pulp and paper Technology

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products such as newspaper, corrugated boxes, tissue products and egg boxes. Thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) were also used in the manufacture of newspaper, lightweight coated and sanitary papers. In This study was to evaluate waste papers in producing newspaper. For this reason, waste papers were bleached in 3 stages which were ozone (Z), sodium dithionite (Y) and peroxide (P) bleaching. Optical and physical properties of bleached waste papers were determined and compare with CTMP newspaper. As the obtained results showed that, optical and physical properties of bleached waste paper were desired values for manufacturing newspaper. When bleached waste papers were compared with CTMP newspaper, physical and optical properties of newspaper producing from waste papers were higher than CTMP newspapers.

This review reviews current research on the application of biotechnology to the bleaching of kraft pulp. Biobleaching research focuses on using white rot fungi, and ligninase and hemicellulase enzymes. Bleaching with white rot is generally very slow and the primary problems appear to be the control of cellulose degradation, the technical aspects of scale up and the avoidance of an initial lag phase. Ligninase enzymes depolymerize lignin and in combination with an extraction stage, partially bleach kraft pulp. Bleaching with hemicellulase enzymes looks promising. A reduced need.for active chlorine has been obtained by boosting the bleachability of pulp through pretreatment with hemicellulose hydrolysing enzymes Process Biochemistry 0032.9592/92/$5,00 0 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England

Mechanical properties were evaluated for pulp delignified by four deep eutectic solvents (DES). The DES systems were based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid:dihydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The results indicated that the type of DES system used influenced the delignified pulp's mechanical properties including tensile, burst and tear indexes, tensile length, and stiffness. The most suitable DES systems were choline chloride:malic acid (1:1) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), which achieved the best aforementioned mechanical properties compared to the other DES systems. The weakest performance in the process of pulp delignification was the system with choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate (1:1).

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the H-factor as a process control tool on Eucalyptus pulping. Wood chips from 5.5-year-old Brazilian hybrid Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla were used. The pulping simulations were performed in a laboratory digester using eight maximum temperatures (140 °C, 145 °C, 150 °C, 155 °C, 160 °C, 165 °C, 170 °C, and 175 °C) and eight times at the maximum temperature (28 min., 46 min., 72 min., 114 min., 180 min., 284 min., 4530 min., and 727 min.), with the objective of maintaining the same H-factor for all of the treatments. The active alkali, sulfidity, and heating time remained constant. The results showed that the delignification rate was similar for all of the treatments, even with the temperature variation. An increased cooking temperature and lower pulping time led to a reduction in the screened yield, increase in the black liquor organic solids, and a higher reject formation. This behavior was more obvious for temperatures above 155 °C. The hexenuronic acid formation and alkali consumption were similar for all of the treatments. These results proved that the H-factor is a reliable tool to predict and control the delignification rate and pulping results, and the screened yield is favored by lower cooking temperatures.

The study was conducted to define chip quality characteristics (chip distribution) variation influence on kraft cooking process selectivity, fiber fundamental properties and pulp strength characteristics. To estimate the chip geometry contribution laboratory cookings were held using chips produced by two types of chippers: traditional chipper "Norman-66" with inclined feeding and modern chipper "HHQ 11-XL-16" with horizontal feeding. Chip distribution, cooking temperature, alkali demand and final temperature standing were taken as variation factors.

SUMMARY Sugarcane bagasse pulp normally has high dewatering resistance and poor strength properties. In a previous study it was shown that highly depithed bagasse chemical pulp has excellent dewatering properties which may improve the production rate of bagasse based tissue, paper and board. In this study pulp properties of this highly depithed bagasse pulp were tested and compared favourably with regular depithed bagasse pulp. In addition to better dewatering rates, the pulp yield, tear strength and water retention value seemingly improved. Whilst a slight reduction in burst, tensile and short-span compression strengths occurred, they were still comparable to values reported for a regular bagasse pulp.

