Tropical Fruits

A series of biochemical changes took place as oil palm fruits developed into maturity. Among these are the active synthesis of glycerides as well as unsaponifiable compounds such as carotenes, vitamin E, sterols and squalene. Coenzyme Q9 and Q10 were found to be present at different stages of the oil palm fruits development. The presence of coenzyme Q 9 was detected as early as 4 weeks after anthesis (WAA) and its concentration diminished as the oil palm fruits ripen. Coenzyme Q10 on the other hand, can only be detected from 12WAA onwards and its concentration remained at an elevated level throughout the remaining development period of the oil palm fruits. Their occurrence pattern suggested that there is a strong relationship between the concentration of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 with the age of the oil palm fruits. © 2009 AOCS.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-009-1345-z

The aim of the this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of mango powder prepared from blends of Brokin and Julie cultivars fortified with Yellow Pea protein hydrolysates. Six blends were used:. The fortified blends were derived by obtaining 90% of each of the original unfortified blend and incorporating to each of them, 10% of Yellow pea protein hydrolysate (YPPH). The results of the antioxidant assays were: % inhibition for DPPH radical scavenging activity includes 0.70(*B CI)-5. mL-1 accordingly; ferric reducing antioxidant power (265.42-411.08µg.AAE mg-1) at those concentration level of 1000.00µg mL-1 The % inhibition of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity showed that among all the samples at the concentration range of 62.50-2000.00µg mL-1 respectively, samples, *B 80 J 20 and *B 50 J 50 exhibited highest and lowest radical scavenging activities accordingly. Clearly, the best antioxidant activity was observed to be metal chelating ability assay. Based on the aforementioned results, it is concluded that the fortified mango powder samples have good antioxidant activity in vitro which can treat and manage chronic disease condition such as oxidative stress.

El desarrollo de modelos para sistemas de envasado en atmósferas modificadas (AM) permite la selección de condiciones de almacenamiento adecuadas para una mejor conservación del producto envasado. Se desarrolló un modelo matemático para representar el cambio en la concentración de O<sub>2</sub> y CO<sub>2</sub> en el envasado de frutos de 'baby banana' en AM. El modelo considera la velocidad de respiración del producto a través de una ecuación de Michaelis-Menten de inhibición no competitiva, y tiene en cuenta la transferencia de los gases a través del material de envase y de perforaciones en este. La dependencia de la temperatura fue representada mediante relaciones de Arrhenius. Los resultados predichos fueron comparados con resultados experimentales envasando los frutos en polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) y polipropileno (PP) micro-perforados a 11 y 13 ºC y una mezcla inicial de 10 % (7,5 kPa) de O<sub>2</sub> y 4 % (3 kPa) de CO<...

The social brain hypothesis posits that social complexity is the primary driver of primate cognitive complexity, and that social pressures ultimately led to the evolution of the large human brain. Although this idea has been supported by studies indicating positive relationships between relative brain and/or neocortex size and group size, reported effects of different social and mating systems are highly conflicting. Here, we use a much larger sample of primates, more recent phylogenies, and updated statistical techniques, to show that brain size is predicted by diet, rather than multiple measures of sociality, after controlling for body size and phylogeny. Specifically, frugivores exhibit larger brains than folivores. Our results call into question the current emphasis on social rather than ecological explanations for the evolution of large brains in primates and evoke a range of ecological and developmental hypotheses centred on frugivory, including spatial information storage, ex...

Planting multifunctional trees (e.g., fruit species) in cities can promote genetic conservation, economic activity, ecosystem services, and social cohesion. However, in Indonesia, the relationship between the abundance of fruit tree species and different city characteristics, including their involvement in the national smart city project, is still unknown. In this study, published reports and field surveys were used to evaluate the fruit tree distribution and its relationship with the characteristics of 224 of 514 Indonesian cities in order to identify tree species for multifunctional city greenery. This is the first study on the distribution of fruit tree species at the national level. The study identified 151 fruit species of 90 genera and 40 families, including large-sized fruits, such as avocados, breadfruit, coconuts, durians, jackfruit, and mangos. On average, cities contained 54 tree species, of which 21 (38.9%) were fruit trees. These findings indicate that cities are import...

