Virtual Design and Construction

The VDC Scorecard is a method for assessing the maturity of collaborative use of Virtual Design and Construction/Building Information Modeling (VDC/BIM) practices of the AEC industry. Its reasoning is based on the use of multidisciplinary models for holistic analysis of the performance of products, organization and processes and social methods to achieve business objectives. The VDC Scorecard was created to provide AEC professionals with a holistic, quantitative, practical and adaptive approach to evaluate and track the VDC/BIM performance. The scoring covers the four major Areas of VDC, Planning, Adoption, Technology and Performance, and the overall score is measured on a percentage scale that reflects the project performance relative to the industry’s practice. However, in many countries the VDC/BIM practices are in a not so fast dissemination and they are in need of appropriate methods for measuring and process performance analysis that address the peculiarities of a national or ...

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Coordinate mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEPF) projects is a great challenge. The inability in identify conflicts in 2D-drawings create delays in the construction process and the increase of the administration burden due the identification of conflicts on field when the budget it's already approved; produces rework to correct problems unidentified in the project phase and influence the productivity of all the involved on the process. Building Information Modelling can help the AEC industry to find possible problems before the beginning of the construction work. Nevertheless, BIM benefits related to project compatibility are associated with level of detail - currently named level of development - of the resulting model of the virtual construction phase (VDC). The paper is focused in evaluate requests for information (RFI) associated with water/sanitary facilities of a BIM model with the level of development 400 (LOD 400). Thus it is expected to add on the improvement of water/sanitary facilities projects, as well as assist the virtual construction team on notice and identify project problems. It is used a qualitative methodology. It was started with the question "How VDC can contribute to the improvement of MEPF projects?” Through coordination model analysis it was identified 167 RFI related to building facilities (or MEPF - mechanical, electrical, plumbing and fire protection). From this total, 51 were associated specifically with the plumbing systems project. It's part of plumbing systems hydraulic, sanitary, ventilation and drainage plumbing. The results demonstrate the VDC's contribution for the improvement of plumbing system projects. Even though each project has its unique characteristics, is noticed that the results valid for it can be used as a guide to the adoption of a proactive posture towards conflict identification.

Integrated Project Delivery is an emerging delivery system in which participants' success is dependent on collaboration among key parties. Developing and maintaining such a collaborative environment is not easy and requires continuous team assessment and improvement. Although much research highlighted that collaboration is a critical requirement in IPD, only few research has focused on collaboration assessment and improvement. A proactive and real-time collaboration assessment helps to make sure a project is healthy from the standpoint of collaboration and also reflect bottlenecks and required actions to improve collaboration. To fill this gap in research, this paper comprehensively reviews the literature in construction and nonconstruction research to collect indicators, and develop a framework of metrics for assessing collaboration within IPD. This study investigates traits of collaboration within IPD and links them with respective metrics to shape the framework. Development of this framework is the first step for more comprehensive research on aspects of proactive collaboration assessment within IPD. It can also be used in professional practice to interpret collaboration level and effectiveness in IPD projects.

El presente trabajo de tesis consiste en elaborar una propuesta de integración entre los procesos, las técnicas y herramientas de gestión utilizadas en tres sistemas de gestión: Lean Project Delivery System, el Project Management Institute y Building Information Modeling/Virtual Design and Construction. El objetivo de realizar dicha propuesta es mejorar las prácticas tradicionales relacionadas a la gestión visual y de las comunicaciones durante la etapa de diseño de los proyectos de construcción en Lima-Perú.