Intact fibers were deformed by homogenization after beating. The homogenization increased the amounts of deformations (kinks and curl) in the fibers. The fibers retained their highly swollen nature during the deformation. The influence of the fiber deformations on the strength properties of the softwood kraft pulp fiber network was significant. The fiber deformations decreased fiber segment activation in the fiber network compared to undeformed fibers. The decreased fiber segment activation resulted in decreased tensile and tensile stiffness indices but in increased tear and fracture toughness indices of the pulp sheets. The results also indicated that the zero-span fiber strength measurement was not dependent on fiber curl and kinks, but is likely dependent on the load distribution uniformity of the 3-dimensional fiber wall structure. TIIVISTELMÄ Ehjiä kuituja jauhettiin, jonka jälkeen kuituja deformoitiin homogenisoimalla. Homogenisointi kasvatti kuitujen kiharuutta ja kinkkien lukumäärää kuiduissa. Kuitujen korkea turvonneisuus säily deformoitumisesta huolimatta. Kuitujen deformoitumisen vaikutus havupuusulfaattiselluloosakuituverkoston ominaisuuksiin oli huomattava. Kuitudeformaatiot alensivat kuitusegmenttien aktivoitumista kuituverkostossa verrattuna deformoimattomiin kuituihin. Alhainen kuitusegmenttien aktivoituminen kuituverkostossa johti alhaiseen veto-ja vetojäykkyys ominaisuuksiin, mutta samalla korkeisiin repäisylujuus-ja murtositkeysominaisuuksiin. Tulokset indikoivat myöskin, että zero-span kuidun lujuus mittaus ei ole riippuvainen kuitujen kiharuudesta tai kinkkien lukumäärästä vaan todennäköisimmin kuituseinämän 3-dimensionaalisesta kuorman jakautumisesta kuituseinämä rakenteessa.

Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of researchers dealing with the integration of paper and digital information or services. While recent technological developments enable new forms of paper-digital integration and interaction, some of the original research on interactive paper dates back almost twenty years. We give a brief overview of the most relevant past and current interactive paper developments. Then, based on our experience in developing a wide variety of interactive paper solutions over the last decade, as well as the results of other research groups, we outline future directions and challenges for the realisation of innovative interactive paper solutions. Further, we propose the definition of common data formats and interactive paper design patterns to ensure future cross-application and framework interoperability.

This paper discusses the implementation of a control strategy on a multistage countercurrent brown stock washing system. The approach taken includes three parts: Dynamic simulation of the system, design of a control strategy, and the implementation at the pulp mill. Each of these parts is covered in details from an industrial point of view and with special attention given to fundamental control issues such as antiwindup and bumpless transfer arrangements. These issues were found to be essential for the successful operation of the system.

The pulp and paper industry is very large and is now well in excess of $200 billion (FAO 2009). Estimates for the amount of bagasse used in the production of pulp and paper products vary but the general consensus is that it accounts for 2–5% of global production, making it one of the highest revenue earners for the global sugarcane industry. Currently, there are believed to be around 30 countries that use bagasse for paper manufacture. The paper industry remains a growth industry globally, with volumes forecast to increase 50% by 2035 (i.e., an additional 200 million tons) with most of the growth occurring in the packaging and tissue sectors. The growth will occur in emerging economies as the other economies will have net negative growth of 33 million tons by 2035 (Wilson 2013) amidst the rapid decline in newsprint consumption. As the growth is occurring in emerging economies, which constitutes the entirety of the bagasse-based paper sector, it is reasonable to presume that bagasse will grow in importance as a paper feedstock. Bagasse is used for each of the four main paper categories, namely packaging and boxes, printing, writing and photocopier paper, tissues, and newsprint. Both chemical and mechanical pulping processes are used, and these processes are described in separate sections. This chapter focuses on the considerations for bagasse-based pulp and paper manufacture with only a broad overview of the general wood-based process. Numerous comprehensive texts have a more in-depth analysis of the science of pulp and paper manufacture (Smook 1992, Gullichsen and Fogelholm 1999, Paper Engineers Association 2007–2010). Modern paper manufacturing is a highly capital-intensive industry. Wood-based chemical pulp mills typically cost in the order of billions of dollars, and cheaper mechanical pulp mills are in the order of $30–200 million. Although bagasse-based pulp mills are generally substantially smaller and cheaper than the large wood-based chemical pulp mills owing to the relatively mild pulping conditions, they are still a sizable investment. 10.2 History of bagasse in the pulp and paper industry The first continuous paper machine was developed around the year 1800, allowing large quantities of paper to be produced for the first time. At this time, paper was produced from retired fabric, and its availability was becoming increasingly scarce as paper production grew.

