Istanbul

Giuseppe Garibaldi’nin iki yüzüncü doğum senesi, iki âlemin kahramanının görüntü ve yapıtı hakkında ciddi bir tartışma ortamı yaratılmasına fırsat verdi. Zamanın geçmesi ve pek çok siyasal görüşlerin değişmesi neticesinde efsanenin son bulması üzerine bu zatın şimdi kişiliği ve yapıtı üzerine daha gerçekçi bir biçimde ciddi bir şekilde eğilebiliriz. Evrensel değerleri sebat ve uygunluk içinde savunduğu kadar İtalya için olmasa bile tam bir
hümanizmaya sahip olduğu görülen bu vatan babası veya babalardan birisinin kim olduğu da şimdi daha iyi anlaşılabilir. Gençliğinin ilk yılları üzerinde çalıştığımız zaman onun anılarında bu duruma pek fazla bir yer vermediğini görüyoruz ve araştırmacılarda bunun sonradan pek fazla bir değeri olmadığını gördüler. Ziyaret ettiği mahalleri,
karşılaştığı insanları, yaşadığı âlemi incelemeye başladığımız zaman, onun gelişmesi ve kişiliğine dair ilgi çekici bazı şeyler keşfedebiliriz. 1807 senesinde dünyaya gelip de, bir takım ihtilalci hareketlere girişmesi üzerine 1834 senesinde idam cezasına çaptırılmasından sonra sürgüne gitmeye zorunlu olmasından dolayı, aradan geçen zamanın ne kadar önemli olduğunu görmek gerçekten bizi hayrete düşürüyor. Böylece onun gerçek yaşam öyküsünün bu noktada başladığını söyleyebiliriz. Fakat bu delikanlı Rio de Jenerio şehrine geldiği zaman henüz otuz yaşında idi. Yirmi seneden beri
ismi duyulmakta olan Mazzini’nin gençliği ile hiçbir ilgisi yoktu

This dissertation examines Istanbul as a geographical and historical totality and focuses on four different and integral parts of this totality: its Ottoman past, its dalliances with modern planning attempts, the city’s death throes in the face of rabid industrialization efforts, and its first true real estate boom. These divergent parts are scrutinized through the relationship between the state and space.
This work investigates the different modes a city takes under different configurations of a state composed of, but not limited to, cultural, ethnic, religious, class-based, formal, and spatial elements. By studying Istanbul alone, it is possible to gauge divergent trajectories of the production of space that the city takes.
The changes in Istanbul’s state-spaces are studied in five stages: the first involves the urban theory that engendered my critical stance on Istanbul and the production of space and how revolutionary urbanism can be harnessed to a re-evaluation of a semiperipheral metropolis.
The second part is related to an attempt in unraveling the early modern historical characteristics of the city and its overdetermining role in the formation of state mechanisms.
The third part unearths the rupture that modernity instigated in the urban fabric and conjoining state institutions and mentalities that shaped the city.
The fourth part focuses on the industrialization and population boom of the second part of the 20th century and locates the consequence of social developments in the urban space: the squatter settlements, the gecekondus.
The fifth part grasps the cycles of boom and bust in the real estate investments in Istanbul and is concerned in the concrete production of space of the five decades since 1965. Amidst the interplay of various elements, the emergent middle class in Istanbul and its social and historical moorings in the urban built environment are revealed to be rooted in the erstwhile squatters, in the gecekondu areas.

Son yıllarda İstanbul'da üst gelir grubuna yönelik yerleşim şekilleri arasında en dikkat çekici olanı, çoğu kent çeperinde yer alan güvenlikli siteler oldu; özel inşaat firmaları tarafından villa veya çok katlı apartmanlar şeklinde inşa edilen, altyapı ve hizmetler açısından sadece site sakinlerine yönelik gelişmiş imkânlar sunan, kamusal hizmet ağı dışında yer alan konut adaları, yüksek duvarlar ve 24 saat nöbet tutan bekçileriyle dışarıya kapalı 'güvenlik adacıkları' olarak yükseldiler.