This project aims to deliver on five important areas:
(i) Recommendations for policy makers for a nationally consistent strategy for adoption of integrated project environments (which also aligns as far as possible with international BIM standards and processes).
(ii) Recommendations for modifications of current procurement and contractual framework to allow more collaborative and building information modelling (BIM) enabled project environments.
(iii) Development of a dissemination strategy to different levels of the supply chain through our work with organisations such as CCF, EA and Austroads, as well as through our partner organisations and SBEnrc media resources (e.g. YouTube channel and industry publications).
(iv) Build an understanding of knowledge dissemination and skills development required to facilitate increased uptake of digital technologies and integrated project delivery (IPD).
(v) Explore the role of a consensus-driven peak body to coordinate uptake of BIM and IPD in the Australian construction industry.
The uptake of integrated project environments will play a critical role in fostering Australian competitiveness in the future. This research was based on strong collaboration between industry, government and researchers both in Australia and internationally.
This report addresses the first and last of these objectives, and provides a discussion of six key themes identified as relevant to the development of national strategy for IPD and BIM uptake: (i) lead agent role; (ii) client role; (iii) mandates; (iv) pilot projects; (v) metrics; and (vi) standards.
These issues are considered relevant to a national strategy for adoption of integrated project environments in that:
(i) The development of such a strategy will require the leadership and coordination of lead agents, and engagement with lead industry associations is important in the dissemination and industry leadership.
(ii) The primary transport infrastructure clients are state and territory government agencies. As such, these organisations are in a unique position to influence the uptake of new technologies and processes.
(iii) Pilot projects have the capacity to build a knowledge base especially in terms of productivity benefits and processes associated with the uptake of BIM and IPD.
(iv) A national mandate has been shown, by international comparators, to provide the industry with the incentive and consistency to invest in the development a pipeline of coordinated actions.
(v) Building consensus on standard performance indicators and metrics to prove the business value of BIM and IPD in terms of project, business and industry-wide benefits.
(vi) The development of national standards provides a consistent framework for uptake that increases productive and reduces industry cost.
Mapping the relevant industry peak bodies in Australia and Sweden provided evidence for the identification of the role and impact of different organisations on the uptake of new information technologies in the transport infrastructure industry. This led to the development of a set of milestones for IPD and BIM adoption in Australia based on current activity and showing the domino effect that each action would have on the industry.

This research is focused on realizing productivity benefits for the delivery of
transport infrastructure in the Australian construction industry through the use of building
information modeling (BIM), virtual design and construction (VDC) and integrated project
delivery (IPD). Specific objectives include: (I) building an understanding of the institutional
environment, business systems and support mechanisms (e.g., training and skilling) which
impact on the uptake of BIM/VDC; (II) gathering data to undertake a cross-country
analysis of these environments; and (III) providing strategic and practical outcomes to guide
the uptake of such processes in Australia. Activities which will inform this research include
a review of academic literature and industry documentation, semi-formal interviews in
Australia and Sweden, and a cross-country comparative analysis to determine factors
affecting uptake and associated productivity improvements. These activities will seek to
highlight the gaps between current-practice and best-practice which are impacting on
widespread adoption of BIM/VDC and IPD. Early findings will be discussed with intended
outcomes of this research being used to: inform a national public procurement strategy;
provide guidelines for new contractual frameworks; and contribute to closing skill gaps.

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Information Technologies being used by the AEC industry are numerous. From fax machines to internet communications, from office automation software to advanced CAD applications, from laser sensors to automated data acquisition; all these technologies deal with information within the AEC industry. All these technologies reduce or replace human efforts, either physical or mental and have a profound effect on the AEC industry. The study of IT applications in construction is however, still a young field of research, still struggling to define its place within the large family of academic disciplines (Bjork, 99). This paper presents results of research about IT in construction. The focus of the paper are CAVT applied to the design and construction planning processes at the project operational level. Within the AEC industry we need to represent not only the visual animation information, but also the underlying information about facility components and activities (Kunz et al, 99). In that sense CAVT definition involves more than graphical representation features. A wider definition of CAVT is presented, involving their ability to visualize information regarding the ends (Product Models) and means (Process Models) for AEC project process development. Computer Graphics issues, central to CAVT in the AEC industry are overviewed and briefly discussed in this paper. Demand for higher quality displays and limitations of existing interfaces, powerful and affordability of new processors and software capabilities, and interoperability needs are discussed. Information Technology for the AEC industry involves the integration of all product development processes and the management of the information flow between them, irrespective of the data models chosen in the different implementations of one and the same process (Scherer, 94). Product and Process Modeling are the main topics related with the former approach, that have gained more attention in the last years within IT research in the AEC industry. Central to Product Models is the visual representation of the project product, commonly associated to some 3D CAD modeling effort. Different approaches have extended the "physical" representation of the project product, to include not only geometric information within it, but also the relying data which support the different activities during the several phases involved in an AEC project. This paper extends this approach to what will be defined as the Digital Reality. Process Modeling has been trying to represent the detailed tasks and transformation of specific entities among simultaneous activities oriented to complete a design into a constructed facility within AEC industry. Construction process modeling in form of 4D models is presented in this paper as the technology that will trigger the major changes expected from CAVT impact. The research is mainly based in the application of CAVT to a real project by an Engineering and Construction company which design stage is currently near 70% advanced. Three main processes were studied in the case project during the design phase: (1) 3D Modeling Design, (2) Constructability and (3) Construction Planning and Scheduling. The description of the impact of CAVT to these processes is described in this paper, and it is the main source from which insights presented in this paper come from.