Although centrifugal cleaners are widely used in the pulp and paper industry, there is very little information available on their relative performance with contaminants of different sizes and densities. This problem has been addressed in the minerals industry for many years, and this paper shows how the methods used there can also be employed when contaminants are present in paper-making pulp suspensions, and how estimates of performance can, if necessary be made without extensive experimental data.

The influence of soda ratio on pulp properties was used as a guideline for calcn. of the min. dose of chems. for producing bleached pulps for writing and printing papers. Pulps obtained by the shortcycle pressure method were compared with those from a pressureless method. The short method produced pulps of higher screened yield, better opacity, brightness stability, and higher bulk more efficiently than the pressureles method. The strength characteristics were approx. the same for the 2 methods. In-creasing the pulping chem. ratio to >9% NaOH did not increase the delignification rate although bleachability was improved by ≤13% NaOH.

The John Crawfurd (1783-1868) collection of 132 Javanese, Malay, Bugis and Makassarese manuscripts in the British Library (London) constitutes one of the most important single collections of Indonesian manuscripts in Great Britain and indeed anywhere in the world. The Javanese collection alone is rivalled only by those of Raffles (1781-1826) in the Royal Asiatic Society (London), and Colin Mackenzie (1754-1821) in the former India Office Library & Records (post-1991 part of the British Library’s Oriental and India Office Collections).  These three collections of Javanese manuscripts were all collected during the short-lived British occupation of Java (1811-16) at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1799-1815). Some of the most interesting derive from the Yogyakarta court library and archives which were looted almost in their entirety by the British following their dawn attack on the Yogyakarta kraton on Saturday, 20 June 1812.  Crawfurd’s collection began to be built following this act of plunder, but it was greatly enlarged by acquisitions of a non-violent character—mainly purchases and gifts—which saw a number of other Javanese babad (chronicles) and literary works enter his library. The following is the updated description of this unique collection first published as a Preface and Introduction to my The Archive of Yogyakarta; Volume I: Documents relating to Politics and Internal Court Affairs (Oxford: OUP for British Academy, 1980), pp.vii-viii, 1-5. Since these manuscripts are now online at the British Library's website (http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx). I have added as an Appendix the list of Javanese Manuscripts from the Yogyakarta Digitisation Project (2018-19) by Annabel Teh Gallop (Keeper of Malay and Indonesian Manuscripts, British Library). This Indonesian-language translation of my 'Origins of the John Crawfurd Collection in the British Library' article will be published by the Museum Nasional Jakarta in their soon-to-be-launched special number of their journal on manuscripts.

The effective quantitative and qualitative separation of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin from different lignocellulosic material is the main goal of modern biorefineries. Chemical pulp is produced by chemical delignification of wood and non-wood plants. After kraft pulping the remaining lignin is removed by oxygen delignification and bleaching to produce higher purity cellulose. The chemically purest cellulose is obtained by special cooking methods such as extended sulphite and kraft prehydrolysis. The goal of delignification processes is to remove lignin from the raw material without a negative effect on the cellulose. The primary aim of this paper is to review different delignification methods in respect to the final quality of the cellulose. The secondary aim is to suggest methods for enhancing of the yield and the quality of cellulose based on available data in the literature. It was concluded that the there is no industrially feasible alternative to kraft and sulphite cooking yet, however, utilization of various additives and pretreatment methods allow to fine tune these process to obtain cellulose with desired yield and quality.

