Rural Landscape

A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR CONSERVATION OF ABANDONED RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN TURKEY: CASE STUDY OF ODEMIS-LUBBEY VILLAGE
Following the industrial revolution, abandonment and decrease of the population in rural areas are common problems that could be seen all over the world, as a result of various factors. However, many of these abandoned rural settlements have invaluable vernacular assets that bear the traces of past rural life and comprise the spirit of these cultural landscape areas. The de-populization process leads to neglection, gradually deterioration and finally destruction of traditional environment that has been built with the experiences of centuries. Traditional rural settlements whose vulnerabilities increase day by day, reflect the life, architectural approach, building technology, construction techniques, craftsmanship and landscape features of their period and requires a holistic view for its protection. The loss of human life, which is the main element with nature that comprises the rural settlements, not only causes the loss of cultural heritage but also affects natural life, agricultural landscape and bio-diversity negatively. After abandonment rural landscape started to desertificate in short term and become vulnerable against the natural disasters.
Transfering life, culture and architectural fabric of rural settlements to the future generations is critical for the history of humanity. Although there are several recommendations regarding the management and protection of the rural areas in Turkey and in the World, there is a lack of specialized method for the conservation of cultural and natural heritage of abandoned rural settlements with many location-specific issues. Starting from this findings “Rural Architecture, Policies Developed for Rural Areas In Turkey and Europe, Evolution in the Conservation Theory of Rural Heritage”, “Abandonment Reasons and Process in Rural Settlemens, Impacts of Abandonment” and “Re-Evaluation Possibilities of Rural Settlements” chapters were discussed in detail and a conservation model, which can be used on a global scale, developed for the conservation of abandoned rural settlements. It is believed the conservation model can be used in future scientific studies about the conservation of rural settlements and can be developed by the inter-disciplinary contributions.
While first practices about the conservation of rural architecture, which was emerged as moving rural buildings from authenthic locations to an open-air museum, can been understandable by its time, nowadays it can’t be considered as a conservation approach except extraordinary situations.
It can be observed that, traditional rural life has been gradually weakened in settlements, where intense tourism activities carried out and problems like de-populization or abandonment can’t be seen. Not only in some cases that rural settlements have been re-functioned as a museum but also in some touristic uses, a sustainable life can’t always be ensured, therefore several challenges can be encountered in conservation of cultural properties. Tourism, which is used as a toolin developing the life standards and preventing the population loss in rural areas, sometimes creates an intense demand to a specific region and causes withdrawal of local communities from traditional rural life.
In some cases, rural settlements, which have been evacuated because of conflicts, wars, security problems, etc., have been resettled with their former residents after changes in conditions. Altough resettlements start the life in rural environments again, in some cases conservation of cultural heritage isn’t on the agenda and after the resettlement, residents prefer to build new buildings with new materials instead of repairing their traditional buildings. Another option for resettlement of the abandoned rural settlements can be seen in some examples. In this cases new rural residents coming by counter migration from urban centres to countryside start to live in an abandoned rural settlement. However restart of life in an abandoned village by this type of migration can be considered positive, there are some negative impacts like big interventions in restoration of cultural heritage, completely abandonment of traditional rural life, social disharmony between new and old residents, and etc. It can be said all three of museological, tourism and resettlement approaches for re-evaluation of abandoned rural settlements can be implement together or independently. On the other hand it shouldn’t be overlooked that all this approaches are a tool for conservation and vitality of rural settlements. Fragility of the traditional fabric because of long term neglection after abandonment, cultural landscape values, bio-diversity and intangible values should be taken into consideration in the implementation of this re- use alternatives.
As a result of all the researches, analysis and evaluations, the conservation model has been based on five main parts as “Definition of cultural and natural values and importance of the settlement”, “Determination of the re-evaluation alternatives”, “Determination of conservation policies”, “Implementation” and “Monitoring, evaluation and update”.
As a result of implemented policies and radical changes in social life, nowadays large number of rural settlements in Turkey are in the process of abandonment. Certainly, the biggest problem encountered in conservation of rural heritage is the loss of daily life in rural settlements. Although rural heritage in depopulated settlements have melted against the natural conditions by time, some settlements succeed to preserve their authenticity and integrity to a certain extent. On the other hand in some villages, which are more crowded and close to the city centers, authenticity and integrity values of traditional architectural heritage has been destroyed by human beings as a result of new construction pressures. This situation accompanies a big dilemma about conservation of traditional architectural heritage. Conceptual background about conservation of rural heritage has been developed relatively late in Turkey compared to Europe. Therefore Turkey faces different problems in rural areas then other European countries. It can be said that, successful implementations about conservation of rural heritage and preventing depopulation in rural areas in other countries, can be a model for Turkey. However, these successful policies and implementations should be evaluated in line with Turkey’s specific conditions. Based on this analysis, recommendations and evaluations specified to abandoned rural settlements in Turkey have been carried out in the conclusion part of thesis.

This article presents a review of the 28th session of the biannual conference of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape which was organized in cooperation with the COST action TU1401 “Renewable energy and landscape quality”, building the final conference of the later, after a previous cooperation at the 27th session. The conference was held in Clermont-Ferrand and Mende, around the Chaîne des Puys UNESCO landscape. The landscape, although in France, is one of the remote landscapes in Europe, and was explored by means of the study tours which built the transfer between the first part of the conference in Clermont-Ferrand and the second one in Mende. These tours were various, but emphasized a dimension already present in the session, the agricultural landscape as rural landscape. The agricultural landscape stays also in connection with the geo-products of the UNESCO geopark, and contributes to the quality of life. As management committee substitute in t...

This paper assesses the potential of software developed
by the research group of the Swiss Federal Institute for
Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) in order to
georeference and vectorise historical landscape photographs.
The use of this ‘Monoplotting’ Tool introduces a new
application for topographical photographs and opens up
the possibility of using such photographs for measuring
land-use change. This paper reviews the literature on the
use of historical photographs for landscape history. It
introduces the new software and then goes on to examine
how vectorised topographical photographs may help in the
measurement of land-use changes in the mountainous
landscape of Liguria and Trentino in the late nineteenth
and twentieth century.