Osmanlı Devleti’nin askeri ve idari düzlemde başlayan modernleşme serüveni, toplumsal yaşamda yeni anlayışlar şekillendirdiği gibi yeni alışkanlıkların ve beğenilerin gelişmesine de yol açmıştır. Batı modeline göre yapılandırılmış eğitim kurumlarının birbiri ardına açıldığı bu süreçte, özellikle Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanıyla beraber, eğitimi topluma yayma fikri öne çıkmıştır. Batı sanatı ise yapılan ıslahatların getirdiği kültürel açılımla yayılım göstermiş, önce Saray’da ardından da İstanbul’un sosyal yaşamında görünürlük kazanmıştır. Sempozyumda sunulacak olan bildiri, 18. yüzyıl sonunda eğitim programlarına girmeye başlayan resim derslerini ve II. Abdülhamid devrinde (1876-1909) resim eğitiminin kurumsallaşması adına büyük bir atılım olan Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’ni konu almaktadır. III. Selim’in (1761-1808) başlattığı Batılılaşma programının kapsamını genişleten II. Mahmud’dan (1785-1839) sonra, bilhassa Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanıyla beraber Avrupalıların ülkedeki tesiri artmıştır. Kültür ve fikir ortamı da bu izlekte bir dönüşüm geçirmektedir. Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun, Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun, Mekteb-i Harbiye, Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye, Dârüşşafaka Mektebi, Mekteb-i Sultani ve Mekteb-i Osmani’nin eğitim programlarına resim derslerini dahil etmeleri, bu okullardan yetişen kişilerin resim sanatıyla bağlantı kurmalarını sağlamıştır. Keza bahsi geçen okullardan yetişen bir kesim, “Asker Ressamlar” olarak Türk Resim Tarihi’ne geçeceklerdir. Abdülaziz döneminde (1861-1876) Pierre-Désiré Guillemet’nin (1827-1878) öncü olduğu sanat odaklı eğitim veren bir akademi kurma girişimi, II. Abdülhamid döneminde hayata geçirilebilmiş ve 1883 yılında Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi açılmıştır. Osmanlı toplumundan yerli ressamların yetişmesinde büyük bir adım olan bu hadiseden sonra resim sergilerinin sayısı çoğalmış ve yerli ressamların görünürlüğü artmıştır. Neticede resim derslerinin müfredata girmesi ve sanat eğitiminin Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi aracılığıyla kurumsallaştırılması, sanatla uygulayıcı olarak ilgilenen bir kesimin yetişmesine sebep olduğu gibi toplum nezdinde de resim sanatının tanınırlığını arttırmıştır.
Yukarıda değinilen hususlar, bildiride detaylandırılarak incelenecek; Osmanlı Devleti’nin Batılılaşma sürecinde açılan eğitim kurumlarındaki resim derslerine ve söz konusu eğitimden geçerek resimle uygulayıcı olarak ilgilenme imkânı bulan önemli figürlere dair genel bir bakış geliştirilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, Resim Eğitimi, Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, Batılılaşma.

The modernization adventure of the Ottoman Empire, which started at the military and administrative level, shaped new approaches in social life and developed new habits and tastes in society. The idea of spreading the education to the people became prominent especially with the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict. Thus, the educational institutions were opened one after another and structured according to the Western model. Western art has spread with the cultural developments caused by the reforms and became visible first in the Palace and then in the social life of Istanbul. This paper, which will be presented at the symposium, focuses on the painting lessons that included in the curriculums by the end of the 18th century and Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi which was a great breakthrough in the institutionalization of painting education during the reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909). The European influence in the Ottoman Empire increased especially with the declaration of Tanzimat Edict after Mahmud II (1785-1839), who expanded the scope of the Westernization program initiated by Selim III (1761-1808). The cultural and intellectual environment was also transforming in the same path. The students interacted with art when Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun, Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun, Mekteb-i Harbiye, Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye, Dârüşşafaka Mektebi, Mekteb-i Sultani and Mekteb-i Osmani were included the art courses in their academic programs. Likewise, a group of people educated in these schools will be referred as “Soldier Painters” in the Turkish Painting History. During the reign of Abdulaziz (1861-1876) Pierre-Désiré Guillemet (1827-1878) attempted to establish an art academy. It was implemented during the Abdulhamid II’s reign when Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi was opened in 1883. After this big step that raised the local painters from Ottoman society, number of the painting exhibitions have increased and local painters became more visible. Eventually, the inclusion of painting courses into the curriculums and the institutionalization of art education through Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi has increased the recognition of the painting and raised the local painters.
The issues mentioned above will be examined in detail in the paper; a general outlook on painting lessons in the schools opened during the Westernization process of the Ottoman Empire and the important figures that have had the opportunity to be interested in painting as a practitioner will be revealed.

Keywords: Osmanlı Empire, Art Education, Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, Westernization.