Las plantas no madereras para producir papel se avizoran como las fibras virgenes de mayor consumo. A pesar de sus desventajas aparentes de menor calidad en resistencia, las fibras de plantas no madereras presentan las ventajas de menor costo de producción, ciclos rápidos de crecimiento y se aprovechan tambien como residuos. Asimismo, en varios casos, las fibras no madereras superan en características técnicas a las fibras madereras como son mayor rigidez (bagazo, paja de arroz) o mayor tensión y rasgado (algodón) son algunas de las ventajas que ofrecen estas plantas. Además, el uso de las fibras no madereras para elaborar papel es acorde con los ambientalistas quienes propugnan la conservación de los
bosques y aumento de la tasa de reciclado del papel; el uso de plantas no madereras es una buena alternativa pues además de provenir como residuo de otros cultivos, indirectamente favorece la conservación de los bosques.
El presente estudio evalua, por antecedentes bibliográficos, los recursos fibrosos no madereros utilizados en la industria papelera, describiendo las propiedades de las pulpas y características papeleras; en algunos casos se mencionan valores de rendimiento de las plantas.

“Wood Processing, Pulp & Paper Industry” is the third handbook of a “trilogy” about heavy industry.
This Handbook has been prepared to identify and flag issues a prudent underwriter ought to consider and evaluate relating to the wood processing, pulp & paper industry risk selection, determination and calculation of loss estimates when deciding whether to accept a risk and, if so, on what terms.
The main processes of wood, pulp & paper and related special hazards are described.
The supply chain aspects are also addressed considering the process flow between the different units involved in the wood, pulp & paper business (i.e. interdependencies, CBI, Service Interruption).
Standard recommendations based on recognized international standards and good practices are proposed.
Many thanks to the following people and organizations for their invaluable and extensive contributions:
• ARAUCO Chile - Chilean wood pulp, engineered wood and forestry company
• FM Global - Factory Mutual Insurance Company
• Nicole Jamieson, Conference Interpreter (AIIC)
• Franck Orset (FPO), Loss Prevention Engineer – drawings and more

The objective of this study was to determine the properties of pulp and paper produced from Citrus aurantium widely available in The Mediterranean region by applying Soda-Anthraquinon (AQ) method. Chemical compositions of C. aurantium in addition to basic properties of papers were evaluated. The results showed that C. aurantium had higher holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content values of 81.1% and 48.84%, respectively. According to the chemical components of C. aurantium, the raw material has potential for pulp and paper production Then, pulps were produced with a Soda-Anthraquinon (AQ) method. The physical and optical properties of the pulps were determined and the effects of AQ were also investigated. Therefore, 4 different cooking experiments which added AQ in certain proportions were performed to C. aurantium woods. The best result in pulp yield was found 42.14% in 4 th cooking experiment added 0.5% AQ. The physical and optical properties of the pulps were improved by increasing AQ addition. As a result C. aurantium woods can be used for pulp and paper production as a raw material. Turunç (C. aurantium) odunlarından Soda-AQ Yöntemi ile Kağıt Hamuru ve Kağıt Üretimi Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı, Akdeniz bölgesinde geniş bir yayılış alanına sahip olan Turunç (C. aurantium) odunlarından Soda-Antrakinon (AQ) pişirme yöntemiyle elde edilen kağıt ve kağıt hamurlarının özelliklerini belirlemektir. C. aurantium'un kimyasal bileşenlerine ek olarak kağıtların bazı özellikleri de değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan kimyasal analizler sonucu C. aurantium yüksek oranlarda holoselüloz (81.1%) ve alfa-selüloz (44.84%) içeriğine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlara göre bu hammaddenin kağıt yapımına uygun olduğu düşünülmüştür. Soda-AQ metodu kullanılarak-kağıt hamurları üretilmiştir. Kağıt hamurlarına ait fiziksel ve optik özellikler belirlenmiş ve AQ'nun bu özellikler üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu nedenle, farklı oranlarda AQ ilave edilerek 4 farklı pişirme deneyi yapılmıştır. Hamur veriminde en iyi sonuç 0.5% AQ ilave edilen 4 nolu pişirme deneyinde 42.14% olarak bulunmuştur. AQ ilavesindeki artışa paralel olarak fiziksel ve optik özelliklerde iyileşmelerin olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, C. aurantium odunu kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde hammadde olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Se evaluó la influencia de tres variables en la obtención
de pulpa celulósica, mediante un proceso de alto rendimiento, a partir del tallo del arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Las variables del proceso estudiadas son: concentración del reactivo (NaOH), a 3 diferentes concentraciones (0, 2 y 4%); temperatura del agua utilizada en el desfibrado 20oC y 80oC en promedio (agua fría y caliente respectivamente) y; grado de refinado al que se somete a la pulpa medido por número de vueltas (0, 500 y 1000 vueltas). En el procedimiento del estudio se sometió la materia prima a un pretratamiento
químico, durante 24 horas a temperatura ambiente
en una solución de NaOH; posteriormente, la paja tratada y
lavada pasó por dos etapas de desfibrado. Las hojas de papel se ensayaron en un ambiente a 20 °C y 65% de humedad relativa. Se encontró que la influencia de las variables concentración de reactivo, temperatura del agua y grado de refinado impactaron positivamente en las propiedades de resistencia de los papeles. Así
mismo, se pasó a corrugar el papel de paja de arroz, observándose que tiene aptitudes para formar la onda pudiéndose utilizar en la industria del cartón corrugado.