Özet
Kültürel peyzaj kaynakları, insanın doğal çevreyi sosyal ve kültürel birikimi sonucu şekillendirmesi sonucu oluşur. Böylece yöreye özgü
gelenek ve görenekler, doğaya yansımakta ve bunun sonucunda çevre farklı karakterler kazanmaktadır. Bu kültürel peyzaj değerleri, korunarak
kullanılırsa, ülke kalkınmasına önemli katkılar sağlanacaktır. Bu bağlamda Çanakkale ili, 3000 yıllık geçmişe sahip olması nedeni ile çok zengin
kaynaklara sahiptir. Bu çalışmada temel amaç, Çanakkale merkeze bağlı, tarihi nitelikleri olan 15 kırsal yerleşimin kültürel peyzaj değerlerini
belirlemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada merkez köyler alan çalışmaları ile yerinde incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bilgi formları kullanılarak yerel
halk ve yöneticilerden bilgiler edinilmiştir. Yerleşimlerde tarihi-arkeolojik yapı ve alanlar, alan kullanımları, folklor, tarımsal faaliyetler ve
yöresel nitelikler belirlenmiştir. Son aşamada elde edilen bu veriler tablo haline getirilerek yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak kırsal yerleşmelerin
kültürel peyzaj değerleri bölge haritası üzerine işlenmiş ve görsel açıdan önemli bölgeler belirlenmiştir.
Abstract
Cultural landscaping resources are formed in the result of shaping the human’s natural environment as a result of social and cultural accumulation.
Thus, local customs and traditions are reflected in nature and as a result, the environment gains different characters. If these cultural landscaping
values are used by way of protection, significant contributions will be made to the development of the country. In this context, Çanakkale
province has very rich resources because of its 3000 year history. The main purpose of this study is to determine the cultural landscape values
of 15 rural settlements with historical characteristics connected to Çanakkale center. For this purpose, central villagers were investigated on site
in their work. At the same time, information was obtained from local people and managers using information forms. Historical-archaeological
structures and areas, area uses, folklore, agricultural activities and regional characteristics were determined in the settlements. As a result, the
cultural landscapes of the rural settlements are processed on the regional map and the important regions visually determined.

Greenery areas represent an organic component of the rural space. For urban needs we base on the survey of their condition. Within the revitalisation of public green spaces in central parts of these communities we work on their qualitative conversion to an attractive public space using principles of contemporary trends in rural space design. The main attributes of the proposals are: return to the traditions, application of domestic tree species and stands, use of natural materials as well as characteristic rural compositional principles. Our activities herewith provide for rural municipalities´ governments some concrete proposals to improve the quality of local peoples´ lives by tools of landscape architecture.

Planners, architects, landscape designers, geographers and the like have assigned the term terrain vague to describe those muddled landscapes lying in between use, and between nature and civilization. In a much-cited essay on such spaces the late Spanish architect and critic Ignasi Solà-Morales Rubió noted how they assumed the status of fascination for photographers, and indicated it was thanks to the work of practitioners (he mentions John Davies, amongst others) that his own regard was drawn to what had hitherto lain largely un-remarked and un-theorized elsewhere. In the twenty years since Solà-Morales Rubió’s piece, with the further decline of industry and failing economies, such sites have proliferated across the North of England, and their indeterminate landscapes have come to preoccupy a new range of contemporary photographers.

This paper will begin by considering the way this recent photography (and associated painting) has investigated Northern terrains vague, and remarks there a shift in attention from the large scale images made in the mid/late twentieth century to more intimate viewpoints; it discerns tendencies to address the everyday surfaces of such places, their shattered remnants, rusty artefacts and eroded structures, or to enumerate the recurrences of particular forms identified through repeated walking and slow looking, some of which have been informed by perspectives from psychogeography. Between these instances of visual abstraction and conceptual pattern recognition, it seeks to discuss what might be thought Northern in these depictions – how do they differ from the exploration of similar sites elsewhere – and to reflect upon their consequences for how such places can be theorised. In doing so it refers to research through practice (photography/writing/visual communication) for ‘Vague terrain’, issue 4 of my Pam Flett Press independent serial publication, and ongoing work for ‘Returns’, a project on post industrial landscapes, for which I have been investigating sites in Sheffield, Stoke-on-Trent, Teesside and the North Pennines.

The productive rural architectures combine cultural relevance and tradition, although at present they are considered minor architectures and they remain inactive or in ruins. This is the case of the hydraulic mills of the Parque Natural Sierra de Grazalema which have been left out of the valuation and the official protection by Administrations. Valuing these architectures is the general objective of the paper. For it, we start with a geographic, historical and heritage study of the Sierra de Cádiz (the region in which the Parque Natural is located). We continue with the analysis and location of the mills architectures in the Parque Natural Sierra de Grazalema to know more about these hydraulic engineering works. From the idea of "foundation of craftsmanship" proposed by Richard Sennett in The craftsman, the investigation is completed with an analysis of the location of the mills and their interaction with the physical environment, the questions about the influence of rural buildings on other 20th Century architectures for, finally, to open up other types of values that, together with the heritage ones, have hydraulic mills and can lead to possible protection and reactivation actions.

Tóth, Attila, 2015. Green Infrastructure of the Rural Settlement and its Surrounding Landscape. PhD. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. 120 A3 p. /// Tóth, Attila. 2015. Zelená infraštruktúra vidieckeho sídla a priľahlej krajiny : doktorandská dizertačná práca. Nitra : Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita. 120 A3 s.

Monumental olive trees, with their longevity and their remarkable size, represent an important information source for the comprehension of the territory where they grow and the human societies that have kept them through time. Across the centuries, olive trees are the only cultivated plants that tell the story of Mediterranean landscapes. The same as stone monuments, these green monuments represent a real Mediterranean natural and cultural heritage. The aim of this paper is to discuss the value of monumental trees as "biocultural heritage" elements and the role they play in the interpretation of the historical stratification of the landscape. We present the results of a survey of the most significant olive trees growing in Sicily. The selection was based on the "monumentality" aspects of trees, taking into account dendrometric parameters and environmental contexts. The collected dataset constitutes a heterogeneous sample of 367 specimens of considerable size that, in some cases, reach a circumference of about 19 m. Starting from the data presented here, the whole Sicilian territory shows a historical relationship between human and olive. The presence of these plant monuments is, therefore, evidence of long-term, often centennial, landscapes as a result of sustainable use of the territory.

