Trust/Distrust

While  it  is  commonly  agreed  that  trust  plays  a  major  role  in  counselling  and  therapeutic  interventions,  mistrust  as  a  constitutive  component  has  largely  been overlooked in the literature.1 Drawing on ethnographic material obtained in urban South African women’s shelters and other institutions offering coun-selling  to  victims  of  domestic  violence,  this  chapter  discusses  counsellors’  generalized mistrust towards women’s stories of abuse and the ways in which mistrust materializes in the counselling encounter.

Successful business-to-business (B2B) data exchanges can help firms improve interorganizational cooperation and operational practices, thereby increasing competitive advantage. However, data exchange quality and trust are not assured. Further, although researchers have examined how trust in the exchange partner relates to data exchange system success, both trust and distrust may be important to consider. Using two-factor theory and trust theory, we examine the differential impacts of information quality, system quality, and service outcome quality on trusting and distrusting beliefs. We also study whether trusting and distrusting beliefs have differential influences on relationship commitment and perceived risk. Results from a laboratory experiment show that information quality, a process (i.e., motivating) factor, more strongly influences trusting beliefs than distrusting beliefs, whereas service outcome quality, an outcome (i.e., hygiene) factor, more strongly influences distrusting beliefs. Also, while trusting beliefs has a significantly stronger influence on relationship commitment, trusting and distrusting beliefs have equivalent effects on perceived risk. Implications and ways to expand this research are discussed.

The topic of conspiracy theory is often addressed -both in political science and in the wider public sphere -in the register of truth and falsehood. Conspiracy theories are often defined as beliefs that 1 are (among other things) untrue or unwarranted or unfalsifiable. The stereotypical examples are of claims that are not only unfounded, but ludicrous, such as Donald Trump's claim that Barack

In the context of the United Airlines crisis, this study investigated the relationships among customers’ ethical
judgment, trust and distrust toward United Airlines, and post-crisis behavioral intentions. Results from an online
survey (N = 579) demonstrated that customers’ negative ethical judgment was positively associated with the
level of trust and negatively predicted their distrust toward the corporation. Distrust had a bigger impact on
stakeholders’ behavioral intentions such as information seeking, mobilizing, and consulting than trust. Findings
indicated the important role of customers in corporate crisis management. Theoretical and practical implications
were discussed.

We present evidence that although inequality is increasing in some circumstances, the entire human power hierarchy has shifted upwards, such that even many subordinated groups are sufficiently empowered, in absolute terms, to advocate for a converging ideal of empowering participatory governance in ways they previously could not. We then assess how well governments meet this heightened popular standard. We conclude that the combination of the empowerment of the lower rungs of many states’ social hierarchies and the normalization of the ideals of empowerment by government, and overall failure of governments to meet this demand, produces a measure of distrust in authority, particularly among the disadvantaged. Disadvantaged people and groups, given their current and past experiences, may have very good reasons to distrust authority. It would be a mistake to pathologize distrust without taking such considerations into account. What the effects of this distrust are on democracy and social progress overall is a more difficult question than one might expect.

The central focus of this research is: The growing corporate espionage activities due to fierce competition lead to highly controlling security measures and intensive employee monitoring which bring about distrust in the workplace. The paper examines various research works on trust and distrust. It highlights the conflictful demands managers face. They have to deter espionage activities, but at the same time, build trusting relationships in the workplace. The paper also describes various operations, personnel, physical and technical countermeasures to combat corporate espionage together with three espionage case examples which illustrate the importance of some of these countermeasures. Various authors' trust and distrust arguments are used to assess the cases. The paper ends with suggestions for future research.

Segundo libro aparecido en castellano de Byung-Chul Han. En esta reseña doy cuenta de sus principales ideas, de su estilo y de las conclusiones a las que llega el librito, que son dos: el afán de transparencia en las actuales sociedades occidentales tiene una causa histórica (romántica) y una antropológica (la desconfianza).

Introduction to the book chapter:
Interest in trust amongst both human resource management (HRM) scholars and practitioners has grown significantly in recent decades. While studies have identified a range of benefits for both employees and organizations, in general terms trust acts as a lubricant, facilitating cooperation and collaboration and strengthening performance (Searle and Skinner, 2011). It is the connection of trust to positive behaviours supporting the achievement of organizational goals which resonates with the central premise of HRM, it being concerned with structuring human interactions within an organizational context in order to maximize performance (Tzafrir, 2005; Tzafrir et al., 2004). Research suggests that organizations with high trust cultures not only attract the best talent, but also are in a position to pay them more, trust promoting superior levels of performance (Hughes et al., 2018; Zak, 2017). Not surprisingly, the importance of trust in the employment relationship has been widely reported, researchers highlighting it as an integral part of the psychological contract (Guest, 2004), being crucial to the success of relationships both within and between organizations (Herriot et al., 1998), and enabling employees to be more engaged, productive and aligned to the organization’s purpose (Zak, 2017). We begin this chapter by defining trust and outlining key trust models which explain its development. We then discuss the different trust relationships within the organizational context before highlighting the benefits of trust and its importance to HRM and the management of people at work. We conclude by discussing areas where knowledge is more limited, particularly in relation to virtual teams and distrust, outlining opportunities for further development of theory and arguing for a more epistemologically pluralist future.