The virtual design and construction is turning into a more essential service to develop construction designs. Even though it is going through the processes of situated projects in the pre-BIM stage, builders-developers are demanding virtual design and construction. In this context, companies specialized in virtual construction need to get ready to meet its increasing demand. The aim of this study is to identify how the virtual design and construction process works to suggest improvements from lean construction tools. Based on a qualitative methodology and through lean construction diagnostic tools to collect data, process structure elements are described, stream mapping are designed, cycle times are analyzed, restriction are identified, process changes are suggested. Through feedback from case study respondents, this research has concluded that there would be a meaningful improvement in global productivity and decrease in the total amount of time.

Practitioners and construction management researchers lack believable and practical methods to assess the value proposition of emerging methods such as Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) including understanding how different levels of implementation affect its benefits. Furthermore, current methods of understanding VDC implementation and benefits cannot be updated easily to incorporate new data. This paper presents a Bayesian framework to predict benefits from application of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) given data about its implementation. We analyzed data from 40 projects that performed some formal modeling of the project scope and/or the construction process. The analysis suggests that more extensive or higher levels of VDC implementation lead to higher project benefits. We explain the use of a Bayesian framework as an alternative to the application of classical probability theory to construction management research, how we used it to interpret data about VDC practice and outcomes, our finding that benefits have strong positive contingent correlation with the level of VDC implemented on projects, and our suggestion to use the method to update conclusions about benefits given changing data about implementation and outcomes.

The paper discusses a proposal for an integrating partnership for decision-making at pre-construction stages of major construction projects. IPD and BIM form essential tools and strategies in this decision environment. IPD linked to the "Big Room" concept will be discussed. The paper will focus on some of the challenges that are presented and ways that might assist in creating a safer, greener, more sustainable environment. The environment proposed is one that fully utilizes the strengths of intelligent collaborative computer agents that interact with the multi-discipline pre-construction team to interrogate and refine the design solution before construction commences. All contributors are collaboratively drawn into the design and pre-construction process. Time is saved because a concurrent problem-solving approach is adopted rather than a sequential problem-solving approach that has typified pre-construction activities in the past. In particular, the system proposed will assist the design process to deliver safely-built sustainable buildings. The presentation will also focus on the new "Living Building Challenge 2.0" strategy and look at some of the challenges that are presented and ways that might assist creating a safer, greener, more sustainable environment. The author's investigation measured the views of practitioners in the main building professions; architecture, engineering and construction management before proposing the collaborative system that is called for. The conclusion of the work is a conceptual model of the system proposed, a definition of the contractors' construction management computer agents and a specification based on scenarios of how they would interact with design agents.

Purpose - Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) processes are becoming a driving force for advancing the design, construction and operation of buildings that may have the potential to reduce claims, disputes and litigation throughout the construction process. However, evidence shows that BIM isn’t universally successful. To this end, this research aims to identify the most common BIM contractual risks (BCR). Design/Methodology/approach - This research intends to go further into about 22 BIM Contractual Risks that have been identified from the literature review. A questionnaire survey was made to identify the risks occurrence rate, involved parties and solutions for highest faced risks based on number of participants and their years of experience. Result analysis was based on experience years for each participant’s vs each risk’s parameters. Findings - The presented process mitigates the construction project participant’s ability to complete the construction project under BIM collaborative environment and contracts isolation nature through the following: (1) identification and examination of about 22 BIM contractual risks, level of occurrence and solutions; (2) provide a BIM contractual framework that allows for defining each party’s responsibility in BIM workflow. Research Limitations – Due to diversity in construction project, BIM based projects require an additional drafting method to the contract and provide an understanding of each party’s responsibility by analyzing legal implication of BIM adoption. In addition, local legislation can provide the support needed for BIM implementations. Practical implications – Findings’ implication suggests providing a legal understanding of BIM work flow through the investigation of BIM risks among construction project’s parties and providing a contractual framework either in the BIM execution plan BEP or in the employer information request EIR. The presented BIM framework mitigates the likelihood of these risks rising into disputes. Originality/value – While there have been publications that investigate BIM contractual risks, they mainly provide guidelines of the risks and solutions. The following publication propose a thorough examination of BIM contractual risks, introduce a BIM framework based on industry’s experts experience and the specification required in the contract, BIM execution plan regulation and legal background needed for BIM adaptation in a construction project.