Development of the countryside consisting of rural settlements and landscapes stands for an integrated transdisciplinary issue. To make rural development efficient, it is important to encourage and support sustainability concerning both, economic and environmental aspects. Regarding environmental sustainability, an important role is played by landscape architecture. Within the urban area, the emphasis should be put especially on public and semi-public space design in order to enhance social interaction and community life. Besides economic productivity of the open agricultural land surrounding rural settlements, the social utilization of these areas should be also considered and improved. Relevant tools for restoration and further smart and sustainable development of rural spaces are provided by landscape architecture. They consist in improving the green infrastructure (GI) of rural spaces. In this paper, we will introduce the approach of GI improvement by the 3-level planning concept as a design tool.

Aydın Türk, Y., & Çifci, A. (2017). The Effects of Landscape Characters on Rural Settlement Patterns. In I. Koleva, Ü. Duman Yüksel, & L. Benaabidate (Eds.), Ecology, Planning and Design (pp.349-359). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
The most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages are transportation. Except for one village, the “transportation factor” comes to the forefront in the land choice for buildings and in the formation of the settlement patterns in all villages. Within this context, it is an absolute necessity to take into consideration the fact that transportation is an important component in the planning works for the rural areas.The second most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages is ownership. In general, settlements patterns overlap with ownership patterns. Ownership in villages has a multipartite structure and the sizes of the lots are too small. The ownership pattern that was created by complex and small lots in different shapes resulted in the formation of mixed and scattered settlement patterns. The results of the analyses that were made according to the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of location and agricultural production, has important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. In villages where the main means of living are hazelnut and tea production, the settlements are usually below the maximum elevation at which these products can grow. Again, according to the findings regarding the dispersion of settlements in terms of elevation levels, it was found that 7 of the 10 village settlements (Aksu, Başar, Kestanelik, Karaağaçlı, Mataracı, Şahinkaya ve Yeşilköy) are concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes.Because in the rural settlements in Trabzon, the buildings are ususally concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes, which are the suitable locations in the moderate-humid climate zones. Based on the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the slope factor has a moderate eff ect on the settlements. Due to the topographic structure of the city, the average slope angle is high. Therefore, the eff ect of slope on rural settlement patterns is moderate or low. The reason why the eff ect level of the slope factor is not high may be that the  topography of the city is quite sloping. The study has found that the aspect factor has the least eff ect on village settlement patterns. The city has a mountainous structure starting from the coast extending to the inner parts through valleys in the east-west aspect. For this reason, the aspect factor mostly have a low eff ect on land choice and settlement pattern. Because the slopes of some villages generally face north or west, there is no chance of selecting a suitable aspect in these villages. In some villages, although there are areas that face south or east, the number of buildings in these areas is very few. Due to the view factor, the buildings in the villages in coastal areas face north and therefore the eff ect of aspect factor is low.According to the findings of the study in villages where tea and hazelnut productions are predominant, the settlement pattern is very scattered or scattered depending on the type of agricultural managements. On the other hand, in villages at high altitudes where there is no agricultural production but where stock farming is predominant, there are more compact settlement patterns. Depending on the eff ects of the aforementioned factors, it was found that the settlement patterns of the sample villages are mostly scattered or linear. Due to the highly sloping topography of the sample villages, the amount of lands that are suitable for settlement and agriculture is very limited. In this case, the landowners build their houses anywhere in their lands regardless of the land structure and ground quality. Due to the fact that each landowner built his own house in his own land and the ownership patterns stemming from inheritance created ownership patterns that are complex and that contain small parcels of land and this led to the creation of scattered settlement patterns. It is important fi rst and foremost to identify in the planning works for the rural settlements the factors that shape the rural settlements. Before any planning works regarding the rural areas, ownership patterns in the rural settlements must be reorganized and the land parcels in the villages must be redesigned according to the requirements of agricultural production. Within this context, creating a ‘land arrangement model’ for the rural settlements in Trabzon is of top priority for the reorganization of the ownership patterns. The findings of the study have shown that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of agricultural production, have important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. Consequently, in the works of land arrangement and settlements planning for the rural settlements, the lands to be allotted to settlement and agriculture can be planned according to the elevations of lands depending on the growth conditions of such products as tea and hazelnut.In addition to all these, it is also important that in the planning works, thelandscape characters that aff ect the rural settlement patterns be evaluated for the protection of the original characteristics of the rural areas. The relationships between the landscape charactersand the way of living in the rural areas, architectural characteristics, rural landscape characteristics, use of suitable materials, and natural texture of the area are important. For physical characteristics, natural characteristics, and socio-cultural characteristics are the basic values that set the character of rural areas, and all these characteristics and relationships must be defined and handled as a whole in the planning and design works.

New Approaches with the Concept of Historic Rural Landscape
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) devoted the theme of 18 April ICOMOS Day 2019 to “rural landscapes”. Rural landscapes have been inscribed on the World Heritage List as an organically evolved/continuing landscapes with their tangible and intangible values since 1992, when UNESCO recognized that the cultural landscapes have outstanding universal value. Studies conducted 10 years after inscribing have shown that the rural landscapes constitute the majority of the cultural landscape areas in the World Heritage List. This has increased the interest in rural landscapes on an international scale. Awareness has been raised about the protection of areas with similar characteristics in the world and the number of sites added to the World Heritage List has increased. In addition to this, the efforts of international institutions to prepare doctrinal texts on the conservation of cultural landscape areas have developed. The idea of the conservation of ordinary landscapes as well as the extraordinary ones has come to the fore in accordance with the studies in this field. This article aims to discuss the evolution of cultural landscape conservation approaches through the international and national doctrinal texts and also aims to address the term of “historic rural landscape”, which is not a new concept in the conservation field but has become a recent topic, especially with the published documents.

