Vertical Farms

By 2050, 3 billion people are expected to live on earth. This suggests the construction industry needs to build his 3 billion new homes in urban areas. FAO estimates that by 2050, nearly 80% of the world's population will live in urban areas. This would require 220 acres of land to be used for food production. The use of pesticides, deforestation, and the large carbon footprint associated with the movement of food from rural to urban areas are all examples of the environmental impact of traditional farming methods. A new approach to overcome this is the idea of vertical farming, where food is grown in layers stacked vertically. This paper aims to conceptualize modular vertical farming to assist as a basis for collective interpretation of future agriculture and architectures. This modular design that can support a variety of activities such as drone subscription delivery, local markets, zen spaces, and hydroponic systems. As well as it is to be adapted to different situations by analyzing and researching existing cities using analytical tools to identify the best locations for intervention. As a consequence of the integration of modular vertical farming into the urban area, the city and its people are becoming more connected.

Local indoor farming plays a significant role in the sustainable food production sector. The operation and energy costs, however, have led to bankruptcy and difficulties in cost management of indoor farming operations. To control the volatility and reduce the electricity costs for indoor farming, the agrivoltaics agrotunnel introduced here uses: (1) high insulation for a building dedicated to vertical growing, (2) high-efficiency light emitting diode (LED) lighting, (3) heat pumps (HPs), and (4) solar photovoltaics (PVs) to provide known electric costs for 25 years. In order to size the PV array, this study develops a thermal model for agrotunnel load calculations and validates it using the Hourly Analysis Program and measured data so the effect of plant evapotranspiration can be included. HPs are sized and plug loads (i.e., water pump energy needed to provide for the hybrid aeroponics/hydroponics system, DC power running the LEDs hung on grow walls, and dehumidifier assisting in moisture condensation in summer) are measured/modeled. Ultimately, all models are combined to establish an annual load profile for an agrotunnel that is then used to model the necessary PV to power the system throughout the year. The results find that agrivoltaics to power an agrotunnel range from 40 to 50 kW and make up an area from 3.2 to 10.48 m 2 /m 2 of an agrotunnel footprint. Net zero agrotunnels are technically viable although future work is needed to deeply explore the economics of localized vertical food growing systems.

Avaliações econômicas e financeiras são importantes em investimentos voltados ao setor da produção de alimentos, principalmente em mercados emergentes, com maior risco. Incertezas tendem a impactar as decisões em organizações, os agentes de desenvolvimento e as escolhas realizadas por produtores rurais. Contudo, há limitada contribuição empírica sobre o risco de investimento em sistemas agroecológicos, o que dificulta a escolha por alternativas de geração de renda e segurança alimentar. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica num Sistema de Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável (PAIS). Um estudo de caso foi realizado no município de Dourados, MS, entrevistando um gestor do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas, um técnico de campo do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural e um produtor rural. A metodologia utilizou as técnicas de orçamento de capital (VPL, TIR, TIRM, VAUE, IL e PBd) e diferenciou-se pela análise de risco com o método Monte Carlo e por uma abordagem alinhada com a condição de mercado emergente, como o do Brasil. Com a taxa mínima de atratividade (TMA) (8,7525%) calculada com o modelo CAPM híbrido (AH-CAPM), chegou-se aos seguintes valores:

Avaliações econômicas e financeiras são importantes em investimentos voltados ao setor da produção de alimentos, principalmente em mercados emergentes, com maior risco. Incertezas tendem a impactar as decisões em organizações, os agentes de desenvolvimento e as escolhas realizadas por produtores rurais. Contudo, há limitada contribuição empírica sobre o risco de investimento em sistemas agroecológicos, o que dificulta a escolha por alternativas de geração de renda e segurança alimentar. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica num Sistema de Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável (PAIS). Um estudo de caso foi realizado no município de Dourados, MS, entrevistando um gestor do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas, um técnico de campo do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural e um produtor rural. A metodologia utilizou as técnicas de orçamento de capital (VPL, TIR, TIRM, VAUE, IL e PBd) e diferenciou-se pela análise de risco com o método Monte Ca...

Introduction Salmonellosis, being an important public health problem, is one of the most important food-borne diseases worldwide. The primary reservoir of Salmonella for humans is the intestinal tract of poultry. Human salmonellosis outbreaks are frequently associated with raw or undercooked poultry, egg, and meat product consumption (1). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012 annual report, Salmonella was the second most common cause of confirmed outbreaks in the United States (2). It is estimated that annually 93.8 million salmonellosis cases occur in the world and 155,000 of these cases result in death. Salmonella comprises more than 2500 known serovars (3). In most developed countries, S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most frequently incriminated causal agents of human salmonellosis (4). S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype identified among others in 35 countries, followed by Typhi (12 countries) and Typhimurium (8 countries). Serotyping is needed to understand the global epidemiology and surveillance of Salmonella as well as the rapid communication of the results (5). In Turkey, the most common serotypes isolated from humans are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (6). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are of utmost importance for public health. The use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agricultural and aquaculture practices plays a key role for the development of resistance (7). Salmonella spp. isolated from the United States and other countries have revealed an increasing rate of multidrug resistance (8). High prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria in foods of animal origin creates general concern for the choice of therapeutic agent used for foodborne infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi in chicken eggs and poultry products. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were assessed in terms of selecting effective therapeutic agents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection Totally 200 samples consisting of 100 eggs (50 from markets, 50 from poultry farms), 60 processed poultry products (20 nuggets, 20 sausages, 20 salami samples), and 40 poultry giblets (20 gizzards and 20 livers) were