Akıllı şehir, bağımsız karar alabilen ve farkındalığı yüksek olan kentli nüfusun aktivitelerini teknolojik tabanlı uygulamalar üzerine kurmayı, iyi performans gösteren ve kendine özgü nitelikleri olan bir şehir ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir.

Bu bölümde Cumhuriyet dönemi İstanbul’unda eğitimin tarihî gelişimi olabildiğince öz ve bir o kadar da kapsamlı olarak ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Fakat, hemen ifade edelim ki, bu hiç de kolay bir iş değildir. Zira üç imparatorluğa başkentlik yapan İstanbul, Cumhuriyet dönemine, bunların, bilhassa altı yüz yıllık Osmanlı medeniyetinin mirasçısı olarak girmiştir. Bu mirasın en önemli unsurlarından biri, Cumhuriyeti kuran nesli yetiştiren modern eğitim kurumlarıdır. Söz konusu miras, Cumhuriyet’in kuruluş yıllarında Türk eğitim sisteminin omurgasını teşkil etmiştir. Ünlü şehir tarihçisi Osman Ergin, Atatürk devri sonunda (1938) İstanbul okulları üzerine kaleme aldığı beş ciltlik eserini bazı ilavelerle Türk Maarif Tarihi adıyla neşretme gerekçesini izah ederken kullandığı “Daha düne kadar Türkiye maarif demekle İstanbul maarifi kastedilmez miydi?  Bugün de hemen hemen böyle değil midir?” cümleleriyle bu gerçeği dile getirmişti. Aşağıda daha geniş olarak anlatılacağı gibi, eldeki istatistikî bulgular bu tespiti desteklemektedir.

(ENG) Perception and restoration of the Ottoman Architecture of 18th and 19th centuries in Istanbul: Construction, conservation and identity from the Empire to the Republic

(TR) İstanbul'da 18. ve 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı mimarisinin algılanışı ve restorasyonu: İmparatorluktan cumhuriyete inşa, koruma ve kimlik

Abstract:
Starting from the publication of Usul-u Mimari-i Osmani in 1873, Ottomans began to display a certain sense of alienation towards the architecture built in the capital of the empire since the early 1740s. In this text, the post-classical Ottoman architecture was criticised for being unoriginal, excessively Westernized, and far from the “local” artistic values. Therefore, the so-called Ottoman Baroque of the XVIII century and the Eclectic buildings of the following decades, which at their moment served as a tool for refreshing the capital with new sultanic images, started being overtly refused.  After the earthquake which heavily damaged Istanbul in 1894, many buildings of the capital underwent important restorations, initiating a new relation with the artistic and architectural heritage of the post-classical period. Throughout the XIX century and till ca 1960s, the elements which were not seen as “fully Ottoman” were replaced by new, archaizing ones in different degrees and manners. This essay investigates how the Ottomans adopted and subsequently refused the Western-related forms in building and conservation practices and in which manner the Early Republic in Turkey has dealt with the question. The cultural identity, construction and conservation matters are interrogated together to give a panorama of the subject, trying to understand the social and political dynamics of Istanbul in the aforementioned period.

“Sekiz sene evvel, muztarip, ağlayan İstanbul’dan, kalbim sızlayarak çıktım. Teşyi edenim (uğurlayanım) yoktu. Sekiz sene sonra, kalbim müsterih olarak, gülen ve güzelleşen İstanbul’a geldim.”
Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal, Üçüncü Cilt (1922-1938), Remzi Kitabevi, 1965, s.305.

Today there is a significant competition among the global cities. Each global city tries to preclude its competitors by way of making strategic movements. Global cities are compared in global indices that are regularly published and organized by worldwide known foundations, and on international scale, each city is ordered in accordance with a certain ranking. Directors of global cities greatly consider these orderings; primary aims and practices should be determined in accordance with the goal of being at the top in these indices. Istanbul, which is one of the famous global cities having long-standing background, has got involved in this competition as well. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Istanbul through the indices of global cities and to appoint the positive and negative aspects of it. In the research, the measurement criteria of the most 10 popular indices of global cities including Istanbul has been examined in detail with regards to using data set and results. The study suggest that Istanbul is quite competitive city and draws away its competitors in the matters of global accessibility, growth rate, commercial activity and vitality, attracting foreign investment, real estate investment, attracting the control centres of industrial firms and servicers. It has been established that Istanbul has covered a distance in topics of research sufficiency, information and communication technology, research and development, and hosting the head offices of global firms, but the city needs to make more improvements in these matters. In addition, the way of being in a better position of global cities indices for Istanbul depends on important improvement and structural reforms to be executed in the matters of environment, energy consumption, producing green energy-saving building, environmental management, green action planning and public participation. Findings are guide to the decision makers in the matters that should be taken further consideration in the process of management and planning, and in what way cities should make improvement in order not to fall behind the competition.