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit characterized by a rapid pericarp browning and dehydration during postharvest, resulting in an accelerated shelf life and in a loss of consumer appreciation and consequently of its market value. The aim of our study was to assess litchi fruit chemical-physical and sensory quality changes during postharvest and shelf life using rapid refrigeration (RR) and active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Litchi fruits were picked at commercial harvest and were divided in 4 groups: not treated fruit (CTR); rapid refrigerated fruit (RRF); modified atmosphere packed fruit (MAP); hydrogen peroxide treated and modified atmosphere packed fruit (MAP+). CTR and RRF fruit were packed in microperforated plastic bag whereas MAP and MAP+ fruit were packed in unperforated high-density polyethylene package in which a gas mixture (60 kPa N2, 30% CO2 and 10 kPa O2) was flushed and then the bag was hermetically sealed. RRF, fruit were submitted to coolin...

Cẩm nang nước ép bổ dưỡng cho phái nữ thêm quyến rũ và lôi cuốn.
Nước ép táo: Nước ép Táo rất thơm ngon và chứa một số vitamin, nhiều nhất là vitamin C. Một ly 160ml cung cấp 61 cal và gần 50% nhu cầu bổ sung dưỡng chất hằng ngày ở nhóm tuổi 19 - 50. Tuy nhiên, so với những loại nước ép trái cây khác, nước ép táo có ít vitamin và khoáng chất hơn
Nước ép bưởi: Đây là nguồn cung cấp beta - carotene, một chất chống oxy hóa hữu hiệu, có thể làm giảm nguy cơ của nhiều loại ung thư. Bưởi, đào chứa lycopen giúp giảm thiểu nguy cơ ung thư tuyến tiền liệt, phổi, dạ dày, tuyến tụy, ruột, vú... Lycopen cũng giúp ngăn ngừa sự hình thành những cục huyết khối, do đó giúp giảm thiểu nguy cơ bệnh tim mạch và đột quỵ
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Tìm hiểu thêm tại hocphache.com.vn

Domestication and commercialization of fruits from indigenous trees plays a major role in improving rural livelihoods through nutritional status, household income, entrepreneurial opportunities and economic empowerment. It also plays a role in promoting conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. This study was conducted to assess twenty-two provenances of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. planted in 1999 in Mangochi, Malawi. The trial was assessed for growth traits and fruiting at twelve years of age. The results showed that there were significant (P<0.001) variations among the provenances on diameter at breast height (dbh), tree height, number of branches and number of fruits. Marracuene provenance from Mozambique had the largest (14.2±0.8cm) dbh, the highest number of branches per tree (21±1) and number fruits per tree (795±104) than the other provenances. Kalanga provenance from Swaziland was more superior in tree height (6.10±0.93m) than the other provenances. There was a significant (P<0.05) correlation between number of fruits and dbh and between number of fruits and tree height. A moderate relationship (r=0.405) was observed between number of fruits and dbh, while a weak relationship (r=0.347) was detected between number of fruits and tree height. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) correlation between number of fruits and number of branches. This implies that growth parameters are weak predictors for fruiting hence cannot be used in indirect selection. Therefore, genetic factor is the major determining factor of fruiting. Future studies should concentrate on the reproductive biology of S. birrea to facilitate understanding of fruit productivity prior to promoting the species for Agroforestry programmes.

THE SUITABILITY of white greenhouse net cover for growth of mango (Mangifera indica. L.) cv. Keitt cultivar was tested at the El-Bosaily governmental farm at the North West of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The treatments were cover the greenhouse by white net and conventional open field treatment (control). This study aims at investigating the effects of white net on the growth and production of mango trees from the interception of light, temperature, humidity and plant growth were evaluated over two seasons (from 2007 and 2008). The nets demonstrated their efficiency for orchard decrease maximum temperatures and increase minimum temperatures and relative humidity compared with open field treatment. The use of white net resulted in a significant increase of number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter per plant compared to open field orchard. The net was superior for plant growth, flowering and yield. Data revealed that microclimate under the white net make proper microclimate for tropical fruits under Egyptian conditions.