The study was based on the development of production functions that characterize the activities of agricultural enterprises in the regions of Russia. Official statistical information on 65 regions of Russia for 2017 and 2018 was used. The conducted research made it possible to identify factors (investments in fixed assets and wages of employees) that affect the volume of production in the agricultural sector in the regions of Russia and suggest using two-factor production functions of high quality to describe this influence. It is proved that the economy of the country's regions has not reached saturation with agricultural products and there are significant reserves for further development of this sector. The developed production functions are effective management tools that allow assessing the level of use of financial and labor resources. The acquired new knowledge and tools for assessing the activities of agriculture in the Russian regions are of scientific and practical importance. They can be used in research of the agricultural sector of the economy, monitoring of production volumes, in determining the needs for resources necessary for the development of agriculture, substantiating plans and programs for its development.

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in developing countries. Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity can directly increase the growth and spread of these pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate long-term temporal trends and seasonal patterns of Salmonella infections as well as evaluating the effects of demographic and climatic factors on the infection incidence in Yazd province, Iran during 2012-2015. The incidence of Salmonella infections was highest among patients with the age group of ≤5 years and peaked in summer, especially during June. Contrary to expectations, no significant associations were seen between the average monthly temperature, rainfall or humidity and incidence rate (IR) of salmonellosis. Interestingly, atmospheric dust hovering was significantly associated with an increased risk of salmonellosis. Transmission pathways of Salmonella spp. in communities should be considered as a complex ecological process that animal reservoirs, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle behaviors need to be addressed in future studies.

drug. However, pathogenic E.coli exhibited highest resistance to Trimethoprim/Sulphurmethoxazole) drug at (94%, 95% CI 70 to 99%). Conclusion: Prevalence of STEC was 5.4%, Stx 1 /Stx 2 /hlyA virulence genes combination was the most common and high resistance observed to commonly prescribed antibiotics and needed further research investigation.

A hidroponia consiste em uma tecnica para o cultivo de plantas sem solo, em meio hidrico, onde as raizes recebem uma solucao nutritiva balanceada que contem agua e todos os nutrientes essenciais ao desenvolvimento da planta [2]. Apesar de ser ainda incipiente no pais, a tendencia e que haja um aumento significativo do uso dessa tecnica em diversas localidades onde o clima instavel prejudica a producao agricola. Neste sentido, a automacao e necessaria para minimizar os prejuizos, atraves do controle de diversas variaveis em abrigos de cultivo. Alem de minimizar o risco de perda de safra, a automacao possibilita uma maior qualidade dos produtos por proporcionar condicoes ideais para producao, permitindo autonomia no cultivo e, consequentemente, que a mao-de-obra humana seja direcionada a atividades que exijam maior dedicacao. Neste artigo propoe-se um sistema MIMO capaz de controlar a producao e o monitoramento de hortalicas em estufas para cultivo, coletando e controlando variaveis e...

No momento atual, para que os proprietários rurais consigam enfrentar as novas mudanças impostas pelo cotidiano adverso, há a necessidade de que assumam o papel de empresários do setor rural. Sendo assim, é preciso que sejam estabelecidas estratégias que permitam aos mesmos superar as dificuldades, garantindo a sobrevivência e o bem-estar. Dentre as opções, a ativação do turismo no espaço rural apresentase como uma alternativa, podendo ser considerado como toda atividade turística no meio rural, independente de estar relacionada ou não à produção agropecuária. Observa-se que várias são as opções de ativação do turismo rural em propriedades agrícolas, dentre elas o agroturismo, o ecoturismo, os hotéis-fazenda. De forma geral, percebe-se que o turismo no espaço rural é uma estratégia que pode ser adotada pelos produtores na administração de sua área, permitindo a sobrevivência e a manutenção da propriedade como um todo, visto as condições econômicas e sociais em que se inserem. Neste trabalho abordamos este tema, através da descrição do panorama observado, analisando os pontos fortes e fracos desta estratégia empresarial nas propriedades rurais produtivas e conseqüentemente, a apresentação de sugestões que colaboram na implementação de melhorias no setor.

