Underwater Cultural Heritage

the rather unique development under the law of salvage through orders of the U.S. court sitting in admiralty that prohibit the exclusive salvors in possession of the Titanic, RMS Titanic, Inc. and Premier Exhibitions, Inc. (RMST/PE) from selling individual artifacts and instead require that RMST/PE keep the collection of artifacts salvaged from the Titanic together as an intact collection for the public benefit. Finally, the article discusses the need for general legislation to protect the Titanic and other underwater cultural heritage from looting and unwanted salvage.

Исследование посвящено изучению восприятия российскими дайверами мест погружений, природных и социальных условий подводных погружений, взаимосвязи предпочтений в отношении дайвинга и уровня опыта подводного пловца. Работа базируется на результатах социологического опроса, проведенного на базе социальных сетей.

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The study is devoted to the study of Russian divers' perception of diving sites, natural and social conditions of diving, the relationship between diving preferences and the level of diving experience. The work is based on the results of a sociological survey conducted on the basis of social networks.

Presentación del patrimonio cultural subacuático de la región de Latino América y el caribe así como de la Convención de la UNESCO de 200, en la revista "Cultura y Desarrollo" de la UNESCO (nº 13, 2015) dedicada a la protección del patrimonio cultural subacuático.

Il turismo archeologico subacqueo in Italia: opportunità e rischi
1. Una straordinaria opportunità
2. Elitismo gentrificato e slow diving
3. Una pratica virtuale ed educativa
4. Mondo blu e mondo grigio: l’alterità del turismo subacqueo
5. Una cura per un sistema cancerizzato? Il caso di Siracusa
6. La chimera del turismo sostenibile: le Cinque Terre e Capri
7. I percorsi subacquei di Ustica: turismo e archeologia
8. Autenticità e spazi marini: Ustica e Corfu
9. Turisti, archeologi o pirati? Spot e archeologia subacquea
10. Atlantide e il turismo subacqueo pseudo-archeologico
11. Ustica: il museo delle anfore tra voyeurismo e necrofilia
12. Dal mito alla realtà: i percorsi fantasma di Ustica
13. Il sontuoso mondo di Baia e la nascita del turismo
14. Il parco sommerso di Baia e il Ninfeo di Punta Epitaffio
15. La vendetta del Ciclope: un percorso difficile

Cet article analyse les règles que le droit international consacre à la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique. À cet effet, dans une première partie, il entreprend un survol général de la matière. Après une brève analyse de la notion de patrimoine culturel subaquatique et des menaces qui pèsent sur ce dernier, il examine les divers instruments internationaux qui portent sur cette question. Une attention particulière sera consacrée au droit de la mer et plus spécialement à l’analyse de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982. La deuxième partie est en revanche consacrée à la Convention de l'UNESCO de 2001 sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique.

Three Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Kortenaer went down in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. In November 2016 an international diving team from the Karel Doorman Foundation discovered that the warships had disappeared.

The management and protection of shipwrecks from the Second World War is very complicated, because of the different values that different stakeholders attach to it. These WWII shipwrecks are often war graves, important to relatives as lieux de mémoire. The shipwrecks thus have an emotional, commemoration value, but they also have a historical, archaeological and intrinsic value. If WWII shipwrecks are investigated using archaeological methods, they can provide new information on the WWII period, but it can also change certain details. To the salvors the shipwrecks have an economic value, but they actually have several economic values as they also bring in diving tourists, and they are fishing spots for the local fishermen. These different values played a major role during the joint Dutch-Indonesian investigation that followed after the notification that the three Dutch warships had disappeared from the bottom of the Java Sea.

Only with proper understanding and consideration of the different values or significances the WWII shipwrecks hold to different stakeholders, new ways of managing these complex sites may be developed that will be effective in the long run. Countries and different stakeholder groups must work together on this.

Chapter in the Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course  on the Protection and Management  of Underwater Cultural Heritage  in Asia and the Pacific from 2012. It is describing the use of in situ preservation as a tool in underwater cultural heritage management

The most common mechanism by which underwater archaeological sites throughout the world are protected is by using cultural heritage legislation. In 1982 the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provided that ‘States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose’. National and state or provincial governments have the right to enact and enforce legislation and regulations for the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage lying in or under their internal waters, territorial seas and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), in some cases as far out as the edge of the Continental Shelf. In more recent years, multilateral attempts to control activity on, and to create standards for the conduct of archaeological research on, underwater cultural heritage sites, such as shipwrecks, have led to the creation of firstly the ICOMOS Charter for the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage secondly, and perhaps more significantly, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001.