In today's world, as the food we consume are traded across distant lands, there is a global awakening to learn about traditional foods popular in different cultures. Gaining knowledge of food diversity is important for food security in a world that is populating rapidly. Rediscovery and introduction of ingredients used in different cultures could lead to new commercially successful food commodities not yet known widely. The purpose of this paper is to introduce various uses of Carissa carandas L., a popular berry fruit known as 'karonda' in the Indian subcontinent. As the general public's interest in foreign ingredients grows, it can lead to economic benefit in importing countries. As a fruit tree with medicinal, nutritional and functional value, Carissa carandas L. has the potential to be an economically beneficial crop. Here, specific information has been collected about: 1) commercial species, 2) medicinal properties 3) propagation, 4) processed food items, and 5) other uses.

Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G., Segura, S.D., Hodson de Jaramillo, E., Gongora, G.A. 1997. Les fruits de la passion. In: A. Charrier et al. (eds.): L'amélioration des plantes tropicales. Montpellier, France, CIRAD-ORSTOM, Collection Repères, 291-312

The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial fruit with great economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast and is expanding to other regions. However, this culture is susceptible to various diseases, such as “lixa grande”, “lixa pequena” and leaf blight. Although they are of great economic importance, are diseases difficult to control, especially for the high size of the plants. Through this study aimed to describe the relationship between the intensity of the complex sanding and leaf blight (CLQ) in dwarf coconut accession and evaluate the cyproconazole fungicide efficiency to control CLQ in green dwarf coconut tree under different modes (axillary and injection) dosages (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 g a.i.) and frequency of application (bi-monthly and six-monthly). To test the control efficiency of cyproconazole front of the CLQ. Axillary application was made by the application in the axil of the leaf number 9 of the product diluted and injected by opening a hole in the stem to 20 cm from the ground with a mechanical drill and introduction of pure product in the above doses with a syringe. Was evaluated the incidence and severity in addition to the first leaf with leaf blight (PFQ). The temporal variation in the incidence and severity of disease during the study period was determined by the ratio of the values of the last evaluation (225 d) on the first (0 d). For chemical control with cyproconazole, the use of tree regression resulted in a model where a tree four terminal nodes explained 49% of the total variability of the data. This variability was explained by two factors selected for analysis, dose and mode of application, which contributed respectively with 35.5% and 13.5% of the total variability. It was found that there was a difference for all treatments in relation to control. The application modes differ, where injectable application obtained the best controls with lower levels of incidence and severity and higher levels of PFQ. Doses of 0.6 and 1.0 g a.i. were the most efficient independent of the frequency of application to the axillary and injection modes, respectively. There was no significant effect of frequency of application. In the second experiment were evaluated six dwarf coconut accessions conserved in active germplasm bank (BAG) of Embrapa-CPATC being: AAG (Dwarf Yellow-of the-Brazil-of-Gramame), AAM (Dwarf Yellow-of- Malaysia), stroke (Dwarf-Red-of-Cameroon), AVG (Dwarf-Red-of the-Brazil-of-Gramame, AVBJ (Dwarf-Green-of the-Brazil-of-Jiqui), and AVM (Dwarf-Red-of-Malaysia). the design was randomized blocks with six treatments (accessions) and five repetitions. Was carried out 11 monthly evaluations from June 2015 to May 2016. Of each disease was evaluated incidence and severity. With the evaluation of BAG accesses a graphical representation expressed 95% of the variability of the data, and of this total, 72% associated with the axis 1 and 23% to the axis 2. the intensity of CLQ damage stroke access and AVBJ presented an intermediate behavior in relation the other accesses. AVG access followed by AVM tended to greater intensity of great sandpaper and the burning of leaves. A group of AAG and AAM tended to greater intensity of small sandpaper. Regarding the environment the intensity of great sandpaper was positively influenced by the temperature and the incidence of leaf burn negatively by rainfall. The small sandpaper was influenced by the relative humidity.