Research has revealed service industries’ benefits from customer trust including positive effects on commitment, loyalty, sales effectiveness, and collaborative, cooperative, and successful exchange relationships. Yet, despite the relevance of customer trust, gaps remain in our understanding regarding its implications and effective management. Commencing with a consideration of the theoretical foundations of trust, this theoretical review paper highlights the key trust theories synthesising service industries and management literatures on trust, its levels, development, violations and repair. Drawing on this, recommendations are offered for scholars regarding future research, and for service firms and their representatives regarding enabling customer trust.

The introduction of transgenic crops as an alternative to solve the problem of food deficiency in most economies represents an area of opportunity for the development of biotechnology which in recent decades has pioneered Monsanto. Through literature review and a qualitative analysis of the main theoretical approaches that explain the behavior and strategies of expansion and growth of the company, checking the assumption that the active participation of society in the evidence of damage caused determine the strategic value of corporate reputation of leading transnational disputes, uncertainty and distrust regarding their products and processes, assuming that a danger to the health of the population and the environment in general.

Palkittu pro gradu tutkielma. Ohjaaja prof. Taina Savolainen. TIIVISTELMÄ suomeksi (lyhennetty). Tutkielman tavoitteena on saada syvempi ymmärrys siitä, miten epäluottamus ja luottamuksen rikkoutuminen syntyy, kehittyy ja ilmenee organisaatioissa henkilöiden välisissä suhteissa, alaisten, esimiesten ja työkavereiden kuvauksiin perustuen. Lisäksi tutkielmassa haetaan vastausta siihen, millainen on epäluottamuksen kehittymisen ja luottamuksen rikkoutumisen prosessi ajassa tarkasteltuna.
Tutkimus on laadullinen, empiirinen tutkimus, jossa vastausta tutkimuskysymyksiin haetaan retrospektiivisestä narratiivisesta aineistosta. Aineisto on kerätty ylemmän ammattikorkeakoulun pääosin työelämäsdä toimivilta opiskelijoilta vuosina 2013 ja 2015. Aineisto edustaa erilaisia työpaikkoja ja sekä esimiehiä että alaisia. Kertomukset kuvaavat eri organisaatioissa ja tehtävissä tai rooleissa työskentelevien yksilöiden kokemuksia epäluottamuksesta ja/tai luottamuksen rikkoutumisesta. Tutkimusaineiston analysoinnissa käytetään teoriasidonnaista sisällönanalyysia.
Tuloksista: Prosessi näkyy tapahtumina, episodeina, käännekohtina ja kriittisinä pisteinä: aaltoilevana, välillä eteen ja välillä takaisin päin liikkuvana tai myös staattisessa tilassa olevana prosessina, jossa ilmentyvät toimijoiden välinen vuorovaikutus (dynamiikka), tilanteet (konteksti), ristiriidat toiminnassa, tunteet (jännitteet) ja aika, jotka kaikki yhdessä muokkaavat prosessia ja sen kehittymistä.
Tutkimuksessa tuli esille, kuinka vaikeaa epäluottamuksen tai luottamusrikkojen esille nostaminen on, varsinkin jos vastapuoli ei ymmärrä tehneensä mitään väärää tai rikkoneensa luottamusta.
AVAINSANAT: epäluottamus; kehittyminen; luottamuksen rikkoutuminen; prosessi; työpaikka, esimies,alainen, narratiivisuus.

Several philosophical works, including a recent essay by Laurence Thomas in this journal, have emphasized the social importance of trust.' Thomas rightly sees basic trust, which he defines as a sense that others, even those who are total strangers, have no intention to harm us, as a necessary condition of a viable social life. This basic trust is, he suggests, threatened by increasing scarcity, competitiveness and anonymity. In response to this problem, Thomas seeks a moral and political philosophy based on a vision of the good society and grounded in a conception of human nature. The present paper explores problems of distrust from a somewhat more practical perspective. Given the existence of distrust-which is in many cases warranted-and given that trust is essential for communication and effective cooperative action, how can we move from warranted distrust to well-founded trust? In this essay I describe this problem and several solutions which have been proposed by philosophers and others. I offer a brief conceptual account of trust and distrust, point to some valid grounds for distrust, and then explore five different approaches to the practical problem of distrust.