Since 2008 an international research team working with archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology (IA) has employed collaborative, multi-disciplinary approaches to community engagement, awareness raising, cooperative training and capacity building activities associated with underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam. This helps Vietnam to preserve, protect and valorize underwater cultural heritage by capitalizing on the annual presence of experienced maritime archaeologists, and other researchers, conducting the Bach Dang river and Van Don Battlefield Research Project.

IL SOMMERGIBILE COLÒ A PICCO IL 10 AGOSTO 1942 MENTRE ERA IN PROCINTO DI COMPIERE UNA NUOVA MISSIONE CHE AVEVA COME OBIETTIVO IL PORTO DI HAIFA, UNA DELLE BASI NAVALI PIÙ IMPORTANTE DELLA MARINA BRITANNICA.
NEGLI ANNI A SEGUIRE CI FURONO ALCUNI MALDESTRI TENTATIVI DI RECUPERO E ORA GIACE ANCORA LÌ, CON ALL’INTERNO I RESTI DI 16 MARINAI ITALIANI — di Fabio Ruberti

This paper outlines the role played by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), which is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the conservation of the world's cultural monuments and sites and specifically in awareness raising and training related to underwater cultural heritage protection. ICOMOS membership requires an individual to be a practicing cultural heritage professional or have professional qualifications in the fields of conservation or preservation such as architect, archaeologist, town planner, and engineer, administrator of heritage, art historian or archivist. ICOMOS International Scientific Committees (ISCs) (such as ICUCH) are the vehicles through which ICOMOS brings together, develops and serves its worldwide membership according to their fields of specialized interest. ICOMOS expects the ISCs to be at the heart of scientific inquiry and exchange in their domains and to share knowledge among them to foster multi-disciplinary approaches to heritage protection and management. ICUCH (International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage) was founded in 1991 by ICOMOS Australia to promote international cooperation in the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage and to advise ICOMOS on issues related to underwater cultural heritage around the world. ICUCH currently has ten members from the Asia and the Pacific region and this paper will discuss the role of ICUCH in the region. Furthermore ICUCH’s mission will only be achieved in conjunction with other stakeholders, such as the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS). NAS training aims to increase public awareness at local, provincial and national levels about the extent and nature of underwater and maritime cultural heritage as well as about underwater and maritime archaeology.

Este es un libro para todos aquellos que estén interesados en conocer más acerca de las historias que yacen sumergidas bajo los mares, ríos y lagunas. Un libro para acercarse al trabajo de los arqueólogos subacuáticos, y comprender la importancia de proteger los bienes que hacen parte de nuestro patrimonio, no como naufragios llenos de tesoros sino como conjuntos de evidencias que hacen parte del pasado y de la cultura. Los artículos que se presentan son el resultado de los avances realizados en Colombia,  y en otros países latinoamericanos. Con ellos se ilustra el panorama general de la región, orientado siempre hacia la investigación académica, la valoración y el cuidado del patrimonio cultural subacuático, basados en la conformación de grupos interdisciplinarios, en la búsqueda de aliados internacionales y en una legislación fundamentada en la protección de sus riquezas historias sumergidas.

Photogrammetry and GIS technologies are developing rapidly and becoming more affordable. They have also emerged as significant archaeological tools as a result of an increasing level of automated workflow in data acquisition and processing. Moreover, these techniques offer considerable reduction in the cost of underwater archaeological research. That is in addition to significant enhancement in research plans, management, and results, especially in extended seabed archaeological projects. Therefore, these technologies are utilized as essential aspects of the underwater archaeological research project in the site of Marsa Bagoush, Egypt. The site is located 250km west of Alexandria, and it takes the form of a bay, almost 650,000 m2. Marsa Bagoush (ancient Zygris) was mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD as one of the main anchorages along the northwest coast of Egypt between Alexandria and Marsa Matrouh (ancient Paraetonium). 
This paper presents the results of the on-going digital documentation of the site which is a major part of an underwater archaeological investigation project. The paper will discuss the promising application of photogrammetry in underwater archaeology. It will also look at the integration of GIS Database techniques, which represent accurate methods of documenting topographical and archaeological elements and obtaining three‐dimensional digital models of the site and its contents.

