among all the treatments T R24 and T R28 were during storage while T R31 was found most effective followed by T R29 which showed better storage stability than other samples.

Present study deals with analysis of selected Water Quality Parameters and Heavy Metals of Indus River at Beka Swabi. Present study was conducted for four months that was from November 2012 to February 2013. During each study month, the mean value recorded for water quality parameters were: Velocity Of Water 0.94 m/s,

A systematic investigation of hydro chemical characteristics was carried out for six different lakes of Kolhapur city. The release of untreated domestic sewage and other anthropogenic activities are leading to gross lake water pollution of major lakes in the city. The present study aims to ascertain the drinking water quality and various physico-chemical parameters like pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Phosphate, Nitrate, Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium and Magnesium. There were variations in pH (7.0-8.2 mg/lit), Total Dissolved Solids (204.1-264.7 mg/lit), Dissolved Oxygen (2.6-6.0 mg/lit), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (8.04-26.0 mg/lit), Chemical Oxygen Demand (14.0-50.83 mg/lit), Phosphate (0.1-1.96 mg/lit), Nitrate (0.72-4.05 mg/lit), Hardness (143.0-338.0 mg/lit), Calcium (69.66-333.0 mg/lit) and Magnesium (4.2-71.66 mg/lit). The results of the study showed that water quality of lakes near densely populated ...

The increasing need for water in the arid areas of the world has resulted in the emergence of wastewater application for agriculture and landscape. This study aims to determine the mechanism and the functioning of waste water purification plant in the city of Tabuk, and see if the water was purified by the station impacted positively on the environment surrounding human beings, as well as determine if we can re-use the treated water in the various human uses. The objective of this research was to establish the operational parameters of Influent and effluent such as temperature, pH, TSS, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), TN, TP, and oil & grease (O&G). Three years of data (2010)(2011)(2012) were manually collected at both the inlet and outlet. The results indicated that the pH was in between 6.213 to 7.493. Municipal wastewater showed that the TSS, BOD and COD were within the Saudi standards.It was revealed from the performance study that efficiency of the treatment plant was good with respect to removal of parameters like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. The overall performance of the wastewater treatment plant effectively removed TC, FC, and FS. The treated effluent can be safely discharged or it can be reused for irrigation of a fodder crops, golf course, green way, parks, for landscaping and for groundwater recharge. This work has confirmed that, the plant efficiency is comparable to that of other Saudi's wastewater plants using the same or different type of biological treatment. Finally, based on this analysis, we proceed to identify niches in which wastewater reuse could be increased.

Groundwater is an important source of water supply due to its relatively low susceptibility to pollution in comparison to surface water. Polluted ground water adversely affects the human health as well as environment. This paper assessed ground water quality index and regression analysis of selected area of Jaipur. Ground water samples collected from 12 different locations of South west area of Jaipur in dry season (April 2010). Results indicates that significant correlation and regression occur between TDS & EC (.996), TDS & Cl (.987) ,TDS & Na (.945), EC& Na (.948) , Cl & Na (.936). i.e. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is an important physicochemical parameter of drinking water quality .The water quality index of the area in dry season was 123.76 indicate poor quality of water for drinking purpose.

Water scarcity combined with population growth and climate change, especially in semi-arid and arid regions like Australia, Western United States, and the Middle East, has increased the need for water conservation. Water reclamation and reuse have become an important source of water to conserve and extend water supplies. With the advancement of technologies, indirect potable water reuse (IPWR) and direct potable water reuse (DPWR) have been developed as methods for producing high-quality recycled water for potable use. In this research salinity removal and energy conservation associated with IPWR and DPWR were modeled using the system dynamics software Stella. The water/wastewater system of the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, USA, which discharges into the Colorado River, was used as an example system augmented with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The results show that IPWR and DPWR reduce salinity discharge to the Colorado River. The TDS load is reduced to 0.85 and 1.02 million kg/day for DPWR and IPWR systems compared to 2.33 million kg/day by the year 2035. DPWR can also save about 50% of the energy cost of pumping water. However, one drawback with these systems is the approximately 5% loss of water in the brine of the membranes.