son definidas, en sentido amplio, en términos de su característica fundamental de proveer la habilidad para visualizar los fines (modelos de Productos) y medios (modelos de Procesos) para el diseño de proyectos AEC y los procesos de planificación de la construcción. La investigación se basa en el estudio de las CAVT aplicadas por una Empresa de Ingeniería y Construcción en un proyecto de la vida real (caso de estudio), apoyada por fundamentos teóricos y contactos con expertos en TI en la industria de la construcción (TIC). El proyecto en estudio se diseñó totalmente en tres dimensiones-3D (Primer proyecto en 3D en América Latina) utilizando el software Plant Design System (PDS), un poderoso Sistema de Diseño de Plantas proporcionado por Intergraph, Inc. El software DesignReview (también proporcionado por Intergragh) brinda capacidades de visualización avanzadas para la visualización del modelo PDS 3D, y la tecnología de modelamiento y simulaciones en 4D se aplicaron a las tareas de planificación y programación del proyecto en estudio. El tema de la gráfica computacional se revisa y se analiza brevemente como una tecnología central a las CAVT en la industria AEC. El trabajo plantea que el conocimiento sobre modelación de Productos y Procesos que proviene de la comunidad académica, es, por lo general, pasado por alto o desarrollado en forma tácita en la práctica industrial, guiado más por el sentido común, que por una aproximación ordenada basada en técnicas, metodologías o prototipos que provienen de la comunidad académica. Se presenta y analiza la Realidad Digital(DR Digital Reality), como el paso que sigue a los modelos de productos en 3D y el modelamiento en 4D se identifica como la tecnología que gatillará los cambios fundamentales previstos debido al impacto de las CAVT según se describe en este trabajo. El grado en que las CAVT se están utilizando en el proyecto en estudio proporciona enormes beneficios a la compañía que las aplica. Sin embargo, los resultados de la investigación nos llevan a concluir que aún cuando las CAVT sean ya una realidad, la industria AEC no les está sacando todo el partido que debiera. Se necesita una aproximación más directa de la comunidad académica y de la práctica de las empresas de AEC que pueda revertir esta situación, beneficiando tanto a la industria como a la investigación. Las principales percepciones de esta investigación que se derivan del estudio de la aplicación práctica de las CAVT demuestran el enfoque anterior, lo cual debería llevar a que el mayor impacto de las CAVT vaya más allá de las actuales bien conocidas mejoras, para dar lugar a un insospechado avance en la industria AEC.

A leading, international, engineering and construction company has carried out efforts to engage a new tool set and work process. is the new work process that aims toward better, more efficient planning and execution of large construction projects. This paper describes the case history and forecasts how this revitalized technique may ultimately impact the construction industry. Despite academic and practitioners' research and development efforts to leverage from Information Technology (IT) in construction, the industry at large, being generally conservative, has adhered to the values of predictability and existing methods to minimize risk. 4D technology has struggled to find its way into mainstream construction practice for several years, and just recently it has been shown that commercially available software and hardware can be applied effectively toward this end, greatly reducing investment risk. These relatively new tools promise new impetus to the use of 4D-PS in the construction industry. This paper describes how 4D-PS was applied on a major construction project, giving rise to a new work process that proved to be productive and cost effective. Emphasis is made on the fact that those expected to use such technology must have the necessary training and, conversely, near-future versions of computerized tools can be made more intuitive for more widespread use. The use of such techniques will necessarily draw engineering/design and construction entities closer together, essentially improving coordination among them.