Sesuai dengan letak geografis Indonesia, yang memiliki areal hutan yang luas sebagai sumber bahan baku kayu, maka Indonesia mempunyai keunggulan komparatif dalam pengembangan industri pengolahan kayu, khususnya industri pulp dan kertas. Walaupun demikian, konsumsi kertas per kapita di Indonesia masih terbilang sangat rendah bila dibandingkan dengan negara-negara di Eropa seperti Belgia, Finlandia dan Jerman serta negara-negara non Eropa seperti USA, Jepang dan China. Berikut ini tabel Konsumsi energi untuk produksi kertas di Indonesia, dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis produk kertas : Secara keseluruhan industri pulp dan kertas mengkonsumsi energi yang cukup besar, namun dengan perkembangan teknologi untuk melakukan penghematan, konsumsi energi tersebut masih dapat dilakukan penghematan. Industri kertas adalah industri yang padat modal. Investasi yang dibutuhkan untuk membangun pabrik pulp dengan kapasitas 1 juta ton per tahun adalah 1,2 milyar USD (APKI, 2010). Salah satu penyebab tingginya investasi tersebut adalah karena industri pulp dan kertas banyak mengkonsumsi energi. Dengan konsumsi energi yang begitu tinggi, dan sumber energi utamanya bahan bakar fosil, maka jelas emisi karbon tidak bisa dihindari. Tetapi upaya maksimal dapat dilakukan adalah memperbaiki efisiensi proses dan penghematan energi (Miner, 2007).

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the physical properties of some papers on the offset printing quality. For this purpose, the physical properties of 230 and 350 gsm American Bristol cardboard, 115 gsm Matt and Gloss Coated Paper, 70 and 80 gsm I. high grade paper, 48 and 54 gsm II. medium grade paper, 70 and 80 gsm III. low grade paper which are commonly used in offset printing were experimentally examined in accordance with relevant standards. The papers were printed with offset printing techniques and qualities of the printings were measured via the print control strips. Then, the obtained results were assessed in accordance with ISO 12647-2 quality standard. The results indicated that the increased grammage, bulkiness, thickness, and air permeability led to improvements in dot gain, print contrasts, and trapping values, but caused reduced print density. The tensile, burst and tear strengths have no significant effects on printing qualities.

Chemical, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Cyperus flabettiformic were evaluated. It is characterized with low α-cellulose (32.2%) and moderate lignin (24.0%) content. Fiber length of C. flabettiformic was shorter (0.94mm) but slender ratio was extremely high (166). Anatomically, this grass is constituted by homogeneous parenchyma cells and the vascular bundles (11.8%). Delignification of C. flabettiformic was carried out by conventional soda pulping under varying alkali charge, time and liquor to material ratio at the boiling temperature. Total pulp yield was 55.0% with kappa number 15.5 at the cooking conditions of 12% alkali charge, 2 h of cooking and liquor to material ratio 10:1. Multivariate data analysis was used to evaluate the influence of alkali charge, cooking time and liquor ratio on pulp yield and kappa number. Alkali charge had a significant effect on pulp yield and kappa number. PLSR model showed better prediction efficiencies for pulp yield and PCR model performed better prediction for kappa number. Initial drainage resistance and papermaking properties of C. flabettiformic pulp were higher than other nonwood.