Se determinó la calidad del agua del acuífero Tepalcingo-Axochiapan, México. Se efectuaron seis muestreos y se tomaron muestras en ocho pozos de agua potable antes de añadirle cloro y en un manantial. Se determinaron dos parámetros bacteriológicos y once fisicoquímicos. La mayoría de los pozos y el manantial presentaron aguas muy duras. Los pozos mostraron concentraciones más elevadas de sólidos disueltos en las zonas de menor altitud con excepción del manantial. De acuerdo al análisis discriminante y a las distancias de Mahalanobis, el manantial presentó mayores diferencias con respecto a los demás pozos. Bacteriológicamente, el manantial y un pozo no son adecuados para actividades recreativas y fisicoquímicamente tres pozos son inadecuados como fuente de suministro de agua potable. La falta de servicios sanitarios y el drenaje en algunas zonas puede estar ocasionando el deterioro de la calidad del agua del acuífero en dichas zonas.

A systematic investigation of hydro chemical characteristics was carried out for six different lakes of Kolhapur city. The release of untreated domestic sewage and other anthropogenic activities are leading to gross lake water pollution of major lakes in the city. The present study aims to ascertain the drinking water quality and various physico-chemical parameters like pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Phosphate, Nitrate, Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Calcium and Magnesium. There were variations in pH (7.0-8.2 mg/lit), Total Dissolved Solids (204.1-264.7 mg/lit), Dissolved Oxygen (2.6-6.0 mg/lit), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (8.04-26.0 mg/lit), Chemical Oxygen Demand (14.0-50.83 mg/lit), Phosphate (0.1-1.96 mg/lit), Nitrate (0.72-4.05 mg/lit), . The results of the study showed that water quality of lakes near densely populated area is highly depleted as compared to the lakes that are away from the city.

Analysis and evaluation of water quality and its dynamics are of prime importance for water resources and environmental monitoring. Diverse methods such as multivariate statistics, time series analysis, and neural networks have been used for modeling and analysis of water quality indicators. Although these methods are useful to explore the main body of knowledge related to the water pollution problem, they are less effective for considering inherent uncertainties and vagueness in water pollution data. In this study, a variable consistency dominance-based rough set approach (VC-DRSA) was used to explore the underlying knowledge related to data for total dissolved solids (TDSs) in the Latyan Watershed, north of Tehran, Iran. Environmental parameters for the period of 2002-2007, including precipitation, river water temperature, runoff measured at 22 monitoring sites, and two products of the MODIS sensor (16-day NDVI and land surface temperature) were the explanatory variables. VC-DRSA was used in data mining analysis to explore the most effective and reliable rules for relating TDS data to the explanatory variables. Rule validation results show that the extracted rules were very effective and straightforward for examining the important relationships between the environmental parameters and TDS data. Application of the moving average filter in the TDS data led to decreased noise and a considerable reduction in the width of the boundary region between the lower and upper approximations.

Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) use the electrical current generated by microbes to simultaneously treat wastewater, desalinate water, and produce bioenergy. However, current MDC systems transfer salts to the treated wastewater and affect wastewater's beneficial use. A microbial capacitive desalination cell (MCDC) was developed to address the salt migration and pH fluctuation problems facing current MDCs and improve the efficiency of capacitive deionization. The anode and cathode chambers of the MCDC were separated from the middle desalination chamber by two specially designed membrane assemblies, which consisted of cation exchange membranes and layers of activated carbon cloth (ACC). Taking advantage of the potential generated across the microbial anode and the air-cathode, the MCDC was capable of removing 72.7 mg total dissolved solids (TDS) per gram of ACC without using any external energy. The MCDC desalination efficiency was 7 to 25 times higher than traditional capacitive deionization processes. Compared to MDC systems, where the volume of concentrate can be substantial, all of the removed ions in the MCDC were adsorbed in the ACC assembly double layer capacitors without migrating to the anolyte or catholyte, and the electrically adsorbed ions could be recovered during assembly regeneration. The two cation exchange membrane based assemblies allowed the free transfer of protons across the system and thus prevented significant pH changes observed in traditional MDCs.