Fruit and vegetables have many similarities with respect to their compositions, methods of cultivation and harvesting, storage properties and processing.In reference to fruits and vegetables, the characteristics that impart distinctive quality may be described by four different attributes -1) color and appearance, 2) flavor (taste and aroma), 3) texture and 4) nutritional value.

In Mexico 762 edible fruit species are presently distributed into 288 genera belonging to 87 botanical families. There are 113 cultivated fruit tree species, of which 53 are native and 60 have been introduced; there are also 649 non-cultivated or underutilized species, of which 88 of them were introduced and 554 are native ones. The best representative botanical families are: Anacardiaceae (16 spp.

En este momento Colombia tiene un gran reto frente a la polinización puesto que es uno de los países más biodiversos del mundo, lo que hace que se genere una relación estrecha de polinización entre muchas plantas y polinizadores. Esa relación tan estrecha entre las plantas con sus polinizadores hace que tengamos ecosistemas saludables que generan así bienestar humano a través de las contribuciones de la naturaleza.
Colombia es un país eminentemente agrícola, con cultivos de pancoger hasta cultivos tecnificados. En las distintas regiones agroecológicas del país se cultivan ají, algodón, berenjena, cacao, café, calabaza, caucho, cebolla, especies maderables, flores, diversos frutales, fríjoles, hortalizas, maíz, melón, mijo, ñame, pastos, pepino, pimiento, plátano, sandía, sorgo, yuca, zapallo, entre muchos otros. Cultivos tecnificados como aguacate, banano, café, cacao, caña de azúcar, limón, mandarina, naranja, palma aceitera, papa, soya, tomate. Acerca de estos cultivos se tiene mucha información sobre sus técnicas de manejo, requisitos agronómicos, control de plagas, técnicas de cosecha y postcosecha, quizás algo de la biología floral y la fructificación, pero poco acerca de sus agentes polinizadores y el proceso de polinización. Generalmente se usa Apis mellifera para cubrir esas necesidades, pero sin mayor información de cuáles son los polinizadores más efectivos para los diversos cultivos.
La necesidad de producción de alimentos para una población humana en permanente crecimiento, generó la intensificación agrícola (monocultivos), llevando a la disminución de la diversidad vegetal, incrementando el uso de agroquímicos, simplificando los paisajes y los hábitats locales y causando también la disminución de la diversidad de polinizadores.

The Doctrine of Signatures is an old tradition, or a part of many traditions, that plants (as well as animals and minerals and perhaps even phenomena) have clues or signatures in their shapes and forms and actions and things that tell what their purposes are. It is an ancient European philosophy that held that plants bearing parts that resembled human body parts, animals, or other objects, had useful relevancy to those parts, animals or objects.  This makes all wonder if there were fruits and vegetables out there that are good for a certain part of human body and look like that body part as well. All will actually very surprised as to know this, Have you ever wondered to know that there are some foods that look like body parts. Here is the list of these foods that look like body parts they're good for and their benefits.

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

Inflorescence-based micropropagation holds great potential for the multiplication of recalcitrant male and female date palm individual trees and culti-vars of commercial interests with limited populations. This can be accomplished in a short time with minimal effort as compared to the traditional practice of using shoot-tip explants. The aim of this technique is to pave the way to use inflorescence explants to micropropagate date palm by direct formation of organs (somatic embryos or shoots) and avoiding most of the constraints that face the shoot tip like high percentage of contamination in the establishment stage, heavy browning, a long time for first cluster initiation, using a considerable number of offshoots and inability to micropropagate the elite palms in case no offshoots are available. The way to excise the immature inflorescence without damage to the mother tree, composition of the nutrient medium for direct organ initiation have remained hindrances to this technique over recent decades, in addition to the technicalities for proper handling of cultures inside the laboratory and successful shifting of plants to the greenhouse. We report for the first time an innovative method used to excise the immature inflo-rescence at a suitable stage for successful culture initiation. Spikelet explants are induced to produce shining globular structures without a callus phase. Also, explants were exceptionally able to develop direct shoots. Two types of organs developed on the differentiation medium, green shoots and intact somatic embryos. Only green shoots and multiple somatic embryos were subjected to proliferation at the multiplication stage. Well-rooted plantlets were hardened and successfully established in soil.

