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cifAsm/
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onf udk,fhudkudk,f aomfwmaqG Zmwfvdkufvkyfí ajrmufjrm;pGmaom [mo0w¦KawG
(Oyrm-uRefawmfyef;csDq&m? uRefawmf &kyf&Sifrif;om;? uRefawmf jyZmwfrif;om;?
uRefawmf0dwfwmaqG? uRefawmfwdkU "m;jywdkufcJUpOfu ponfjzifh) a&;cJU&um; ¤if;wkdUudk
pkaygif;xkwfa0rSomvQif ]aomfwmaqG\aomfwmaqGrsm;}[k trnfwyfoifhonf
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em;xJMum;a,mifvmojzifh uRefawmfhb0rSm cspfolawGvnf;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeí ]uRefawmfh
b0ZmwfaMumif;}[laomtrnfudk ovdkufyg\/
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ESifhwlí wwd,ydkif;rSmawmh om;orD;awG? ajr;awG? tdrfarG;wd&pämefawGESifh aomfwmaqG
rif;om;BuD;tjzpfESifh b0o&kyfawG azmfEdkifvdrfhrnfxifygonf/

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23? 8? 72
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vifr,m;ESpfa,mufa&SUarSmufú pum;pyfrdMuonf/
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tac: v,ficlav;awG) wq,fom; wusyfcJG? wydóm qJUig;usyfaps;ESifhtzGm;BuD;
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]][dk a&S; t*Fvdyfacwfursm; a[m'Dvdk icl iusnf;udk usKyfwkdU&efukefol&efukef
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tzdk;BuD; ]]udkaomfwmajymwm [kwfAsKdU/ wcsKdUukefaps;EIef;awGeJUwGuf&if 'Davmuf
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_ _ _
 t*Fvdyfacwfaumif;

uRefawmfonf 1938 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkU pwifa&muf&SdcJUyg\/ þtcsdefonf

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aps;onfru rdrdaps;qdkifckHay:rSvSrf;í ]]a[h umum? Mum,D;a&;jym;vm;? aygifrkefUaxm
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nu xrif;Murf; rusefí EdkUnSmuav;idkaeonf/
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taMumif;rSm vefjcm;onf teD;qkH;udk tenf;qkH;ESpfjym;ay;&yg\/ tqifoifhí
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usvnf; NrdKUolrESifh nm;&ygap awmif;qkacRcJUaom uRefawmf/ a[m ,ckazmfjycJUaom
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oifMuí vlvm;ajrmufvQif qlvG,feyfvG,fazmfjyyg vkyfief;rsm;udkom oifMum;Muukef
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tdrfiSm;aeolwkdUrSm trsm;tm;jzifh tpdk;&vcpm; ]ysHusrsm;}jzpfMuukef\/

cufonfujrif;yJG

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tdrfrS ausmufaxmifq&m udkwifhESifh cifrif&if;ESD;cJU&onf/ udkwifhrSwqifh olUnDudkjrifh?
udkoifh/
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udkjrifhurl yef;xdrfq&m/ a&Tavmif;vrf;rSmaeonf/
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okdUaomf udkwifhESifh udkoifhu jrif;orm;rsm;jzpfMuí udkjrifhu tavmif;tpm;r&Sd/ &dk;&dk;
ukyfukyf tvkyfvkyfoljzpf\/
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ausmufaoG;orm;vkyfom;rsm;vnf; oGm;Mu\/ udk,fwdkifroGm;Edkifrl vlrsm;udkwqifhyg;
vdkufMu\/
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vkyfief;BuD;[k rSwf,laeMu\/ waumifcsif; 0if;yav;rupm;ESifhOD;awmh? wGJyGJawmh
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uRefawmfhOD;av;vdk &kH;tvkyform;onf paeaeU aeU0uf&kH;qif;uwnf;u
jrif;yGJudkwcgwnf; qufoGm;awmh\/ xdkacwfu ]jrif;yGJoGm;w,f/
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OD;av;a,mu©xD;BuD;ESifh OD;av;ZeD;olUorD;vnf; wGJyGJawmh ESpfa,mufpyfxdk;aeusay/
pma&;uawmf bmuawmf nmuawmfawGomr[kwf acgif;&GufAsufxdk;aps;onfru tp
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jrif;&IH;ojzifh tudkESpfa,muftultnDjzifh axmifrusaomfvnf; olUwoufwmrSm
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a*:rdonf/ waeUoü olu uRefawmfhvufywfem&Dudk iSm;onf/ aemufjyefawmif;awmh
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pme,fZif;

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pm;p&m jzpfaeonf/ owif;pmwapmifESifh wapmif rwlatmifzwfzdkUrSm tcef;quf
0w¦K&Snfrsm;omjzpfonf/ jrefrmhtvif;rSm jrrsKd;vGif 0w¦Krsm;jzifh xif&Sm;onf/
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jrefrmhtvif;r*¾Zif;u 8yJ (ig;rl;)? *sme,frsm;u 4yJ (wrwf)/

uavmifopfjzpf&ykH
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aw;xyf? av;csKd;? oHcsKd? &wkydk'fpkHBuD;rsm;jzpfí a&;&efrvG,fulMuaomfvnf; a&;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;u tcspftvGrf; &moDOwkbGJUrsm;om jzpfonf/ tawG;tac:ryg?
um&Heabrsm;om a&;om;Muonf/
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'gaMumifh '*kHr*¾Zif;rSm uRefawmfa&;cJUaom &,fp&mr[kwfbJ &,fp&mjzpfaeaom uAsm
wyk'fudkazmfjyvdkufrnf/
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&Sm&SmazGazG rmvmodef;u uRefawmfhqDydkUvdkufykHuawmh
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rajymygeJUawmh/
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r[kwf/ uAsmemrnfudku

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pdkufc&,fukef
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jynf&Gmukef e,fwvTm;rSmv
rMunfomykH v,form;awGjzifh
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ESpfaumaZm udk;qJUudk;rSmv
epfarsmum qdk;owJUqdk;vSw,f
(uG,f) wdk;qifhvdkUuJ/

uJ? q&mwkdU b,fhES,fwkH;/ tJ'D uAsmudk uRefawmfqJU&SpfESpfom;u owif;pm

awGxJ a&BuD;wJUNrdKUawG e,fawGtaMumif;zwfNyD;a&;wmAs/
tJ'Dwkef;u 'Dvdk eabum&ef uAsmrsKd;awG '*kefwdkU? 'D;'kwf*sme,fwdkUrSm uRefawmf
a&;cJUygw,f/ odkUaomf 0w¦Kpum;ajyusawmh uRefawmfb,frSma&;&rSef; rodbl;AsKdU/
ckacwfrSmvdk b,fr*¾Zif;rSmrqdk a&;om;ay;ydkUEdkifygonfvdkUvJ r&Sdbl;/
r*¾Zif;wck vSefzwfvdkuf&if ygaeusemrnf& q&mawGcsnf;bJ/ tJ ol&d,r*¾Zif;
rSm xl;jcm;wmwck ygygvmwwfwmu ]a&;ol qk&onf}wJU/ wjcm; 0w¦KawGrSmvJ
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uavmif emrnfvdkUbJ uRefawmfxifcJUw,f/
odkUaomf b,f[kwfrvJ/ ol&d,u rlvuavmifopfudk emrnfrxnfhao;bJ
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uavmifopfawGudk 0w¦KNydKifyGJ ac:awmhoAs/ ta&G;cH&&if 15usyfxJ/ yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf
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jzpf&r,f/
 udk,fh0goemtavsmuf 0w¦KawGa&;a&;NyD; oli,fcsif;awGudk vufzuf&nfwdkuf
zwfcdkif;ae&wJU uRefawmf[m 0w¦KokH;rsKd;udk wyk'fNyD;wyk'f qufwdkufbJa&;ydkUvdkufw,f/
tJ'DwkH;u ukd,fhudk,fudk b,f0w¦KrsKd;rqdk a&;wwfw,fxifaewmudkAs/
okdUaomf ol&d,[m [mo0w¦KwrsKd;bJ NydKifyGJvkyfjzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfh0w¦Kudk
npfnrf;w,fqdkNyD; y,fvdkufw,f/ (aemufawmh jyefjyifa&;vdkufum aomfwmaqG&JU
a&S;OD;qkH; ]b&ef'Dwykvif;}0w¦K jzpfvmwmygbJ/)
aemuf 0w¦KESpfrsKd;udkawmh ol&d,r*¾Zif;u ppf&dyf ppfaiGUawGorf;vmNyDrdkU puúL
tcuftcJaMumifh r*¾Zif;vJ qufxkwfEdkifawmhrSm r[kwfzl;qdkNyD; uRefawmfhqDjyefydkUvdkuf
ygw,f/ uRefawmfhpkHaxmuf0w¦K[m aemuf]&efatmif&wem}vkH;csif; 0w¦Kjzpfvmygw,f/
pGefUpm;í BuD;yGm;jcif;0w¦Kawmh udk,fh[mudk,fvJ rBudKufawmhwmeJU jyefra&;awmhygbl;/
tJ'Dwkef;u uavmifopfuav; jzpf&wJUta&; uRefawmfajymcsifygw,f/
uRefawmf[m yxrOD;qkH; [mo0w¦Kudk ausmif;pma&;ovdkbJ pmrsufESmESpfzuf
a&;vdkufrdygw,f/ aemufrSpmrludk wzufyJa&;&r,fqdkwm odawmh 'DtwGufeJUrsm;
uRefawmfh0w¦Kudk NydKifyGJroGif;awmhbJ xm;rvm; pdk;&drfNyD; ol&d,r*¾Zif;wdkufudkoGm;yg
w,f/
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apmifhae&/ awmfawmfMumawmhrS vdyfjymawmifwHcg;yGifhNyD; vlwa,mufxGufvm/
onfawmhrif;apu txJ0ifoGm; oljyefxGufvmNyD;awmhrS uRefawmfhudk0ifcdkif;/
txJa&mufawmh owif;pmq&mBuD; Od;odrf;armifaygh cifAsm/ pmukef;Munfhae
w,f/ uRefawmfu olUa&SUrxdkif0HUbJ rwfwwf&yf apmifhae&w,f/ awmfawmfBuD;MumrS
olu rsufrSefay: rsufpdausmfMunfhNyD; bmudpövJar;/
uRefawmfu &ifxJw'dwf'dwfeJU tusKd;taMumif;ajymjyawmh olu ]][m? 'DtwGuf
udpör&Sdygbll;}}
'DwcGef;bJajymw,f/ olUpm oljyefNyD;ukef;Munfhaeawmh uRefawmfhrSm EIwfrquf0HU
bJ jyefcJU&ygw,f cifAsm/
onfhaemuf0w¦KawGusawmh uRefawmf pnf;urf;csuftwdkif;bJ ususeea&;NyD;
ydkUcJUygw,f/ odkUaomfvJ azmfjycJUwJUtwdkif; ppf&dyfppfaiGUaMumifh NydKifyGJrvkyfjzpfbJ 1941
ckESpf 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeU eHeuf 10em&DavmufrSm &efukefNrdKUudk eDyGefrsm; AkH;BuJí
ydkufqH&SdvQif avmuedAÁmefjzpfwJU &efukefNrdKUawmfBuD; ysufpD;ygawmhonfcifAsm;/
t*Fvdyfacwf wcef;&yfí *syefacwf qufOD;pdkU/
 ppfBudKacwf

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;ü uRefawmfwdkU jrefrmjynfwGif ]ppfBudKacwf}? ]ppfNyD;acwf}

[lí Armpum;ESpfvkH;ay:vm&m uRefawmfonf yxrpum;vkH;udk ueOD;ü w,fNyD;
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BudKqdkMuonf r[kwfygvm;/ vlrsm;pGmaoí wdkif;jynfyg ysufpD;&rnfhppfudk vlwkdUu
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jynf udk,fhvlrsKd;udk odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfxm;aom e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk rkef;wD;jcif;yifwnf;/
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(uReft&omawGUaeaom vlwef;pm;rSvJGí) rnfrQavmuf 0rf;omvdkufMuygeonf;/
jyifopfjynfaygufoGm;vQif t*FvefuRef;u teD;av;&Sdawmhonf/
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wdkufNyD; wurÇmvkH;udkodrf;NyD; usKyfwkdUArmjynf jyefvmawmhrSmAs}}
aus;&Gma'owkdUwGif a&S;vlBuD;tcsif;csif; þtwdkif;ajymqdk0rf;omaeMu\/
xdkrS 1941ck ESpfOD;ydkif;avmufü Oa&mywGifom ruawmhbJ tm&S ta&SUawmif
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jcif;? tcsufay;OMo at;OMo qJGjcif;? narSmifcsjcif;rsm;udk em&Dydkif;ESifh avhusifhay;
onf/
 tJonfvdk t*Fvdyftpdk;&rSm ppftwGuftvkyfrsm;vmav? uRefawmfwdkU t*Fvdyf
rkef;aom Armvlxku 0rf;omav? atmifr,f toHvTifhXmeuawmif nn a&'D,dkwGif
]arSmifcswkef;nrSm apmifha&SmufwmvJ MuifembG,f? umuG,fa&;ay;vdkUom aus;Zl;wifyg
w,farmif&,f}qdkaom oDcsif;u vmvdkufao;/ arSmifcsaomnrsm;wGif av,mOf&Sm aom
rD;armif;BuD;rsm;uvnf; aumif;uifrSm xif;xif;BuD;xdk;onf/ 'DtcgrSm *syef av,OfyHs
vmygap[k qkawmif;olu awmif;Muonf/ *syefudktajrmfBuD;ajrSmfcJUMuonf/
,if;odkU &efukefNrdKUBuD;rSm avaMumif;umuG,fa&; avhusifhonfu ntcsdefrsm;/
edyGefrmpwmwdkU vmNyD;AkH;csawmh 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeU 10em&Davmuf
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wm0efudk vufcH&ef oabmwlvdkufMuygonf/
odkUESifh rpöwm atmufwdkum;0g;onf uRefawmfhtm; olwkdU\*syefppfXmecsKyfwnf
&m t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHtdrf (,cktpdk;&a*[m)odkUac:oGm;NyD; *syefAdkvfcsKyfBuD;ESifh awGUqkHap
\/
*syeft&m&SdwdkUonf bmoabmvJrod/ uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,muftm; twGif;cH
abmif;bDav;rsm;om csefíem;MuyfESifh bmESifhwudk,fvkH;udk a&m*gppfaq;ovdk ppfaq;
NyD;rS oabmwlnDMu\/
tif; uRefawmfhukodkvf cPwjzKwfawmh qef;om;aemf/ yxrOD; ywfufa[mfw,f
ae&? 'kwd, xdkxufomaom vlcsrf;omtdrfBuD;? ,ck wwd, t*Fvdyf bk&ifcHtdrfawmf
cifAsm/
 okH;rnfajrmuf a*[m

t*FvdyfacwfwGif ]bk&ifcHtdrfawmf}? jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; zqyvrS yxp