Nell’ambito delle attività del Progetto FIRB ‘Archeologia dei paesaggi della Puglia adriatica in età romana: tecnologie innovative per una pianificazione sostenibile e una fruizione identitaria’, il gruppo di ricerca dell’Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro ha condotto per la prima volta lo studio sistematico del paesaggio rurale di Egnazia, nella sua sequenza diacronica e con specifico riferimento all’età romana. Nel confronto costante con la vicenda della città, l’attenzione è stata rivolta alle principali dinamiche di occupazione e di sfruttamento delle risorse naturali, nel quadro del paleoambiente. In questa prospettiva, la ricerca si è avvalsa della ricognizione sistematica condotta come cantiere didattico e dello studio dei materiali nell’ambito del Laboratorio di archeologia dei paesaggi, avviato nel Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici con questo progetto. Il lavoro è stato, inoltre, sempre integrato dalle indagini ambientali, svolte con collaborazioni multidisciplinari dedicate alla paleobotanica, all’archeozoologia e all’archeometria. Per l’età romana si fornisce una sintesi in cui emergono per la prima volta alcuni aspetti significativi del suburbio, destinato in particolare all’approvvigionamento idrico e alle colture intensive, mentre gli insediamenti, disposti lungo i corsi delle ‘lame’ e delle strade principali, si concentrano in settori che risultano ‘strategici’ per la pratica dell’agricoltura, dell’allevamento e della trasformazione delle materie prime. Di questi siti quasi tutti inediti, in gran parte occupati già dall’età del Bronzo, si colgono elementi caratteristici per l’età repubblicana ed imperiale e le trasformazioni tra IV e VI secolo, con specifico riferimento anche all’analisi della cultura materiale.

Una caracterización arqueológica precisa de las más antiguas formas del poblamiento rural altomedieval (siglos V-VIII d.C.) nos proporcionaría las herramientas analíticas con las que plantear un ensayo interpretativo 'refundado' (BARCELÓ , 1995. Desde un enfoque como el planteado en este artículo se analizarán los procesos de recomposición territorial, social y política que siguieron a la quiebra del Imperio romano y constituyen la base del entramado histórico medieval. Esta contribución se nutre de los trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo durante los últimos diez años en la Comunidad de Madrid y su objetivo se enmarca en el reto de formular contextos interpretativos que potencien el valor histórico de esos avances (AZKARATE y QUIRÓS 2001: 30).

[ENG]
This PhD thesis deals with the genealogy of the agrarian landscape in Galicia (northwest corner of Spain), its organization, social importance and changes through time until the present day. Archaeological and ethnographic methodologies are combined in order to study forms and elements of the agrarian landscape, mainly terraces.
The results of our research indicate that the origin of terrace agricultural system can be dated to the first centuries of the Early Middle Ages, and it was the beginning of the rural landscape transformation that shaped the traditional organization of the rural landscape still in use today in many areas of Galicia.
In order to enhance the information provided by the archaeological research, ethnographic methodologies are applied to understand the social behaviours and changing processes at present times, when new ways and purposes about the rural landscape can be detected.
The main case studies are connected with: fieldworks related to public sector building infrastructures such as a gas pipeline network (Red de Gasificación de Galicia 1995- 99); a cultural complex building (A Cidade da Cultura, Santiago de Compostela 2001); a wind park (sierra de O Suído, Pontevedra-Ourense 2003-05); and fieldworks in the framework of research projects at the Spanish National Park (Isla de Ons, Pontevedra 2010-13) and at a village in the Santiago de Compostela’s pilgrimage route (Olveiroa, A Coruña 2009-12). These case studies provide a detailed information about the building processes of the agrarian landscape in Galicia.

[ESP]

Esta tesis es un estudio para conocer la genealogía del paisaje agrario en Galicia, la organización del mismo y su significación social junto con los procesos de cambio constatados a lo largo del tiempo hasta la actualidad. Se combina el método arqueológico y el etnográfico para estudiar las formas y elementos del paisaje agrario, fundamentalmente las terrazas de cultivo.
Los resultados de nuestras investigaciones sitúan el origen del sistema agrario en terrazas de Galicia en los primeros siglos de la Alta Edad Media, momento que constituiría el inicio de la transformación del paisaje rural hasta producir las características del sistema tradicional que aún permanece en uso en muchas zonas de este territorio.
El estudio arqueológico se completa con el método etnográfico para conocer las prácticas sociales y los procesos de cambio que se están dando actualmente a partir de nuevos usos y nuevas formas de entender el paisaje rural.
Los casos de estudio destacados corresponden a trabajos de campo realizados en contexto de arqueología de gestión (Red de Gasificación de Galicia 1995-99); un complejo arquitectónico cultural (A Cidade da Cultura, Santiago de Compostela 2001); parques eólicos (sierra de O Suído, Pontevedra-Ourense 2003-05); y proyectos de investigación del Plan Nacional en el Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas (Isla de Ons, Pontevedra, 2010-13) y del Plan Galego relacionado con el Camino de Santiago (Olveiroa, A Coruña 2009-12). Estos casos de estudio ofrecen una visión detallada sobre los procesos de construcción y formación del paisaje agrario de Galicia.

The rural landscape of Campo de Montiel (Ciudad Real): influence and cultural heritage of traditional livestock exploitations: The landscape of the plateau of Campo de Montiel (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) is conditioned by a set of natural features which include a rocky limestone outcrops of abundant surface and climatic conditions characterized by low winter temperatures. These natural features have hindered the development
of an agricultural activity that has been collated from yesteryear with some extensive livestock exploitation (poorly studied in this space) dominated Manchego sheep breed. This contribution presents a preliminary study to establish the importance of livestock in the current configuration of the landscape of an area of Campo de Montiel. It also proposes a model of spatial distribution of landscape response to the dominant geographic components and an analysis of which is the cultural heritage of the old livestock in modern landscapes.