»Die Kultur des Misstrauens. Über den nationalen Habitus Ungarns«. The Hungarian national habitus is reconstructed on the basis of studying some persistently recurring structural configurations and behavioural patterns that govern everyday life from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. My main thesis is that while the structural weight of certain institutions and social groups of key importance (first of all towns and urban middle classes) is insignificant in Hungary in the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern period, other social groups (nobility, gentry, peasantry) and social institutions (state, churches) are over-represented. Some pertinent structural homologies between three system-level changes in the 20th century (in 1919, 1945, 1990) are also pointed out. Finally, on the basis of several examples, the term "national culture of distrust" is introduced.

The main sources of this article are letters from ‘ordinary people’ to Soviet leaders. Counterbalancing current theories about trust and distrust, it analyses correspondence between people and state to explore for the first time the phenomenon of ‘forced trust’ as a central feature of Communist modernity. Forced trust represents a paradox that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet state: an illiberal system was promoting a liberal subject who was forced to trust in the state and the party but, at the same time, experienced his/her limited autonomy by generating personal meanings, interests and needs as a part of life under the dictatorship.

This article has several aims. First, it aims to sketch the historical use of the term "fake news" in the U.S. (now globalizing), while documenting key shifts (from comedic-economic meanings and uses to more "tragic" political-economic ones). The shift in use and meaning further corresponds to political-economic-entertainment effects, intermingled. Finally, recent discussions diagnosing causes and proposing solutions to correcting, containing, or eliminating fake news are considered (such as AI and ethical design, as well as cognitive bias) and critiqued, while different theories of causation and corresponding solutions are proposed.

Through a synthesis of fledgling theories of post-truth (author, 2006, 2014, 2016, 2017) developing around Donald Trump and Brexit and theories of emotions in populism, I analyze the right-wing French movement La Manif Pour Tous, and their ongoing issue campaign against what they call “gender theory in the schools.” After I identify their populist qualities, I analyze five prominent post-truth qualities in the movement: 1) organization and public presentation; 2) “active distrust” qualities; 3) emotional/affective qualities; 4) “rumor bombs” about gender theory; and 5) conjunctural specificity within gender, sexuality and other backlashes. Considering the conjunctural convergence of social trust and truth deficits, I propose that the post-truth and “rumor-bombing” aspects simultaneous with their populist nature are better understood as a kind of emotional or “emo-truth” common to both performance of authenticity in Reality TV shows and right-wing populist movements today. Finally, I propose cases like this point to a mainstreaming of post-truth populism, across Western liberal democracies and beyond.

This paper deals with the recent episodes of stigmatization of solidarity in the context of the European migrant "crisis". Securitarian measures frame as illegal not only migrants but also volunteers supporting them. Starting from the debate about "zero tolerance" policies, considered as a form of depoliticization of traditional politics, the research shows how NGOs and volunteers are becoming distrusted and conflictual, even if they long framed themselves as neutral and apolitical. An analysis of the recent emergency decrees and the decrease of trust in the Third sector, along with volunteers' criminalization, reveals a changed picture for Third sector organizations. The Ventimiglia case study is representative of this changed context. The 11 th June 2015 the French-Italian border has been closed; since then, civil society has been involved in supportive and conflictual actions about the migrants' presence, while local politics tried to avoid political confrontation. In this situation, depoliticized politics has indirectly extended the target of its norms, stigmatizing not only migrants but also their supporters. We now deal with NGOs and volunteers conflictual and distrusted. Changes in the Third sector are helpful to consider the fragmentation and the politicization of solidarity.

Dieser Artikel entwickelt eine allgemeine Theorie der Transparenz. Er vergleicht die normativen Ansätze und die empirischen Forschungen zur Trans-parenz und führt sie zusammen. So legt der Beitrag systematisch die politische Rationalität der Transparenz frei, die das Soziale nach einem bestimmten Wahrnehmungs-, Denk-und Handlungsmuster ordnet; er zeigt historisch die Einsatzpunkte für gesellschaftliche Transparenzforderungen und evaluiert die Leistungen und nicht intendierten Effekte von Transparenzpraktiken.
Die zentrale These lautet, dass Transparenz funktional auf die Reduktion von Unsicherheit bezogen ist. Dafür implementiert sie Misstrauen mithilfe von Praktiken der Formalisierung und Standardisierung, um soziales Verhalten zu kontrollieren und reine Informationen zu produzieren. Symbolisch verschafft sie sich so einen Nimbus der Neutralität, verbunden mit dem Versprechen auf Bürgerpartizipation und Sicherheit.
Diese selbstgesteckten Ziele kann die Transparenz aber nicht erreichen. Am Beispiel der Implementation des New Public Managements seit den Staatskrisen der 1970er Jahre zeigt der Beitrag, dass Transparenz zwar ein wirkungsvolles institutionelles Setting zur Regulierung von Verhalten anbietet, gleichzeitig aber Misstrauen verstärkt und Expertenpartizipation fördert. Daher wird abschließend eine Alternative für den Umgang mit Unsicherheit und Korruption vorgestellt: der republikanische Ansatz kreativen Handelns.