ur on-going project, "Traces of the Past for Contemporary Creativity: Urban Archaeology and Küçükyalı ArkeoPark", supported by Istanbul Development Agency, is in progress at the Küçükyalı ArkeoPark, continues at full steam. Besides focusing our undergoing work on archaeology, restoration, architecture, drawing, photography, cultural routes and public archaeology, we have also organized free training workshops for university students at our site last month. Participants coming from various universities had the chance to attend two-day training workshops on marbling art and industrial and graphic design. During our very first free training program, we welcomed Asst. Prof. Dr. Seher Aşıcı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevim Arslan, Asst. Prof. Dr. Şehnaz Biçer Özcan and their students from Marmara University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Traditional Turkish Handicrafts. On the first day of their visit, after getting information on the on-going research and excavations at our site, students made drawings inspired by the archaeological finds and photos of the flora of our site. On the second day, a marbling art workshop held at our Visitors Center and our project team participated to this pleasant activity as well. The guests of our second free training program were Asst. Prof. Dr. Asım Evren Yantaç, Asst. Prof. Dr. Aykut Coşkun and their students from Koç University, Media and Visual Arts Department. The major goals of such training workshops were to emphasize the importance of the Küçükyalı ArkeoPark from the point of view of archaeology, architectural history and art history, to raise awareness on the sustainability of cultural heritage, to establish bonds with urban memory of Çınar neighborhood, where our site is located, to meet the needs of our site in terms of tourism, presentation and visibility and to produce 2D and 3D products by using traditional methods. Following the documentary screening and guided tour at the site, students focused on design work on the first day of the workshop and presented their sketches and ideas to the group at the end of the day. On the second day of the training, students continued working on the prototypes of their sketches. As the Küçükyalı ArkeoPark team, we sincerely would like to thank faculty members and their students for their active participation and interest in our workshops. O 15 April

In this article, we explore the wraparound approach of service delivery as a model for transnational social work. The wraparound model, used primarily within community-based children's mental health services and child protection initiatives, has been effective when planning services for clients and their families with complicated needs, whose care has to be provided within a multiple provider context. Most social work is delivered nationally or internationally rather than transnationally. In the article we outline how the model could be structured to meet the particular needs of transmigrants, including the involvement of NGOs and INGOs, and identify key obstacles and limitations.

Canım arkeoloji, Ben bu satırları yazarken, sen her zamanki gelenekçi ve elitist tavrın ile önümüzdeki ay başlayacak olan o şaşalı beş çaylarını düşünüyor olacaksın. Darılma, yadırgamıyorum. Bize seni böyle kabul etmemiz gerektiği tembihlendi. Sadece üzülüyorum. Olan bitene nasıl bu kadar kayıtsız kalıyorsun? Bilmem farkında mısın ama itibarın iki paralık ediliyor. Horlanıyorsun. Çanak-çömlek eşittir boş iş diyorlar. Sen çıkıp da benim işim bu değil, benim amacım bu değil demiyorsun. Sahi, neden demiyorsun? Popülerliğini borçlu olduğun filmler dahi tv'lerde yayınlanmamaya başlarken neden ortaya çıkıp "hey! Bende buradayım" demiyorsun? Alacağın olsun. Yaptığın işleri bilimsel olmamakla suçlayanlar varken neden dostlarının adını zikredip, bakın biz koca bir bütünüz arkeojeoloji, arkeobotanik, arkeozooloji, antropoloji, sosyoloji el eleyiz demiyorsun? Haklısın, ben sayınca hatırladın değil mi

This paper looks at the promotion of inclusion in public space through the idea of places of memory. These are places with a unique identity and history, which shape the character of the area. Contemporary Beyoglu, mainly Istiklal Street, has been going through a transformation phase, characterised by a booming of large-scale market-oriented urban development projects, and related policy changes and practices that exclude a big part of the users of the area and have catalyzed a process of gentrification. As a consequence, places of memory are under constant threat. Working from the  existing literature on spatial justice, public space, political economy and Istanbul’s urban history, we analyse a database of online questionnaires and detailed interviews with local experts. The findings of this research provide evidence that places of memory are directly connected to the right to the city, as people produce urban space by socially interacting in these places. In this sense, losing places of memory can lead to an exclusive public space. The regeneration measures in Beyoglu illustrate the disrespect of the government towards the unique, diverse and culturally rich character of Beyoglu, as it seeks to transform the area into an homogeneous space for consumerism and cultural consumption.