The aim of this work was to gain a better understanding of the changes occurring in softwood strength properties and fiber wall structure after mechanical treatment was applied to the chip/fiber matrix during kraft cooking. Mechanical treatment of fibers during industrial and laboratory production of pulp is common. In the pulp mill the pulp is mixed, pumped and shear forces are applied to the fiber at different temperatures and under different chemical conditions. The main objective of this research was to investigate the reasons for fiber strength loss and to examine the changes that really affect fiber strength.

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Özet: Hammadde sıkıntısının ileri boyutlarda yaşandığı kağıt/karton endüstrisinde, çok çeşitli dolgu maddeleri farklı oranlarda kağıt ve karton üretiminde, selüloz lif kullanımını azaltma yanında çok çeşitli fonksiyonlar için tercih edilmektedir. Hamur süspansiyonuna ıslak partide katılan bir dolgu maddesinin, elek üzerinde yüksek oranda kalması, kağıt/karton içerisinde homojen dağılması ve liflere iyi tutunması arzu edilir. Bu araştırmanın birinci aşamasında, uzun polimer ve inorganik bir polielektrolitin, eski kağıt işleyen bir kağıt fabrikasının atık suyunu arıtma seviyeleri incelenmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise bu kimyasalların dolgu tutunmasına katkısı tek tek ve beraber araştırılmıştır. %60/40 oranında harman yapılmış ağartılmış uzun ve kısa elyaf kağıt hamurları kademeli olarak 45 shopper (ºSR) değerine gelene kadar işlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan dolgu olarak kalsiyum karbonat seyreltik olarak saf su içerisinde homojen bir şekilde dağıtılmış ve farklı oranlarında katılım gerçekleştirilerek çok sayıda el kağıtları üretilmiştir. Üretilen kağıtlara ilk aşamada hiçbir kimyasal katılmadan, özellikle dolgu tutunmaları ve kağıtların bazı özellikleri takip edilmiştir. Tutunma seviyesi hassas olan %30 dolgu içeren el kağıtları, devam eden aşamalarında, sırasıyla katyonik uzun polimer ve yeni geliştirilmiş olan kısa bir inorganik polielektrolitin farklı oranlarda ayrı ayrı ve beraber katılımları ile üretilmiştir. Polimerlerin tek katıldığı gruplarda tutunmanın azaldığı birlikte kullanıldığı grupta tutunmanın en iyi sonucu verdiği gözlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, kağıt kalitesi ve çevre açısından tartışılmıştır. Abstract: Various filler materials at different proportions are used in pulp and paper industry for numerous reasons in addition to reduce the expensive cellulose fibre consumption. Fillers added at the wet-end of papermachine is desired to be retained over forming web, distributed evenly and develop some attachments/bonds with fibres. In the first part of this work, a long chain polymer and an inorganic polyelectrolyte were investigated to find out their efficiency on the treatment of waste water from a recycling papermill. In the second part, the effects of these chemicals on the filler retention when used separately and together were studied. In this work, a blend of long and short virgin bleached pulp at 60/40% proportion were beaten at freeness of 45 Shopper Riegler degree (ºSR). Meanwhile, calcium carbonate were finely dispersed in deionised water and numerous handsheets were made by adding the fillers at different rate. At the initial trials, especially filler retention and some properties of handsheets were monitored without using no chemicals. In further stages, handsheets were produced by separate addition of cationic long polymer and recently developed a new inorganic polyelectrolyte and in combination. Participated in groups to hold onto a single group of polymers are used to hold onto the best results with the observed decrease. Results were discussed in respect to paper quality and environment.