Signed social networks are those in which users of the networks are connected with some interdependencies such as agreement/disagreement, liking/disliking, friends/foes, loving/despising, and companions/enemies. Most individuals in signed social networks have many relations in terms of friends, foes, following and followers. All these relations are usually asymmetric and subjective, thus difficult to predict. To resolve the fundamental problem of sparsity in the networks, substantial amount of research work has been dedicated to link prediction; however, very little work deals with the antagonistic behavior of the users while considering the asymmetric and domain-dependent nature of links. This paper is based on the concept that All Relations Are Not Equal and some relations are stronger than other relations. For instance some friends may be acquaintances of an individual, whereas another may be friends who care about him/her. In this paper, a fuzzy computational model is proposed based on trust and distrust, as a decision support tool that dissects relevant and reliable information of the users to distinguish the stronger relations from the weaker ones. Further, we have proposed two different link prediction models based on local information and local-global information to overcome the problem of sparsity in signed social networks. An extensive experimental study is performed on benchmarked synthetic dataset of friends and foes network and publicly available real-world datasets of Epinions and Slashdot. The results obtained are promising and establish the efficacy of our proposed models.

The paper reflects on recent developments towards authoritarianism and right-wing populism that have become apparent in a number of Western societies and aims at pinpointing possible cultural foundations for this trend. Using the example of the German PEGIDA movement and the wider milieu in which it is embedded, it identifies and describes a rapidly spreading culture of mistrust and discusses some of its political and epistemological implications. In a second step, the paper draws on Luc Boltanski's theory of justification in order to attain a better understanding of this political movement's specificities. It is argued that it is a quasi-violent refusal of justification which is constitutive for the movement in question, thereby transcending the reach of Boltanski's framework to some extent. In a third step, a closer look is taken at the epistemological paradox that results from the fact that a number of the PEGIDA movement's crucial points of criticism are effectively shared by a larger part of the overall population, raising severe problems for the question of sociological critique. The paper utilizes ideas by Bruno Latour in order to illuminate this paradox further and examine its consequences. It closes with remarks on the possibility to "reassemble" trust and critique as crucial but contested – and, hence, precarious – foundations of modern society.

The introduction to the special issue defines trust/distrust from an interdisciplinary perspective, treating these emotions as analytical categories and outlining their potential for historical analysis. Inspired by the emotional and sensory turns, the guest editor examines the shift from Stalinist violence towards a politics of trust and empathy. This new politics saw these feelings as powerful emotional forces and moral resources that not only made it possible to renegotiate a social contract between the state, society and the individual, but also enabled the stabilisation of the Eastern bloc as a whole in the post-Stalin era. Differentiating between regimes and communities of trust/distrust, the author sheds light on the grammar of trust and distrust under state socialism, which impacted the shared sense of stability and inner hybridity of the socialist personality. By connecting trust and distrust with the key analytical categories of gender and generation, morality and power, consumption and materiality, and self and subjectivity, this special issue is a contribution to a history of trust and distrust that provides further reflection on the unceasing debate about what socialism was and what the lived experience of socialism continues to be in post-communist space.

The second edition of this handbook provides an updated and expanded overview of the variety of methods that researchers can apply when they study the multi-faceted phenomenon of trust. This second edition responds to the growing interest in research on trust, recognising that it is one of the most fascinating and fundamental social phenomena yet at the same time one of the most ‘elusive’ (Gambetta, 1988) and challenging concepts one could study. One step forward for the broad community of trust researchers is to inform each other about the plurality of methods available to us, to share the pros and cons of these methods from our practical research experience, and to facilitate research designs according to the maxim of ‘horses for courses’.
However, in practice, matching our methods to our specific research objectives in order to achieve ‘methodological fit’ (Edmondson and McManus, 2007) is easier said than done. Apart from the common inclination to stick to the methods we know best, researchers often lack a systematic overview of the facets of trust to be studied, on the one hand, and the methods that have already been used to study trust, on the other hand. This kind of overview has been hard to come by. Möllering (2006: 127-154) was a rare example of an author who devoted a whole chapter to the question of how to study trust, including an overview of empirical approaches, a review of quantitative, qualitative and comparative approaches, and calling for interpretative approaches (see also Möllering et al., 2004). More recently, Saunders et al. (2015) have provided an overview chapter, which outlines the diversity of methods and highlights associated practical concerns for tourism scholars. Still, these are invariably selective in scope.