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

Bacteriological examination of 300samples from broiler internal organs(liver,2ceci,un absorbed yolk sac) from1 day old chicks suffering from omphalitis and respiratory disorders after hatching ,revealed 37 Salmonella isolates 12.3%.Conventional methods for isolation and identification of Salmonella isolates from chicks showed that Salmonella apper as a colorless colonies on Macconkeys agar medium . It gave the characteristics slightly transparent zone of reddish color with or without black center on XLD and colorless colonies with black centre onSS agar medium.It appeared as Gram –negative straight rods , non-spore forming and arranged single in pairs and in groups .Moreover , Salmonella isolates were citrate test positive (blue color),urease test negative (yellow color)and they also gave acid but(yellow) and alkaline slant (red) with H25 production (black correlation on TSI agar medium.Serotyping of 37 Salmonella isolates by slide agglutination test using using specific monovalent ...

O potencial de desenvolvimento e empreendedorismo sempre foi um predicado para descrever o agronegócio brasileiro. Nas últimas décadas, o setor se tornou foco de grandes desenvolvimentos e oportunidades na área de irrigação, onde a floricultura foi se destacando de forma empresarial sem viés apenas para a subsistência e cultura assistencialista. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa pesquisa quantitativa é realizar uma análise de mercado que mapeie e identifique o segmento de mercado consumidor do cultivo de morango e manjericões hidropônicos, demonstrando a viabilidade de um novo empreendimento nesse ramo. O estudo tem natureza bibliográfica, exploratória, descritiva, explicativa e foi realizado no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul no período de 2017 a 2018. Os resultados apontaram, através das análises realizadas no âmbito mercadológico, que o referido segmento de mercado está em constante expansão e com investimento adequado e esforço tecnológico, é possível criar muitas oportunidades relac...

Salmonellosis is a significant public health problem worldwide. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in commercial eggs of Tiaret province, Algeria, and evaluate the susceptibility of isolated strains to different antimicrobial agents. A total of 180 commercial eggs collected from various retail outlets (groceries, butchers, wholesalers, street vendors) were analyzed by conventional methods, and 13 Salmonella spp. isolates were tested on a panel of 7 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. Of 180 chicken egg content samples examined, the findings indicated that 13 (7.22%) were positive for Salmonella spp. Regarding the collection site, 2 (1.11%), 4 (2.22%), and 7 (3.88%) of Salmonella spp. isolates were detected from butchers, wholesalers, and street vendors, respectively. Most antibiotic discs have demonstrated widespread resistance with an incidence rate of 100%, including amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and erythromycin. However, colistin sulfate, gentamycin, and tetracycline were more effective against Salmonella isolates. It can be concluded that the highest detection rate of Salmonella spp. was observed for street vendors, and the highest resistance was recorded for commonly used antibiotics in poultry production.

Introduction Salmonellosis, being an important public health problem, is one of the most important food-borne diseases worldwide. The primary reservoir of Salmonella for humans is the intestinal tract of poultry. Human salmonellosis outbreaks are frequently associated with raw or undercooked poultry, egg, and meat product consumption (1). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012 annual report, Salmonella was the second most common cause of confirmed outbreaks in the United States (2). It is estimated that annually 93.8 million salmonellosis cases occur in the world and 155,000 of these cases result in death. Salmonella comprises more than 2500 known serovars (3). In most developed countries, S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most frequently incriminated causal agents of human salmonellosis (4). S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype identified among others in 35 countries, followed by Typhi (12 countries) and Typhimurium (8 countries). Serotyping is needed to understand the global epidemiology and surveillance of Salmonella as well as the rapid communication of the results (5). In Turkey, the most common serotypes isolated from humans are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (6). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are of utmost importance for public health. The use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agricultural and aquaculture practices plays a key role for the development of resistance (7). Salmonella spp. isolated from the United States and other countries have revealed an increasing rate of multidrug resistance (8). High prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria in foods of animal origin creates general concern for the choice of therapeutic agent used for foodborne infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi in chicken eggs and poultry products. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were assessed in terms of selecting effective therapeutic agents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection Totally 200 samples consisting of 100 eggs (50 from markets, 50 from poultry farms), 60 processed poultry products (20 nuggets, 20 sausages, 20 salami samples), and 40 poultry giblets (20 gizzards and 20 livers) were

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pigs is endemic in both developed and developing countries. Most of swine HEV isolated so far belong to genotype 3 or 4. Several studies proposed that genotype 3 and 4 are freely transmissible between human and swine. To assess the potential source of infection attributable to swine farming, we analyzed the prevalence of naturally infection pigs in Thailand. Methods: During the period between May 2008 and June 2009, total 532 pig feces were collected from pig farms in different age of pigs, 1 to 6 month-old, sows, and boars, within 6 regions of Thailand, central, eastern, western, northern, upper northeastern , and lower northeastern. The specimens were tested for HEV RNA by seminested RT-PCR using universal primers. All positive samples were directly sequenced and 415 bp nucleotide sequences were compared with known HEV strains from GenBank. Results: Overall, 112 (21.1%) out of 532 fecal samples were detected HEV RNA. The prevalence of HEV infection of all areas and groups ranged from 0.0-29.2% and 0.2-4.5%, respectively. The highest prevalence was in the upper northeastern area. However, if both parts of northeastern were combined (21.6%), the highest prevalence was the western area with of the most pig farming zone of Thailand (28.2%). Sequence analysis revealed that swine HEV isolates from Thailand were clustered into genotype 3 of HEV. Conclusion: In this study, we showed the relatively high prevalence rate of HEV infection in swine in Thailand that seem to be contrast with the rarity case of clinical hepatitis E in Thai population. HEV genotype 3 become a new risk and is considered as viral zoonosis by reason of several reports of human cases worldwide, including Thailand.