Building information modeling (BIM) involves the creation and use of a three-dimensional (3D) virtual model that replicates the design, construction, and operation of a building. This technology's recent emergence and the evolution of virtual design and construction (VDC) in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is fundamentally changing the process by which buildings are designed and constructed. However, the perceived high initial cost of implementing BIM has deterred many industry professionals from putting the technology to practice. In many cases, an owner's acceptance of BIM is crucial to the success of a company's capacity to finance VDC goals. In order to determine the cost savings of implementing BIM and show the returns on the investment (ROI) of paying additional fees, this study presents data gathered from two case studies on two sets of similar projects, one a recently constructed BIM-assisted project and the other an earlier project without BIM. The potential savings to an owner choosing to invest in BIM as an additional service were estimated based on the measurable cost benefits associated with reduced schedule overruns and reduced change order costs.

A leading, international, engineering and construction company has carried out efforts to engage a new tool set and work process. Four-Dimensional Planning and Scheduling (4D-PS) is the new work process that aims toward better, more efficient planning and execution of large construction projects. This paper describes the case history and forecasts how this revitalized technique may ultimately impact the
construction industry. Despite academic and practitioners’ research and
development efforts to leverage from Information Technology (IT) in construction, the industry at large, being generally conservative, has adhered to the values of predictability and existing methods to minimize risk. 4D technology has struggled to find its way into mainstream construction practice for several years, and just
recently it has been shown that commercially available software and hardware can be applied effectively toward this end, greatly reducing investment risk. These relatively new tools promise new impetus to the use of 4D-PS in the construction industry. This paper describes how 4D-PS was applied on a major construction project, giving rise to a new work process that proved to be productive and cost effective. Emphasis is made on the fact that those expected to use such technology
must have the necessary training and, conversely, near-future versions of computerized tools can be made more intuitive for more widespread use. The use of such techniques will necessarily draw engineering/design and construction entities closer together, essentially improving coordination among them.

Breaking down project information via different breakdown structures has been a successful way of managing and controlling construction projects with levels of efficiency and effectiveness otherwise unimaginable to achieve over the past decades. However, the current practice of grouping and organizing building information models from multiple project participants does not reflect such breakdown structures well. This gap renders it a challenge to introducing Building Information Modelling (BIM) to on-site meetings in the construction phase, such as daily subcontractor huddle and pull planning meetings, in which on-the-spot-requests to query federated models are prevalent. This paper introduces the underlying concepts of a method that allows automatic grouping of models so that the model breakdown structure (MBS) matches a certain breakdown structure within a project. An automation tool has been developed accordingly and tested in two case studies, which prove that the proposed method enables project participants without extensive trainings of BIM the rapid identification of the desired model contents.

BIM is the most ruling software from last two decade in construction sector. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digital representation of overall building. BIM is a 3 D model process that help us to work efficiently. BIM also help us to reduce the impact on environment. Several research paper, conference paper, articles were analysed based on their research focus. This paper gives a review on, Lifecycle Assessment of a building (LCA) of a building using BIM is discussed. LCA is the method that helps us to known the impact of our building on environment. The finding of these studies will be useful for the engineer, architects and for every construction industry as it will helps us to minimize the impact of our building on environment.

This paper describes a system that combines a 2D digital board that shows dynamically in rows and columns arranged in a special layout, starting and finishing dates of subcontractors work linked to the fourth dimension, time, coming from construction schedules. The system is the result of a research project whose objective is to improve planning, scheduling, and controlling the work of subcontractors of finishings in building projects. The system will be tested on case studies projects for planning, scheduling and controlling the work of subcontractors. It is expected that the systems will act as a powerful real time Visualization, Planning, Analysis and Communication Tool in the case studies. Despite the 3D case studies models were very useful for constructability and other purposes, the traditional 4D approach that combines 3D + time was not very useful when dealing with construction works that remained mainly “hidden” within the project 3D model. Applied to the case studies, the digital board shall provide different ways to display, communicate and understand information about resources, costs, dates and relationships coming from a traditional CPM network using 4D in a new 2D + time conceptualization.