Wstęp Mirosław J. Leszka, Kirił Marinow................................................... 1

I
Konstantynopolitańskie porty IV–XII w. [Constantinopolitan harbours in the 4th–12th centuries] Mirosław J. Leszka......... 5

II
Wszystkie okręty cesarza. Rozważania nad stanem rzymskiej marynarki wojennej za panowania cesarza Maurycjusza (582–602) [All ships of the emperor: Roman Navy during the reign of emperor Maurice (582–602)] Łukasz Różycki........................................................................................... 17

III
Konstantynopolitańska eskadra cesarska w dobie panowania Komnenów (1081–1185) [Constantinopolitan squadron in the era of imperial reign of Comnenian dynasty (1081–1185)]
Marcin Böhm....................................................................................... 47

IV
Wygnani biskupi Konstantynopola w późnej starożytności i ich kontakty ze stolicą nad Bosforem [The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century] Rafał Kosiński................63

V
Chazarowie w Konstantynopolu (VII–XI w.) [The Khazars in Constantinople] Jarosław Dudek …........ 79

VI
Miejsce portu w fabule dwunastowiecznego romansu bizantyńskiego [The port in the plot of the twelfth-century Byzantine romance] Anna Kotłowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

VII
Winieta Konstantynopola na mapie z Ebstorf [Vignette of Constantinople on the Ebstorf Map] Piotr Kochanek……………………. . . 113

VIII
Hodegon – z rozważań nad pierwotną lokalizacją konstantynopolitańskiego sanktuarium [The Hodegon. Considerations on the location of the Hodegetria sanctuary in Constantinople]
Piotr Łukasz Grotowski . ……………………………. . . . . 137

IX
Pogańskie prywatne uroczystości kommemoratywne w okresie wczesnobizantyńskim [Pagan Private Commemorative Rites in the Early Byzantine Period] Ireneusz Milewski . . . .  . ……………... . . . . . . . . . 215

Aneks [Annex]
Itinerarium Stefana z Nowogrodu z opisem konstantynopolitańskiego portu Kontoskalion (1348/1349). Przekład i opracowanie [The Itinerary of Stephen of Novgorod: Containing a Description of Kontoskalion Harbour in Constantinople (1348/1349).] Zofia Brzozowska .. . . . . . 227

Summary. . . . . . . ………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Wykaz skrótów [List of Abbreviations]. …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Bibliografia [Bibliography]……… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Źródła [Sources]. . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Opracowania [Secondary Literature]..  . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Indeks osobowy [Index]. ……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych [Index of geographical and ethnical names]. . …. . . . . . . . . 328

Indeks nazw konstantynopolitańskich [Index of Constantinopolitan names]….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

https://shop.budrich-academic.de/produkt/doing-tolerance-democracy-citizenship-and-social-protests

How is tolerance reflected in urban space? Which urban actors are involved in the practices and narratives of tolerance? What are the limits of tolerance? The edited volume answers these questions by considering different forms of urban in/exclusion and participatory citizenship. By drawing together disparate yet critical writings, Doing Tolerance examines the production of space, urban struggles and tactics of power from an interdisciplinary perspective. Illustrating the paradoxes within diverse interactions, the authors focus on the conflict between heterogeneous groups of the governed, on the one hand, and the governing in urban spaces, on the other. Above all, the volume explores the divergences and convergences of participatory citizenship, as they are revealed in urban space through political, socio-economic and cultural conditions and the entanglements of social mobilities.