acwftxd ]orw tdrfawmf} ,ck awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&vufxufrSm ]tpdk;&a*[m}/
þwwd,ajrmuf trnfoNyD;onfhaemufwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuúXAdkvfcsKyf
BuD;ae0if;\ zdwfac:csufjzifh um,vkyfom;? OmPvkyfom;? todynm&Sif? twwfynm
&Sif? tEkynmonfwkdUomru awmaetkHMum;rS awmifolv,form;OD;BuD;? OD;av;wkdUyif
xdktdrfawmf0if;twGif; usif;yaom xrif;pm;yJGBuD;rsm;odkU wufa&mufEdkifMuNyDjzpfaomf
vnf; [dka&S;,cif t*Fvdyfrif; tkyfpdk;pOf acwfwkef;url trsm;jynfolvlxku xdktdrf
awmfESifh ywfoufí pdwful;rQxnfhtyfonfr[kwfay/
,if;odkUtajcrS t*Fvdyftpdk;& okwfajcwifí *syeft0ifü udkoefUZifESifh
uRefawmfu omreft&yfom;xJrS xdktdrfawmfxJ aps;OD;aygufa&muf&onf[k qdkaumif;
qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
tdrfykHoP²mefum; ta0;rS trsm;jrifMuonfhtwdkif;ygbJ/ twGif;ü tcrf;tem;
wkdUum; qef;jym;yg\/ tay:xyfodkU wufaom avSum;vuf&rf; tqkH;owfrSm
usm;acgif;? atmufxyf tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;t0if0 tay:wnfhwnfhrSm tpG,fESifh
ESmarmif;ESifh qifacgif;&kyf xkvkyfxm;yg\/ xdktpnf;ta0; cef;rBuD;udk tay:rSaeMunfh
aomf ,ck orw&kyf&Sif&kH okH;usyfcGJwef;rS atmufikHUMunfh&onfESifh wlygonf/ tjcm;vl
aecef;rsm;zGJUykHrSm a[mfw,ftwdkif;yif/
xdkpOfu tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;xJwGif bk&ifcH&kH;jzpfav&m pm;yJG? ukvm;xdkif?
qdkzm? ul&Sifpdrf;pdrf;awGESifh BuD;us,fcrf;em;aypG/
udkoefUZifESifh uRefawmfhtm; þcef;rBuD;xJwGif *syefppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf
uRefawmfwdkU udk,fcE¨m &kyfvu©Pmudk Munfh&Ippfaq;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUudk,fa&;
&mZ0ifudk a&;rSwfum olwkdUtvkyfwm0efudk ay;tyfygonf/
1942 ckESpf rwfv ukefcgeD;avmufjzpf&m xdktcsdefüjrefrmjynftxufydkif;odkU
t*Fvdyftpdk;&tzGJUESifh ygoGm;aom jrefrmt&m&SdBuD;tcsKdU ¤if;wkdUESifh awGUaomtcg
rpöwmatmfwdkum;0g;u olapvTwfvdkufonf jzpfaMumif; odom&ef toD;oD;udk &Gwfjy&
rnfh Code Word vQKdU0Sufpum;rsm;udk uRefawmfwdkU tvGwfusuf&ygonf/ ,if;pum;
0SufawG&NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU vkyfief;ESifh c&D;pOfrsm; touftEå&m,f jzpfaumif;
jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh uRefawmfwkdU rdbae&yfvdyfpmrsm;? &nf;pm;&SdvQif &nf;pm;\ae&yf
vdyfpmwkdUudk a&;rSwf,lvdkufygonf/ þvrf;c&D; twGufp&dwfrnfrQ vdkrnfvJar;í
udkoefUZifu 500rQ ajym&m rpöwmatmufwdkum;0g;u NyKH;í 1000d(waxmif)ay;vdkuf
ygonf/ t*FvdyfaiGq,fweftkyfvdkuf topfMuyfcRwfjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefü xdkaiGwaxmif
wefbdk;um; renf;ygacs/
uRefawmfwkdUudpöum; jrefqefvS\/ onfaeU aeUcif;olwkdUAdkvfcsKyfBuD;ESifhawGU/
aemufwaeUeHeuf c&D;xGufcJU&awmhonf/ xdktcsdefrSm t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;u vufyHwef;
[dkbufa&muf? *syefu om,m0wD tkyfrdNyDjzpfí uRefawmfwkdUtm; OuúHtxdarmfawmf
um;ESifh vdkufydkUapygonf/
uRefawmfwdkUydkUaomum;rSm ppfum;r[kwf/ *syeftvHae0ef;eDeDwyfxm;aom
qvGef;um;/ vrf;wGifawGUorQ *syefppfom;rsm; tav;jyKum vrf;z,fay;Muonf/
uRefawmfwkdU vdkufydkUonfrSm *syefum;armif;orm;ESifh oufawmfapmifhppfom;wa,muf
&dkifz,fwvufESifh/ uRefawmfwkdU ESpfa,mufu aemufrSxdkif/ olwkdUua&SUrs'Dajy'Dajr 'D&yf
olwkdUyxrOD;qkH; a&mufzl;jcif;jzpfí uRefawmfwkdUnTef&m armif;&\/
xdkpOfwkef;u *syefppfom;udk uRefawmfwkdU owdxm;rd\/ [m aomufusKd;eJ?
0JawGayG;awG wudk,fvkH; yGvdkUygvm;/ aoewfyckH;ay:wifí vufESpfzufu A,fnm
pvG,fodkif;ukwfaeonfrSm 'if;udkMunfhí ]tdk? trJajcmufzkwf u aeygvm;}[k uRefawmf
wkdUu &,farmrdMu\/ xdkpOfü y,if;a&mif tqif;&Sdaom yD;,m;pf qyfjymarT;ESifh a&csKd;
aeMuonfh uRefawmfwkdUonf aemifrMumrD jrefrmwjynfvkH;wGif þ*syefvdkbJ ayG;0JawG
aygufMuawmhrnfudk tb,fvQif pOf;pm;rdEdkifMutHUenf;/
11 em&dcefUü OuúHodkUa&mufonf/ *syefppfwyfawGESifh NrdKUtajctae aumif;rGef
pGmbJ&Sdonf/ aps;qkdif? pm;aomufqdkifrsm; zGifhvSpfvsufyif/ uRefawmfwkdUESifh ausmif;ae
buf udkoef;nGefUtdrf a&mufonfü *syefum;udk jyefvTwfvdkufawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkU OuúHrSm cPbJem;onf/ eHeufpmpm;aomufNyD; rMumrDü c&D;quf
cJUonf/ uRefawmfwkdUonf *syefESifhywfoufí pdwfcs&aMumif; udkoef;nGefUu tmrcH
ay;íOuúHrS okH;q,fodkU jrif;vSnf;iSm; ac:í&onf/ trSefyifuRefawmfwdkUrSm *syef
ppfXmecsKyfrS a&;ay;vdkufaom pmwapmifygí NrdKUt0if txGufapmifhaom *syefppfwyf
rsm;tm; þpmjyvdkufvQif udpöNyD;onf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfaom *syefppfAdkvfuav;
rsm;ESifh awGUvQif tqifajyvSonf/ a&SUwNrdKUokdUoGm;aom olwkdUppfum;BuKHESifhawGUvQif
uRefawmfwkdUudk vdkufaponf/ tcsKdUNrdKUrsm;rSm jrif;vSnf; orm;rsm;rvdkuf&Jonfudk
olwkdUu ac:ay;onf/
þtcsdefwGif &efukefjynfvrf;wavQmufrSm t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;ua&SUrS (olwkdUtac:)
atmifjrifpGm qkwf/ *syefwyfrsm;u aemufrSvdkuf/ uRefawmfwkdUu *syefwyfrsm;aemufu
w&ufjcm;pDbJ qdkMuygpdkU/
,if;odkUvQif uRefawmfwkdUonf OuúHrS okH;q,f? om,m0wD? vufyHwef;/ rif;vS
rSm wntdyf\/ aemufaeUBudKUyifaumufa&mufawmh xdk&ufrSm aygif;wnfwGif wdkufyGJ
jzpfaeaMumif; uRefawmfwkdU a&SUodkUroGm;oihfaMumif; *syefppfAdkvfuajymí oli,fcsif;
wa,muftdrfrSm wnf;cdkae&jyefonf/ *syeftvmrSm jrefrmawGtm;vkH; aysmf&TifaeMu
onfrSm trSefjzpfonf/ b,favmufwefbdk;&SdrSef; rodao;aom *syefydkufqHawGESifh
MuufOawG MuufawGudk a&mif;csMuonf/ pifppfum; xdktcsdefwGif 0rf;a':vmESifh
q,fqifhig;qifh puúLwkdUudk b,f'if;u wefbdk;rsm;rSef;rS xdkvlpku rodMuao;ay/
t*Fvdyfwyfrsm; atmifjrifpGm tqkwfESifh *syef jrefrmwyfrsm;u atmifjrifpGm
tvdkufwGif &efukefjynfvrf;wavQmufrSm axmufBuHUqwfoabmrSm wBudrf? aygif;wnf
rSmwyJG? a&TawmifrSm tBuD;tus,f okH;csD EGJvdkufMu&onf/
uRefawmfwkdU aygif;wnfNrdKU a&mufaomtcg t*FvdyfwyfrSusqkH;aom a*:&m
ppfom;? ukvm;ppfom; tavmif;rsm;onf tykyfeHUrxGufao;/ yGNyD; zl;a&mif&kHom &Sdao;
onf/ aygif;wnfNrdKUay:rSm awmfawmfMum wdkufyGJjzpfvdkufojzifh tcsKdU&yfuGufrsm;
rD;avmifMuonf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf awm&GmZeyk'frSm oGm;a&mufcdkvIHaeMuonf/
uRefawmfh&GmutdrfrSm ppfajy;{nfhonfrsm; a&mufaeMu\/
xdkaygif;wnfNrdKUrSm rpöwm atmufwdkum;0g; ay;vdkufaom wm0efudk uRefawmf
wdkU yxrOD;qkH; xrf;aqmifMu&\/ taMumif;rSm xdkpOfu &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; OD;zdk;pudk
aygif;wnfrSm awGU&í rpöwmatmufwdkum;0g;\ trSmpum;udk OD;zdk;pu aumif;rGefpGm
vufcH\/ uRefawmfwdkUtm;aus;Zl;wifpGm xrif;weyfyif auR;vdkufygao;\/
Adkvf&efEdkif emrnfBuD;cJUaom a&Tawmif wdkufyGJonf rwfv 30 &ufaeUrSm jzpfcJU
í {NyDv 2 &ufaeUrSm uRefawmfwkdU c&D;qufcJUMuonf/ 0ufykyftxd jrif;vSnf;iSm;&NyD;
a&Tawmiftxd ajcvsifBudwfcJU&\/
wdkufyGJjzpfaomae&m a&mufonfü usqkH;aom ppfom;rsm;? jrif;rsm;? vm;rsm;?
tavmif;awGykyfyGaeMuNyD/ rD;avmifxm;aom wifhum;rsm;? tajrmufrsm;? þtysuf tpD;
tykyftyGawGMum;xJü ypönf;rsm; &SmazGaeMuaom vltcsKdUudkawGU&onf/ t*Fvdyf
tqkwfESifh *syeftvdkufrSm odyfNyD;eD;uyfaeaMumif; olwkdUqDrSod&í uRefawmfwkdUc&D;rSm
jynfvrf;twdkif; vdkufaecJUaomf udk,fhtvkyfrNyD;ajrmufEdkifawmhNyD/ uRefawmfwkdUwm0ef
rSm t*Fvdyftpdk;& tzGJUESifh ygoGm;aom jrefrmt&m&SdBuD;rsm;tm; tdE´d,odkU ygroGm;
atmifwm;qD;ac:iifcJU&rnfjzpfí *syefppfwyfudk ausmfum uRefawmfwkdUu t*Fvdyfydkif
eufxJ a&S;OD;pGm a&mufrSjzpfayrnf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUonf xdknae a&TawmifrS
{&m0wDjrpfwzufurf;&Sd yef;awmif;odkU avSiSm;í ul;cJUMuonf/ avS&Sifonf w,fNyD;
rvdkufcsifay/ rlvu vlwa,mufvQif ul;wkdUc ESpfjym;rQudk uRefawmfwkdUu t*FvdyfaiG
q,fwef axmifjyvdkufrS &TifyspGm ydkUawmfrl\/
olrvdkufvnf; rvdkufcsifp&myif/ tavmif;awGu jrpfxJrSmaygavmay:ívnf;
aumif;? [dkbufurf; onfbufurf; aomifjyifawGay:rSm ykyfyGívnf;aumif; wkH;wif;
oa&m&Sdacsonf/
yef;awmif;rSm {&m0wDjrpf taemufzrfur;fwGif jynfa&TawmifESifh zdkcaemufqdkif
Xmeykdif&kH;pdkuf&m NrdKUi,fuav;jzpfonf/ xdkNrdKUü uRefawmfESifh q&mjzpfoifausmif;ae
buf oli,fcsif;&Sdonf/ vlcsif;cifrifvSí uRefawmfhemrnf&if; armifusifarmifrS
armifMuifaqGjzpfapaom olUemrnf armifwifaqGjzpfonf/
xdktcsdefü a&TawmifwdkufyGJaMumifh yef;awmif;rSvlrsm;pGefUcGmMuí tdk;apmifhtdrf
apmifhavmufom tenf;i,f&SdMuonf/ xdkvlrsm;xHrS zdk;wifaqG\tdrfudk vG,fulpGm
ar;í&yg\/ okdUaomf tdrfapmifhol&if;iSm;wa,mufrSwyg; olwkdUtdrfom;rsm; r&SdMuacs/
xdkrSwrdkifcGJrQ a0;rnfh zdk;wifaqGwdkU cdkvIH&m&Gmuav;odkU ¤if;ol&if;iSm;uyif
vdkufydkUyg\/ ae0if&Doa&mtcsdefü uGJuGmoGm;onfrSm ESpfESpfrQ MumNyDjzpfaom
oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf jyefvnfawGU&m 0rf;omvdkufMuonfh jzpfjcif;/
olvnf; uRefawmfhvdkyif pkHaxmufpGefUpm;cef; vQKdU0SufoJzdk 0w¦Krsm;udkESpfoufcJUol
jzpfí uRefawmfwkDU\ c&D;udpöudk ajymjyaomtcgü olygvdkufcsifvS\/ okdUaomfxdktcsdef
rSm oltdrfaxmifusaeí ,refaeUuyif olUom;OD;arG;zGm;ojzifh onfvdktcsdefBuD;rSm
aoG;EkEkZeD;udk pGefUcGmroGm;oifhaomaMumifh ]]awmuf udk,fuHqdk;w,fuGm}}[k nnf;nLí
usefcJU&\/
uRefawmfwkdUrSm c&D;&ufrzifhEdkifay/ aemufwaeUeHeufyif zdk;wifaqGpDpOfay;aom
EGm;vSnf;jzifh c&D;qufcJUMu\/ þtcsdefþ EGm;vSnf;r&vQif uRefawmfwkdU aumif;pGm
vrf;ravQmufEdkifMuawmhyg/ taMumif;rSm uRefawmfwkdUonf c&D;&SnfxGufMuawmhrnfü
pmtkyfawG zwfzl;? &kyfykHawGjrifzl;aom pdwful;,Ofjzifh abmif;bDwdk0wf? ajctdwfpGyf?
uif;bwfzdeyfpD;NyD; uRefawmfwkdUaetdrfrSxGufcJUMu&m 0ufykyfa&mufjrif;vSnf;ay:uqif;?
ajcvsifavQmuf? tif;r? udk;wkwfausmf? awmifBuD;ul;xJa&mufvQifyif onfvdkoGm;ae
vmaeusr[kwfí zdeyfaygufavNyD? ajcacsmif;uav;awGrSmavSmiftdkuf zl;a&mifae ojzifh
zdeyfcRwfypf&rSmuvnf; vrf;utvGefylvSojzifh uif;bwfzdeyfudk ajcacsmif; uav;awG
tMum; "m;ESifhcGJ&\/ onfawmhrS ajcacsmif;uav;awGay:NyD; vrf;avQmuf Edkif\/
zdk;wifaqGUtdrfa&mufaomtcgü þuif;bwfzdeyfESifh ajctdwfwdkUudktNyD; pGefUcGm
vdkufMuum oJBudK;wyfzdeyfudk ajymif;vdkufMuawmh\/ EdkUNyD; Zifom; zsifxlaAmif;ADudk
vnf; r0wfvdkawmhNyD/ olwkdUonf yltdkufaom jrefrmjynfESifh rudkufyg/ uRefawmfhudk,f
awGUpdwfBudKufum; ArmvTmzdeyfpD;? twGif;cHaAmif;Awdkuav;rQ0wf? vloluif;a0;&mrSm
ykqdk;vnfyif;a&mufvdka&muf? aeylvQif acgif;NrD;NcKHvdkNcKH? taumif;qkH;aom c&D;vrf;oGm;
aywnf;/ EdkUNyD; uRefawmfwkdU\c&D;aqmifrSm wa,mufvQif jrefrm&Srf;vG,ftdwf ESpfvkH;
pD? yckH;rSmA,fnm pvG,fodkif;onf/ wtdwfu t0wftxnf wtdwfupm;p&m/
uRefawmfwdkUrSm uHaumif;onf[kqdk&rnf/ ajcaxmufzdeyfaygufem raysmuf
ao;orQ EGm;vSnf;&aeonf/ zdk;wifaqGpDpOfay;vdkufaomvSnf;ESifh uHrNrdKUodkU a&muf
aomtcg zdk;wifaqGpma&;ay;vdkufaom olBuD;om;ruftdrfrSm wnwnf;onf/
aemufwaeUreufrSm zdk;wifaqGnTefMum;vdkufonfhtwdkif;yif xdkvlu uRefawmfwkdUtm;
olUEGm;vSnf;jzifh vdkufydkUonf/
 uRefawmfonf *syefppfaMumif;udkomru qkwfcGmaom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udkyg
ausmfwuf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh ppfvr;fjzpfaom {&m0wDjrpf&dk;udkpGefUcGmí o&ufNrdKU
taemufzufaus;&Gmrsm;rS ukef;wGif;vrf; oGm;&acsrnf/ xdka'oum; awmifukef;awmif
apmif;rsm;wGifwnf&Sdí rdk;acgifa&&Sm;&yfuGuf pm;aomufukef txGufenf;ojzifh tvGef
qif;&JMuonf/
uHrNrdKUrS olBuD;om;ruf vdkufydkUaom waeukef oGm;&onfh&Gmw&GmodkU
a&mufonfü qif;&JvSaom jrefrmaus;&Gmrsm;udk uRefawmfwdkU yxrOD;qkH; awGU&jcif;yif/
xdka'oum; awmopfawm0g;ujzifh aygrsm;vSí tm;vkH;tdrfawGujzifh rnHUvSyg/
ajcwH&Snftdrfjrifh? 0g;uyfrdk;? 0g;x&Hrsm; jzpfMuukef\/ odkUaomf tpm;u &Sm;yg;vS\/
uRefawmfwdkU vdkufydkUolonf olUrdwfaqGtdrfodkU OD;wnfarmif;\/ a&mufaomf
xdkrdwfaqGudkrawGU&/ vSnf;jzKwfNyD; uRefawmfwkdUtm; xdktdrfay:aeapum olUrdwfaqG
udk&Sm&ef xGufoGm;\/ ,if;ü tdrf&Sifronf uRefawmfwdkUtm; MunfjzLykHray:acs/
EIwfvnf; rquf? pum;wcGef;rSvnf;rajym/ tdrfOD;cef;xdkifaeaom uRefawmfwkdUudk
rMunfhbJ jiLjiLplplae\/ udkoefUZifESifh uRefawmfrSm tawmftae&txdkif&usyfae\/
a&uav;wcGufrS awmif;raomuf0HUMu/ pifppfum; (aemufrS olwkdUtajctaeudk
xif[yfí pOf;pm;rdonfrSm) tdrf&Sifronf þtcsdefBuD;ü c&D;a0;rSa&mufvmaom {nfh
onfokH;a,mufudk xrif;auR;&rSm pdk;&GHaeaomaMumifhjzpfyg\/
okdUaomf w,frMumygacs/ uRefawmfwdkUudk vdkufydkUolESifh olUa,mufsm;a&mufvm
Muí uRefawmfwkdUudk EIwfqufNyD; olUZeD;onftm; rD;zdkacsmifxJoGm;NyD; wD;wdk;ajymvdkuf
onf/ ra&Tpmtdrfay:uqif;oGm;NyD; rMumrD NyKH;&TifaomrsufESmESifh 0ufom;wwGJ qGJí
jyefvm\/
pifppf uHrNrdKUuvdkufydkUolonf olUa,mufsm;tm; uRefawmfwkdU rnfolrnf0gawG