76 Abstract Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues are a serious safety problem for animal food products. Poultry products have been long recognized as a reservoir for antibiotic resistant commensals and pathogens. Antibiotic residues ingested via food animal products expose gut micro-flora to low concentrations of antibiotics, which promote antibiotic resistance. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the potential of chicken products to act as a transmission corridor for the spread of the antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. The present study aimed at profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya. A total of 32 meat and egg samples were randomly collected from two study sites; KM and KU. Antibiotic residues in the study samples were detected using two microbiological techniques with Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typ...

In Mali, poultry farming is a valuable source of income for the population. With huge production potential, the conditions necessary to achieve the quality and safety of poultry products must be in place. This study, conducted between February 2017and May2018 had the objective of assessing the bacteriological prevalence of salmonella in eggs and poultry carcasses slaughtered in the district of Bamako. It focused on analyzing carcasses384 and112 eggs collected from poultry at markets and slaughterhouses. The individual samples were first sown on medium preenrichment and on enrichment media followed by isolation of the bacteria on selective media and identification by biochemical tests. Work has established a global prevalence of bacteriological 12, 90%which varied depending on the type of poultry forhens14.91% against10.88%guinea fowl, the nature of the sample (eggs (09, 82%) and carcasses (13.80%) and the sampling site (the more was observed at Niamakoro monitoring Boulkassoumbougou and Hamdallaye).

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were ident...

Vertical farming is best positioned to be fully automatised, but.... sun is free while electric light isn't! How does vertical farming work? Where are its ideal market niches? How does it look the future of vertical farming? Find the answers and more on the article.

Salmonella are the group of bacteria which are bacillus, without capsule, facultative aerobic and facultative anaerobic. Its transferring in avian is vertical and horizontal. In human, they can cause food poisoning. The egg is the most important source of salmonella. The native eggs were collected and transferred to the lab for studying the contamination of them. In this research the pattern of drug resistance of bacteria is studied. The shell of eggs was purified with Ethanol 80%, and then the

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis with array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) have a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in the Nigerian poultry and have been well studied in Nigeria, but less so in the north central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and semi structured questionnaire in 1000 poultry farms from NCN, we explore the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms have experienced NTS but only 6.3% have current infection with NTS. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid, and lack of and non-adherence ...

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were ident...

As estufas, como ambientes construidos pelo homem para abrigar e promover melhores condicoes de cultivo dos vegetais, tornaram-se, sob varios aspectos, interessantes solucoes arquitetonicas para vencer as adversidades impostas pelo clima. Devido ao microclima interno, a aplicacao dessas estufas na producao de vegetais, seja para o cultivo de alimentos ou de mudas, geralmente possibilita o alcance de melhores resultados, quando comparados aos das culturas ao ar livre. Um controle eficiente do citado microclima acarreta em um aumento substancial da producao, aliada a uma consideravel reducao do consumo energetico necessario. O projeto tem como objetivo desenvolver um dispositivo de controle e monitoramento do microclima interno de uma estufa, baseado em componentes de baixo custo e tecnologia aberta, demonstrando a viabilidade de sua aplicacao as pequenas propriedades da regiao Norte Fluminense. A metodologia consiste no levantamento e estudo de aplicacoes de controle de variaveis em ...

Anemia is a common condition in sow herds. We aimed to study the effects of severe iron deficiency during gestation on sow and piglet health outcomes with an experimental model for blood-removal-induced iron deficiency anemia. In total, 18 multiparous sows (8 in trial I and 10 in trial II) were allocated to either a blood removal group or a control group. Hematologic parameters were monitored at regular intervals and the tissue iron concentrations were measured for the sows and newborn piglets after farrowing. In trial I, the mean liver iron content was reduced to 46.7 µg/g in the blood removal sows compared to 252.6 µg/g in the controls (p < 0.001). In trial II, sows in the blood removal group had lower iron content in the liver (147.8 µg/g), kidney (46.3 µg/g) and spleen (326.5 µg/g) compared to the control sows (323.2 µg/g, 81.3 µg/g and 728.9 µg/g, respectively; p = 0.009, 0.016, 0.01, respectively). In trial I, piglets from sows in the blood removal group had significantly d...