Mulching is an important soil management practice of covering the soil surface around
the base of plants to make conditions more favorable for growing and to conserve the
available soil moisture. Mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of an area of soil.
This is one of the important soil management practices adopted in certain countries. Crop
residues like straw, cotton stalks, leaves, saw dust, pine needles, coir dust arid other materials
like polythene films or certain special kinds of paper are spread in the tree basins and in inter
spaces between trees. It affects soil temperature (depending on color, soil-mulch contact, bed
orientation, time of year, light quality), reduces the weeds and keeps the fruit clean. Main
objective of mulching is to conserve soil moisture and to control the weed growth. The other
well known effects of mulching are regulation of soil temperature, improvement of soil
aeration, control of weed population, increase in organic matter content (organic mulch) and
also increase the activity of soil micro-organisms. The use of mulch material depends on its
availability and mostly economic in nature. The commonly used mulch materials in fruit
orchards are organic (fallen leaves, paddy straw, saw dust, hay etc.) and inorganic (plastic
mulch, rubber mulch and polygene etc.). Organic mulch materials also include pruned
materials in fruit orchards. Mulching facilitates for more retention of soil moisture and helps
in control of temperature fluctuations, improves physical, chemical and biological properties
of soil, as it adds nutrients to the soil and ultimately enhances the growth and yield of crops.

RESUMEN En esta práctica se cualificó la pectina contenida en el pericarpo de Cacao (Theobroma cacao l) mediante hidrólisis ácida con un pH ideal de 2-3 en un laxo de 80 minutos. Se obtuvo visualmente una precipitación de pectina tras la adición de alcohol puro. PALABRAS CLAVES: Pectina. Cacao. Hidrólisis Ácida. RESULTADOS Se obtuvo un precipitado relacionado con el contenido de pectina extraído de 50gr de muestra de pericarpo de cacao amarillo en estado de maduración comercial. DISCUSIÓN El resultado obtenido de pectina en la muestra de cacao presentó una gran proporción de acuerdo a la literatura, las mayores concentraciones de pectina se hayan en frutos que han alcanzando su desarrollo fisiológico completo (Estado Verde) y se inicia la maduración (Kairuz De Civetta.2002). Durante la etapa de madurez se presentan cambios fisicoquímicos donde se presenta entre ellos una disminución de ácidos y una modificación en las sustancias pécticas asociadas a la textura y color. De acuerdo a otra investigación (Betancourt. 20099) demás factores influyentes en la obtención de pectina son el tiempo de cocción e hidrólisis donde se encontró un grado de esterificación que alcanzaba un 95.45%, respecto al aporte de Acuña (1990) donde señala que la materia prima es el primer factor que influye tanto en el rendimiento como en la calidad de la pectina obtenida, se logra determinar que el fruto estudiado cumplió con los factores mencionados anteriormente y por ende fue posible apreciar a simple vista un gran rendimiento de sustancias pécticas.