jzpfonf? b,fudpöESifh b,fudkoGm;Murnfudk ajymMum;vdkufaomaMumifhjzpf\/ uRefawmf
wkdUudk txifBuD;oGm;\/ t*Fvdyfajy;NyD; *syeftkyfpdk;aomtcg uRefawmfwkdUu olwkdUtm;
olaumif;jyKEdkifvdrfhrnf xifMu[efwl\/ xdknxrif;yg pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcgü
uHrNrdKUrS vdkufydkUaomvlESifh xdktdrf&Sifa,mufsm;yg uRefawmfwkdUtm; ulnDvdkufolrsm;
tjzpfESifh rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg&ef olwkdUemrnf ae&yfrsm;udkajymMu\/ uRefawmfu
a&;rSwf&onfaygh/
xdktxJü tonf;qkH;jzpfolum; xdktdrf&Sifr\tudk zkef;BuD;vlxGufcifAsmh/ olu
aemufwaeUreufrSm olUa,mufz? vSnf; EGm;ESifhuRefawmfwkdUtm; vdkufydkU&onf/
vrf;c&D;um; awmifqif;awmifwufcsnf;jzpf\/
yxrü olwkdUvSnf;EGm;udkMunfhí uRefawmftm;r&jzpfrd\/ uRefawmfwkdUt&yfu
vSnf;xuf bD;i,f\/ 0ef&dk;vnf;usOf;\/ tJ vSnf;wHuawmh ydk&Snfae\/ xrf;ydk;ESifh
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toufi,fír[kwf/ ADZudku yknSufrsKd;av;awGjzpf&m uRefawmfhpdwfxif þvSnf;
caemfeD caemfenfhESifh onfEGm; nSufpvDuav;awGrSm atmfr&Sdqif;&Jom;okH; taygpm;
aybJ[katmufarhrdonf/
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uRefawmfwkdUqDu vSnf;BuD; EGm;BuD;rsKd;jzpfygu tvum;yif/ olwkdUvdkc&D;wGifrnf
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awmifqif;awmifwufaumif;\/ uRrf;usif\/ cGmNrJ\/ twufrSm uRefawmfwkdUu
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onf/ xdkUaMumifh aemifwacwfajymif;onfü xdkolBuD;&mxl;udk olUtm;cefUtyfyg&ef/
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rpm;bl;cJUMuaMumif; 0efcHMu\/ olwkdUonf NrdKUESifh tifrwef tvSrf;a0;Muonf/
uRefawmfaqmif;cJUaom ouúvyfOD;xkyfESifh udkoefUZif\ azmhOD;xkyfudk txl;tqef;vkyf
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uRefawmfhpdwfxJ0,f wqufwnf;vdkbJ MuufatmfoHrsm; Mum;&awmh uRefawmfhrsufvkH;
zGifhMunfhvdkuf&m uRefawmfhteD;rSm rdef;rrsm;vnf; r&Sdawmh/ rD;vnf;arSmifaeonf/
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tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;u Muufxzrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ olwkdU"avh Muufudka&aEG;vnf; razsm?
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ESifhaq;udk udk,fBudKufovdkpyfí vdyfaomufwwfMuonf/
,if;ü uRefawmfwdkUrSm aMumifawmifawmifjzpfaeonfudk udkvkHaxmfu aq;Aef;
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nnf;u wa,mufudk vdyfay;vdkufygvm;}}qdkawmh ra&Tpmu &SufpEdk;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifxJ
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rGef;vJGavmuf a&mufEdkif\/
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rsm;u aus;Zl;wifvSí olwkdUpm;aeMuaom csygwDESifh yJ[if;udk cGJa0ay;onf/
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awGUvSjyefawmhonf/
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txGufrSm aemufuwufonfwGif wGef;csNyD; &,farmoGm;Mu\/
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vkH; <um;0gvmcJUonfh aewHqdyfESifh Al;oD;ig;aygif;aMumfpm&Gufudk tpazsmufypfcJU&awmh
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&SmMunfhonf/ uRefawmfhqDu "m;ajrSmifwacsmif;? udkoefUZifrSm xdkpOfu aq;ausmif;
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,lxm;vkdufí vlawGawmh vTwfvdkufojzifh uRefawmfwkdUrSm 0rf;om&ygao;\/
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tdrfBuD; awGom tdrfapmifhavmuf/
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b,fuvmí b,fudkoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;vnf; cke yefcsmyDudkajymouJUodkU ajymjyonf/
xdkvlBuD;ESpfa,mufrSm olwkdU udk,fa&;udk,f&mESifhrdkU uRefawmfwkdUudk w,fNyD;
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xdkn uRefawmfwkdU tdyfa&;0atmiftdyfpufvdkufMuonf/ eHeufvif;tm;BuD;ü
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rsm;ubJ uRefawmfwkdUudk npmauR;onf/
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ul;wkdUoif;abm&Sdaeao;í uRefawmfwdkU vG,fulpGmbJ jrif;NcHNrdKUodkUa&mufcJUMu\/
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qdkufum;orm; jzpf&rSmbJ/ bmaMumifhqdk tJonfwkef;u uRefawmf[m ]tcspftwGufjzifh
toufyifaoao}qdkwJU t&G,fudkAs/
tESDvdkqdkvQif uRefawmf&JU yxrOD;qkH; pmayAdrmefqk&wJU ]b0xdkxdk}0w¦Kwdkrsm;
[m jrif;vSnf;orm;taMumif;r[kwfbJ qdkufum;orm;awGtaMumif; jzpfaevdrfhr,fAsKdU/
pifppfawmh 1962 ckESpfrSm uRefawmf pmayAdrmefqk&bdkUudk 1942 ckESpfuwnf;u
jrif;vSnf;orm;b0udk pwif0ifa&mufcJU&wmygcifAsm/ onfpmayAdrmefqk&bdkU b0
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00 wkwfwkwfuav;rdkU ]eufMuKwf}vdkU uRefawmfwdkUu emrnfay;cJUMuygw,f/
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jzpf&ygw,f/
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cPavmufom em;&\/ odkUaomf EGm;ESifh jrif;onf rwlacs/ EGm;onfxrf;ydk;xrf;í
vSnf;udk wvSrf;csif; &kef;&onf/ jrif;uvSnf;udk vnfyif;&ifykHESifh qGJí tjrefajy;&onf/
EGm;wkdUrnfonfrSm c&D;oGm;ae&if; tayghtav; oGm;Edkifonf/ jrif;wkdUrSm tav;ygEdkif
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uRefawmfonf tpü 'gawGudk bmrQem;rvnfcJU/ jrif;vSnf;armif;í ydkufqH&bdkU
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(ESpfq,fhig;qifh)/ jrif;waumifudk toGm;tjyef ESpfacgufaygif; av;csDrQajy;ap&m vl
ig;a,muf ajcmufa,mufwifonfjzpfí ig;usyf ajcmufusyf&rS aeUwGufudkufonfrnf
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'Dawmh em&Djyef wcsufESpfcsufavmufrS tdrfjyefjzKwfEdkifawmh\/ jrif;um; zwfzwfarmvdkU
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odkUaomf eufMuKwfuav;um; uRefawmfhvufxJ a&mufNyD; 3-4vausmfuwnf;
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vnf; awmfawmfESifh xrpm;Edkif&Smyg/ tarmajyavmufrS xíavG;yg\/
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&xm;jrif;wkdUum; ukvm;ao ukvm;armyif tdyfMuygukef\/ þpOfu uRefawmfhjrif;
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vkyfauR;&ef vSnf;wyfí xGufcJU&jyefawmh\/
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taMumif;rSm uRefawmfonf jrif;vSnf;armif;aeaomfvnf; ausmif;om;pdwfraysmuf/
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avSmifMu ajymifMuonf/
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rodMuao;yg/
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uRefawmfonf olwkdUESifh &efrjzpf0HUao;wum;/ olwkdUvlpkxJrS uRefawmfESifh todtuRrf;
vJr&Sdao;yg/ uRefawmfonf udk,fh&GmrS 3 rdkifa0;aom aygif;wnfNrdKUodkU jrif;vSnf;ESifh
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rwlao;aMumif; aemufawmh udk,fh[mudk,f odvmygonf/
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r&Sdacs/ Oyrmqdkaomf jrif;vSnf;udk atmf'gay;íiSm;tHU/ b,favmufa0;oenf;/ tjyef
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tav;tay: trsKd;tpm;udkvnf; ar;um aps;awmif;&onf/
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bmb0udk ul;ajymif;Mu\/ uRefawmfum; a,mu©r\ ta&;ay:qE´jzifh '&dkifbmtjzpf
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vmaom ,mOfwkdUudk vrf;ü ajcvsifvmaom vlrsm;uom &yfa&SmifMuonf r[kwfyg
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r[kwfojzifh aemufu twif;ajy;vdkufqGJaom *syefppfAdkvfBuD;rsm; vufxJurvGwf/
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udk,lí uRefawmfhtm; b,fjyef nmjyef &dkufygawmh\/ uRefawmfu tusKd;taMumif;
ajymqdkawmif;yefygaomfvnf; olUpum; udk,fem;rvnf/ udk,fhpum; olem;rvnfESifh
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vlrsm;u bmrSajymraeESifhawmh NidrfomcHaevdkufawmh qdkojzifh uRefawmfvufydkufNyD;
awGaevdkufygawmhonf/ wckawmfoayghAsm/ uRefawmfh[mu taumif;pm;MumyGwf
r[kwfí EdkUrdkUMumyGwfqGJvQif wudk,fvkH;cH&ayrnf/ ,ckrl rsufESm wckwnf;om
jrifraumif;atmif aoG;jcif;jcif;eDawmhrS olwdkU*syefjcif;bJ ajymqdkqGJac:oGm;Muawmh\/
eufMuKwfESifh uRefawmf b0csif;qkHvdkuf&onfum; oHo&mrSm olUtwGufvnf;
raumif;yg/ uRefawmfhtwGufvnf; raumif;yg/
tjcm; jrif;vSnf;orm;awGu ajymMu\/ uRefawmfreuftdrfu jrif;vSnf;armif;
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jyefvmya[h}/ olwkdUpum;rrSm;ygacs/ pifppf uRefawmfonf aeUpOfyif jrif;udk wjznf;
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aiGa& avmif;onf/ uRefawmfu jrif;ZufoGm;udk csKyfudkifay;xm;&onf/ tm;vkH;
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aumif;aumif;pm;&awmhr,f odvm;}}
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trSeftm;jzifh jrif;vSnf;orm;ppfppfwkdUonf udk,fhvSnf;udk,fwa,mufwnf;
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armif;avh&Sdyg\/
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ajymifMu\/ avSmifMu\/ olwkdUonf rnfolUjrif;vSnf;udk rnfolu yJGpm;vkyfí
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uRefawmfvJ olwkdU uRefawmfhudk avSmifajymifaeMurSef; odyg\/ odkUaomf uRefawmfonf
b0tp i,f&G,fEke,fvSygao;\/ olwkdUESifhrzufNydKif0HUao;yg/ rMum;csifjyKum udk,fh
vkyfief; udk,fvkyf&yg\/
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wdkif (t*Faw ausmufxD;BuD;)udk A[dkjyKí Am;u&mvrf;ü ta&SUbuf OD;wnfonfu
A[ef;*dwf? &Srf;vrf;ü awmifbuf OD;wnfonfu &efukef*dwf/ tJonfwkef;u A[ef;
a&m? &efukefa&m jrif;vSnf;c wa,muf 25qifh (wrwf)bJ/ prf;acsmif;ESifh &efukefa0;í
A[ef;eJUu eD;onf/ okdUaomf onftcsdefwkef;u *syefacwf\ ESpfOD;prSmA[ef;u &efukef
avmuf rpnfum;ao;ojzifh &efukefoGm;c&D;onfu A[ef;xufrsm;onf/
uRefawmf jrif;vSnf;armif; usifhom;r&ao;aom &ufrsm;rSm pm;ar;yJGajz&aom
ausmif;om;av;ESifhwlygonf/ ausmif;om;av;onf b,fykpämyxrajzvdkuf&rvJ
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awmhvnf; rnfolUtwGufrQ rnfokdUrQ xl;jcm;onf r[kwfaomfvnf; udk,fhvdyfjym
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udk,fhb0ESifhudk,f 'gudkbJ tm;&yg;& [J&awmhrSmbJ[k
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uRefawmfu ajcmufusyfausmfawmif tyfvdkufawmh w,fawmfwJUighom;rufavmif;av;
aygh/ pifppfawmh uRefawmfhtm; csD;rGrf;p&mr[kwfyg/ udk,fhjrif; udk,frnSmbJ vl&wdkif;om
wifarmif;aeygu wq,f ausmfawmif &Edkifygao;/ trSefawmh jrif;onf armfawmf
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tavsmufom cdkif;&ayrnf/ 'gudk uRefawmfu owdrrlrdcJUbJ a,mu©r rsufESm&atmif
ydkufqH&bdkUavmufom MunfhNyD; zdcdkif;cJUojzifh eufMuKwfrSm uRefawmfhvufxJa&mufNyD;
av;vavmuf tMumwGif tarma&m*g&cJUawmhonf/
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bdk; &avmuf&kHom 0efayghayghESifh wacgufwusif;avmuf armif;NyD; aq;0g;rsm; auR;arG;
uko&rnf/
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olUudk uRefawmf tarmif;&yf&wmuawmh raorDokH;&ufavmufbJ cifAsmh/
reufydkif; armif;aomjrif;wkdUrnfonf eHeuf 5em&DavmufxNyD; tpmauR;&onf/
,if;reuf uRefawmftpmauR;awmh a[mAs? nuazsmfxm;ay;wJU tpmawGawmif
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udk rsufESmrS rvSnfhawmhyg/
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Edkifawmhay/
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xGufoGm;awmh\/
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MurSmrSr[kwfwm/ ,m,D cP[mbJ/ waumifawmfa&maygh}}
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aemufydkif; tdrfuxGufpom av;bufajy;Edkifí vlav;ig;a,mufwifESifh wrdkifavmuf
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ukef;wufuav;qdkvQif EGm;qGJovdk wvSrf;csif;om oGm;awmh\/ 'gudk uRefawmfu
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uRefawmfaiG&Sd&if cifAsm;rajymbl;}}
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aom jrif;rBuD;udk vSnf;aemufuqGJí pD;cJUonf/
jrif;waumifudk ,if;odkU jrif;vSnf;aemufu qGJMunfhjcif;jzifh vSnf;wyfvQif
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BudK;rwif;bJ vG,fuloufompGm ygvmcJUjcif;jzifh a&SUuqGJajy;cJUaom jrif;rsm;xuf
ajcrnHUaMumif; odomonf/ tu,fí xdkjrif;rsm;xuf zsif;ygu olu aemufrS aumif;
aumif;rvdkufEdkifí vSnf;xJujrif;udk avQmharmif;&ayvdrfhrnf/
odkU&mwGif 0,fvmcJUaomjrif;rudk udk,fhvufxJa&mufrS olajy;ykHudk aoaocsmcsm
Munfhrdawmh b,fbufaygifu eJeJoDí cGmzsm;u ajrBuD;udk wcsufwcsuf cwfaeonf/
,if;udk uRefawmfu udkbvSajymjyawmh
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jrif;oHcGm &dkufjcif;