No Brasil, embora as taxas de desmatamento sejam maiores que as de recuperação da cobertura florestal, é possível que em certas regiões o aumento da cobertura supere o desmatamento, caracterizando uma transição florestal. A Teoria da Transição Florestal busca explicar os processos que levam a essa reversão, relacionando-os fundamentalmente ao desenvolvimento econômico associado à industrialização, à urbanização e à intensificação do uso da terra que ocasionariam o abandono de terras em áreas menos favoráveis a atividades agropecuárias, deixando-as disponíveis para replantio e regeneração da cobertura florestal. A diversidade de fatores envolvidos na transição florestal inclui uma complexa teia de interações institucionais, sociais, biológicas, culturais e físicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar evidências de transição florestal em áreas do estado de São Paulo, identificando fatores sociais e biofísicos relacionados à recuperação da área de mata nativa em diferentes escalas espaciais e discutindo a aplicabilidade da Teoria da Transição Florestal. Foram utilizados levantamentos de dados existentes na literatura, técnicas de geoprocessamento baseadas em classificação de imagens de satélite em média e alta resolução, questionários aplicados em propriedades rurais em uma amostra de municípios, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação direta. Os resultados permitiram concluir que há evidências de uma transição florestal em São Paulo e contextualizar as trajetórias da variação da cobertura de mata nativa nos níveis analíticos frente aos cenários mais amplos da economia, política e ambientalismo no Brasil. Crises e estagnação econômica, num período em que o desenvolvimento sustentável passou a fazer parte do discurso político em diferentes setores da sociedade, parecem ter contribuído para a transição florestal na década de 1990. A observação da trajetória da cobertura florestal nos municípios estudados leva a questionar o futuro dessa transição se nos pautarmos apenas na tese de que o desenvolvimento econômico se encarregará de impulsioná-la. A redução do desmatamento e o aumento da cobertura florestal nas áreas estudadas não é motivada primariamente pelo desenvolvimento econômico ou pela escassez de produtos florestais, mas principalmente pela falha dos sistemas de produção em garantir os modos de vida da população rural. As vias explicativas mais satisfatórias para compreender os processos observados relacionam-se às políticas públicas florestais e à globalização dos mercados e da informação. São discutidos mecanismos de estímulo ao aumento da cobertura florestal que atendam ao desenvolvimento econômico e social de pequenos, médios e grandes proprietários rurais aliados à conservação ambiental.

The following text forms part of a broader research titled 'Rural cultural landscapes: the interaction between rural communities and the natural environment" carried out in the framework of CULT RURAL project 'Promotion of a Cultural Area Common to European Rural Communities'. The research tried to highlight important aspects of cultural heritage directly related to the rural landscape.

Reintegrating abandoned buildings with historical and cultural values in social life through adaptive-reusing provides many benefits in cultural, social and environmental aspects. Especially, adaptive-reusing the culturally valuable structures in rural areas is quite important in preserving the cultural heritage, architectural identity and the structure's place in the collective memory of a society. Moreover, the effect of adaptive-reused structures and local landscape is significant on rural tourism activities in the area. Rural tourism is a form of tourism with a very low negative impact on environment compared to other types of tourism. This is due to rural tourism using the local culture, local architecture and local landscape as its resources. In many rural areas, tourism activities are shaped according directly to the characteristic architecture and landscape features of the area, furthermore, the tourism activity, structures in the area and the landscape are in constant interaction. This study aims to reveal the effects of adaptive-reused structures and local landscape on rural tourism activities, identify the criteria for adaptive-reused structures and uses of local landscape features in tourism, and reveal the importance this interaction on sustainable resource use, sustainable economic input and sustainable tourism activity.

Rural development represents a very complex, wide-ranging and multidisciplinary sector. This contemporary issue stands for initiating and supporting development of rural settlements and landscapes. To make it efficient it's important to encourage and support sustainability concerning both economic and environmental aspects. Regarding environmental sustainability an important role is played by open spaces. Within built-up area the emphasis should be put especially on those public and semi-public ones as they provide space for social interaction and community life. They have a potential to improve the environment and thereby the quality of life in the countryside. Besides economic productivity of open land structures surrounding rural settlements the social utilization of these areas should be considered and improved. Relevant tools for restoration and further development of rural spaces are provided by landscape planning and landscape architecture. They lie in improving green infrastructure (GI) of rural spaces. This paper introduces the approach of GI improvement by planning and design tools on the case study of micro-region Cergát-Váh and the rural settlement Tvrdošovce (Tardoskedd) situated in the agricultural countryside of Nitra Region in the Danube Lowland. Kulcsszavak:vidék, zöld infrastruktúra, nyitott tér, köztér, fenntarthatóság ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ MEGÁLLAPÍTÁSOK, KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK, JAVASLATOK A vidékfejlesztés egy nagyon komplex, széles körű és multidiszciplináris ágazatot képez. Ez az aktuális probléma a vidéki települések és tájegységek fejlesztésének kezdeményezését és támogatását jelenti. Hogy ennek hatékonyságát és eredményességét biztosítani tudjuk,

My Master's thesis research stems from the need to integrate a multidisciplinary view to conservation issues. The integration of a historical approach to the study of environmental systems (historical ecology), in addition to anthropological and sociological approaches, can offer relevant support for studies in the field of biodiversity protection and conservation. In the perspective of a new evaluation of a specific cultural landscape, a historical environmental analysis conducted at the local scale assumes a key role. Historical ecology is a tool for an accurate analysis of the cultural landscape over time and in its interrelation with local society and its productions. The aim is to develop historical ecology research in specific contexts related to the field of eco-gastronomy in collaboration with the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo. An analysis of a case study of a product from the Ark of Taste Liguria catalogue of the Slow Food movement was therefore carried out, using the methodological approach of historical ecology. The integration of historical sources with the field analysis allowed a critical and improving reading of the selected Ark of Taste sheet: chestnuts dried in the “tecci” of Calizzano and Murialdo (SV). The cartographic sources taken into consideration are topographical maps taken between the 18th and 19th centuries, digitized on the web or stored at the IGM of Florence and available at the LASA of UniGe and UniSG. Both explicit sources such as historical and geographical dictionaries and statistics from the first half of the 19th century (De Volvic, 1824; Casalis, 1836; De Bartolomeis, 1840) and recent implicit sources (Balbis et al., 2012; Balbis et al., 2013; Balbis et al., 2015) were analysed as textual sources. The field survey included a relief to a chestnut grove located on the southern slope of Monte Camulera near Murialdo. With the testimony of the Olivieri family, a qualitative analysis of biodiversity was then carried out. A field sheet was drawn up with items relating to the structure and composition of the wood; the chestnut cultivars present in the area chosen for the survey were described and compared with textual sources. Using the Braun-Blanquet index, a survey of vegetation was carried out using the phytosociological method, while the method of sighting and/or presence of traces was used for animal species. A section on the presence of buildings related to chestnut drying was included in the field record. The field survey integrated with other sources allowed for an accurate historical reconstruction of the local product chestnuts dried in the“tecci”of Calizzano and Murialdo, complete with environmental, historical and social aspects. This integration may represent a starting point for subsequent studies on other products included in Slow Food's Ark of Taste Liguria catalogue. The close relation between food, local communities and environmental resources - highlighted by historical ecology research - is at the center of a research project that could be carried out not only by gastronomes and sociologists, but also by conservation biologists. These researchers would provide a scientific reading in a field that has so far been explored in depth by the humanities. Finally, the research aims to broaden knowledge of historical ecology in a university scientific context, reconnecting ecology with the historical processes that have affected and passed through it.