Nesta dissertação, apoiado em uma abordagem pragmatista, em que se pode analisar as ações sociais dos indivíduos observando os efeitos produzidos pelas mesmas, proponho a desconfiança como uma gramática que comporta diversos dispositivos mobilizados pelas pessoas em relação ao que constroem como perigos e riscos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Por meio de um trabalho de campo em três distintas linhas de ônibus que oferecem serviço a diferentes áreas, 332 (Castelo-Taquara), 474 (Jacaré-Jardim de Alah) e 498 (Penha Circular-Cosme Velho), sugiro um entendimento, constituído pelas representações dos atores, da cidade pelo conceito de distopia realizada: uma metafísica moral que orienta as ações daqueles que se deslocam pelas ruas. Trata-se de um quadro referencial formado por elementos identificáveis pelas pessoas em suas rotinas para os quais mobilizam práticas de desconfiança, como a evitação e o afastamento. Essas se dão na tentativa de proteção à integridade física e patrimonial, percebidas como ameaçadas por diferentes elementos representados socialmente como “violência urbana”. Os dispositivos de desconfiança são, dessa forma, suportes para ações temerosas, permitindo a continuidade da rotina de uma forma própria.

Properties of trust are becoming widely studied in several applications within the computational domain. On the contrary, negative trust attribution is less well-defined and related issues are yet to be approached and resolved. We present a natural deduction calculus for trust protocols and its negative forms, distrust and mistrust. The calculus deals efficiently with forms of trust transitivity and negative trust multiplication and we briefly illustrate some possible applications.

This paper aims to deflate the idea that democracy would be in essence a privileged locus of civic trust. Three claims are defended: (1) there is nothing specific to democracy regarding the affirmation that trust is required for social cooperation; (2) democracy, when conceived discursively, depends on guarded epistemic trust and; (3) popular control may require, in some contexts, institutions that express and foster distrust towards a specific section of the population. The conclusion to be drawn is that the appropriateness of trust for the achievement of popular control over government depends on a contextual and realist assessment.

The book examines the origins and mechanisms of the democratic norm called ›transparency‹. It provides three main insights: First, it exposes how the concept of transparency aims to install a regime of distrust in order to cope with a loss of and desire for security. Second, it shows that the term ›transparency‹ was a rhetorical strategy, serving the middle classes in the struggle of ideas. Finally, I examine how the immanent self-contradictions of a transparent democracy tend to become autocatalytic for the political system. Concluding these results, the current claims for transparency are questioned.

Resumen:
Introducción: Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación financiada sobre la información de salud y la responsabilidad de los diferentes sectores implicados en el ejercicio de esta divulgación. Objetivos. Los objetivos son descubrir si se consigue una información educativa, de rigor y de calidad en la prensa vasca, analizar las informaciones de salud y reflexionar sobre el trabajo que realizan los periodistas en el ámbito de la salud y su relación con los/as facultativos/as. Metodología. Se han desarrollado técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se ha realizado un análisis de contenido de la prensa vasca entre los años 2001-2010: El Correo, Noticias de Gipuzkoa, Noticias de Álava, Diario de Navarra y Berria. Un total de 30.311 periódicos que se han editado en las dos comunidades en diez años. Se ha procedido a la recolección de datos desde la técnica de la ‘semana compuesta’. El estudio cualitativo se ha realizado a través de entrevistas en profundidad a expertos/as durante 2012: periodistas que habitualmente publican informaciones de salud en los diarios señalados y directores/as de centros sanitarios del País Vasco y Navarra. Conclusión. Este estudio plantea que la información de salud carece de perspectiva educativa; que se necesita una especialización profesional y que médicos y periodistas tienen que fortalecer una mejor relación minimizando las diferencias que les separan.