wBudrfaomtcgü pma&;q&mwa,muf\ 0w¦Kwdkwyk'frSm uRefawmf zwfcJUbl;

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onf/ þpma&;q&monf jrif;oHcGm&dkufwmudk aocsmpGm MunfhrdvQif oloem;aumif;
oem;rdvdrfhrnfrSef\/ jrif;taMumif;em;rvnfaom pmzwfolvnf; oem;aumif; oem;
rdvdrfhrnfrSef\/ okdUaomf jrif;taMumif; em;vnfoltzdkU &,fbG,ftwdjzpfae\/
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onf rsufpdomMunfhrdí pOf;pm;OmPfrokH;rd[k qdkcsifonf/ jrif;oHcGm&dkuf&mrSm oHcGm&dkuf
olonf xdkjrif;\ajcwzufudk auG;íaygifMum;xJnSyfum cGmqpfudkifNyD; "m;ESifhvSD;ae
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pdrfajyeajy &dkufoGif;aeonf/ 'gudk jrif;uemonfqdkygu wd&pämefbJ b,fatmifhcHae
rnfenf;/ 'DvludkwcsufxJ uefausmufxkwfvdkufrSmaygh/
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pm;ESpfa,muf pxa&mfb,f&DyifatmufrSm xdkifMuonf/ uarÁmZ\ ESpfqef;0,f
ydawmufyef;wkdU vef;vef;a0Muonfqdkaom &kwfwrf; pma&;q&mwdkU\ trSm;rsKd;yif/
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xGufvmaom tydkom;rsm;ESifh txJutnpftaMu;rsm;udk jcpfxkwfjcif; jzpfygonf/
jrif;\cGm oH&dkufaomae&mrSm aoG;r&Sd/ jrif;udkremusifapyg/ jrif;udk oHcGm&dkuf&onfrSm
wvwcgodkUr[kwf cGmusraumif;aom? cGm&Syfaom? cGmwdkufaomjrif;rsm;udk t&ufESpf
q,fwcg? qJUig;&uf wcgavmuf &dkuf&ygonf/
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tzsm;rSm OD;aumhaumhav;&Sdí wdkufaomjrif;\cGmxdyfudk zkH;uG,fxm;ygonf/ ,if;cGm
rsKd;u jrefjrefukefvG,f uRwfvG,fí q,f&ufwcgavmuf &dkuf&ygonf/
uRefawmfwdkU0,fvmcJUaom jrif;rrSm rarmif;wmMumNyDjzpfí oHcGmwvkH;rQr&Sd/
xdkUaMumifh udkbvSESifh uRefawmfonf prf;acsmif;a&muf? tdrfroGm;rDyif *dwfodkUoGm;í
jrif;rtm; &dk;&dk;cGmokH;vkH;ESifh a*gufwvkH; &dkufvdkufMuygonf/
xdkUjyif tarG;rxdk;wmMumNyDjzpfí &Snfvsm;aeNyDjzpfaom olUtarT;rsm;udkvnf;
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onf/ jrif;udk okH;vwcgavmuf tarG;xdk;ay;&ygonf/
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oefUBuD;jzpf&m uRefawmfwkdU tdrfom;rsm; vGefpGmESpfoufMuonf/ aemufajcwzufqm
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arQmfvifhwmxuf ydkaumif;ae\/
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taumif/ armif;EdkifrS ajcoGuf\/ qGJZufrSm vSnf;xGufNyDqdk olUudktxl;armif;p&mrvdk/
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tifrwefZdrf&Sd\/ *kPf&Sd\/
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vdkufonfqdk&rnf/ tvGefaumif;aom qGJZufESifh armif;&onfh jrif;rBuD;/ uRefawmfwdkU
tdrfom;rsm;vdkufNyD; MunfhMuNyD; tvGefoabmusMuí r,fawmfrm&D,m\ aus;Zl;*kPf
udkatmufarhaomtm;jzifh ]ar&D}[k emrnfay;vdkufMuawmh\/
 b0ESifhywf0ef;usif