A study was carried out to analyze the ground water samples from fifty sites within the urban settlements of Khushab city, Pakistan in order to understand the distribution of contaminants and its impact on public health in the studied area. All the water samples were analysed using physico-chemical parameters: pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Ca + , Mg + , Cl-and NO3 by using standard analytical methods. Salinity hazard was evaluated by using EC values inferred from the water samples. Water samples were classified on the basis of TDS and TH. Arc GIS software was used to plot the spatial distribution of contamination, concluded from the observed physico-chemical parameters throughout the study area. A door to door survey was also conducted to get the feedback from 100 people living in the houses, working in offices and shops to know the issues of water quality along with the level of satisfaction for the present water quality. Results showed that pH value ranging between 6.8 and 8.7, EC between 260 and 10290 S/cm, TDS between 179 and 9410 mg/l, Ca +2 between 1.2 and 11.8 mg/l, Mg +2 between 0.3 and 39.4 mg/l, TH between 6.23 and 216.86 mg/l, Cl-between 0.3 and 344.7 and NO3 between 12 and 62 mg/l. Results showed certain sites indicating poor water quality through deviation from WHO standard values of certain physico-chemical parameters. This showed that ground water at particular sites within the study area was unfit for drinking purpose and its prolonged utilization could cause serious health issues. More than 62% people reported their dissatisfaction regarding water quality and 80% agreed that water quality has drastically declined. Results were also correlated with the data collected from the Tehsil Headquarter Hospital which demonstrated that residents of Khushab city were suffering from the water borne diseases like Hepatitis, Cholera, Gastro, and Kidney stone etc. Almost 40,000 patients from Khushab city and the surrounding villages who suffered from water borne diseases visited the Tehsil Headquarter Hospital in the year 2014. It has been concluded from the study that the ground water of the study area has declined and needs proper and urgent attention from the government and water must be processed through state of the art purification treatment plants, before supplying to people for drinking and domestic purposes.

The aspects of fabrication, design and operation with design optimization of various components of the small scale multiple effect distillation (MED) unit have been discussed in part I of the paper. The MED system can be operated as n effects + condenser (n + C), where 1 ≤ n ≤ 9. Extensive experiments were carried out respectively using 9 + C, 6 + C and 3 + C systems. The present part II is devoted to analysis and optimization of the product yield, and economics, based on parametric studies varying the input conditions for all the aforementioned three systems. The most important input parameters for operation of the MED system are the input steam pressure, and the number of effects used. The most important output parameter is the total distillate produced per hour.

A study was conducted on physicochemical parameters water from Ilo-abuchi, creek Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study aimed at evaluating the impact of sawmills and other associated wastes on water quality of the creek. The physicochemical parameters investigated were from February to July 2020 and the samples were analysed for pH, Temperature, Salinity, Conductivity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total alkalinity using an in-situ Handheld Multimeter (Milwaukee Model pH600 and Laboratory Benchtop meter 860033-model. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was measured using Winkler’s method. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was determined by the 5-day BOD test (APHA, 2005). Turbidity was measured using a 20cm diameter Secchi disc. Total alkalinity was determined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 1067B) Nitrate, Chloride, Phosphate, and Sulphate were determined using the method recommended by APHA 2340C (1995) standard. Water Temperature ranges be...

Soymilk from different varieties of soybean was treated with combinations of cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes (glucanase, cellulose, arabanase, hemicellulase and xylanase). Treated samples and control were evaluated for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and different sugars (glucose, raffinose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, maltose, lactose, stachyose, starch, galactose, cellulose) using HPLC. Mean TDS of all enzyme-treated soymilk samples (235.8-268.3 ppm) was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than the control (167.8 ppm), it also increased significantly (p≤0.05) after sterilization. Sugars present in the enzyme-hydrolyzed soymilk were significantly (p≤0.05) different from the control. Sucrose content was depleted after enzyme treatment. The change in content of glucose, xylose, fructose, maltose, raffinose, starchyose had high correlation with TDS. Possible chemical modification of sugars impaired their detection despite increases in TDS. Use of TDS for rapid monitoring of enzyme hydrolyses of s...

Removal of dissolved salts and toxic chemicals in water, especially at a few parts per million (ppm) levels is one of the most difficult problems. There are several methods used for water purification. The choice of the method depends mainly on the level of feed water salinity, ...

In the present study, some physical properties of the Iranian date (Berhi variety) were determined at three stages of maturity namely Khalal, Rotab and Tamar. Color and textural features of samples were extracted by image processing toolbox of Matlab software. Total soluble solids (TSS), pH and weight of samples were also measured. The relationship between color and TSS, surface area and weight were obtained. The maximum correlation between TSS content and color occurred in blue for Rotab and Tamar but in red for Khalal. In the meantime, color and textural features differences between three stages of maturity were significant. There was a linear relationship between weight and surface area. The weights and areas of Rotab and Tamar were significantly different from those of Khalal.