Salmonella species are responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in humans, as well as gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. Although infections caused by Salmonella are treatable using chemotherapy. Sadly, several antibiotics are now resisted by Salmonella. Hence, this research accessed the antibiogram of a total of 120 Salmonella isolates from food vendors (18.30%) and animal sources (81.7%) in Donga, Ibi, Takum, and Wukari. Isolates were subjected to an Agar disc diffusion test and the following results were produced. On the one hand, 83(84.6%), 73 (74.4%), 79 (80.6%), and 76 (77.6%) of the total 98 Salmonella isolates from animal sources were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin, respectively. Also, all 98 (100%) isolates from this category were resistant to Ampicillin. On the other hand, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, and Streptomycin were resisted by 9 (56.3%), 4(25%), 7 (43.8%), 12 (75%) and 5 (31.3%) of the total 16 Non-Typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human sources respectively. 16.7% (1) of the 6 Typhoidal Salmonella isolates from this study were resisted by Augmentin and Streptomycin. Similarly, Chloramphenicol Tetracycline and Ampicillin were all opposed by 66.7% (4) of TS isolates. All isolates showed considerable susceptibility to, Cefotaxime, and Neomycin. Susceptibility and resistant attributes of antimicrobials are consequences to their limited and long-term usage respectively in chemotherapy and food production. Hence regulations should be intensified for antibiotics usage in both animal production and infection management. Also, opportunities for using plant extracts as alternatives to disease management and animal production should be maximized.

The main point is what is the role of public acceptability? The relevant question is how the public reacts and how we change our socio-cultural perception of Vertical Farming as a new technology or new innovation. The answer shows us the importance of study in related to the of Vertical Farming. There is a lack of comprehensive empirical studies exploring the status quo of Vertical Farming in all its different forms and functions. Existing empirical studies mostly focus on the construction technology or the agricultural technique of Vertical Farming. So far, no research addressed the factors contributing to the acceptance or rejection of Vertical Farming. The present research hopes to fill this gap and contribute to a better awareness of that. In this study, public acceptance as one of the important factor of accepting or rejecting the Vertical Farming is discussed and reviewed by qualitative approach. A comprehensive literature reviewed on public acceptance of Vertical Farming in r...

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in poultry meat and products presents a serious global public health problem. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the isolation rate of Salmonella species in eggs and chicken meat randomly sampled from some selected retail outlets in Sokoto metropolis, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates. Bacteriological culture and biochemical characterization, followed by the antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method were employed. Out of the 300 samples comprising 150 eggs, and 150 chicken meat samples analyzed, 20 (13.3 %) were positive for Salmonella among chicken meat, while 11 (7.33 %) were positive among the egg samples. Based on the sampling locations, the frequency of isolation of Salmonella was highest in Sokoto south and Wamakko areas with 17.5 % each for the chicken meat, while Sokoto south area with 10.0 % had the highest among the egg samples. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test showed 15 isolates (75 %) for chicken meat being 93.3 %, 86.7 %, 60.0 % and 60.0 % resistant to penicillin, oxytetracycline, Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and erythromycin respectively, while all 11 (100 %) isolates from egg swab culture showed resistance to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. However, a high proportion of isolates were susceptible to neomycin (93.3 %). The Salmonella isolates also exhibited multidrug-resistance against four of the antimicrobials tested that included erythromycins, Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin, and oxytetracycline. It could be suggested that the rational use of antibiotics needs to be adopted in commercial poultry farming system of Sokoto to curtail the spread of these drug-resistant pathogens and its concomitant hazard to human health.

Development always demands displacement as well as compromising the quality of environment. There is no doubt that the Vallarpadam Container Transshipment Terminal is a boost to Kerala economy as well as for the country's international trade scenario. But this project has done an irrevocable damage to our coastal areas where Pokkali indigenous organic rice cum prawn culture was practiced. The Pokkali-Prawn rotational culture system plays a very important role in maintaining the environmental quality as well as protecting our rich ecosystem. Due to this development project lot of people were displaced and hectares of wetlands were converted. The people who are displaced they not only lost their land but also their livelihood. The people who were traditionally practising Pokkali cultivation were generally unskilled and they are not able to move to any other occupation for meeting their ends. The damage done in the name of development to the environment as well as to the people is to be discussed seriously.

Esta pesquisa exploratória teve como objetivo avaliar o contexto da hidroponia no Brasil a partir da noção do Sistema de Inovação Tecnológica (e SIT). Especificamente, buscou-se caracterizar a estrutura, avaliar a dinâmica funcional e discutir o cenário atual do desenvolvimento do SIT da hidroponia no Brasil. A metodologia adotada é a pesquisa bibliográfica, e a base de dados compreende os anais das quatro edições do Simpósio Brasileiro de Hidroponia e a primeira e única edição do Anuário Brasil Hidroponia em 2018. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o software NVivo®12 Plus. Constatou-se um sistema de composição estrutural com elevado número de atores, predominantemente organizados em redes informais que têm como orientação tratativas sobre aspectos produtivos. No lado institucional, não há regulamentações ou legislações específicas para o SIT da hidroponia. As funções mais relevantes no SIT da hidroponia são a atividade empreendedora e a geração e difusão de conhecimento, enquanto ...