þae&mü ]a&mrae a&mrom;vdk usifh&rnf}qdkaom pum;udkbJ okH;yg&apawmh/

uRefawmf jrif;vSnf;orm;jzpfvmawmh jrif;vSnf;orm;vdkbJ usifh&ygawmhrnf/
jrif;vSnf; orm;awGESifh aygif;oif;&ygawmhrnf/ olwkdUESifh a&m&ygawmhrnf/
uRefawmfyxru olwdkUESifh rdrdonf rwlrwef[k oabmxm;cJUrd\/
igonftvkyfacwåvkyfwmbJ/ igh[mig tvkyfcsdefxGufarmif;NyD; tdrfjyefjzKwf?
NyD;wmbJ[k atmufarhcJU\/ ,if;um; uRefawmfhtrSm;yif/ pifppfum; rdrdonf rlv
rnfonfhtajcrSaeí rnfonfhtvkyfudkbJ 0ifvkyfvkyf vuf&Sdvkyfaeolrsm;xuf rdrdu
rom&kHrQru xdktvkyfudk olwkdUavmuf ruRrf;usifbl;? em;rvnfbl;qdkwmrkcs
rSwf,l&rnf/ rnfonfhtvkyfrqdk q&mrjy enf;rusay/ udk,fwwfawmh
tvGeftvG,fav;yif/ rwwfcifrSm tvGefcufyg\/
uRefawmfonf rlvu rnfolUrQq&mrwifbJ olwkdUvlwef;pm;xJu rnfolUrQ
raygif;bJ ]jrif;vSnf;armif;wmrsm; b,fausmif;urS oif&wmr[kwf? cufcufEdk;Edk;}[lí
igwaum aumcJUonfrSm wESpfrjynfhcif jrif;waumif aocJUNyDaum/
]vlrdkuf aemufrStBuH&} qdkaomfvnf;]ysuftpOf jyifcP}ygbJ/ azmfjycJUonfh
twdkif; udkbvSESifh pwifaygif;oif;&ygonf/ xdktcsdefü udkbvSonf touf 35ESpfrQ/
uRefawmfu 24ESpf/ uRefawmfhxuf 10ESpfausmfBuD;aomfvnf; uRefawmfhtm; udkMuifaqG
ac:ícifAsm; uRefawmfESifh av;av;pm;pm;qufqH\/ owdjyKrdygonf/ ,if;onfyif
uRefawmfhtwGuf uHaumif;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm tu,fíom udkbvSu
BuD;olyDyD uRefawmfhtm; rif; igESifhajymqdkygu olwkdUvlodkufxJ0ifcgp uRefawmfhtm;
tjcm;vlrsm;uvnf; xdkenf;twdkif; qufqHMuayawmhrnf/ ,ckrl udkbvS\ pwif
OD;wnfjcif;jzifh uRefawmfESifh&G,fwl? udk,fhxufodyfrBuD;oltm;vkH;ubJ
]udkMuifaqG}[kac: MuajymMuygawmhonf/ udk,fhxuftvGefBuD;olrsm;uom
]armifMuifaqG}[lí vnf;aumif;? &if;ESD;pGm ]MuifaqG}[lí vnf;aumif; ac:Muygonf/
vlUaygif;oif; qufqHrIrSm owdcsyfzG,f w&yfyif/
pifppfudkbvSonf &efukefarG; &efukefBuD;jzpfí ,Ofaus;zG,f&m jyKrlwwfonf/
vlUtaMum vlUZmwfodwwfí vdrfrmyg;eyfoljzpfonf/ rnfonfhtvTmudk rnfodkUqufqH
aygif;oif;&rnfvJ uRrf;usifoljzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh xdkacwf xkdtcsdefü olaeaom
tdrfudkMunfhyg/ NcHESifh0if;ESifh? oGyfrdk;ysOfaxmif opfom;tdrfESifh/ olydkiftdrfr[kwfyg/
vcESifh iSm;aeonfvJ r[kwfyg/ wjym;rSray;bJ tvum;ae&jcif;jzpfygonf/ Mum;bl;
MurSmaygh/ ,cif t*Fvdyfacwfu trwf OD;atmifomqdkwm/ tJ olUtdrfydkwvkH;udkaygh/
OD;atmifom\ om;r,m;rsm;aeonfh tdrfBuD;u ESpftdrfausmfrSm&Sdonf/ xdktdrfu
vufwdkvufawmif; cdkif;p&m&Sdonfudk olvkyfay;onfaygh/
odkUaomf udkbvSonf olUtdrfüawmh ol]abmhpf}yif/ olUrSm jrif;waumif
vSnf;wpD;&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif oludk,fwdkifrarmif;acs/ tkef;jrifhqdkaom wynfhwa,muf
tdrfrSm auR;arG;cdkif;apxm;\/
udkbvSb0u awmfawmfpkHcJU\/ t*Fvdyfacwfuwnf;u jrif;vSnf;armif;cJU\/
armfawmfum;'&dkifbmvkyfcJU\/ rlvyxru olUtaz(ukvm;xifygonf/)ESifhqufvufí
bdktdrfawGrSm pm;yGJxdk;vkyfcJUbl;onf/ xdkUaMumifholonf A[kokwpkHí tajymtqdk
aumif;oljzpfonf/ oludk,fwdkif jrif;vSnf;rarmif;aomfvnf; olU'&dkifbm tkef;jrifh tdrfu
txGufrSm vrf;xdyf vufzuf&nfaomufvdkufvm&if; jrif;vSnf;wpD;pD;ay:xdkifum
olavyef;NyDqdkrSjzifh vli,fawG w0g;0g; w[m;[m;ESifh tem;u rcGmEdkifatmif &SdMu
onf/ olajymonfrsm;rSm umvom;BudKuf/ olum;armif;cJUbl;aom vlcsrf;omtxuf
wef;vTmt&m&SdawG taMumif;/ olpm;yGJxdk;vkyfcJUaom bdktdrfawGrS bdkBuD;awG bdkrBuD;
awGtaMumif;/ oif;csKdif;ukef;a[mif;rS olawmif;pm; p@mvESifh jynfhwefqmrawG
taMumif;/ oAÁxemrfaygif;pkH\/ olUA[kokwawGudk a&;om;jcif;iSmawmh roifh/
olUtbd"r®m twkH;vdkuftwpfvdkufudk azmfjy&ygrl ]avmurSm bmvlrsKd;jzpfjzpf? oaX;
jzpfjzpf? olawmif;pm; p@mvjzpfjzpf vlrSef&ifwPSmcsnf;bJAs}[l\/
udkbvSonf tajymvnf;oef\/ oluRrf;usif&mudk q&mvkyfcsifaomOmOfvnf;
&Sdí jrif;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfhtm; tppt&m&m oifMum;jyoygonf/
wuwJAsm? jrif;[m EGm;vdkrS r[kwfzJb/ w,f a&m*gb,xlajymNyD; aq;0g;
rjywf vdkaewmbJ/ EGm;wkdUrnfonf a&m*gb,jzpfcJ\/ cdkif;&mujyefvm
wif;ukyfxJoGif; jrufpifxJ tpmxJUay; at;a&m/ jrif;u 'Dvdkr[kwfyg/
vSnf;ujzKwfvQif yxrqD;wnf &onf/ vG,fvG,fESifh raygufvQif
vrf;qGJavQmufay;&onf/ rdk;ac:ovdk avcRefay;& onf/
tJ qD;oGm;NyDwJU/ qD;enf;ovm; rsm;ovm; jzL&JUvm; Munfhyg/ qD;enf;aeNyD;
txGufaES;onf 0geDaeNyDqdkygu qD;aqG;auR;bkdUudk rarhygESifhawmh/ xdkUaMumifh tdrfrSm
qD;aq;rjywf&Sdae&onf/ xdkUjyif ESmESifhrsufpOf;/ jrif;onf rsufESm&Snf? ESmacgif;BuD;
ESmacgif;yGrsKd;jzpf\/ ESmwzDG;zGD;rIwfaerS usef;rm\/ xdkUaMumifholUudk eHeufwdkif; tdyf&mu
txrSm ESmacgif;xJ (vlem&IwJUESmrIefUvdk)jrif;ESmrIefUudk rjywfxnfhay;&\/ rsufpOf;cwf
ay;&\/ jrif;rsufpOf;um; tjcm;r[kwfyg/ ESmrIefUudkbJ rsufpda&SUa'gifhu xnfhay;&jcif;
jzpfyg\/ rsuf&nfylawG usap&\/
jrif;aqG;auR;&onfum; cav;aq;wdkuf&onfxuf cufyg\/ vlpm;onfh
awaq;ESifhwlaom jrif;qD;aq;? 0rf;Ekwfaq;wkdUum; vufoD;qkyfeD;eD; rmvumoD;
tBuD;pm;avmufeD;eD;&Sdí ¤if;udk jrif;0rf;xJ tukefa&mufatmifcGH&efrSm-
jrif;\yg;pyfwGif a&SUoGm;ESifh aemuftHawGtMum;vufokH;opfrQ ae&mvyf&Sdae\/
¤if;taygufrS yxrjrif;vQmudk qGJxkwfvdkuf? [aeaom vQmayguf0rS aq;vkH;udkoGif;?
xdkUaemufvQmudkvTwfvdkufNyD; yg;apmifESpfzufrSvufESpfzufudk vufcv,fESifh vufnId;
oGif;um jrif;vQmay:wGif aq;udk jyefrusatmif twGif;buf r r xdk;ay;yg/ aq;onf
wjznf;jznf; jrif;cHwGif;xJodkU 0ifoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tif; wcgauR;vQif q,frdepfawmh
tenf;av;Mum\/ atmifr,f wcsKdUvlyg;0wJUjrif;rsm; aq;udkpm;csifa,mifaqmif?
yg;pyfxJrSmikHxm;NyD; vluvTwfvdkufawmh jyefaxG;wJUtaumifrsKd;vJ &Sdao;As/ tJ'Daumif
rsKd;usawmh aq;a&eJUazsmfNyD; 0g;usnfawmufeJU twif;csKyfudkuf&awmhoAsKdU/
uJ jrif; aq;auR;&wmvJ b,favmuf cufaeovJ/ onfhxuf vufr&Jp&m
&Sdygao;onf/ jrif;wGif tyluefvQif rMumcPjzpfwwfonfrsKd;/ uRefawmfwkdU jrif;vSnf;
orm;awGtac:awmh ]tmvl;}wJUAsm/ tmacgifrSm oGm;zkH;a&mifwmygbJ/ tay:oGm;zkH;rSm
jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdygw,f/ vlrsm;0rf;csKyfawmh jzpfwwfwmrsKd;ayghav/ okdUaomf jrif;uawmh
aumuf&dk;wkdU? ukvm;yJwdkU tpmrm0g;&wmr[kwfvm;/ 'DvdkoGm;zkH;a&mif ]tmvl;}jzpfae
awmh tpmr0g;Edkif rpm;Edkifawmhbl;/ tJonfawmh 'gudk "m;OD;xufxufeJU cGJazmuf
xkwf&r,fwJU/
onfawmh b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ enf;u&Sdaeawmh rcufygbl;/ cJwHcRefwJU"m;avmuf
OD;cRefcRefxufxufudk tzsm;eJUtoGm; pyg;vkH;waxmufavmufay:ae&kH BudK;i,fi,feJU
avQmufywfxm;yg/ NyD;awmh vufaumuf0wfavmuf&SdwJU 0g;vkH;wdkwaxmifavmuf
jrif;yg;pyfxJoGif;? em;&GufaemufudkBudK;eJUodkif;? jrif;yg;pyf [aea&m/ tJonfawmhrS
acgif;udkEdkifatmifcsKyfNyD; cke"m;eJU a&mifaewJU tmacgifoGm;zkH;udk ZwfueJ ZwfueJ
vuf&J&JeJUxdk;azmuf? qJUudk;csufavmuf/ aoG;ykyfawG aigufueJ aigufueJ xGufvmyg
vdrfhr,f/ NyD;awmh qm;eJUyGwfvdkuftkH;/
'Dae&mrSm ]]rif;jrif; "m;'PfcsufaMumifh awmfawmfESifh tpmpm;Edkifyghrvm;}}ar;/
BudK;ajzNyD; yg;pyfxJu 0g;vkH;xkwfvdkufwmeJU csufcsif; tpmpm;wmygbJcifAsm/
'DynmawG uRefawmfonf ar&DESifhusrS udkbvSqDu wwfuRrf;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
ar&Donf ,if;vdk cPcPoGm;zkH;a&mifavh&Sdonf/ udkbvSu okH;av;cgavmuf
azmufjyawmh uRefawmfudk,fwdkif wwfvm&onfaygh/ eufMuKwfwkef;uvJ a&mifrSmygbJ/
uRefawmfurodvdkU aerSmygbJ/ eufMuKwf tpmrpm;bl;qdk jrif;q&mqDoGm;jy/ jrif;q&m
wkdUrnfonf jrif;udkem;&Gufprf;Munfh? vQmqJG tmacgifEIdufMunfh/ [m jrif;tyluefwmbJ
qdkNyD; 0rf;Ekwfaq; auR;vdkufawm hjrif;udk ESpf&ufavmufrarmif;&bl;/
0rf;Ekwfaq;bdk;vJ ukefao;w,f/ tvkyfvJysufao;w,f/ pifppfb0ESifh ywf0ef;
usifonf a&SmifuGif;ír&paumif;/ udk,fus&mb0rS udk,fhywf0ef;usifudk 0ifqHU&rnfom
jzpfonf/ udk,fr0ifqHUygu udk,fyifcH&rnfom/ uRefawmfxufaemufuspGm jrif;vSnf;
orm;b0 a&mufvmMuaom t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; uRefawmfwkdUtuGufrSm awmfawmf&Sd
onf/ olwkdUonf pdefaygausmif;om;rsm; jzpfcJUMuí olwdkUtodkuft0ef;wGif t*Fvdyfvdk
ajymMuNyD; tjyifvlrsm;ESifhrl Armvdk ryDuvmyDuvm vkyfMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkacwf
ujym;wkdUxkH;pH Armudk txifao;í olwdkUb0ifum; jrifhMuayonf/ odkUaomf jrif;vSnf;
orm;rsm;u olwkdUtm; Al;,dk z&kH,dkawG[kac:onf/ wydóm wusyfrl;wif;awG[k
aemufMuonf/
uRefawmfu olwkdUt&if jrif;vSnf;orm;tkyfpkxJ0ifonf/ xdktcg uRefawmf
t0ifaemufusonf[k odvmonf/ pifppfjrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;onf tjyifbrf;tm;jzifh
&kefU&if;Murf;wrf;onf jrif&aomfvnf; olwkdUonf yGifhvif;í &ufa&molrsm;jzpfMu\/
ajym a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif; vkyf a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif;/
udkbvSrSpwifNyD; uRefawmfjrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;vdkuf&m aemufqkH;
wGif jrif;vSnf;toif; trIaqmifxJrS xdyfwef;okH;av;a,mufESifh tcifrifqkH;jzpfoGm;
awmh\/
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taMumif;udk ajym&ygrnf/
]prf;acsmif; jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;}qdkonfum; rlvyxr t*FvdyfvufxufxJu
&SdcJU\/ wefcdk;MoZmvnf; BuD;cJUyg\/ Munfhygav/ 1959 ck tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxuf
jrif;vSnf;awGudk ydwfypfonftxd MunfhjrifwdkifrS prf;acsmif;jzwfNyD; A[ef;udk b,fbwf
pum;rsm; armif;&vdkUenf;/ (,ckrS jynfolydkifum; 16 awGqGJaeMuwm r[kwfvm;/)
,if;um; prf;acsmif; jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;\ wefcdk;aywnf;/ b,ftpdk;&urS
prf;acsmif;ESifh A[ef;bwfpum;rqGJ&bl;[k ydwfyifay;ír[kwfay/ qGJcsifqGJMunfhMuyg/
yxr um;bD;aygufwwfonf/ aemuf um;twif;&yfcdkif;í py,f,mESifh '&dkifbm
&dkufvTwfNyD; um;rD;&IdUypfwwfonf/ vufonf &SmrawGU/ oufaor&/ vlrsm;pk &kef;&if;
qefcwfrI/
yxr t*Fvdyfacwfu MunfhjrifwdkifrSprf;acsmif;&Srf;vrf;jzwfNyD; &efukefudk toGm;
tjyefqGJaom bwfpum;rsm;yif jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;tm; aeUpOf*dwfaMu;ay;&onf/
pifppfum; xdkpOfu jrif;vSnf;orm;rsm; tm;xm;&onfrSm Munfhjrifwdkif
prf;acsmif;rS A[ef;bk&m;BuD;odkU oGm;Muonfh c&D;onfrsm;ESifh NrdKUxJutjyef bwfpfum;
ay:utqif;ü rdk;&Gmívnf;aumif;? o,fp&m ypönf;ygívnf;aumif; tdrfodkU ajcvQif
ravQmufEDkifaom c&D;onfrsm;omjzpfygonf/
xdk&yfuGufü xdkacwfu vlukHxHrsm;uvnf; wzmvkHESpfzmvkHrQyif ajcvsif
avQmufcJMuygonf/ tdrfay:utqif; rdrdwkdUvrf;xdyfrS bwfpfum;*dwfodkUyif jrif;vSnf;
pD;wwfMuygonf/ NrdKUxJa&mufvQifvnf; odrfBud;aps;rS paumhaps;odkUyif vefjcm;pD;Mu
ao;onfr[kwfygavm/ prf;acsmif;MunfhjrifwdkifbufrSmawmh vefjcm;r&Sd&yg/ wcgw&H
NrdKUxJrS uRHygvmaom vefjcm;rsm;onfyif tjyefwGif vlrwif0HUMuay/ wifvQif
xdkukvm; 'ku©a&mufwwf\/ xdkpOfürlvyxru qdkufum; r&Sdao;acs/ qdkufum;wkdU
onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfcgeD;rS &efukefNrdKUxJwGif pwifay:aygufcJUNyD; *syefacwf
a&mufawmhrS ae&mtESHUtjym;oD; qdkufum;rsm; usufpm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/
jrif;vSnf; acwfaumif;NyDjzpfaom *syefacwfwGif Munfhjrifwdkifprf;acsmif;&Sd
qdkufum;tm;vkH;onf uRefawmfwkdU prf;acsmif; jrif;vSnf;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfMu&\/
qdkufum;rsm;om r[kwfao;yg/ uRefawmfwkdU prf;acsmif; jrif;vSnf;*dwfywf0ef;usifü&Sd
aom xrif;qdkif? vufzuf&nfqdkif acgufqGJqdkif? 'efaygufyvmwmqdkifrsm;yg toif;0if
jzpfMu&\/ tdk bmqdkifvkdUwkH;/
qdkifw,f qdkifw,f/ vltrsm;oGm;vm 0ifxGufaewJU qdkif[lorQ tm;vkH;qdkifw,f
'DvkdqdkifrsKd;awGrSm wcgw&H trl;orm;awG &kwf&kwf &kwf&kwfjzpfwwfonfr[kwfygvm;/
'DtcgrSm uRefawmfwkdU jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;\ trIaqmifrsm; vma&mufajz&Sif;rS a&SUrD;
a&m aemufrD;a&m ajyNidrf;wwf\/ EdkUNyD; 'D uRefawmfwdkU prf;acsmif; jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;
&JU yapmufykH oHcGmxJrSm jrif;acgif;&kyfygwJU wHqdyfwyfxm;wJU qdkifqdk&ifvJbJ 'Dvdk trSm;
t,Gif;rsKd; rjzpfwwfzl; cifAsmh/ pmzwfolrsm; em;vnfa&mayghaemf/ 'gaMumifh 'dkbDukvm;
rsm;uawmifrS uRefawmfwkdU jrif;vSnf;toif;xJ 0ifMuao;w,f/ toif;0ifaMu;uvJ
rrsm;ygbl;/ vpOfaMu; ESpfpOfaMu;awG rawmif;ygbl;/ uRefawmfwkdUjrif;vSnf;orm;awG
vdkbJ/ Oyrm prf;acsmif;eJU&efukef odkUr[kwf A[ef; jrif;vSnf;cwrwfqdkygawmh aeUpOf
aMu; wrwfbJ/ ig;rl;qdk ig;rl;? wusyfqdkwusyf/ acwftavsmuf aiGwefbdk;vdkufNyD;
aumuf,lwm/ tifrwefavsmfuefwmbJ/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdU toif;Bud;uvJ 'D&wJU
aiGawGudk bmvkyfovJwJU/ wESpfwcg oBuFefwGif;rSm udwådrom;rsm; &SifjyyGJBuD;vkyfw,f
As/ pm&if;ppfuvJr&Sdawmh OuúXeJU aiGxdef;u azsmifMuw,fAs/ OuúXtdrfrSmqdk
jrif;vSnf;awG okH;av;pD;As/ ekdUNyD; r,m;i,fwOD;? jrif;vSnf;wpD;vJ
0,fay;xm;vdkufao; w,f/
'DyGJrSm trIaqmifawG rpm;&wmuawmh trSefbJ/ 'gaMumifh olwkdUunnf;Mu
w,f/ vkyfp&m&dkufp&m&Sdawmh 'dkuGwJU/ pm;p&m&Sdawmh aiGxdef;eJUOuúXcsnf;bJwJU/
[kwfoav jrif;vSnf;toif;trIaqmif qdkwmuvJ &dkuf&J? ESuf&J yGJwdk;&J&r,f/ bmbJ
jzpfjzpf aiGrsm; w&m;atmifwJUacwfrSm 'dkUtoif;BuD;rSm aemufvdkufzdkU aiGawG&Sdoa[hqdk
NyD; olwkdU owådajymifwmtrSefbJ/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfu uRefawmfeJUocifrifqkH;
jrif;vSnf;toif; xdyfwef;trIaqmif okH;av;a,mufvdkU *kPf,lvdkufjcif;yg/
olwdkUemrnf rsm;udk azmfjyygrnf/ udkarmifcif? udkodef;av;? udkjrwfom?
udkvS(þaemufESpfa,muf uawmh aoMuNyD/) olwkdUonf uRefawmfhxuf touf
okH;av;ESpfpDrQ BuD;Mu\/
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u toifhtwifhaomuf\/ raomufzJvJ aeEdkif\/ udkvSum; t&ufvkH;0raomuf/
odkUaomftwlaygif;oif; tifrwefcifwwf\/ t&uform;awGESifhtwlvdkufNyD; jzpfp&m&Sd
vQif olua&SUu t&ifjzpf\/ twlwlpm;MuaomufMuvQif olut&if ydkufqHay;ESifhxm;
NyD;jzpfwwf\/ aiGaMu;ESajrmwGefUwdkjcif; r&Sdwwfay/ oluaoonftxd rdbom;csif;
rsm;ESifhom aeoGm;onfh vlysKdudk,fwnf;/ olUudkcsD;rGrf;bG,f aumif;onfum;t&ufvJ
raomufwwf? zJvJr&dkufwwf? rdef;rvJ rvdkufwwfay/
odkUaomf olonf jrif;udktifrwef&dkufwwf\/ &uf&ufpufpuf&dkufoljzpf\/
jrif;udk&dkufonfrSm MumyGwfESifhr[kwf/ ESpfwvufrESifh&dkuf\/ xdkUaMumifh olUjrif;awGrSm
olaigufvdkufvQif ao;zsef;zsef;yg\/ olonf jrif;vSnf;udk aES;aES;vJrarmif;wwfay/
tdrfrSpxGufonfu jyefjzKwfonftxd 'vMurf; tajy;omarmif;\/ xdkUaMumifholUteD;
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jrif;ESpfaumifESifh jzpf\/ azmif;0wfuav; waumif? pdkif0gav;waumif
(azmif;0wfpdkif0gqdkonfrSm jrif;\tarG;ta&mif/) ESpfaumifpvkH;bJ taoG;tarG;aumif;
t*Fgaumif;jzpf&mrS olu tifrwef &dkufwwfavawmh &Sef;&Sef;awmuf
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ESpfaumifarmif;&vQif yifyef;vS\/ olUwGifZeD;ESifh wOD;wnf;aom orD;om&Sdí
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orm; trsm;tjym;udk uRefawmfowdxm;cJUrdonf/ tcsKdUonf udk,fhjrif;udk,femrnfav;
awGvSvSyy? okdUr[kwf oifhavsmf&mudk ay;Muonf/ (udkbvSjrif;emrnfu ]*sKdukyf}wJU/
em;&Gufu cyfwkyfukyfaeí/ jrif;vSnf;toif; trIaqmifwa,mufjzpfol udk&\ jrif;odk;
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emrnfay;olESifh ray;olcGJjcm;Munfhaomtcg jrif;tm; udk,fhtdrfom;wOD;vdk cspfcifolESifh
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udkvSum; olUjrif;awGudk bmemrnfrQ ray;acs/ atmfvdkufaigufvdkufonfrSm ]][m;
'Djrif;? udk,fhtarudk,f}}[lí/
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jzpf\/ okdUaomfolUrSm r,m;ESifhom;okH;a,mufESifh/ udkarmifcifhtdrfESifh ab;csif;uyfí
jzpfuwwfqef;tdrfuav;ESifhae\/ ol\aemufaMumif;um;olonf þt&mZmwd
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*dwfvnf;r&Sd/ um;wpD;rSm py,f,mwa,muf ESpfa,mufESifhum;tNydKifarmif;í
vlvkwif&onfjzpfay&m um;]tkHem}wdkUwGif vlrdkufvdk\/ þtaMumif;aMumifh bwfpum;
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ay;pm;xm;jcif;jzpf\/ odkUjzifh*syefacwf bwfpum;avmu raumif;awmhaomtcg
(olUtkHemvnf; ysufpD;aví) udkjrwfomwdkU vifr,m;udkarmifcifESifh ywfoufNyD;
jrif;vSnf;e,fodkU a&mufvmjcif;jzpf\/ t&ufuawmh tvGefBudKufonf/ vluawmh
tifrwefysif;ol zsif;olwnf;/ okdUaomf olUudk,folowfaoavmufatmifawmh &Sufwwf
\/ (0g)rdkufonf rnf\/ 'gayr,fhpmzwfawmh 0goemygoAsKdU/ pmwtkyfawGUvQif
bmrS rvkyfcsifawmhbl;/ (aemifwGif olUtaMumif; a&;ygrnf/)