Bagasse from early species of Saccharum officinerum-Co 89003 has 71.36% useful, long, and thick-walled fibers with good slenderness ratio, but the rigidity coefficient is less than that of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Leucaena leucocephala. The kink index and kink per mm length are lower in bagasse fiber than E. terticornis, which gives rise to fewer weak points in the fiber. Low alcohol-benzene soluble substances in bagasse induce less pitch problems and favor more homogeneity in the paper. Lignin content in bagasse is comparable to Eucalyptus globulus and Leucaena leucocephala, but α-cellulose, and pentosans are slightly lower. A higher proportion of carbon content compared to hydrogen and oxygen increases the energy value of bagasse. It produces 42.2% pulp yield of kappa number 28.2 at optimum cooking conditions, such as active alkali 12% (as Na 2 O), temperature 150 o C, and time (at temperature) 60 min. An addition of 0.1% anthraquinone at the optimum condition improves pulp yield by 2.6% and mitigates kappa number by 3.9 units.

This study is a comparison of a conventional paper sizing recipe with a traditional one with the purpose to establish whether possibly harmful additives are necessary to establish printability for inkjet printing.
Surface sizing most commonly consists of starch and additives and is applied as a layer on top of paper that is aimed for printing. Paper manufacturers commonly add cationic compounds – such as polyDADMAC – to the sizing (Kleebauer et al., REAR). PolyDADMAC is a high charge density cationic polymer and in debate of causing aquatic toxicity (Artschwager-Perl et al.).
Since its monomers are also derived from non-renewable resources, its use should be prevented from an environmental standpoint. Another argument for the avoidance of polyDADMAC as a sizing agent is the hypothesis that the flocculating characteristics of the compound may negatively impact the deinking process of the printed product, which would affect the recyclability of the paper.
This study aims to test whether a cationised starch can lead to a similar printability than a sizing using polyDADMAC. For this purpose, a typical inkjet paper sizing, consisting of starch, calcium chloride for pigment fixation and polyDADMAC for cationisation is tested against a sizing consisting of cationised starch and calcium chloride. To compare the two sizings with another, they were applied on an untreated paper and then tested for printability using established methods. Measurements of surface tension and ink setting time, as well as analysis of the fibre structure with SEM imaging and topographic analysis aided in the evaluation. The printability tests included code verification, ink and calcium chloride penetration depth measurements, Mottling-, Bleeding- and Wicking-calculations and print density and colour analysis.
In order to test the hypothesis that polyDADMAC could negatively impact the recyclability, a deinking test was done also. However, the results of the deinking test could not confirm this hypothesis.
As for printability, the sizing with cationic starch (further called sizing B/ substrate B) produced sharper print impressions than the paper with the sizing including polyDADMAC (further called sizing A / substrate A), especially when printed on with black ink. It also produced a better ink density, as the ink did not penetrate far into the substrate.
However, the ink setting time on substrate B was – with an average of ACDF.B ms – too high for industrial application as it would lead to smudging of the ink. Another impediment is the result of the cyan printed ink. The visual inspection of cyan full tone printed areas on substrate B showed significant inhomogeneities, which were confirmed by the mottling analysis. The high ink setting time can be explained by the topographic analysis, which showed that the sizing has clogged the pores, hindering the ink vehicle from penetrating into the substrate quickly. That the sizing evened the surface instead of covering the fibrous structure with a thin layer may be the result of the sizings high viscosity.
The sizing with cationic starch instead of polyDADMAC cannot be recommended for use in an industrial setting due to the ink setting time and mottling effects of cyan ink. However, further research could lead to satisfying results.

A magnesium sulfite pulp producer modified its pulping process to dissolving pulping in 2011 and needed a purification stage after the digester to obtain a sufficiently low hemicellulose content. The dissolving pulp was intended for viscose production and an R 18 value of at least 95% and an intrinsic viscosity below 550 dm 3 /kg was requested. The results showed, as could be expected, a correlation between lower dissolving pulp yield and a higher degree of purification with respect to cellulose. The R 18 values and the intrinsic viscosities of the dissolving pulps were found to increase with increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and/or higher temperature in the extraction stage. The pulp yield was found to be higher with higher temperature for the cold caustic extraction stage (CCE); for hot caustic extraction (HCE) the pulp yield became lower with higher temperature. The specified R 18 value was easiest to reach using hot caustic extraction.