From the Contents:

Bariş Ülker, Measuring, Exhibiting, and Mobilizing Tolerance in Berlin

María do Mar Castro Varela & Leila Haghighat: Solidarity and the City. A Complicated Story

Bernd Belina and Jan Wehrheim: ‘Dangerous zones’: How policing space legitimizes policing race

Margit Mayer, The Promise and Limits of Participatory Discourses and Practices

Pelin Tan, Practices of Commoning and Urban Citizenship

Ömer Turan, Resistance and gift-giving: Gezi Park*

Nazlı Cabadağ & Gülden Ediger: We disperse to Berlin: Transnational entanglements of LGBTI+ movement(s) in Turkey

Yener Bayramoğlu/Begüm: Queer migrant spaces and times in Berlin and Istanbul

Julia Strutz, Spiriting off the Bad Urbanite: From the Topkapi Bus Terminal to the Panorama Museum 1453

Liza Wing Man Kam: Protest in Metropolis: Symbolisms in Play from Queen’s Pier Conservation to Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong

Giselle Andrea Osorio: What do claims for participation tell as about city planning? The experience of defenders of an environmental protected area in Bogotá, Colombia

Tania Mancheno: Behind the Walls of Paris: The inhabited history of the space in the Parisian Banlieues

Adham Hamed: What the hell has gone wrong in Egypt? An Elicitive Conflict Mapping Inquiry

Editors:

Prof. Dr. María do Mar Castro Varela teaches at the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany.

Dr. Baris Ülker works at the Centre for Metropolitan Studies (CMS), Technical university of Berlin, Germany.

Istanbul is Europe's most populous metropolis. The population of the city has increased sevenfold in the last 50 years and the usage of the area has increased threefold. As a result of this extreme growth, the  most  important  problem  of  Istanbul  today  becomes  traffic.  Therefore,  transportation  investments  are the  most  important  part of  the  city  budget.  There  are  different  solution  propositions  and  theories  of experts on this problem. Within the scope of the study, 3 different workshops were carried out in order to reflect  the  opinions  of  the  experts.  In  these  workshops,  flexible  methods,  traffic  planning,  strategic planning,  socioeconomic  interaction  and  intra-urban  transportation  systems  and  environmental  impacts are discussed in tired transportation planning. More than 200 invited experts attended the workshops. The article  summarizes  the  views  that  stand  out  in  these  workshops.  It  has  been  found  that  safe  journey, speed, quality of service, comfort and low cost are all in the first place in terms of both passengers' public transportation view criteria and management's public transportation planning criteria.

K aybolan ne varsa aslında çevresiyle birlikte yok oluyor. Bu da kültürde bazen bir değişmeye bazen de bir eksilmeye işaret ediyor. Nostalji veya solastalji bir hastalık mıdır bilmem ama kaybolan hemen hemen her şey sanki az ya da çok acı ve hüzün veriyor (alji eki algos'tan geliyor acı, sızı, hüzün demek). Bu hüznün arkasındaki sebepler içinde mutlaka emeğe saygı var. Diğer bir deyişle her kaybolan meslek ona verilmiş emekleri hatırlayınca hüzne sebep oluyor. Örneğin İstanbul'da semerciliğin kaybolması arkasındaki emekler düşünülünce insanı hüzne gark ediyor. Sonra da güzel bir semerin hele de mesela deriyse artık üretilmiyor olması üzüntü verici. Düşünüyorum ak sakallı bir dede, elinde kocaman bir çuvaldız, vitrinde semer dikiyor. Mevzubahis kaybolan bir yemek ise ne yalan söyleyeyim o yemeği hazırlarken verilen emeğin kaybolmasından çok onu tadamamak beni üzüyor, belki de pis boğazlığımdandır. Bir de kaybolmasından hiç üzülmediğimiz meslekler var: ayıcılar, güllabiciler gibi. Evet, bu kadar felsefe yeter! Sizler için İstanbul'da kaybolan meslekleri içeren bir cetvel (liste) hazırladım. Herhangi bir kıstas gözetmeden sıralıyorum.

Taksim 360, located in the Tarlabaşı neighborhood of Istanbul, is one of the first state-led urban transformation projects in Turkey. Originally scheduled to be finished in 2014, the project is still under construction. Concordant with broader discussions, Tarlabaşı's urban transformation has been largely studied through spatial lenses centered on accumulation by dispossession and displacement. These works assume that urban transformation projects necessarily follow a linear trajectory from inception to completion. Building on and diverging from this body of research, I examine the relationships between construction companies, subcontractors, and politicians involved in Taksim 360 through ethnographic fieldwork and media analysis with a critical emphasis on temporality. I argue that urban transformation in fact works through manipulations of time, which necessitates a temporal analytical lens that does not take teleologies of buildings projects for granted. It is specifically through delays that economic and political power is exerted, navigated, and negotiated within Taksim 360 using legal contracts, work stoppages, and stand-offs; conjuring of continued investment; and improvisations with labor and political capital. And so, delays emerge as modus operandi of urban transformation rather than measures of its failures.