jrif;vSnf;orm;ESifh t&uf

jrif;vSnf;orm; 75 &mEIef;avmuf t&ufaomufwwfMuonfudk awGU&onf/

uRefawmfonf þ 75 &mEIef;xJxdyfwef;u ygoGm;cJUonf/
uRefawmf\rlvZmwdu awm&GmrSjzpfí xef;&nfawmhi,fpOfuwnf;u aus;&Gm
"avh aomufwwfcJUonf/ csuft&uf ylcg;cg;BuD;awGvJ wcgw&H vlBuD;0dkif;xJ0ifNyD;
rsKdcscJUbl;ygonf/
okdUjzifh vlysKdayguf ausmif;om;b0ESifh &efukefa&mufcJUawmh wcgw&Ha[mfw,f
wufNyD; bD,maomufwwfvmonf/ aqmf'grsm;rsm;ESifh t&om&SdvSaom 0DpuDarmfhwwf
vmonf/ pGJw,fawmh r[kwfyg/ ydkufqH&SdwJUtcg a[mfw,fr,fawGESifh taysmftyg;yg
bJ/ onfwkef;u ]&rf}qdkwmuRefawmfrodyg/ bD,m b&ef'D 0DpuDavmufbJ/
,if;rS jrif;vSnf;orm;b0a&mufcJUawmh yxreufMuKwfESifhwkef;u jrif;vSnf;
orm; taygif;toif;r&Sdao;í tpr&ao;/ aemufazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; udkbvSESifh
pNyD;taygif;toif;rsm;vmawmh bkHqdkifodkU a&mufcJUavNyD/
xdkacwfwGif w&kwfqdkifBuD;awGrSm csuft&ufESifh pdrf&nfwGJa&mif;onf/ pdrf&nfrSm
OD;&nfESifh yJU&nf[lí ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/
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aom ]azmif}[lí ESpfrsKD;pD&Sdonf/ ]azmif}onf qdk'gygonfjzpfí zGifhvdkufaomtcg
]azmif:]ueJjrnfNyD; tjrKyfawGa0us\/ aomufvnf; aumif;\/ &ifacsmif\/ tm;?
qD;vJ aumif;w,f/
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armif;&mrSm vSnf;ay:wGifvlrsm;vQif rsm;oavmuf armif;olu jzpfovdkae&\/
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 jrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;rSmrl vSnf;ay:vljynfhvQif trdk;jyifxGufí vSnf;vufwHay:
wifyg;vTJcsdwfxdkif&\/ rSefaxmifay:xdkif&\/ rdk;&GmvQifvnf; c&D;onfrsm;udkom
vkHNcKHapí udk,fut&TJcH&\/ aeylvQif tylcH&\/
onfawmh aeylrdk;&GmcHí tanmif;xdkif&aom jrif;vSnf;orm;rSm qD;udkifvmwwf
onf/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfhtm; taygif;toif;rsm;u ]]cifAsm; "eda& xef;a&avmuf
awmhaomufay;As}} qdk&mrS uRefawmfonf "ed&nf xef;&nfavmufpcJU&m ]rpGrf;&ifuvJ
&Sd uefpGef;cif;uvJNid}qdkbdokdU uRefawmhfeudkADZuvnf; rsKd;&dk;tavQmuf aomufcsifwJU
OmOfuav;u &SdcJU&mu wpwpESifh taomufudk BudKufoGm;vdkufykHrSm yxr xef;&nf
"ed&nf? 'kwd, pdef&nfrSonf aemufqkH; csuft&ufodkU qdkufoGm;ygawmhownf;/
ar&D rS awmufxGef;