Le Cinque Terre, e Riomaggiore in particolare, sono state oggetto di numerose indagini, le quali hanno considerato soprattutto la produzione vinicola e gli aspetti paesaggistici dei terrazzamenti. È stata in gran parte trascurata la funzione essenziale che hanno avuto le alture e le porzioni di territorio non vignato. La notevole estensione, che vigneto e terrazzamenti hanno raggiunto nei primi decenni del ’900, ha conferito loro un ruolo totalizzante che essi non avevano nei secoli precedenti. Infatti, il periodo metà ’800-metà ’900 può essere considerato unico per la storia di Riomaggiore sia come sviluppo demografico che come espansione della viticoltura. Il vignato, e con esso i terrazzamenti, hanno avuto per quest’area una presenza continua nel corso dei secoli, contribuendo a modellarne la conformazione in modo sostanziale ma, per lunghi anni, in un contesto di uso multiplo del territorio. I documenti del periodo medievale suggeriscono la presenza di una superficie vignata assai ridotta e frammentata, mentre nel XVII secolo la copertura delle terre vignate è poco più del 50% delle terre censite, la percentuale che si abbassa se si aggiungono le terre comuni. È quindi una situazione promiscua, dove attività legate alla silvicoltura e alla pastorizia coprono una parte rilevante del territorio comunale. Nello scorrere dei secoli possiamo osservare, seppure con una qualche discontinuità, una tendenza all’incremento del vigneto a scapito delle altre attività, soprattutto quelle legate all’allevamento. Un elemento fondamentale, che ha permesso questa espansione,  è stata la stretta connessione con le comunità interne (quelle oltre il crinale delle colline litoranee) e, in particolare, la disponibilità di terreni in quei comuni, dove la coltura più diffusa è quella del castagno. Anche le comunaglie rivestono un ruolo centrale sia per le attività tipiche del bosco che per la pastorizia. Il cambiamento più radicale si ha durante l’800. In una fase di sviluppo demografico senza precedenti, che richiede una espansione del coltivo e una sua maggiore produttività, le modalità tradizionali di utilizzo delle comunaglie appaiono sempre più inadeguate. È in questo contesto che si arriva alla loro alienazione mediante la cessione a “particolari”, e al superamento dell’antico regime consuetudinario. Questi cambiamenti non sono indolori come dimostrano i contenziosi sia interni alla comunità di Riomaggiore  che quelli con le comunità limitrofe. Un’attività strettamente connessa all’uso delle terre comuni è l’allevamento, soprattutto di ovini, importante sia per l’alimentazione degli abitanti che per la concimazione delle terre coltivate. Tuttavia, soprattutto a partire dal XIX secolo, la pastorizia perde progressivamente la sua rilevanza con l’espandersi del vigneto e con l’esigenza di una maggiore produttività agricola.

ÖZ
Rekreasyon planlamasının başarıya ulaşabilmesi için rekreasyonel alan kullanıcılarının görüşleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada,Bendimahi Havzası (Van) örneğinde yapılan anket ve harita üzerinde işaretlemeler ile kullanıcıların, rekreasyon alan tercihleri, bu alanların fiziksel özellikleri ile kullanıcıların sosyo-kültürel özellikleri arasında ilişkiler ve rekreasyona verilen önemin mekansal dağılımı tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Katılımcılardan rekreasyonel tercihleri ve rekreasyonel açıdan önem verdikleri alanları önem düzeyine görepuanlayarak, harita üzerinde belirtmesi istenmiş ve elde edilen veriler,istatiksel testler ve coğrafi bilgi sistemi üzerinde mekânsal analizler ile incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar Muradiye ve Çaldıran ilçe merkezleri ile suya yakın alanların rekreasyonel açıdan daha çok tercih edildiğini, kırsal alanda rekreasyon ile cinsiyet ve eğitim durumu değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda, rekreasyonel alan planlamasında katılımcı yaklaşımlara ve kırsal alanlardaki rekreasyon alanlarının altyapısının güçlendirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
Anahtar sözcükler:katılımcı haritalama, rekreasyon değeri, kırsal peyzajlar, kültürel ekosistem hizmetleri

Al testo letterario è possibile rivolgersi con molteplici approcci, ispirati da altrettanti differenti campi disciplinari. Questo lavoro affronta da una prospettiva geografico-letteraria la produ-zione narrativa e documentaristica di Carlo Cassola, romano di nascita ma toscano d'elezione, dipanando i fili che uniscono la sua biografia, il contesto geografico-storico-culturale in cui si è mosso e i topoi delle sue numerose pubblicazioni letterarie ed etnografiche. La densa narrativa microanalitica dell'autore consente di riscoprire un mondo di mestieri e usi ormai scompar-so, così come di individuare i meccanismi di riproduzione e analisi della realtà intrecciati con la sensibilità e l'ars narrandi dell'autore. Il caso studio offre l'occasione per ridiscutere alcune recenti categorie concettuali e analitiche della geografia e dell'antropologia, come quella di "taskcape" e quella di "produzione della località". Gli spazi rurali narrati da Cassola si rivelano così come crogioli di pratiche, produzioni e conoscenze, permettendo di gettare nuova luce sul "margine" di una Toscana rurale che proprio la fonte letteraria può supportare in nuovi percorsi di valorizzazione.

Esta aportación tiene como finalidad presentar una reflexión conceptual y metodológica sobre la caracterización del paisaje rural de la región de Madrid en época romana. Las numerosas excavaciones efectuadas en los últimos años permiten constatar una gran diversificación en formas de ocupación pero se precisa un riguroso avance en cuestiones tan determinantes como la existencia de los vici o aglomeraciones secundarias, el origen de la villae, la inserción de los establecimientos productivos en los complejos tardorromanos  o la función de las construcciones efímeras que formaron parte del paisaje rural de la romanidad madrileña.

