Entry inhibitor

Entry inhibitors, also known as fusion inhibitors, are a class of antiretroviral drugs, used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. This class of drugs interferes with the binding, fusion and entry of an HIV virion to a human cell. By blocking this step in HIV's replication cycle, such agents slow the progression from HIV infection to AIDS.

File:HIV entry into T cell schematic.png

An HIV virion binds to a CD4+ human cell. The two bottom pictures depict two proposed models of HIV fusion with the cell.

HIV entry

Proteins

There are several key proteins involved in the HIV entry process.

• CD4, a protein receptor found on the surface of helper T cells in the human immune system, also called CD4+ T cells
• gp120, a protein on HIV surface that binds to the CD4 receptor
• CCR5, a second receptor found on the surface of CD4+ cells and macrophages, called a chemokine co-receptor
• CXCR4, another chemokine co-receptor found on CD4+ cells
• gp41, a HIV protein, closely associated with gp120, that penetrates the cell membrane

Binding, fusion, entry sequence

HIV entry into a human cell requires the following steps in sequence.

1. The binding of HIV surface protein gp120 to the CD4 receptor
2. A conformational change in gp120, which both increases its affinity for a co-receptor and exposes gp41
3. The binding of gp120 to a co-receptor either CCR5 or CXCR4
4. The penetration of the cell membrane by gp41, which approximates the membrane of HIV and the T cell and promotes their fusion
5. The entry of the viral core into the cell

Entry inhibitors work by interfering with one aspect of this process.

Approved agents

• Maraviroc (Selzentry in USA, Celsentri in other countries) binds to CCR5, preventing an interaction with gp120. It is also referred to as a "chemokine receptor antagonist" or a "CCR5 inhibitor."
• Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) binds to gp41 and interferes with its ability to approximate the two membranes. It is also referred to as a "fusion inhibitor."

Investigation / experimental agents

Other agents are under investigation for their ability to interact with the proteins involved in HIV entry and the possibility that they may serve as entry inhibitors.

• TNX-355, a monoclonal antibody that binds CD4 and inhibits the binding of gp120
• PRO 140, a monoclonal antibody that binds CCR5
• Fostemsavir (BMS-663068), an attachment inhibitor that interferes with the interaction of CD4 and gp120 by binding with it.
• Plerixafor was being developed to interfere with interaction between HIV and CXCR4, but showed little useful antiviral activity in recent trials.
• Epigallocatechin gallate, a substance found in green tea, appears to interact with gp120 as do several other theaflavins.
• Vicriviroc, similar to maraviroc, is currently undergoing clinical trials for FDA approval.
• Aplaviroc, an agent similar to maraviroc and vicriroc. Clinical trials were halted in 2005 over concerns about the drug's safety.
• b12 is an antibody against HIV found in some long-term nonprogressors. It has been found to bind to gp120 at the exact region, or epitope, where gp120 binds to CD4. b12 seems to serve as a natural entry inhibitor in some individuals. It is hoped that further study of b12 may lead to an effective HIV vaccine.
• Griffithsin, a substance derived from algae, appears to have entry inhibitor properties.
• DCM205, is a small molecule based on L-chicoric acid, an integrase inhibitor. DCM205 has been reported to inactivate HIV-1 particles directly in vitro and is thought to act primarily as an entry inhibitor.
• CD4 specific Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) potently block viral entry of diverse strains and are being developed and studied as potential microbicide candidates
• A polyclonal caprine antibody is in phase II human clinical trials that targets, among others sites, the GP41 transmembrane glycoprotein. The trials are being conducted by Virionyx, a New Zealand Company.
• VIR-576 is a synthesized peptide which binds to gp41, preventing fusion of the virus with a cell membrane.

External links

• Fusion Inhibitor Resource Center
• HIV Fusion Inhibitors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)