BIM is the most ruling software from last two decade in construction sector. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digital representation of overall building. BIM is a 3 D model process that help us to work efficiently. BIM also help us to reduce the impact on environment. Several research paper, conference paper, articles were analysed based on their research focus. This paper gives a review on, Lifecycle Assessment of a building (LCA) of a building using BIM is discussed. LCA is the method that helps us to known the impact of our building on environment. The finding of these studies will be useful for the engineer, architects and for every construction industry as it will helps us to minimize the impact of our building on environment.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range (0-10 cm) wireless connectivity and identification technology that evolved from a combination of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and peer-to-peer technology. NFC is currently experiencing a major breakthrough in low-cost consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones and it has the possibility of becoming a technology that is simple and easy to introduce as a support within digitalisation of data collection in construction.

son definidas, en sentido amplio, en términos de su característica fundamental de proveer la habilidad para visualizar los fines (modelos de Productos) y medios (modelos de Procesos) para el diseño de proyectos AEC y los procesos de planificación de la construcción. La investigación se basa en el estudio de las CAVT aplicadas por una Empresa de Ingeniería y Construcción en un proyecto de la vida real (caso de estudio), apoyada por fundamentos teóricos y contactos con expertos en TI en la industria de la construcción (TIC). El proyecto en estudio se diseñó totalmente en tres dimensiones-3D (Primer proyecto en 3D en América Latina) utilizando el software Plant Design System (PDS), un poderoso Sistema de Diseño de Plantas proporcionado por Intergraph, Inc. El software DesignReview (también proporcionado por Intergragh) brinda capacidades de visualización avanzadas para la visualización del modelo PDS 3D, y la tecnología de modelamiento y simulaciones en 4D se aplicaron a las tareas de planificación y programación del proyecto en estudio. El tema de la gráfica computacional se revisa y se analiza brevemente como una tecnología central a las CAVT en la industria AEC. El trabajo plantea que el conocimiento sobre modelación de Productos y Procesos que proviene de la comunidad académica, es, por lo general, pasado por alto o desarrollado en forma tácita en la práctica industrial, guiado más por el sentido común, que por una aproximación ordenada basada en técnicas, metodologías o prototipos que provienen de la comunidad académica. Se presenta y analiza la Realidad Digital(DR Digital Reality), como el paso que sigue a los modelos de productos en 3D y el modelamiento en 4D se identifica como la tecnología que gatillará los cambios fundamentales previstos debido al impacto de las CAVT según se describe en este trabajo. El grado en que las CAVT se están utilizando en el proyecto en estudio proporciona enormes beneficios a la compañía que las aplica. Sin embargo, los resultados de la investigación nos llevan a concluir que aún cuando las CAVT sean ya una realidad, la industria AEC no les está sacando todo el partido que debiera. Se necesita una aproximación más directa de la comunidad académica y de la práctica de las empresas de AEC que pueda revertir esta situación, beneficiando tanto a la industria como a la investigación. Las principales percepciones de esta investigación que se derivan del estudio de la aplicación práctica de las CAVT demuestran el enfoque anterior, lo cual debería llevar a que el mayor impacto de las CAVT vaya más allá de las actuales bien conocidas mejoras, para dar lugar a un insospechado avance en la industria AEC.

435 First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC–I) “Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Research & Practice” August 4-5, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan Building Information Modeling (BIM): A New Paradigm for Visual Interactive Modeling and ...

While Building Information Modeling (BIM), sometimes more accurately described as virtual design and construction (VDC), is rapidly gaining traction in the architecture, engineering and construction industry (AEC). The industry is far from capturing the full value of BIM/VDC and the innovative practices emanating from BIM that will stimulate a much discussed industry transformation. Still lacking is: The integration of multiple domains and project stakeholders; Early access to information in support of the decision making process; and The ability to manage and mitigate project risks. The broader value of BIM will require collaboration among all project stakeholders, early and continuous management of project risks and value planning, and engineering. This article describes value planning, coupled with an ongoing Risk Management Program at The Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center (LMCCC). It involves the use and implementation of BIM/VDC to facilitate risk modeling and managem...

Even though 3D models and schedules are available to contractors, 4D models are still not widely adopted in industry. Research that addresses the productivity of a 4D tool exists, but no study thus far compares the productivity of 4D tools and analyzes which functionalities within the tools enable efficiency. The productivity of three 4D CAD software was compared. The independent variable was the specific functionalities enabled by the tools. The dependent variable was the effort required to achieve each 4D modeling process step.