Negli ultimi decenni i nostri territori hanno vissuto un’inevitabile trasformazione dovuta alla crisi del modello industriale. Tra i suoi più macroscopici e etti vi è la dismissione di vaste aree produttive tra cui si annoverano cave e discariche. Esse appartengono al patrimonio dismesso e abbandonato che popola i territori italiani.
Nel riflettere sul destino di questi luoghi, la bonifica ambientale può essere integrata da azioni in grado di attivare interazioni sistemiche e cicli virtuosi all’interno dei paesaggi rurali e dei territori più in generale.

El ser humano ha modelado durante siglos de trabajo el medio físico donde se asienta, configurando un paisaje rural. En este sentido se reconocen los valores patrimoniales del paisaje y de los elementos que lo integran, entre los que se encuentran las arquitecturas, a las cuales dedicamos el presente artículo, en el que tratamos de establecer una clasificación de los principales tipos de la arquitectura rural dispersa en el territorio valenciano.

Following the industrial revolution, abandonment and decrease of population in rural areas are common problems that can be faced all around the world, as a result of various factors. As a consequence of implemented policies and radical changes in social life, nowadays large number of rural settlements in Turkey are also in the process of abandonment. However, many of these abandoned rural settlements have invaluable vernacular assets that bear the traces of past rural life and comprise the spirit of these cultural landscape areas. Although rural heritage in depopulated settlements have melted against the natural conditions by time, some settlements succeed to preserve their authenticity and integrity to a certain extent. On the other hand in some villages, which are more crowded and close to the city centers, authenticity and integrity values of traditional architectural heritage has been destroyed by human beings as a result of new construction pressures. This situation accompanies a big dilemma about conservation of traditional architectural heritage. This article aims to discuss reasons of depopulation in countryside, impacts of abandonment, pros and cons of re-evaluation alternatives for rural settlements and to develop proposals not only for preservation of rural architectural heritage in rural regions of Turkey, but also for revitalization and sustainability of livelihoods in there.

Huertos de naranjos. La formación del vergel valenciano.

Este libro aborda el paisaje del naranjal valenciano, que se desarrolla desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta la década de los años treinta del siglo XX sobre la llanura litoral comprendida entre la Plana de Castellón y la Safor. El naranjo ha sido conocido en tierras valencianas como árbol de jardín, presente en huertos periurbanos, donde era muy admirado por sus cualidades estéticas. La confluencia de una serie de factores, tales como la revolución en los transportes o la aplicación de la máquina de vapor para el riego, entre otros, hizo posible que a partir del último tercio del siglo XIX el naranjal comenzara una rápida expansión, dados los elevados beneficios que proporcionaba.

Se analiza la evolución del huerto jardín valenciano, donde el naranjo convivía con otras especies, hacia el tipo ideal de huerto burgués, donde pasó a ocupar toda la superficie en régimen de monocultivo, en función de criterios de rentabilidad económica . Aunque conservó aquella vertiente estética que tuvo como árbol de jardín, que se manifiesta en cualquier rincón del vasto país del naranjo, y que incluso se ve incrementada al asociarse con la elevada rentabilidad.
Estas circunstancias explican que el naranjal disfrutara de una gran valoración estética por parte de la literatura, la pintura o la fotografía. Sus miradas se centran en los pueblos del corazón de la Ribera, en donde se encuentra el paisaje de los huertos por excelencia. Todas contribuyen a formar la imagen de un gran vergel productivo, que se difundió por todas partes y que llegó a convertirse en uno de los símbolos representativos de la identidad valenciana.

Öz
Kültürel peyzaj terimi, insan ve doğal çevresi arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimlerin bir sonucu olarak bölgenin çevresinde zamanla oluşan çeşitliliği ve bu yöndeki çalışmaları kapsar. Bu doğrultuda 'Tarım', en önemli kültürel peyzaj değerlerindendir. Bu çalışmada Çanakkale'ye bağlı Troya Tarihi Milli Parkı'na en yakın dört köy (Kumkale, Tevfikiye, Çıplak, Halileli) ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada bölgenin tarımsal ürünleri ve kültürel peyzaj envanteri belirlenerek, tablo ile analiz edilmiş ve haritası oluşturulmuştur. Bu bölge, yüzyıllar boyunca çeşitli uygarlıklara tanıklık etmesi nedeni ile önemli bulunduğu için seçilmiş olup, tarımsal üretiminin korunarak alan kullanımının sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, yöntem olarak birinci aşamada bölgedeki yerleşim birimleri tarihsel süreçle incelenmiş ve günümüze yansıyan tarihi arkeolojik öğelerin envanteri ve mevcut durumu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, alandaki somut ve somut olmayan kültürel miras değerlerinin, gelenek ve göreneklerin belirlenmesi amacı ile bilgi formları hazırlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu formlardan elde edilen bilgilerle tablolar oluşturulmuş, analizler yapılmış, kültürel peyzaj haritası oluşturulmuş, alan kullanımı ile ilgili öneriler getirilmiştir.
Abstract
The Determination of The Rural Area Cultural Landscape Resources: The Case of The Four Villages from The Troya (Canakkale-Turkey) The term of cultural landscape involves the diversity created in the environment of the region in time as a result of the interrelations between the human and his natural environment, and studies in that direction. Therefore, the most important cultural landscape element is " Agriculture ". In this study, the four villages (Kumkale, Tevfikiye, Çıplak, Halileli), attached to Çanakkale taking place in the nearest of Troya Historical National Park, were taken into consideration. There were determined agricultural products of the region and cultural landscape inventory, analyzed with a table and created map. These chosen region was found to be significant because they witnessed various civilizations for centuries and it was aimed to use them by protecting agriculture production and used land. For this purpose, as a method, first of all, the progression of accommodation units in that region through the historical process was examined and inventory of historical archeological elements which reflected on the present day and their present conditions were determined. Then, information forms have been prepared in order to determine the cultural heritage values of tangible and non-tangible cultural heritage, traditions and customs in the field. As a result, tables were created, analyzes were made with the information obtained from these forms, a cultural landscape map was created and suggestions were developed about using the space.