From 2007–2011, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) and the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology (ARQUA) collaborated in the excavation of a Phoenician shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana, located off the south-eastern coast of Spain near Cartagena. This article provides an overview of the project—research design, excavation techniques, archaeological materials recovered from the site, and the ongoing conservation and study programmes—in light of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and its promotion of in-situ preservation. Various methods of in-situ preservation are reviewed, as well as alternate approaches to underwater cultural heritage.

The study of the findings and ladings of shipwreck at underwater archaeological site in the Sea of Java, Cirebon is the early potential to create an underwater archaeological museum in Indonesia. The museum aims to utilize material culture which is developed and presented in long term themes at the museum. Museum has strategic role as an education, communication and publication space from various knowledge. This is a comparison study between the material culture of Nan Han Cargo shipwreck site and various concepts of underwater archaeological museum applied some countries, one of them is Southeast Asia Experiental Maritime Museum in Singapore. Result of the study, through the comparison study, obtains the design and program for the museum theme to be applied at the underwater archaological museum in New Museology perspective.

Keywords: Nan Han Cargo Shipwreck, Design and Museum Programs, New Museology, Underwater Archaeological Museum in Indonesia.

Le site d'Aiguebelette-le-Lac/Beau-Phare se trouve dans la partie méridionale du lac, sur une avancée de la plateforme littorale formant une presqu'île étroite. À faible profondeur, la station est repérée dès 1863 et fait l'objet de ramassages jusqu'au début du xx e siècle. Dans le cadre de l'opération de suivi dirigée par Y. Billaud (2015-2018) suite à l'inscription de la station sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco (2011), un bilan sanitaire et documentaire du site a été réalisé en 2016. La synthèse des données issues des opérations de R. Laurent (1971) et d'A. Marguet (1983 et 1998), couplée à une courte mission de terrain a permis de progresser dans la connaissance du site. Afin de poursuivre l'exploration de ce site et documenter, pour la première fois en Savoie, le plan d'un village littoral du Néolithique final, une opération de prospection subaquatique s'est déroulée en 2018. L'objectif de cette campagne a été de réaliser un relevé du champ de pieux afin de disposer d'une vue générale de la structuration de l'habitat. L'originalité de ce site palafittique consiste en un chemin d'accès barré d'au moins trois palissades. Le plan villageois, très régulier, s'organise selon une orientation préférentielle à la perpendiculaire de l'axe du chemin, tout particulièrement pour le secteur est où quatre bâtiments de 5 × 10 m environ sont accolés par leurs murs gouttereaux. À l'ouest du chemin, au moins deux bâtiments se distinguent nettement : un premier, le long du chemin, fait face à l'entrée ; un second se situe entre deux palissades. En l'état actuel des recherches, près de douze pieux datés par dendrochronologie permettent une première esquisse de l'occupation du village avec une date en-2693 obtenue sur deux pieux en sapin disposés de part et d'autre de la palissade interne. Quatre bois de cette dernière ont été abattus en-2684. Enfin plusieurs dates obtenues sur les alignements de pieux au sud du site archéologique plaident pour une construction du chemin d'accès en-2672.

This paper considers abandoned ships in Australia primarily using data obtained from two research projects conducted by staff and students in the Department of Archaeology at Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia - the Garden Island Ships’ Graveyard Project (GISG) and the Abandoned Ships Project (ASP). These two projects involved the compilation of a database, partly based on historical sources, which revealed the potential for over 1500 abandoned watercraft sites in Australia, and partly based on archaeological information, from the inspection of the remains of more than 120 deliberately discarded vessels. This data was used to assess the correlation between discard activities and economic, social, and technological events. The logistics of discard, as reflected in commentaries describing discard procedures, and as seen in the archaeological signatures of these events, were also examined. This information was used to illustrate the causal relationships between landscape, economic trends, regulatory frameworks and cultural site formation processes associated with harm minimisation, placement assurance, salvage and discard activities. The fieldwork was initiated by one author (Staniforth) and much of the fieldwork was carried out as part of the other author’s doctoral research (Richards, 2002; 2008).

New South Wales has an estimated 1800 historic shipwreck sites and an active Historic Shipwrecks Program, administered by the Heritage Branch, NSW Department of Planning. The Wreck Spotters program was established to help the community manage fragile maritime archaeological sites, both underwater and on land.