Abstract:
Introduction: This article presents the results of funded research on health information and the responsibility of the different sectors involved in communicating this knowledge. Objetives. The objectives are to discover whether educational information with rigour and quality is achieved in the Basque press, analyse the health information and examine work done by journalists in the health scope and their relation with doctors. Methodology. Quantitative and qualitative techniques have been implemented. An analysis of the contents of the Basque press between 2001-2010 was carried out: El Correo, Noticias de Gipuzkoa, Noticias de Álava, Diario de Navarra and Berria. A total of 30,311 newspapers published in the two regions in a ten-year period. The data was compiled based on the ‘composite week’ technique. The qualitative study was carried out by means of in-depth interviews to experts during 2012: journalists who commonly publish health information in the aforementioned newspapers and the directors of health care centres in the Basque Country and Navarra. Conclusion. This study raises the issue that health information lacks an educational perspective; professional specialisation is required and doctors and journalists must strengthen a better relation by minimising the differences which separate them

Ashok Mirpuri, Singapore’s ambassador to the US, recently said that achieving trust in diplomacy is “about the cues and nuances” that come from face-to-face interactions. What Mirpuri did not elaborate on, however, is that reading others when you’re in the same room together can just as easily reveal clues about their untrustworthiness.
Historically, diplomats and world leaders have made great efforts to meet their counterparts, believing face-to-face diplomacy offers the best possible way to read each others’ intentions. The challenge to diplomacy raised by the coronavirus pandemic is what happens when such physical interactions are becoming increasingly rare.
Recently, a growing number of diplomatic gatherings, including the G8 and UN security council meetings, have taken place virtually. Now, the UN general assembly, is meeting online for the first time in its 75 year history. So, can such virtual interactions still provide sufficient cues and nuances for trusting bonds to be maintained and even develop?

Executives' morality and ethics became major research topics after recent business scandals, but research missed a major explanation of executives' immorality: career advancement by " jumping " between firms that causes gaps of job-essential local know-how, tempting " jumpers " to covertly concealing managerial ignorance (hereafter: CCMI). CCMI causes mismanagement by vicious distrust and ignorance cycles, it bars performance-based career advancement and encourages immoral careerism (Im-C), advancing by immoral subterfuges. Im-C is a known organizational malady but its explanation missed " jumpers " CCMI, probably due to secrecy and conspiracies of silence as well as managers' ignorance of own ignorance. A 5-year semi-native anthropological study of five " jumper "-managed automatic processing plants and their parent inter-kibbutz cooperatives found CCMI-induced Im-C practiced by some 75% of executives, versus only by some 25% of mid-levelers. This gradation of morality suggests that " jumping " careers tend to nurture immoral executives. Ideas for remedies for this corporate malady are suggested, and further study of " jumpers " coping with ignorance is called for.

Despite the scholarly interest in contracts and trust governing interorganizational relationships, our understanding of how contracts influence trust remains limited by the way in which the interaction between the two constructs is conceptualized. By bringing together recent advances in the literature on interorganizational governance, I consider (1) the controlling and the coordinating dimensions of formal contracts, (2) trust and distrust as two distinct constructs, and (3) both the calculative and noncalculative aspects behind the development of trust and distrust. Drawing upon information-processing theory, I develop a series of propositions about how each contractual dimension influences the development of trust and distrust by inducing specific information processing and decision-making mechanisms. My theoretical analysis leads me to discuss the trade-offs inherent in governance choices and I discuss the implications of my propositions for the literature on interorganizational governance mechanisms.

Instead of adopting the current understanding of organizational distrust, we performed an exploratory qualitative analysis to understand the antecedents of organizational distrust in occupational safety context in Turkey, and how to deal with its consequences. In line with this goal, we collected data from occupational health and safety specialists (N=189), and occupational health and safety academicians (N=23) through open ended questionnaire forms. We content analyzed the data gathered from the respondents. We found that the widely-accepted model of Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman (1995) was supported in terms of organizational distrust, we also found organizational distrust also emanated from the environmental factors as well, such as the inadequacy of the state and regulatory bodies, and the sectorial characteristics itself. Moreover, the manifestations of Mayer et al. (1995) also were found to be context unique, such as involving socioeconomic factors, which play an important role on organizational distrust formation. The paper also investigates how to deal with distrust in order to manage its negative impact on safety performance. Lastly, basing upon these evidences, managerial implications for organizations are discussed to deal with organizational distrust.

Executives’ morality and ethics became major research topics after recent business scandals, but research missed a major explanation of executives’ amorality: career advancement by ‘jumping’ between firms, causing ignorance of job-pertinent tacit know-how and phronesis (Greek for practical wisdom) and tempting ‘jumpers’ to use covert concealment of managerial ignorance (hereafter: CCoMI) by detachment and/or autocratic seduction-coercion. CCoMI causes a distrust and ignorance cycle, which engenders mismanagement that bars performance-based career advancement and encourages amoral careerism (AC), advancing by bluffs, power abuse, scapegoating, and other self-serving subterfuges. Though AC is a known malady of large organizations, its explanation missed ‘jumpers’ choice of CCoMI, probably because the latter remained on organizations’ dark side through secrecy and conspiracies of silence. A 5-year semi-native anthropological study of five ‘jumper’-managed automatic processing plants and their parent inter-kibbutz co-operatives found common CCoMI-induced AC among executives, some 68% practiced AC and some 78% were ineffective CCoMI users, versus only some 25% of mid-level ‘jumpers’ practicing CCoMI and AC. This gradation of morality accorded power, authority, and  status ranking that made practicing CCoMI-AC easier the higher one’s position; it is consistent with findings that show lower morality the higher one’s status (Piff et al. 2012) and supports the hypothesis that ‘jumping’ careers tend to nurture amoral executives. Ideas for remedies for this corporate malady are suggested, and further study of ‘jumpers’ coping with ignorance is called for.