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Monumental olive trees, with their longevity and their remarkable size, represent an important information source for the comprehension of the territory where they grow and the human societies that have kept them through time. Across the centuries, olive trees are the only cultivated plants that tell the story of Mediterranean landscapes. The same as stone monuments, these green monuments represent a real Mediterranean natural and cultural heritage. The aim of this paper is to discuss the value of monumental trees as “biocultural heritage” elements and the role they play in the interpretation of the historical stratification of the landscape. We present the results of a survey of the most significant olive trees growing in Sicily. The selection was based on the “monumentality” aspects of trees, taking into account dendrometric parameters and environmental contexts. The collected dataset constitutes a heterogeneous sample of 367 specimens of considerable size that, in some cases, rea...

This chapter introduces some key academic debates about the ancient countryside, with particular emphasis on economy, demography and representation. It draws on textual and archaeological evidence to consider some of the most prominent academic discussions about the role and significance of the countryside in the ancient world.

Autorka artykułu podejmuje problematykę społecznego, a następnie materialnego zaniku wsi w powiecie piskim. Na obszarze tym, w następstwie przemian społeczno-politycznych po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, doszło do całkowitej depopulacji kilkudziesięciu różnych jednostek osadniczych. Powiat piski do 1945 roku znajdujący się w południowej części Prus Wschodnich, pograniczny od setek lat, przeszedł do interioru kraju, który odzyskał niepodległość w nowych granicach. W początkowych latach funkcjonowania w nowym organizmie państwowym traktowany był jednak niemal jak ziemia niczyja – a na pewno „obca” – z postrzeganymi jako obcy mieszkańcami i obcym dziedzictwem. Następstwem nastąpiły gwałtowne przekształcenia krajobrazu kulturowego, którego struktury jednak w dalszym ciągu przechowują liczne informacje. Przykładowo obecne rozmieszczenie opuszczonych jednostek osadniczych wskazuje przebieg dawnych granic politycznych. Takie przestrzenie natomiast, przypominając historię mazurskiej ziemi i jej mieszkańców, stanowią nadal swego rodzaju pogranicze – miejsca interakcji współczesnych z dziedzictwem, przeszłości z teraźniejszością. W powiecie piskim tylko w samym ścisłym pasie 10 km od południowej granicy dawnych Prus Wschodnich częścią krajobrazu kulturowego jest kilkadziesiąt jednostek osadniczych, w których nikt dziś nie zamieszkuje – 26 wsi i 7 leśniczówek. Ich struktury materialne są nośnikiem opowieści o dawnym i obecnym pograniczu.

The article describes a problem of social and material disappearance of villages in Pisz County. In this area, following the socio-political changes after the end of the Second World War, a total depopulation of several different settlement units took place. Pisz County – until 1945 located in the southern part of East Prussia, and already considered a borderland for hundreds of years – joined the interior of the country that regained its independence in the new borders. However, in the early years of its functioning in the new State organism, it was treated almost like a no-man’s land – and certainly an “alien” land – with its residents treated as strangers and its foreign heritage. The result has been a rapid transformation of the cultural landscape, but its structures still contain various information. For example, the current distribution of abandoned settlement units indicates the course of former political borders. In turn, their spaces, resembling the history of Masurian land and its residents, are still a kind of borderland; these are places of interaction: modern with heritage, the past with the present. In Pisz County – in the very zone of 10 km from the southern border of former East Prussia – a part of the cultural landscape is constituted by several settlement units, which nobody occupies today; these include 27 villages and 7 forester’s lodges. Their material structures tell the story of the former and present borderland.

State Visions for the Future of Rural Architecture in Turkey
Throughout the history of the Republic of Turkey, rural areas have always been important and different solutions have been sought for the problems of these areas. Nowadays a large number of rural settlements in Turkey has already been in the process of abandonment or turn into a suburb due to urban expansion of big cities close to them. Although rural architectural heritage in depopulated settlements have melted against the natural conditions by time, some settlements succeed to preserve their authenticity and integrity to a certain extent. On the other hand in some villages, which are more crowded and close to the city centers, authenticity and integrity values of traditional architectural heritage has been destroyed by human beings as a result of new construction pressures.However, it is observed that the new buildings constructed in rural areas cannot be subjected to necessary inspection mostly in terms of compliance with the building law and as a result of this situation, the problem of uncontrolled illegal construction has also become widespread in rural areas as well as in cities throughout the whole country. This problem, which has been increasing in recent years, has also attracted the attention of the public administration and in accordance with the current legislation for the new constructions to be built in the villages, typical architectural projects have been prepared in accordance with the traditional, cultural and architectural features of the region. This article aims to discuss the evolution of rural policies of Turkey that directly or indirectly affect the physical environment and architecture and the recent projects and proposals of the state to “regulate” and “beautify” the physical space of the villages, in terms of architectural discipline.

In the context of Croatian national legislation the instrument of landscape plan does not have institutional foothold. The necessity of introducing landscape plans in the spatial planning system is emphasized by the European Landscape Convention. Landscape plan is recognized as a document that purpose is to provide long-term preservation and development of certain landscape by harmonizing different interests and thus is particularly important in the case of rural landscapes. Landscape plan should have an important role in improvement of those protection and management models that, due to its conservation orientation, which prevents sustainable development, are inappropriate for rural areas (Croatian case).
This paper will present the plan for revitalisation of UNESCO’s cultural landscape Stari Grad Plain on the island of Hvar that is known as being specifically problematic area where inconsistency of protection and development interests additionally affects the agricultural abandonment.
Methodology encompasses: collecting the data through field observation and discussion with stakeholders and experts, database digitalisation (pedology, relief, land use, hydrology, natural and cultural heritage, etc.), landscape typology, assessment of cultural, ecological and visual qualities, and assessment of attractiveness for new/old activities. Synthesis of the above steps resulted in creating several scenarios of revitalization plans substantiated with simulations of new land use principles.
The contribution of this work is in innovative methodological framework for the revitalization of rural landscapes applicable within the protected and other rural areas. Also, the large GIS database is established which allows subsequent adding and modification of data as well as the modelling and harmonizing the final proposals.