The aspects of fabrication, design and operation with design optimization of various components of the small scale multiple effect distillation (MED) unit have been discussed in part I of the paper. The MED system can be operated as n effects + condenser (n + C), where 1 ≤ n ≤ 9. Extensive experiments were carried out respectively using 9 + C, 6 + C and 3 + C systems. The present part II is devoted to analysis and optimization of the product yield, and economics, based on parametric studies varying the input conditions for all the aforementioned three systems. The most important input parameters for operation of the MED system are the input steam pressure, and the number of effects used. The most important output parameter is the total distillate produced per hour.

"The aim of the present work is to examine the use a solar still for (i) distillation of water containing excess fluoride (F-), total dissolved solids, and hardness, (ii) harvesting rainwater, and (iii) disposal of spent zirconium- SPADNS solution. Defluoridation was done using solar distillation for water having high concentration of F- (cF ) (0.01 - 2 g/L), and the values cF in the distillates were well below the desirable limit of 1 mg/L for F-. The water quality parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, cF , and hardness were analysed for water samples collected from Hebbagodi and Lakkihalli villages. These samples had excess cF , TDS, and hardness. These samples were distilled using a solar still. Rainwater harvesting was done using the upper surface of a solar still. For the distillates and rainwater, the parameters were found to be well below the desirable limit. The SPADNS method is one of the standard method for the estimation of F- in water. The spent solution was fed to a solar still, resulting in colourless  istillate of pH 6.15 - 6.43. It can be disposed in the sewer as the pH of distillate was falls within the accepted range for disposal of waste solutions."

Effluent toxicity testing methods have been well defined, but for the most part, these methods do not attempt to segregate the effects of active ionic concentrations and ion imbalances upon test and species performances. The role of various total dissolved solids in effluents on ...

The variability of water chemistry on a daily scale is rarely addressed due to the lack of records. Appropriate tools, such as typologies and dimensionless indicators, which permit comparisons between stations and between river materials, are missing. Such tools are developed here for daily concentrations (C), specific fluxes or yields (Y) and specific river flow (q). The data set includes 128 long-term daily records, for suspended particulate matter (SPM), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved and total nutrients, totalling 1236 years of records. These 86 river basins (10 3-10 6 km 2) cover a wide range of environmental conditions in semi-arid and temperate regions. The segmentation-truncation of C-q rating curves into two parts at median flows (q 50) generates two exponents (b 50inf and b 50sup) that are different for 66% of the analysed rating curves. After segmentation, the analysis of records results in the definition of nine major C-q types combining concentrating, diluting or stable patterns, showing inflexions, chevron and U shapes. SPM and TDS are preferentially distributed among a few types, while dissolved and total nutrients are more widely distributed. Four dimensionless indicators of daily variability combine median (C 50 , Y 50), extreme (C 99 , Y 99) and flow-weighted (C Ł , Y Ł) concentrations and yields (e.g. C 99 /C 50 , Y Ł /Y 50). They vary over two to four orders of magnitude in the analysed records, discriminating stations and river material. A second set of four indicators of relative variability [e.g. (Y Ł /Y 50)/(q Ł /q 50)], takes into account the daily flow variability, as expressed by q Ł /q 50 and q 99 /q 50 , which also vary over multiple orders of magnitude. The truncated exponent b 50sup is used to describe fluxes at higher flows accounting for 75% (TDS) to 97% (SPM) of interannual fluxes. It ranges from 0Ð61 to C1Ð86 in the database. It can be regarded as the key amplificator (positive b 50sup) or reductor (negative b 50sup) of concentrations or yields variability. C 50 , Y 50 , b 50sup can also be estimated in discrete surveys, which provides a new perspective for quantifying and mapping water quality variability at daily scale.

Karnal is village located in Sangli district having total population of about 6000. Village has water treatment plant constructed in 2013. The prime objective of a water supply agency is to provide hygienic and safe water to its consumers. Analysis of various parameters was done to check the quality of treated water. The methods used were EDTA, Winkler's Method, Jar test, pH meter, Gravimetric method, Titration method. It was found that except hardness and turbidity all other parameters were well within limits and ion exchange method was used to reduce hardness and proper coagulant dose was given to reduce turbidity by 84%.