Over the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in paper-digital systems that allow regular paper documents to be augmented or integrated with digital information and services. Although a wide variety of technical solutions and applications have been proposed, they all rely on some means of specifying links from areas within paper pages to digital services where these areas correspond to elements of the document's artwork. Although various frameworks and tools are available to support the development of paper-digital applications, these tend to either require some programming skills or focus on specific application domains. We present an advanced publishing solution that is based on an authoring rather than programming approach to the production of interactive paper documents. Our solution is fully general and we describe how it uses concepts of templates and variable content elements to reduce redundancies and increase the flexibility in developing paper-digital applications.

Jute is a cash crop of Bangladesh, which is extracted from jute plant by retting process. Retting and extraction processes have a profound effect on the quality of fiber and on the cost of fiber production. In the conventional retting, jute plant is immersed in clear slow flowing water for 14–28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. Conventional retting process is not environmental friendly and requires large amount of water. Therefore, Bangladesh Government has introduced ribbon retting method in different areas of the country to ease peeling of jute fiber. In this paper, effect of ribbon retting on the chemical properties of jute fiber and jute stick was carried out. Pentosan, extractive and ash content in ribbon retted jute fiber and jute stick were higher and lignin and-cellulose content were lower than the conventional retted jute fiber and jute stick. These differences were pronounced for jute stick. Effect of ribbon retting on kraft pulping was also studied. Pulp yield of conventional retted jute fiber and jute stick was higher at any kappa number. The variation of papermaking properties of the produced pulp on retting process was insignificant. The bleachability of jute fiber pulp was better than that of jute stick pulp. Conventional retted fibers showed slightly better bleachability. Jute fiber pulp consumed 15 kg ClO 2 /MT of pulp to produce brightness of 81–86%, while jute stick consumed 30 kg ClO 2 /MT of pulp to produce brightness 85%.

In this study the effects of mechanical treatment of kraft pulp fibers, at different temperatures, on pulp and pulp strength properties were investigated. The beating demand increased while the tear index and zero-span tensile strength of treated pulps decreased as the treatment temperature was increased from 100 o C to 170 o C. The carbohydrate compositions measured as monosaccharides after acid hydrolysis of the pulps were the same. The small differences in fiber deformation of the bleached pulps could not explain the severe strength losses at 170 o C. The fracture analysis, together with the results of a fractionation study of treated pulps, indicated that single fiber strength was lost. The results also indicated that the fiber damage resulting from mechanical treatment at high temperature under alkaline cooking conditions led not to a reduction in interfiber bonding ability.

The paper summarizes results of a research aimed at assessing of the pulp properties of Cocos nucifera (coconut) for using coconut as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper industry. Total experiments were 9 and the pulping procedure was kraft pulping. The pulp was cooked at 170, 160 and 1500C for 90 minutes. The active alkali and sulphidity (%) for every constant temperature were 15 and 20%; 20 and 25% and 25 and 30%. The screened pulp was beaten at 3000 revolution. The pulp properties were examined for both beaten and unbeaten pulp. . The cooked pulp at 1600C and 90 min with 25% active alkali and 30% sulphidity produced good result after beating based on cooking temperature and properties. The yield, brightness (ISO), tear index and tensile index were respectively 44.42%, 16.44%, 9.11 mN.m2/g and 95.17 Nm/g. There is an opportunity to use it as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper industry.

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of fiber characteristics,, especially fiber wall thickness, on the hygroexpansion behavior of paper due to humidity changes. Five different eucalypt kraft pulp samples were studied with an OPTIDIM hygroexpansivity tester. As references, birch and acacia were also included. All seven pulp samples were refined at low consistency (LC), using a Voith Sulzer refiner. Both anisotropic and isotropic sheets were investigated. The sheets were dried under restraint. The results showed that fiber wall thickness is an important factor in controlling the hygroexpansivity of paper through fiber network activation.