A brief introduction to the history, range and location of Australia’s World War I underwater cultural heritage; an outline of some official and unofficial commemorative activities being planned for the years 2014 to 2018; and a brief discourse on national expectations in regards to the commemoration of military and civilian maritime ‘graves’ and how this is informing policy.

Maritime Archaeology and Sri Lanka: Globalization, Immigration, and Transformation in the Underwater Archaeological Record
"Assuming that maritime archaeology conducted in Sri Lanka
is new to most readers, the present paper has been written
with a dual purpose. First, it tries to give some background
to the birth and growth of the discipline in this country and
shows its involvement in ICOMOS––ICUCH (International
Council on Monuments and Sites––International Committee
on the Underwater Cultural Heritage) activities. Second, it
tries to deal with the focus of the 2013 SHA conference by
addressing three sites, each of which can be developed into a
case study relating to the conference themes. Sri Lanka was
always a place where East/West shipping interacted, whether
before or after A.D. 1500, and was also always conscious of
the looming presence of India. This paper, however, deals only
with material aspects in the period after 1500."

Николаев И. Р., Горлов И. О. От виртуальности к реальности: возможный путь к созданию подводных парков // Труды Международной научно-практической конференции «Морские исследования и образование (MARESEDU-2020)». Том II (III): [сборник]. Тверь: ООО «ПолиПРЕСС», 2020. с. 226-229

Until recently, the general view of archaeologists was that southern Scandinavia was uninhabited during the last ice age, the Weichselian glaciation. On the basis of recent climate reconstructions and glaciological data, combined with recent faunal finds from the adjacent North Sea sectors, this paper argues that large parts of the Scandinavian North Sea sector were actually inhabitable during most of this glacial period, with the presence of extensive ice free coastal zones even during the Last Glacial Maximum. Furthermore, ethnoarchaeological evidence, together with findings from excavations of mammoth-hunter sites, is used to argue that the large quantities of megafaunal remains fished up from the North Sea in recent years should be seriously considered as representing settlement material associated with mammoth-hunter camps dating from the second half of the Weichselian glaciation. The question is whether these faunal remains from the North Sea represent sites similar to the mammoth-hunter camps known from other parts of Europe and from Siberia?

Las evidencias arqueológicas subacuáticas que reposan  en el fondo  marino de la Bahía de Cartagena de Indias  conforman  un universo  relacionado  con los procesos de territorialización del espacio marítimo desde la época prehispánica hasta la actualidad. A pesar de esta invaluable fuente de  información existen varios desafíos por superar para responder a la necesidad de estudiar este patrimonio cultural en nuestro país,  pues apenas se están desarrollando capacidades técnicas, tecnológicas y conceptuales que permitan fortalecer la perspectiva académica de este patrimonio arqueológico.  La investigación arqueológica realizada desde el 2011 hasta el 2015  da cuenta de un paisaje cultural marítimo histórico que evidencia la presencia de elementos asociados a la navegación y defensa del puerto en Cartagena de Indias durante el siglo  XVII y XVIII. De esta manera se propone a través de un modelo metodológico de interpretación comprender la configuración del territorio marítimo a través de la existencia de sitios arqueológicos identificados tales como los naufragios, fuertes, artillería y modificaciones al territorio costero y subacuático. A través de la aplicación de métodos de prospección geofísica (Side Scan Sonar,  Magnetómetro, Multihaz) y la excavación arqueológica e identificación de siete naufragios, restos de fuertes y puertos, se concluyó que existe una relación directa entre las evidencias arqueológicas sumergidas y la estrategia bélica durante los ataques del Barón de Pointis en 1697 y el ataque inglés al mando de Edward Vernon en 1741.

La presente publicación es el resultado de las memorias del curso de protección y conservación del Patrimonio Cultural Sumergido adelantado en el año 2001 entre la Armada Nacional de Colombia, el Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas (CIOH), el Departamento de Buceo y Salvamento (DEBUSA), la Universidad Nacional, la Universidad del Cauca y la Universidad Externado de Colombia. De esta manera, se presenta el informe resumido del reconocimiento arqueológico subacuático no intrusivo del naufragio asociado al posible Navío de Línea Conquistador relacionado con el Asedio Inglés a Cartagena de Indias en 1741.