ar&Donf tarT;ta&mif aAGt*FgESifhwuG jrif;r aumif;jzpfyg\/ odkU&mwGif olUrSm

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jzpf&um; a&&Snf tm;rudk;EdkifNyD/ usjrif;omjzpf\/ uRefawmfhvufxJa&mufrS wpwp
,kwfavsmhvm\/ olUudk&NyD;ajcmufvavmuf tMumü uRefawmfwkdUonf aemufxyf
jrif;waumif0,f&ef qkH;jzwfMu\/
xdktcsdefüuRefawmfonf jrif;taMumif;udkem;vnfpjyKNyDjzpfí a&&Snfawaw
ayaytcdkif;cHrnfh jrif;rsKd;vdkcsifonf/ Oyrm jrif;vSnf;toif; trIaqmif udk&BuD;\jrif;
]waumifbGm;}jrif;odk;BuD;jzpf\/ tm;vnf; aumif; rmvnf;rm\/ tom;t&nfuvnf;
b,fawmhrS ydefonf anSmfonfr&Sd/ tNrJwrf; 00vifvif jynfhjynfhNzdK;NzdK; pdkpdkajyajy/
olUtarT;u a&Ta&mifrdkU olUudk tarT;ta&mif tm;jzifhajym&aomf ]jrif;a&T}[kac:\/
]jrif; tkef;cGH? uRef ukvm;? r,m;awmol} qdkpum;&SdbdouJUodkU ]jrif;a&T apGvQif
apG? rapGvQif jynfwefonf}[k jrif;pum; tqdk&Sdjyef\/ udk&BuD;jrif;um;
jynfwefonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ uRefawmf jrif;vSnf;orm;pjzpfonfrS onfpma&;q&mb0
a&mufonftxd olUjrif;BuD; ]waumifbGm;}rSm armif;aumif;wkef; usefcJUayonf/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf waumifbGm;vdkjrif;odk;BuD; vdkcsif\/ a[m &ygNyD/
waumif bGm;xuf toufvnf;i,f\/ taumifvnf; BuD;ao;\/ waumifbGm;rSm
ar&DUa'guf avmufyJ/ av;ayESpfvufrrQ jrif;yk *ifwdkjzpf\/ uRefawmf&aom
jrif;odk;BuD;uawmh av;ay ajcmufvufrxufratmuf/ ajcwHvufwH&Snf&Snf?
vnfudkif;jrifhjrifhBuD;ESifh wu,fh jrif;acsmBuD;jzpfyg\/ tarT;a&mifvnf; vSyg\/
tajy;vnf;aumif;yg\/ odkUaomf olUrSm enf;enf;tjypfqdkp&m&Sd\/ vefUcsifonf/
aps;uvnf; oufomyg\/ 220xJay;&onf/
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]]a[h 'DrSm armifMuifaqG/ jrif;aumif;rSef&if tjypfrvGwfzl;uG/ 'DvefUcsifwmav;
avmufawmh rif;owdxm;armif;ayghuGm/ jzpfygw,f}}
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¤if;t&mrsKd;awGUaomf olonfuGif;í auGUí wtm;ajy;avonf/ ,if;ü uRefawmfu
owdxm;NyD;awmh olUudkZufoyfí acsmh&kHyif/ vrf;rSm'DvdkvefUp&mrsm;awGUvQif jrefjrefyif
c&D;a&mufao;\/ þodkUawG;í uRefawmfu olUudkydkíoabmusrd\/ xdkUaMumifholUudk
emrnfay;&ef a&G;cs,faomtcg xdkpOfu uRefawmfa&;aeqJ ]&efatmif&wem}pkHaxmuf
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cifAsm/ 'gayr,fhvdkU jrif;orm;awGu 'Djrif;rsKd; rudkifaumif;bl;? tarG;rrSefbl;wJU/ EdkUNyD;
aAGvJqdk;owJUcifAsm/
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aAGuav; wvkH;pD&SdNrJ/ ,if;aAGuav;wkdUonf em;&GufESifhuyfae&rnf/ em;&GufESifh
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onf yxr þaAGudk MunfhwwfMuonf/
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vufw0g;cefU&Sdaom aAGvIdif;BuD;cifAsm/
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cdkufowJUAskKdU/
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aumfwwfyg\/ odkUaomf olvefUwmcPyg/ uRefawmfuZufoyfNyD; acsmhvdkuf? cPav;
eJU ajyygonf/
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jzpfí vefUawmhrnfqdkvQif em;&Gufa&SUodkU vSnfhNyD;rsufpdatmufpdkufMunfhwwfonf/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhrSm awmufxGef;tm; olUem;&Gufudk owdxm;í armif;&onf/
BudKwifodxm;awmh BudKwif acsmhEdkifonfjzpfí rsm;rsm;vefUrSm enf;enf;vefUonf/ EdkUNyD;
uRefawmfu olUZufxdef;xm;NyDjzpfí bmrQtEå&m,fr&SdEdkif/ 'DaumifBuD;u tMurf;r&/
tacsmhBudKufoufoufjzpf\/
 ,if;odkU uRefawmfu olU"mwfodaeawmh olESifhuRefawmf tqifajyvdkufonfhjzpf
jcif;/ vSnf;wyfawmhrnfqdkvQif uRefawmfu olUudkoGm;zrf;p&m rvdkyg/ ]tkyfcGuf}udk
jyvdkuf&kHESifh olUzmomol vmí acgif;pGyfay;\/ (tkyfcGufqdkonfrSm jrif;vSnf;armif;&m
rSm tokH;jyKonfh yg;csyf? ZufoGm;? rsufpdumrsm; wyfxm;aom jrif;\rsufESmpGyfjzpf\/)
uRefawmfrSwyg; tjcm;olawmh ac:r&yg/
awmufxGef;onf azmfjyyg vefUwwfwmav;rS wyg; yxrwef; jrif;pm;jzpf\/
olUtm; &dkufarmif;p&mrvdkyg/ taES;tjrefudk Zufay;Zuf,lESifhbJ NyD;onf/ ar&Dvnf;
armif;&mrSm xdkenf;¤if;ay/ okdUaomf ar&Dudkum; csKdíarmif;&onf/ olu usjrif;jzpfí
0efav;ESifh c&D;&Snfudka&Smif&onf/ ,if;odkU udk,fhjrif;ESpfaumiftaMumif; udk,fodae
awmh eufMuKwfwkef;uvdk tqrwef cdkif;apjcif;jzifh rysufpD;ap&/ a&&SnfokH;oGm;&
atmif oufoufnSmnSm MuifMuifememjyKawmhrnf[k ESvkH;ydkufrdyg\/ okdUaomf pdwful;
rudkuf/ uRefawmfha,mu©ronf uRefawmfhtm; þjrif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmypfygav\/
todkU[lrl xdkpOfwGif uRefawmfha,mu©rrSm uRefawmfhZeD;ESifh txufatmuf
touf16ESpfESifh touf 12ESpft&G,f om;ESpfa,muf&Sdav&m olwkdUESifhuRefawmfESifh jrif;
vSnf;azmfvdkufavh&SdMujcif;jzifh jrif;vSnf;armif;wwfoGm;avNyD/
xdka&mtcg uRefawmfha,mu©ru
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'Djrif;vSnf;armif;wmawmh ighom;ESpfa,mufeJUbJ jzpfaeNyD/}}
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MuKwfaoonftxd olUorD;eJU uRefawmfeJU rnm;ao;bl;/ uRefawmfrdbaqGrsKd;rsm;ygac:
NyD; ESpfzufoabmwl r*Fvmobif qif,ifusif;ybkdUaygh cifAsm/ 'gayr,fh tJonftcsdef
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ar&Da&mufwJUESpfayghAsm/ tJ'gbJ uRefawmfajymEdkifygw,f/
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r[kwfvm;/
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P.W.D ac:wJU jrLeDpDy,f&kH;rSm Head Clark ac:wJU pma&;BuD;cifAsm/ avQmufvTmvJ wif&
wmr[kwfbJeJU udkoefUZifwefcdk;eJU tdrfudkcefUpma&mufvmw,f/
pma&;BuD; om;rufawmf&NyDjzpfwJU uRefawmfha,mu©ru 0rf;omvS\/ olUydk;xrD
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t&yftarmif; twlwlbJ[kajymMu\/
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r[kwfwkHavm/ ,ck 'g&dkuf[pf pma&;BuD;tjzpfeJU <uavawmh xdk&kH;u 0efaxmufBuD;
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uRefawmfhtm; [oFmtkyfxJ a&mufaom usD;uef;ozG,f qufqHMuukefonf/
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armif;awmhonf/ acwfBuD;udk qJa&;awmhonf/
uRefawmfhtm; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;xm;aom ollU&kH;upmawGudk zwfaponf/
uRefawmfrSm pmar;yGJudk tm;rem yg;rem 0ifajzí q,fwef;ratmif/ ]q,fwef;awmh
a&mufcJUol}[laom bJGUxl;udk&aomfvnf; BuD;rStvGwfynmoif&ojzifh t*FvdyfpmESifh
awGU&onfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ &Sdao;aomaMumifhl xdkpOfü vufa&;pmvkH;qdkvQif wcgw&H
udk,fa&;wmrS udk,fjyefrzwfEdkifatmif jzpfwwfygonf/
,if;ü 0efaxmufrif;u
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&kH;rSm b,fvdktvkyfvkyfrvJ}}
 uRefawmfrSm udk,frodwm q&mar;jcif;cH&aom wynfhi,fuJUodkU bmrQjyefrajym
Edkifacs/
0efaxmufonf olUezl;ol&dkufNyD; xoGm;acsawmhonf/ þae&mü olonf
qefaumESpfcsyf tawmifwyfNyD; rdk;ay:ysHoGm;vnf; uRefawmfbmrQrwwfEdkifaom udpö
yg/
odkUaomf jzpfpEdk; pDpOfay;Muao;\/ xdkpOfü uRefawmfwnf;tdrfrSm okH;q,fNrdKUu
aqGrsKd;eD;pyf/ þrSmaeom;rusrD olwkdUtdrfrSm xrif;vcay;pm;rnfh tpDtrHESifh
uRefawmfhvkyfief; ykHyef;rusykHudk ajymjyaomtcg ,cktvkyfvufrJU ,cifwkef;u þ&kH;
rsKd;awGrSm vkyfcJUbl;aom vlBuD;wa,mufESifh qufoG,fay;ygonf/ 0efaxmufuvnf;
usKyf&kH;utvkyf txajrmuf&if NyD;wmygbJ[k vufcHygonf/ xdkvlBuD;vkyfEdkifrnfudk
vnf;olodonf/
,if;odkUjzifh uRefawmfhpma&;BuD;vc 150rS xdkq&mBuD;tm; 50 ay;ygrnf/ aeUpOf
&kH;oGm;p&dwf uRefawmfucHygrnf[k oabmwlMu\/
,if;rSpí uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufyl; &kH;wwfMu\/ eHeufpmpm;NyD; okH;q,frS
om,m0wDodkU qdkufum; wa,muf 10qifh ESpfa,muf 15qifhjzifh oGm;Mu\/ naexdkU
twl jyef\/ aeUv,fpmtwlpm;?uRefawmfu 0,fauR;&\/
&kH;tvkyfrl uRefawmfu bmrQrvkyf/ ikwfwkwfxdkifíaeonfom/ atmf vufrSwf
awmh bkrodbrodeJU xdk;vdkuf&ao;As/
t&G,fra&mufao;aom rif;om;av;udk xD;arGeef;arGqufcH&aomf ]&ifcGifydkuf
bk&ifav;}[k c:Mu\/ uRefawmfhtm;vnf; xdkUtwlyif ]&ifcGifydkufpma&;BuD;av;}[k
ac:Murnfavm/ okdUaomf tm;vkH;aom &kH;om;rsm;u uRefawmfawmhudk ESmacgif;&IHUMu\/
jyuf&,fjyKMu\/ uRefawmfhtm; olwkdUtjrifwGif yv’ifay: arsmufwwfxdkifonf[k
xifrSwfMu&kHomru uRefawmfht0wftpm;uvnf; rsufpdqHyifarT;pl;pobG,f jzpfae
ao;\/
Munfhyg/ uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;om;b0u0wfaom ydk;vkHcsnf? tay:tuFsDrsm;u
&GmutdrfrSm usefcJU\/ onfawmh a,mu©r txufqifhjyKwfay;vdkufaom xrDESifh
olUvifbdkvdk0wfcJUaom ukwftuFsD/ ,if;acwfwGif bdkvdkwifyg;zkH;aom ukwftuFsDudk
Armrsm; r0wfMuao;/ aAmif;AD0wf vlrsKd;jcm;ESifh tcsKdUukvm;rsm;om vkHcsnfESifh wGJ0wf
avh&SdMu\/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfjrif;vSnf;armif;&if; aqmif;&moDrSm yxrOD;qkH; a,mu©
rxkwfay;aom ukwftuFsDudk 0wfoGm;aomtcgrsm;wGif jrif;vSnf;orm; b0azmfrsm;u
uRefawmfhtm; ]tDpGwfbdkif}[k ac:Mu\/ ,ck &kH;tvkyform;rsm;um; uRefawmfhudk rnfodkU
orkwfMurnfrod/ olwkdU uRefawmfhykHoP²mefMunfhí apmif;yg;&dyfcsnfajymMuonfum;
trSef/
 ,if;odkUjzifh aemufqkH;wGif uRefawmf\ t&Sufenf;jcif;pHcsdef usqkH;avawmh\/
rlv&nf&G,fonfu xdktulq&mBuD;qDrS uRefawmfu wpwp oif,l&ef/
odkUaomf uRefawmfhrSm ywf0ef;usif\ zdESdyfjcif;? &Iwfcsjcif;udk cHEdkifaom pGrf;&nfowåd
eudkADZu enf;cJUjcif;aMumifh vkyfouf&uftpdwfrQrjynfhrD vpfygavawmh\/
uRefawmfvnf; tdrf&Siftm; vcxkwf&ef vTJpmay;cJUonf/ t&uf 20xGufawmh
&wef&m\/ 'gudk[dkvlBuD;tm; 50ay;í usefwmudk cifAsm;wkdU xrif;vc ,lygawmh/
(olwkdU&r&awmh uRefawmf,ckwdkifrod/)
tdrfodkUjyefa&mufvwfaomf a,mu©ronf 0rf;omtm;&c&D;OD;BudK jyK\/ tvkyf
tudkifa&m tdrf,myg aeom;wusjzpfoGm;í r,m;udkac:&ef jyefvmcJUovm;uG,f/
odkUaomf uRefawmfu tjzpfrSefudk ajymjyaomtcg a,mu©ra'gxavNyD/ 'Dvdk
taumifrsKd; orufawmf&wm &ifemvSavjcif;/ 'DtvkyfrsKd; &vsufueJU tpm,uf&if;
ywåjrm;eif;rdaom MuufzESifh wlvSavjcif;/
uRefawmfu nGwfusKd;pGm awmif;yefygonf/
]]tefwD&,f uRefawmf'Dvdk udk,frwwfEdkifwJU tvkyfudkrvkyfyg&apeJU/ jrif;vSnf;
bJ jyefarmif;yg&apawmh}}
]]tdk;? ightdrfrSmawmh rvdkawmhbl;/ ighjrif;vSnf;u ighom;awGeJUjzpfaeNyD/ rif;[m
rif;wjcm;&SmBuHarmif;csnfawmh/ 'Davmufawmif jrif;vSnf;armif;csifvS&if}}
,cktaeeJU uRefawmfjyefawG;awmh olvlBuD;rdbtaeeJUvJ rqdk;ygbl;/ oruf
uav;u vcpm;tvkyfvkyf? om;av;awGu jrif;vSnf;armif;vdkUydkNyD; 0ifaiGaumif;r,f
r[kwfvm;/ tdrfaxmifrSm pD;yGm;a&;taejzifhvJ u@uGJoGm;r,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfu
olvkyfapcsifwJU tvkyfrS rvkyfEdkifwmbJ/
pifppf xdktcsdefü uRefawmf rdb&yfxHjyefbdkU oifhvSacsonf/ odkUaomf &cgp
r,m; wef;wef;pGJjzpfaeí olUorD;vJ eifwkdUvdk awm&Gmawmh wouf rxnfhEdkifaygif
qdkaomaMumifh/
,if;odkUjzifh uRefawmfhrSm 0rf;a&;twGuf tcufBuKH&avonf/ odkU&SdpOf waeUoü
vrf;xdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifydwfxm;onfudk awGU&í ydkif&Sifu olUqdkifcef;iSm;vdkaMumif;?
vufzuf&nfyef;uef tdk;cGuf tjynfhtpkHESifh wvvQif 30d/
]][dwf? rif;udkqdk&if qdkifzGifh 15 usyfeJUbJ ay;xm;r,fuGm/ usefwm aemufrSay;}}
wGufcsufMunfhaomf tusOf;qkH; 50drQ tpjyK&kHESifh jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh a,mu©r
tm; tusKd;taMumif; ajymjyíaiGawmif;cHMunfhaomf
 ]][if; ray;Edkifygbl;/ t&if [kwfwdyufwd pma&;BuD;tvkyf &NyD&,fvdkU acs;vdkuf
wJU aiG 50dawmif jyefrqyfEdkifao;bJeJU}}
tvmhvm;? Munfhprf;/ a,mu©r\ ajymif;vJykH/ xdkaiGay;pOfu wESpfausmfausmf
wtdrfaxmifvkH;udk jrif;vSnf;armif;auR;cJUaom orufwa,muftm; ay;urf;rpovdk
ESifh acs;aiGjyKonf/ ,if;ü uRefawmfu txGefUwufvdkufonf/
]]atmifr,f 'grsm; acs;aiGvkyfovm;Asm/ uJ uRefawmfxkH;bdkoGm;wkef;uaiG 200d
avmufygwmudk tefwDU 190d ay;vdkufwmaum}}
]][JU tJ'gudk eifi&kwfoD;½IH;vdkU ukefNyDr[kwfvm;}}
uJ tJ'Dwkef;u orD;a,mu©ravmif;ESpfa,muf olU[m igh[m rcGJbJ pdwfwl
oabmwl vkyfMuawmh tqkH;owfrSm uRefawmfht&IH;wJUAsm/ vSvdkufyav/
tJ'D i&kwfoD;taMumif;udkvJ ajym&tkH;r,f/ &efukeftxd ygcJUwm/ a&mufawmh
taphwjcm; tcGHwjcm; jzpfaeNyD/ rIdawGuvJ wufvkdU/ b,fukefqdkifurS 0,fr,fhvlr&Sd
wmeJU ajreDukef;oGm;NyD;awmh i&kwfoD;rIefUaxmif;a&mif;wJU ukvm;rBuD;awGoGm;pyf&w,f/
olwkdUu rvdkcsifvdkcsifudk rwefwqaps;eJU a&mif;wmawmif wcgxJ tukefr,lEdkifygbl;
qdkvdkU 3 &ufrSwtdwf jrif;vSnf;ay:wifNyD; eufMuKwfeJU oGm;oGm;ydkUvdkuf&w,f/ aiGuvJ
wtdwfrS 4 usyfvm; xifyg&JU/ rrSwfrdawmhygbl;/ i&kyftdwftm;vkH;u o&ufuae
xkH;bdkxdatmif 200d avmufuscJUwm/ tJ'Dt&IH; uRefawmfwJU/ uJxm;awmh/ udk,fu
atmufuscH&rnfhtajcbJudk;/
]]aumif;ygNyD tefwD&,f/ om,m0wDoGm;wkef;u 50d/ tck 50d eJUqdk&if uRefawmf
100d jyefqyfyghr,f}}
]]atmifrm rif;uighudk EIdufwdkif;xGufwJU a&TwGif; aiGwGif;rsm; atmufarhaevm;
uG,fh/ ray;Edkifbl;}}
olvnf; uRefawmfhudk om,m0wDu jyefvmNyD;uwnf;u pdwfaxmifhíaeonf/
(yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf pdwfuGufMujcif;/) aemufNyD; okH;av;&uftwGif;rSmbJ
olay;vdkufaom ukwftuFsDrsm;udk jyef,lí olUxbDrsm;udk txufqifh jyefwyfNyD;avNyD/
'gudk uRefawmfu tvdkufuef;qdk; rodpGmaiGawmif;jcif;yif/ uRefawmf\
rdkufrJrIjzpfyg\/
xdkaMumifh a,mu©rxH aiG&&ef vufavQmhvdkuf&NyD; usefawmhftar raorDav; u
0,foGm;aom &dk;ukrÜPDrS 67 usyfcGJwef ]t,fvif}em&Dav;udk oli,fcsif;wa,muf xH
aiG 45usyfeJU aygifNyD; vufzuf&nfqdkifudk jzpfuwwfqef; zGifh&acsawmh\/
uRefawmfu ppcsif; azsmfwwfvdkUvm; r[kwfaygif/ EdkUudkrS b,fvdkusKd&rSef;rod/
xdkaMumifh uRefawmfhtm; vufzuf&nfqdkifiSm;oluyif qufay;aom rkefUvkyfaqmif;ukef;
rS umum ukvm;tzdk;BuD;wa,mufudk waeUvQif wusyfEIef; aeUpOfay;ESifh iSm;&rf;xm;&
\/ olUxrif; olpm; nvufzuf&nfqdkifydwfí jyefvQif aiGwusyfay;vdkuf&kHom jzpf\/
(vufzuf&nfwcGuf 10 qifhacwf/ *syefaiGtp razmif;yGao;/)
atmifr,f þtvkyfrsKd;u vkyfí tvsif&vmvQif aiG&if;rvdkvSawmhyg/
EdkUukvm;udk 'DaeU,l reufjzefay; ta<u;&\/ aumfzDvufzufajcmufwkdUvnf; xdkUtwl
jzpfvm\/ aq;jyif;aq;aygh qD;&Tif 0rf;Ekwfaq; ponfwdkUrSmvnf; emrnfBuD;rsm;udkom
vufiif;ay;0,f&í emrnfr&ao;wmrsm;u olwkdU[molwkdU vmydkUxm;Mu\/ olwkdU[m
olwdkU rMumcPvmMunfhMuí a&mif;NyD;orQ aumfr&SifEkwfay;/ udk,fu oufoufae
&if; jrwfaewm/
xdkpOf uRefawmfhtzdkU tcGifhta&;aumif; &jyefonfrSm þ&yfuGufwGif *syefxHrS
oMum; pD;u&ufESifh *syeftvSukefudk,fpm;vS,f &Muolrsm;rSm uRefawmfESifhcifrif&if;ESD;
olrsm;om jzpfMuukef\/
odkUESifh uRefawmfhtvkyfuav; [efusvdkufav&m 3 vtwGif;rSm em&Dav;
jyefa&G;Edkifonfhjyif vufxJrSm aiG 200 usyfcefUtzwfwifav\/
,if;tcsdefwGif jrif;vSnf;tvkyfonf ydkíydkí aumif;vm&um; uRefawmfonf
vufzuf&nfqdkiftjyif tvkyfudk wdk;csJU&ef udk,fhvuf&SdaiGESifhEdkifaom jrif;waumifudk0,f
&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf\/ ukd,fhvSnf;r&SdbJvnf; jrif;waumifxJ&Sdol\vSnf;udk
aeU0uf 1usyfay;í iSm;armif;Edkif\/
xdktcsdefü jrif;aps;onf xdyfwef;rS 300 usyfrQ&Sdao;&m uRefawmfhaiG 200 usyf
onf t0,frSefvQif xdkufwefaom jrif;udk&Edkif\/
uJ? uRefawmfydkif jrif;r0,frD uRefawmf oHa,mZOfNidcJUaom ar&DESifh awmufxGef;
taMumif;udk ajym&OD;rnf/
uRefawmfha,mu©rtdrfrSm rtlyifvrf;? uRefawmfhvufzuf&nfqdkifonf ¤if;vrf;
ESifh &Srf;vrf;rBuD;axmifh/ uRefawmfonf eHeuf 5em&Dtdyf&muxí vufzuf&nfqdkif
vmcJU&NyD; a&aEG;tdk;wnf&onf/ 6em&DavmufrSm vufzuf&nfqdkif vlpnfaeacsNyD/
xdktcsdefü uRefawmfha,mufzav;rsm;onf ar&Dudk 'vMurf;armif;NyD; xGufvmonfrsm;
jrif&awmh uRefawmfhrSm ar&Dtm; oem;pdwfjzifh rcHr&yfEdkifatmifjzpf&onf/ olwkdUonf
jrif;&dkufESifh jrif;vSnf;armif;tMurf;wGif emrnfBuD;aom udkvSudktm;usNyD; þodkUarmif;
aMumif; uRefawmfodonf/ pifppfar&Donf udkvSjrif;rsm;ESifh rwlacs/ udkvSjrif;wkdUonf
jrif;odk;uav;rsm;/ touft&G,fi,fi,f ajcvuft*Fgtaumif;av;awG/ ar&Du
toufvJBuD;NyD; ajcwzufrSmvJ 'Pf&Sdí cGmwdkufaeonf/ trSeftm;jzifh ar&Dudk csKdcsKd
av;ESifh oufoufnSmnSmarmif;ygrS jrif;ouf&Snfrnf/
okdUaomf aumifuav;rsm;onf olwkdUtarESifh u@aumpjzpfaeaom uRefawmfh
pum;&,fvdkU em;raxmifMu/ uRefawmfu vufzuf&nfqdkifrS vSrf;atmfajym/ pdwfayguf
aygufESifhqJ? onfvdkqdkav 'if;wkdUu t&GJUwdkuf armif;MuavESifh Mum;u uHqdk;ol
ar&DrSm waeUwjcm; ,dk,Gif;&awmh\/
rlvu ywfwvm;BuD;vdk aumhaeaom ar&DUausmon wef;&mrS ukef;pjyKavNyD/
eD&Jaom tarT;wkdUvnf; 0gusifhusifhjzpfvmNyD/ zkxpfaomtom;wkdUrSmvnf; t&dk;tqpf
ay:cJUNyD/ yxru yGwf&kHav;wkdufaom cGmwzufrSmvnf; w'kwf'kwfESifh toHMum;&
atmif wdkufaeavNyD/ nqdkvQifausmufcJESifhcwfu rD;wzswfzswf yGifhonftxdyif
jzpfaeavNyD/
aAGqdk;ygí ocifudk cdkufwwfonfqdkaom awmufxGef;um; uRefawmfvufzuf
&nfqdkifxGufí wvtwGif;rSmyif olUvufwGif;rS uRwfvGwfoGm;avNyD/
pifppfum; jrif;aAGqdk;onfrSm olcsnf;qdk;onfr[kwf/ vlqkd;rsm;ESifhawGUMujcif;
vnf;yg0ifay\/
taMumif;rSm ]qifwusifh? jrif;wusifh}qdkpum;&SdonfwGif awmufxGef;rSm wvuf
udkif oufoufBudKufol jzpfonf/ uRefawmfokH;q,foGm;NyD; a,mufzrsm; vufajymif;
vdkufonfüolrBudKuf/ xdkUjyif rpOf;pm; rqifjcifwwfaom i,f&G,folrsm;jzpfí wjcm;
olrsm;\ aoG;aqmifjcif;jzifh awmufxGef;tm; jrif;rrsm;ESifhom;wifonf/
jrif;odk;udk þodkUjyKNyD;aomtcg okH;av;&ufwmrQ rcdkif;bJtm;jzpfapaom MuufO?
axmywf? eHomykiSufaysmoD;ponfwkdUudk auR;í tm;jyefjynfhawmhrS tvkyfjyefcdkif;&\/
uRefawmfha,mufzav;rsm;u 'gudkrod/ ratudkvnf;rajym&JbJ jrif;BuD;udkaeUpOfrSefrSef
ZGwfcdkif;Muaomtcgü rpdwfrTefaeaom jrif;BuD;u uyfawmh\/
xdktcgjrif;vSnf;ormwkdU xkH;pH twif;0dkif;&dkufMuav\/
awmufwGef;obm0um; (olUrSm aAGMurf;vnf;ygí) b,fawmhrS tMurf;r&/
taumifuvnf;BuD; pdwfuvnf;cufxef&um; &dkufav ydkqdk;av jzpfawmhonf/
uRefawmfom,m0wDu jyefa&mufuwnf;u olwkdUnSOf;yef;Mujcif;jzifh awmufxGef;rSm
tawmfydefaeayNyD/ uRefawmfha,mufztBuD;ukdvnf; awmufxGef;udkufxm;jcif;jzifh
vufrxufjcrf;uGJoGm;avNyD/ (wnfhwnfhudkufrdvQif wdueJjywfEdkif\/) ,cifu
uRefawmftkyfcGufjyvQif vmíacgif;xdk;ay;aomfvnf; ,ckr&awmhNyD/ uRefawmfhudk rrSwf
rdíawmh r[kwfwef&m/ vlawGudkpdwfemaeí jzpfcsdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfhudkvnf; teD;
tuyfrcHawmhNyD/ uRefawmf NcHxJ0ifvQif olxGufajy;onf/ rajy;omvQif vludkuefonf/
udkufonf/ olUudktwif;zrf;í vSnf;wyfvQif vlav;ig;a,muf 0dkif;vkyf&onf/
odkUaomf armif;íum; r&a&;csr&/ a&SUoGm;rnfhtpm; aemufudkuefwkd;onf/
wnfhwnfhajy;rnfhtpm; ab;acsmfqif;onf/ nSyfyl;nSyfydwf &Dkufygrsm;aomf tdyfcsvdkuf
\/ eD;&mudkuef\/ rD&mudkudkuf\/ olUudkzd&dkufaevQif xrnfhtpm; pdwfBuD;rmefBuD;ESifh
vnfacGudk ukef;cJaewwf\/ uRefawmfonf awmufxGef;tjzpfudkMunfhí rsuff&nfuscJU
&yg\/ &dkuf&olrsm;u yifyef;í vufavQmhum vSnf;ujzKwfvdkufawmhrS 0kef;ueJ ckefx
vdkuf\/ ,if;odkUvQif vSnf;wjcm; jrif;wjcm; tdrfodkUjyefcJU&onfom/
aemufqkH;wGif uRefawmfh ],carmuftifqef;pf}vufajrSmufvdkuf&um tom;bdk;
ESifh a&mif;vdkuf&awmh\/
0,folum; A[ef;rS&Srf;BuD;wJU/ xdkpOfu touf 50avmuf/ t&yftarmif;
axmifaxmif armif;armif;ESifh/ vlBuD;udku aMumufp&m/ &uf&ufpufpuf jrif;ZGJcRwf
onfhae&mü emrnfBuD;0dZæmjzpf\/ okdUaomf awmufxGef;udkum; r&&Smay/ aemufqkH;ü
pdwfqdk;qdk;ESifh owfypfvdkufonf[laom owif;udkMum;&\/
uRefawmfh&ifxJrSmyloGm;onf/ uRefawmfwvufudkifwkef;u tifrwef
vdrfrmvSwJUjrif;BuD;/
uJ onfawmh jrif;rSmaAGqdk;ygí ocifudkcdkufwwfonfqdkonfum; [kwfygav
oavm/