In response to a potential revision by the state of Alaska to increase discharge limits for total dissolved solids (TDS) in the mining industry, we studied various life stages of hatchery reared salmonids exposed to the major ions in a simulated mine effluent at concentrations of salts up to 2500 mg l − 1 . Effects depended on the developmental stage and the exposure period. For short term (24-to 96-h) exposures the fertilization stage was most sensitive. Fertilization success was reduced with TDS as low as 250 mg l − 1 . A two-minute exposure to elevated TDS during fertilization was long enough to have deleterious effects on both fertilization success and later development. Embryos exposed to the simulated mine effluent continuously from just after fertilization through to swim-up had high post-hatch mortalities. Thus there may be at least two separate mechanisms of toxicity: an acute response at the moment of fertilization, resulting in low fertilization success, and a response to long-term exposure through swim-up, manifested by mortalities at the alevin stage. Sensitivity to dissolved salts with respect to fertilization success varied among different species of salmonids. Chinook, pink, and coho salmon were most sensitive, and Arctic charr were least sensitive to elevated salts. Specific ion tests indicated that Ca 2+ was a major contributor to decreased fertilization. We suggest that the current Alaska water quality standards of 1000 mg l − 1 for TDS should not be increased and may be too high for some species. In addition, salmonid fertilization trials may be an appropriate, relatively quick, assay for setting site-specific TDS contamination discharge limits.

The aspects of fabrication, design and operation with design optimization of various components of the small scale multiple effect distillation (MED) unit have been discussed in part I of the paper. The MED system can be operated as n effects + condenser (n + C), where 1 ≤ n ≤ 9. Extensive experiments were carried out respectively using 9 + C, 6 + C and 3 + C systems. The present part II is devoted to analysis and optimization of the product yield, and economics, based on parametric studies varying the input conditions for all the aforementioned three systems. The most important input parameters for operation of the MED system are the input steam pressure, and the number of effects used. The most important output parameter is the total distillate produced per hour.

A recent conceptual model links higher bulk conductivities at hydrocarbon impacted sites to higher total dissolved solids (TDS) resulting from enhanced mineral weathering due to acids produced during biodegradation. In this study, we evaluated the above model by investigating the vertical distribution of bulk conductivity, TDS, and specific conductance in groundwater. The results showed higher TDS at contaminated locations consistent with the above model. Further, steep vertical gradients in bulk conductivity and TDS suggest vertical and spatial heterogeneity at the site. We observed that at fluid conductivities b40 mS/m, bulk conductivity was inversely related to fluid conductivity, but at fluid conductivities N40 mS/m, bulk conductivity increased with increasing fluid conductivity. However, at fluid conductivities N80 mS/m, bulk conductivities increased without a corresponding increase in fluid conductivity, resulting in a poor correlation between bulk conductivity and fluid conductivity for the contaminated samples. This suggests that electrolytic conductivity was not completely responsible for the observed variability in bulk conductivity. We suggest two possible reasons for the inverse relationship at low fluid conductivity and poor positive correlation at high fluid conductivity: (1) geochemical heterogeneity due to biological processes not captured at a scale comparable to the bulk conductivity measurement and (2) variability in the surface conductivity, consistent with a simple petrophysical model that suggests higher surface conductivity for contaminated sediments. We conclude that biodegradation processes can impact both electrolytic and surface conduction properties of contaminated sediments and these two factors can account for the higher bulk conductivities observed in sediments impacted by hydrocarbon. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Physico- Chemical Characteristics of  Paper Industry
Effluents located in Bari Bramana, District Samba, Jammu and
Kashmir,were analyzed for the parameters such as  pH,
Turbidity, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and 
Electrical conductivity  for treated as well as untreated effluents.
Of all parameters  Turbidity and Total Suspended solids  for both
treated and untreated effluents were above the permissible limits.

A study on standard water quality parameter requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate-nitrogen, pH, Dissolved oxygen (DO) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from around Gurgaon Canal in NCR union territerian New Delhi capital of India, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards and also Indian standards revealed that the river temperature of 30.7 0C fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 7.1, total hardness of 470 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 36 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.