Objectives Salmonella is the most important causes of foodborne illness especially from poultry and poultry products. So the aim of this study was to carryout phenotypic characterization, antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and risk factors of salmonella isolates from farms and markets eggs, cloacae swabs of chickens and stool of egg collectors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to September 2018. Samples were, processed; salmonella was isolated, Phenotypically identified by OmniLog and antimicrobials susceptibility were carried out. Result Over all; 11(2.65%) of salmonella enterica were phenotipically characterized out of 415 samples from farms egg content (n=83), farms eggshell (n=83), cloacae (n=83), market eggshell (n=83) and market egg contents (n=83) with 2.4%, 0%, 2.4%, 4.8% and 3.6% prevalence, respectively. Out of isolates, 8(72.72%) displayed multidrug resistance. All isolates showed susceptibility to Gentamicin, Kanamycin and Streptomycin. Lack of ...

The present study aimed at the molecular detection of Salmonella species from feces of goats and the characterization of the isolated Salmonella by biochemical and antimicrobial sensitivity techniques. A total of 220 goat feces samples were collected, of which 27 (12.27%) were positive for Salmonella by conventional culture methods and 20 (9.09%) by biochemical and PCR techniques. The prevalence was higher in goats under one year of age (20%), compared to older animals aged one to two years (7.8%) and more than two years of age (4.7%), respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of diarrheic goats was significantly higher (38.46%) than healthy animals (2.76%). DNA was extracted from Salmonella strains and amplified by PCR using the specific primers of Salmonella invasion gene (invA gene). The antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ciprofloxacin (100 percent sensitivity), Gentamycin (100 percent sensitivity), and Neomycin (100 percent sensitivity) were the most effective antibiotics f...

Over the past century, architects have been attempting to dominate nature with the aid of technological development, machines, and high consumption of energy; so the gap between nature and the built environment was expanded. During the last few decades, there was a dramatic change in the way of thinking, shifting from the information age to the knowledge society with new multidisciplinary sciences. Nature is continuously motivating human accomplishments and has led to efficacious materials, structures, and processes and the outcomes have made a great difference in the survival of future generations and proceeded to secure a sustainable future. So, what if nature, contemporary sciences, and technology are mixed creating new architecture designs and materials to achieve a sustainable green built environment and smart buildings that conform to the requirements of the 21st century? A comprehensive review of utilizing biotechnology in retrofitting universities' architectural design is discussed that reflects the modern worldwide technological movement to create an ecofriendly university with modern educational methods through the studying and analysis of biology and contemporary scientific technologies as significant tools for creating a sustainable bio-tech architectural design and construction for a university to create a smart educational environment.

A aquaponia é um sistema de cultivo de alimentos que envolve integração entre hidroponia e aquicultura com recirculação de água e nutrientes. Devido suas características sustentáveis apresenta alternativas para produção de proteína animal e olerícolas de maneira integrada, menos impactante ao ecossistema. Para o desenvolvimento deste ensaio, adotou-se uma estrutura metodológica de natureza aplicada e de caráter científico com abordagem quali-quantitativa, trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e experimental. Os dados foram coletados por meio da pesquisa de campo em triangulação com o referencial bibliográfico. Levando em consideração a sustentabilidade e a praticidade do sistema aquapônico, objetivou-se neste trabalho, realizar o levantamento do custo para a implantação em pequena escala do sistema para propriedades da agricultura familiar e áreas periurbanas bem como, apresentar o passo-a-passo para a condução do sistema. O experimento prático contou com 27 quilos de peixes alimentados com ração referente a 2% do seu peso vivo, os resíduos nutriram 144 mudas da Alface Crespa. O sistema aquapônico para a agricultura familiar e área periurbana tende a ser alternativa sustentável, apresentou baixo custo de implantação, praticidade de manejo e a produção mais saudável devido à nutrição orgânica das plantas e a não utilização de produtos químicos no sistema.

The present study was conducted to investigate the sanitary aspects of poultry meat as infected by newly emerging Salmonella serovars including Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium either in raw or freshly slaughtered poultry meat in butcher's shops at Lahore Pakistan. The ultimate objective was to generate data in relevant to risk of food poisoning are also cited with the consumption of freshly butchered broilers which is a common and preferred choice of general public in Pakistan. Salmonellosis is one of the most wide spread food borne zoonoses in all the continents of the world. The etiological agents Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium not only produce the disease but during the convalescent phase (after the recovery of disease) remain carriers for indefinite period of time. In this study 200 samples of broiler poultry meat were collected from the shops of the butchers located in the metropolitan city of Lahore. The positivity percentage of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers it was 4 and 18% respectively. The positivity of Salmonella typhimurium in local indiginuous poultry birds was 2 and 14%. There was not significant difference (P >0.05) between the positivity percentage of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium as far as identification of Salmonellae from indiginuous poultry breed and broiler meat was concerned.