This article examines various corporate governance and compensation design issues that contribute to excessive executive compensation. It discusses numerous reform efforts to curb excessive executive pay. It provides some legal scholars' comments on the " Say on Pay " bill and the SEC's new compensation disclosure rules. In response to the global financial crisis, Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA). In order to stimulate a recessionary economy with tax cuts and spending, Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The ESSA created the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) to purchase distressed assets from financial institutions. The ESSA stipulates executive pay restrictions at recipient institutions of TARP funds. The ARRA amended the EESA's executive compensation restrictions. In addition to the ESSA and the ARRA, Congress vigorously proposed various legislative measures to rein in executive pay at recipient institutions of government bailout funds, and these proposed measures are described in this article. In order to stave off further regulations/legislative measures, corporations have to engage in voluntary efforts to rein in executive pay.

Situated in the context of crises, the present study examines stakeholders' reactions, including negative affect such as fear and anxiety, relational trust, and public behavioral intentions, toward the National Rifle Association (NRA) of America after the Florida Parkland shooting. To test the proposed theoretical model, we conducted a national survey with 603 NRA stakeholders living in the USA. Using structural equation modeling procedures, we found that a high level of negative affect activated publics' behavioral intentions, while reducing their relational trust toward the NRA. Furthermore, relational trust could lead to information seeking about the NRA as well as accommodative intentions such as cooperating with the NRA to address gun violence issues. This study enriches crisis communication literature and has important implications for crisis managers working at non-profit organizations as well.

The present article concerns the relationship of the Big Two with generalized negative worldviews (i.e., negative beliefs about human nature and pessimistic expectations of interpersonal relationships). Morality/communion and competence/agency-in the form of generalized judgments concerning other people's attributes-may be a substantial basis for formulating negativistic beliefs about the social world. Because people automatically adopt the recipient's perspective rather than that of the active agent while processing information , the communal/moral qualities of other people are profitable for them, while their competence/agency qualities are profitable for the actor. On the basis of these considerations we formulated the following hypotheses: (1) High morality/communion judgments of people in general are inversely related to negativistic worldviews, and high competence/agency judgments are directly related to nega-tivistic worldviews. (2) Low morality/communion judgments together with high competence/agency judgments correlate with the most negativistic worldviews. (3) The relationships stated in Hypothesis (1) holds for the perception of people in general, but not for members of one's own family. These hypotheses were tested and partly supported in a representative sample of adult Poles (n = 853).

Executives’ morality and ethics became major research topics after recent business scandals, but research missed a major explanation of executives’ immorality: career advancement by “jumping” between firms that causes gaps of job-essential local know-how, tempting “jumpers” to covertly concealing managerial ignorance (hereafter: CCMI). CCMI causes mismanagement by vicious distrust and ignorance cycles, it bars performance-based career advancement and encourages immoral careerism (Im-C), advancing by immoral subterfuges. Im-C is a known organizational malady but its explanation missed “jumpers” CCMI, probably due to secrecy and conspiracies of silence as well as managers’ ignorance of own ignorance. A 5-year semi-native anthropological study of five “jumper”-managed automatic processing plants and their parent inter-kibbutz co-operatives found CCMI-induced Im-C practiced by some 75% of executives, versus only by some 25% of mid-levelers. This gradation of morality suggests that “jumping” careers tend to nurture immoral executives. Ideas for remedies for this corporate malady are suggested, and further study of “jumpers” coping with ignorance is called for.

The literature on distrust in information systems (IS) research is still in its infancy. In this literature review,  we have compiled the IS-related texts on distrust from the major journals and conferences and examined how the IT artefact itself is portrayed and conceptualised. We find that a majority of the research treats information technology in a nominal way, failing to explicitly theorise about the specifics of the technology. In accordance with previous commentators we argue that this is unfortunate. We also find that not much consensus as to how to understand distrust has yet emerged, and we argue that a stronger focus on our core – the information technology – could help bring together the now rather fragmented understanding.