The Guasave valley, Sinaloa is mainly agricultural. There are rural communities that supply water for domestic use from local wells. Economic and social activities occurring on this valley demand water, so that water extraction has shifted to the coastal zone. For this reason, it is important to know the natural mechanisms that control the water chemical composition, its quality, its impact on the ground and its temporal variation in response to its suitability for agricultural or domestic use. To determine the mechanism controlling the water chemistry, the Gibbs diagram was used and it was found that the dominant mechanism is evaporation-weathering. Regarding the domestic use of water, PHASECH quality index was used, finding that water quality is only acceptable near the Sinaloa river. Concerning the suitability for agricultural water use, Wilcox diagram was employed and only 48% the water in the area was classified from good to admissible. Regarding the risk of soil salinization o...

Textile industries are one of the largest consumers of water as well as the producers of large quantities of wastewater effluents. In this study, the important physicochemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the raw water used and the effluents generated were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters of the effluent samples were compared with those of the raw water (bore well) samples to analyze the pollution load of the effluents. The values of the studied physicochemical parameters were much higher than the permissible limits as prescribed by CPCB and WHO. Higher values of pH, TDS, BOD and COD have detrimental health effects on both humans and aquatic life. Direct disposal of the untreated industrial effluents into the water bodies is very hazardous for both biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Therefore proper remedial measures are to be taken for the treatment of effluents before their discharge into the water bodies.

With increasing urban population, attention had been focused on environmental degradation of urban drainage system with respect to trace/heavy metal contaminations. Such concerns underlie the ever-increasing impacts of urbanization and industrial activities on urban watershed in the developing regions of the world, especially in areas with inadequate land-use plan and poor waste disposal and management practices. Hence, this study highlights the hydrogeochemical assessment of surface water and bottom-sediment samples from an urban drainage system in Osogbo Township, SW-Nigeria with respect to trace metals contaminations. The results show that the surface water samples have generally low TDS with average value of 362mg/l, while the average dissolved concentrations of the trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As and Cr) vary from 0.01 to 0.5mg/l. Cu, Cr and As exhibit concentrations similar to the local background concentrations (LBC) in the pristine stream water with low single metal contamination factor (CF ≈ 1). Pb, Zn and Ni are 5 folds enriched with contamination factor (CF) of >5 indicating moderate to high contamination. For the sediment phase, the adsorbed concentrations of the trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Cr and Co) vary between 0.1 to 3.1mg/kg. These represent about 1 to 3% of the respective total metal concentrations with average values of 18.2-533.4mg/kg. Also low anthropogenic factor, AF (0.002 to 0.08) and mostly negative values (-5 to-15) of Mueller's geo-accumulation index (Igeo) for adsorbed metal contents in the sediments suggest dominant geogenic controls. However, the total metals concentrations in the sediment phase have high estimated AF of 1.1 to 9.3 and positive values of the estimated Igeo (0.9-2.0) and metal contamination index (MCI) of 2.5-8.3. All these suggest a medium to high level enrichment (of 2 to 10 factor) for most of the metals with respect to the local background concentration (LBC) in the basement bedrock units (with the exception of Cr and Ni). This is consistent with the preferential metal enrichment in the sediment phase as indicated by the estimated partitioning/distribution coefficient, K d of >1 exhibited by the total metal concentrations in the stream sediment. Nonetheless, the correlated high peaks of electrical conductivity of the stream water samples and adsorbed concentrations of some trace metals within the urban stretches are indications of point source inputs of untreated sewage into the drainage system.

Water is an important component of the ecosystem that sustains life on the planet since water provides vital components for human health. To gain a precise picture of water quality, studies of the components found in the water are critical. Three physical and six chemical criteria were examined to assess the quality assurance of drinking water of Majkhola. All tests were carried out according to the protocols outlined in the standard methodology. For this investigation, four water samples were collected in the morning from different areas of Majhkhola throughout three months, from December 2018 to February 2019. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water quality parameters. pH (6.85 – 8.5), Conductivity (72.3 – 79.9 µm/s), Alkalinity (37.84 – 39.27 mg/L), Chloride (2.509 – 3.76 mg/L), Dissolves Oxygen (DO) (0.8 – 1.3 mg/L), Hardness (60 – 72 mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids (100 – 150 mg/L) of water samples values lay within the permissible guideline values as prescribed by...