Esta pesquisa exploratória teve como objetivo avaliar o contexto da hidroponia no Brasil a partir da noção do Sistema de Inovação Tecnológica (e SIT). Especificamente, buscou-se caracterizar a estrutura, avaliar a dinâmica funcional e discutir o cenário atual do desenvolvimento do SIT da hidroponia no Brasil. A metodologia adotada é a pesquisa bibliográfica, e a base de dados compreende os anais das quatro edições do Simpósio Brasileiro de Hidroponia e a primeira e única edição do Anuário Brasil Hidroponia em 2018. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o software NVivo®12 Plus. Constatou-se um sistema de composição estrutural com elevado número de atores, predominantemente organizados em redes informais que têm como orientação tratativas sobre aspectos produtivos. No lado institucional, não há regulamentações ou legislações específicas para o SIT da hidroponia. As funções mais relevantes no SIT da hidroponia são a atividade empreendedora e a geração e difusão de conhecimento, enquanto ...

Rolnictwo miejskie defi niowane jest jako zabudowa realizowana do produkcji roślin na potrzeby społeczności lokalnej. Prezentowana problematyka dotyczy kształtowania zabudowy wraz z systemami zieleni dla zachowania środowiskowej równowagi przestrzeni miejskich oraz powiązań dotyczących współistnienia architektury i zieleni w mieście. Wskazuje się na możliwość kształtowania synergicznych układów przestrzennych poprzez integrację przestrzeni miejskiej i zabudowy o innowacyjnej funkcji produkcji – farmy miejskiej – stanowiącej uzupełnienie struktury funkcjonalnej miasta w powiązaniu z kształtowaniem przestrzeni publicznych i systemu zieleni. Architektura pro-środowiskowa powiązana z technologiami umożliwiającymi produkcję roślin w budynkach, umożliwia integrację przestrzeni miejskiej uzupełniając strukturę funkcjonalno-przestrzenną miasta. Wdrażanie nowych technologii umożliwia realizację produkcji roślin w budynkach farm hydroponicznych i aeroponicznych. Technologia produkcji oraz pro...

The present study was conducted to investigate the sanitary aspects of poultry meat as infected by newly emerging Salmonella serovars including Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium either in raw or freshly slaughtered poultry meat in butcher's shops at Lahore Pakistan. The ultimate objective was to generate data in relevant to risk of food poisoning are also cited with the consumption of freshly butchered broilers which is a common and preferred choice of general public in Pakistan. Salmonellosis is one of the most wide spread food borne zoonoses in all the continents of the world. The etiological agents Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium not only produce the disease but during the convalescent phase (after the recovery of disease) remain carriers for indefinite period of time. In this study 200 samples of broiler poultry meat were collected from the shops of the butchers located in the metropolitan city of Lahore. The positivity percentage of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers it was 4 and 18% respectively. The positivity of Salmonella typhimurium in local indiginuous poultry birds was 2 and 14%. There was not significant difference (P >0.05) between the positivity percentage of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium as far as identification of Salmonellae from indiginuous poultry breed and broiler meat was concerned.

This paper presents the findings of the agriculture public expenditure review (PER) for the Russian Federation. It reviews the policy instruments and historical trends in the volumes and composition of budget support and investigates their role in recent agricultural growth. The paper also analyzes the effect of public spending in 2006-2017 on growth in agriculture using the fixed effects model and find positive effect. Support for general services is the most efficient method of agricultural spending, but in the Russian agricultural budget the subsidies to individual producers prevail. While the prevalence of the subsidies in the budget benefits the largest and most successful producers, this was part of the strategy to create strong value chains in order to compete with imports. However, the efficiency of investment support is decreasing. The paper explores the distribution of support between national and sub-national levels of budgeting system, and finds that the regionalization of support leads to market disintegration and efficiency losses.