The notion of social licence to operate (SLO) has become a widely applied concept for companies in mining and resource extraction industries to manage their social and community relations, in the face of local criticism and opposition. SLO literature and practice have highlighted earning the trust of the local community as a key requirement for an SLO. This article addresses three weaknesses in how the current SLO literature addresses trust. The arguments are illustrated via examples from nuclear waste management in Finland, France and Sweden – three forerunners in implementing high-level nuclear waste repository projects. Nuclear waste management constitutes a relevant case for analysis, as an industry that faces significant risk-related challenges of local acceptance, ethics, economics, and democratic debate. Focussing on the oft-used SLO framework of Boutilier and Thomson, with its emphasis on interactional and institutionalised
trust between the company and the local community, we address three gaps in the SLO literature: 1) insufficient conceptualisation of trust, in particular the dynamics between different dimensions of trust, mistrust and distrust; 2) lack of attention to the potential virtues of mistrust and distrust; and 3) the downsides of taking the institutionalisation of trust as the ultimate criterion of a strong SLO, especially in contexts entailing significant asymmetries of power. The article concludes by suggesting ways of alleviating the identified weaknesses, via greater recognition of the multidimensionality of trust, mistrust and distrust, the virtues of mistrustful civic vigilance, and greater attention to trust dimensions
that lie beyond the community-company relations.

One of the first things that comes to mind when we think of the special issue’s theme, “Trust in a Social and Digital World” is the epidemic of ‘fake news’ and a cluster of trust- relevant vices we commonly associate with those who share it, click on it, and believe it. Fake news consumers are, among other things, gullible and naïve. Many are also dogmatic: intellectually and/or emotionally tied to a view point, and as a result, too quick to uncritically trust whatever aligns with it. Gullibility, naivety, and dogmatism are all examples of vices that lead to us trust when we shouldn’t. The effects of these kinds of vices can be dangerous. Our aim here, however, is to explore the other side of the coin: those character vices that lead us to refrain from trusting when we should trust. For ease of reference, call these vices of distrust. Vices of distrust are dangerous in their own right, and in ways that often harm others along with oneself. The three vices of distrust we want explore—with a particular focus on their manifestations online—are: closemindedness, emulousness, and arrogance. Each contributes to vicious distrust in its own distinctive way.

Purpose-This study focused on the impact of misinformation on social networking sites. Through theorizing and integrating literature from interdisciplinary fields such as information behavior, communication and relationship management, this study explored how misinformation on Facebook influences users' trust, distrust and intensity of Facebook use. Design/methodology/approach-This study employed quantitative survey research and collected panel data via an online professional survey platform. A total of 661 participants in the USA completed this study, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the theoretical model using Amos 20. Findings-Based on data from an online questionnaire (N 5 661) in the USA, results showed that information trustworthiness and elaboration, users' self-efficacy of detecting misinformation and prescriptive expectancy of the social media platform significantly predicted both trust and distrust toward Facebook, which in turn jointly influenced users' intensity of using this information system. Originality/value-This study contributes to the growing body of literature on information and relationship management and digital communication from several important aspects. First, this study disclosed the underlying cognitive psychological and social processing of online misinformation and addressed the strategies for future system design and behavioral intervention of misinformation. Second, this study systematically examined both trust and distrust as cognitive and affective dimensions of the human mindsets, encompassed the different components of the online information behavior and enriched one's understanding of how misinformation affected publics' perceptions of the information system where it appeared. Last but not least, this study advanced the relationship management literature and demonstrated that a trustful attitude exerted a stronger influence on the intensity of Facebook use than distrust did.

Digitalization of work processes is advancing, and this is increasingly supported by complex information systems (IS). However, whether such systems are used by employees largely depends on users' trust in these IS. Because there are few systematic studies on this topic, this research provides an initial exploration and validation of preconditions for trust in work-related IS. In Study 1, N = 30 professionals were asked to describe occupational incidents in which they had highly trusted or distrusted an IS. Content analysis of 111 critical incidents described in the in-depth interviews led to 12 predictors of trust and distrust in IS, which partly correspond to the structure of the established IS success model (Delone & McLean, 2003) but also exceed this structure. The resulting integrative model of trust in IS at work was validated in Study 2 using an online questionnaire with N = 179 professionals. Based on regression analyses, reliability (system quality) and credibility (information quality) of IS were identified as the most important predictors for both trust and distrust in IS at work. Contrasting analyses revealed diverging qualities of trust and distrust in IS : whereas well-being and performance were rated higher in trust events, experienced strain was rated higher in distrust events. Together, this study offers a first comprehensive model of trust in IS at work based on systematic empirical research. In addition to implications for theory advancement, we suggest practical implications for how to support trust and to avoid distrust in IS at work.