The jackfruit is member of the family Moraceae and it is
known as a Poor man’s™food€. All parts of its tree are used
either as human consumption, animal feed, timber and
medicinal purpose. Jack fruit is considered to be nutritious,
cool, delicious, satisfying and to prevent excessive formation
of bile, develop flesh, phlegm, strengthen the body and
increase virility. In general 100 gm of ripe jack fruit contain
72.0-94.0 gm of water, 16.0-25.4 gm of carbohydrates, 1.2-
1.9 gm of protein, 0.1-0.4 gm of Fat, 1.0-1.5gm of fiber ,0.03-
0.09 mg of thiamine, 20.0-37.0 mg of calcium, phosphorous,
38.0-41.0 mg of magnesium, 150-540 IU vitamin A. It
also contains phytonutrients, hence it is anti-cancer and
antihypertensive in nature and also rich in potassium, which
helps in the lowering of blood pressure. The extract from its seed, root and bark is supposed to be helpful in digestion
and used also in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery
.The root extract of jackfruit used as a remedy against skin
disease, asthma and fever .The heated leaves of jackfruit are
placed on wounds and the wood has a sedative property
its pith is said to be produce abortion. An ash produced by
burning the bark is supposed to be healing abscesses and
ear problems and the ash of jack fruit leaves burned with
corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut
oil to heal ulcers also. The dried latex yield of ortostenone,
convertible to artosterone,a compound with marked
androgenic actions .Bark of mature tree also supposed to be
useful in treatment of dysentery and releasing the placenta
after calving in cows . Its decoction and latex are used in the
treatment of asthma, prevent ringworm infection, and heal
cracking of the feet. The infusion of mature leaves and bark
is supposed to be effective in the treatment of diabetes, gall
stones and relieve asthma. Leaves believe to posses wound
healing effects, reduce pain, decrease abuses and relieve ear
problems.

Occupation of the humid tropics by Late Holocene food producers depended on the use of vegetative agricultural systems. A small number of vegetative crops from the Americas and Asia have come to dominate tropical agriculture globally in these warm and humid environments, due to their ability to provide reliable food output with low labour inputs, as well as their suitability to these environments. The prehistoric arrival in Africa of Southeast Asian crops, in particular banana, taro and greater yam but also sugar cane and others, is commonly regarded as one of the most important examples of transcontinental exchanges in the tropics. Although chronologies of food-producer expansions in Central Africa are increasingly gaining resolution, we have very little evidence for the agricultural systems used in this region. Researchers have recovered just a handful of examples of archaeobotanical banana, taro and sugar cane remains, and so far none from greater yam. Many of the suggested dispersal routes have not been tested with chronological, ecological and linguistic evidence of food producers. While the impact of Bantu-speaking people has been emphasised, the role of non-Bantu farmers speaking Ubangi and Central Sudanic languages who have expanded from the (north)east has hardly been considered. This article will review the current hypotheses on dispersal routes and suggest that transmissions via Northeast Africa should become a new focus of research on the origins of Asian vegeculture crops in Africa.

Emesis, also known as nausea and vomiting, are common symptoms associated with ingestion of toxicants, drug side effects, advanced terminal diseases such as cancer and postoperative procedures. Emesis is mediated through the coordinated
action of central and peripheral regulatory centres that involve receptors including dopamine Type 2, serotonin, muscarinic cholinergic, histamine, cannabinoids and NK-1 receptors. Many anti-emetic drugs targeting these receptors are currently in
use but they also cause undesirable side effects such as excessive sedation, hypotension,dry mouth, dysphoria, hallucinations and extrapyramidal signs. This review highlights the pharmacological mechanism of emesis and current antiemtic drugs
together with detailed analysis of in vitro and in vivo anti-emetic bioassay models. The pharmacology of crude natural products extracts and purified anti-emeticcompounds (cannabinoids, chalcones, diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic
acids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides, saponins, terpenes and glycosidic derivatives) are also systematically presented with their mechanism of action. The potential of natural products as sources of new clinically proven anti-emetic drugs are discussed.

Chinas Obst konkurriert mit dem in Westeuropa und USA durch gleichzeitige Erntezeit mit z. T. dramatischen Auswirkungen auf den Obstbau und die obstverarbeitende Industrie weltweit. Probekäufe in Pekings Supermärkten, Besuch auf Obstbaubetrieben sowie die aktuelle, offizielle chinesische Agrarstatistik (2009) dienten dazu, Chinas heimischen Obstmarkt mit folgenden Ergebnissen zu analysieren: 1.  China ist danach weltgrößter Erzeuger für Äpfel (25–30 Mio. t), Birnen (13,5 Mio. t), Citrus