About 30% poultry samples harboured Aeromonas spp. Sensitivity tests of 100 selected strains against 12 antibiotics revealed that 20-100% were resistant to nine and 18-85% were sensitive to eight antibiotics, respectively. All isolates showed multiple resistance to six to nine antibiotics and thus pose a risk for both chicken farms and public health. Aeromonads are major causative agents of infections in fish as well as in poultry (Austin and Adams 1996) and have been associated with human diarrhoeal disease, wound infections and severe dysentery (Kuhn et al. 1997). The occurrence of different Aeromonas species in foods of animal origin, especially commercially obtained meats have been reported by several investigators (Gill and Jones 1995). In Bangladesh, poultry meat and eggs are among the most important and popular dishes in the daily diet in addition to their use in many fast food items. Food contamination with antibioticresistant bacteria is a major threat to public health. Among food-borne pathogens, the prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains has increased recently (Chiu et al. 2002) because of indiscriminate use and misuse of antibiotics in food-producing animal farms (Teuber 2001). The present study was designed to isolate Aeromonas from five poultry sources of Dhaka, Bangladesh for assessing their susceptibility patterns to some common antibiotics, conventionally used in Bangladesh. A total of 150 samples, 30 from each source such as cloacal swabs and intestinal fluid of chicken, egg surface, soil of chicken market and hand wash of chicken salesman from different poultry markets of Mohakhali, New market, Mirpur and Malibag were collected. All the samples were transported to the laboratory immediately in an ice box (4-6° C). In case of samples of cloacal swab, the test tubes containing APW were incubated for 24 hr at 37° C. The isolation of bacteria was done by viable culture method using spread plating, pour plating and membrane filter technique (Akond et al. 2009). For successful isolation of typical colonies, triplicate plates of xylose deoxycholate citrate agar (XDCA) medium (Hi-Media, India) were made and incubated for 24 hr at 37º C. The isolated cultures were purified by subculture into single identical colonies. Identification was confirmed following standard morphological and biochemical tests of Buchanan and Gibbons (1974). Sensitivity tests were carried out by single disc diffusion method (Bauer et al. 1966) recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2005). A total of 12 antibiotic discs (Becton Dickinson, U.S.A.) such as streptomycin (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), penicillin (10 µg), norfloxacin (10µg), riphampicin (5 µg), neomycin (30µg), ampicillin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg) and gentamicin (10 µg) were used. An inoculum was transferred from a single and well-isolated colony to 2 ml of Mueller-Hinton broth by a sterile inoculating loop and incubated at 37° C for 4 hr to obtain the seed culture. The turbidity of broth culture was then adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland (McFarland 1907) standard with sterile physiological saline water and then a sterile cotton swab

Objectives Salmonella is the most important causes of foodborne illness especially from poultry and poultry products. So the aim of this study was to carryout phenotypic characterization, antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and risk factors of salmonella isolates from farms and markets eggs, cloacae swabs of chickens and stool of egg collectors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to September 2018. Samples were, processed; salmonella was isolated, Phenotypically identified by OmniLog and antimicrobials susceptibility were carried out. Result Over all; 11(2.65%) of salmonella enterica were phenotipically characterized out of 415 samples from farms egg content (n=83), farms eggshell (n=83), cloacae (n=83), market eggshell (n=83) and market egg contents (n=83) with 2.4%, 0%, 2.4%, 4.8% and 3.6% prevalence, respectively. Out of isolates, 8(72.72%) displayed multidrug resistance. All isolates showed susceptibility to Gentamicin, Kanamycin and Streptomycin. Lack of ...

Urban agriculture (UA) is steadily gaining supporters worldwide, and this is partly because constantly growing urban populations recognize the need to increase food production and promote a healthy diet. UA can also generate extra income, promote socialization leading to valorisation of urban areas. Nevertheless, UA faces several challenges, including limited available space, stressed natural resources, pollution in a context characterized by climate change and new consumption patterns. At the same time, if UA is practiced in the same way as other forms of agriculture, it may have some undesirable environmental impacts on urban areas. The use of indicators can provide decision makers with a tool to evaluate the sustainable insertion of agriculture in cities. This work aims to propose a minimum set of indicators as the basis for an index to assess progress of urban vegetable production towards sustainability. Nineteen urban sustainability indexes, composed of several indicators founded in the literature and already used by several institutions, were analysed. These indexes were broken down into a set of 1579 indicators. Analysis of the relevancy to issues such as food, energy, water, land and pollution, and the selection based on the criteria of being measurable, sensitive to stress, predictable, anticipatory, controllable, integrative, responsive and stable, led to a 26 basic indicators selection. These are proposed as the basis for an innovative UA sustainability index. This will be built based on the Delphi method and is intended to support communities in establishing sustainable and resilient cities.

Buildings have a central role to play in the energy transition driven by the European Commission with the introduction of the nearly zero-energy buildings notion for both new constructions and existing building stocks. Despite the growing interest in improving the energy performance of residential as well as office buildings, a research gap is identified in the field of the renovation of industrial buildings and facilities in terms of energy efficiency. A lack is recognized in terms of analysing the improvement of the work environment in all the areas that are not used as offices. Common decarbonisation strategies are usually adopted, as the electrification of some processes, the replacement of obsolete machinery or the implementation of renewable energy sources. However, reaching the ambitious levels set by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive which aims at nearly zero-energy buildings, remains a challenge. The present paper aims to analyse the main barriers that hamper th...

Recently, the application of Vertical Farming into cities has increased. Vertical farming is a cultivating vegetable vertically by new agricultural methods, which combines the design of building and farms all together in a high-rise building inside the cities. This technology needs to be manifest both in the agricultural technique and architectural technology together, however, little has been published on the technology of Vertical Farming. In this study, technology as one of the important factor of Vertical farming is discussed and reviewed by qualitative approach. In the first, identifying existing and future VF projects in Europe, Asia, and America from 2009 to 2016. Then a comprehensive literature reviewed on technologies and techniques that are used in VF projects. The study resources were formed from 62 different source from 2007 to 2016. The technologies offered can be a guide for implementation development and planning for innovative and farming industries of Vertical Farmi...