uRefawmf\ yxrOD;qkH; udk,fydkifjrif;

]OD;[Hom}[k emrnfu tawmfcHUxnfaomvlBuD;/ olUudk uRefawmfausmif;om;

b0 yxrt*Fvdyfacwfuwnf;uyif awGUbl;jrifbl;aeygonf/ xdkpOfuawmh olUemrnf
udk uRefawmfrodyg/ prf;acsmif;xdyf ykvdyfvufjywdkifteD;&Sd naps;wef; w&kwfacgufqGJ
xrif;[if;qdkifwckü olUtoHudk wausmfausmfMum;cJU&onf/ ,if;qdkifrsKd;udk xdkacwfu
]av;brf;a[mfw,f}ac:av&m acgufqGJaMumf? qJUESpfrsKd;aMumf wcGufwrl;? tacgufuif?
tom;uif? [if;oD;[if;&GufaMumf ponfu wyGrS wyJESpfjym;? xrif;w&kwfyef;uefvkH;
ESifh ESpfjym;? w0ufwjym;? qm'g;[if;csKd? MuufoGefcsOf tvum;&av&m ydkufqHajcmuf
jym;avmufESifh xrif;weyfpm;Edkifayonf/
OD;[Homonf xdkqdkifrsKd;ü pm;yGJxdk;jzpfav&m vlwa,mufu xrif;[if;vsmrSm
vdkufaomtcg olu w&kwfvdk tus,fBuD;atmfajymvdkufavonf/ okdUaomfrSmMum;olu
acgufqGJaMumfrSm tom;rsm;rsm;xnfhygqdkvQifum; olu ArmvdkbJ ]tom;rsm;rsm;xnfh}
[lí trdefUay;ovdkatmfvdkuf\/ w&kwfuawmh b,fol bmajymajym olaMumfaeus
xkH;pHtcsKD;twdkif;ayghcifAsm/
xdkenf;¤if;ygbJ/ ]]vufzuf&nfwcGuf? rvdkifrsm;rsm;xJU}}[laom OD;[Hom\
atmfoHonf *syefacwf uRefawmfh vufzuf&nfqdkifxJodkU a&mufvmav\/
olUrSmr,m;r&Sd/ ig;ESpfajcmufESpfavmuf om;uav;wa,mufESifh uRefawmfh vuf
zuf&nfqdkifodkU tvdktavsmufa&mufvmum olUzmomol pwifulnD&if;jzifh uRefawmfu
olwkdUom;tztm; vufzuf&nftvum;wdkuf&onfh tajcokdUa&mufap onf/
olUom;uav;udkvnf; a&qGJ? xif;cGJ vufwdkvufawmif;cdkif;yg[k tyfESHavonf/
OD;[Homum; xdkpOfrSm toufajcmufq,favmuf&SdayNyD/ vlaumif0aomfvnf;
udk,fvuft*Fg roefpGrf;vSyg/ oli,fpOfu vnfyif;rD;avmifcJUíqdkvm;/ ar;aphESifh
&ifbwf wqufxJjzpfNyD; yg;pyfBuD;NyJaeonf/ tom;a&mifuvnf; ndKnpfnpfESifh
awmfawmftMunfh&qdk;yg\/
odkUaomf tajymum;aumif;\/ olonfþt&yfZmwd 'Dt&yftaMumif; olrod
wmr&Sd/ jrif;taMumif;qdkvJ atmifr,fav; olu i,fi,fav;uwnf;u jrif;vSnf;
armif;cJUwmwJU cifAsm/ tck rnfolrnf0gawGjzifh ]igoifay;vdkU wwfwmawGayghuG}/
xdkolrsm; uRefawmfar;Munfhawmhvnf; [kwfaMumif; 0efcHMu\/
'gESifh uRefawmfu vufzuf&nfqdkif xGufí azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; aiGav; 200d
avmufpkrdawmh jrif;waumif0,fcsifaMumif; olUwdkifyifrdawmh ]]atmifr,fav;?
armifMuifaqG&,f/ 'g ighwm0efxm;vdkufyguGm}}
waeUoü jrif;vSnf;orm; wa,mufonf uRefawmfhvufzuf&nfqdkifa&SUolU
vSnf;xdk;&yfNyD; vufzuf&nfvmaomuf\/ 'Dvludk OD;[Homu ]]a[haumif rif;aeUwGuf
udkufcJUNyDvm;uG}}ar;\/ xdkvlu ]]A[ef;wacguf? &efukefwacgufarmif;cJUNyDAsm/ awmfyg
NyD}}[kqdk\/
xdktcg OD;[Homu ]]rif;a&mif;r,fajymwm 'Djrif;bJvm;}}ar;í 'Dvluacgif;ndwf
awmh ]]a[h armifMuifaqG/ rif;wufarmif;Munfhprf;uGm}}qdkojzifh uRefawmfwywfa&Smuf
armif;vdkufonf/
rqdk;bl;/ jrif;r pdwfoabmaumif;\/ olUtom;t&nf olUudk,fvkH;udk,fxnfESifh
olUajcoifhavsmfyg\/ uRefawmfonf awmufxGef;&NyD;uwnf;u em;apmifhaAGudk Munfh
wwfaeí em;&Gufaemufu aAGESpfvkH; Munfhvdkufawmh tdkauygbJ/ aAGrSefae&mrSefygbJ/
uRefawmf jrif;vSnf;ay:uqif;? vufzuf&nfqdkifxJ0ifawmh OD;[Homu ]]b,fh
ES,fvJ}}ar;í uRefawmfu ESpfoufaom trlt&mjyvdkuf\/
OD;[Homu rif;jrif; b,favmufa&mif;rvJar;í xdkvlu vufESpfacsmif;axmif
jyNyD; vufzuf&nfqdkifxJu xGufNyD;olUvSnf;ay: wufarmif;oGm;\/ 'Dawmh OD;[HomESifh
uRefawmf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;wdkifyifMu\/
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]]'gu olUqdkaps; &Sdao;wmbJuGm/ ydefwmuawmh 'Daumifu aiGvdkwdkif; odyfcdkif;
w,fuGm/ tpmvJaumif;aumif; rauR;bl;/ rif;vdkvl vufxJa&mufvdkU oufoufnSm
nSmcdkif;r,f tpmaumif;aumif; auR;r,fqdk&if rMumcif waoG;warG;jzpfvmrSmyguGm/
'Djrif;rtoufajcmufESpfavmuf &Sdao;wmuG/ t&G,faumif;aygh}}
olwkdUaps; ESpf&m? qpfvdkufvQif avQmhOD;rnfjzpfí udk,fh0,fEdkiftm;ESifhvnf; tH0if
aeojzifh 'Djrif;rudk uRefawmfBudKufaeavNyD/ jrif;ruzswfzswfvwfvwfESifh ajcvnf;
oGuf\/ olUrSm ydefwmav; wckbJ tjypfqdkp&m&Sd\/ okdUaomftoufi,f? t&G,fEkojzifh
OD;[Homajymonfhtwdkif; udk,fhvufxJa&mufí jyKjyifvdkufvQif[laom pdwful;jzifh
]]'gayr,fh aps;awmh qpftkH;Asm}}
]]at;yg? 'Daumifudk igEdkifygw,fuG/ rif;ub,favmufay;csifvJ}}
]]w&mh ig;q,favmuf}}
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odkUESifh twkdcsKyfajym&aomf þjrif;rudkuRefawmf 165usyfESifh &vdkufawmhonf/

ydwfjrif;

þjrif;vSnf;orm; avmuum; vG,fvSonfr[kwfay/ ppcsif; aqmufESifhxGif;

oGm;avNyD/ uRefawmfuGJonf/ [ufwuf/ vl,kHowfí zsyfzsyfvl;&jcif;? þjrif;ru
(uRefawmfjrif;vSnf;orm;e,f a&mufprdkU rodao;aom) ]ydwfjrif;}ac:\/ emwm&Snf
a&m*grsKd;&Sdí tpmaumif;pGm rpm;/ wef;rSefrcdkif;Edkif/ w&ufjcm;rS wacgufavmufom
olUtpmbdk;rQ 0efayghaygharmif;&\/
'Djrif;&Sif uRefawmfhudk vmjypOf OD;[HomBuD;u ]a[haumif rif;aeUwGufudkufcJU
yvm;}}ar;í ]]A[ef; wacguf &efukefwacguf armif;cJUNyDAsm/ awmfygNyD}[k jyefajymonf
um;tvum;/ olUjrif;rudk tarT;nSif;pdk;pdk;BuD;aeí rsufjrifvSatmif tarG;oGm;xkd;NyD;
vrf;xdyfuom jyefvmcJUjcif;/vm;vm;? 'DvleJU OD;[Homu nDtudkt&if;udk;As/ uRefawmf
aemufrSod&\/ OD;[Homu ykHysufaeonfjzpfí olwkdU&kyf&nfcsif;udk uRefawmfrzrf;rd/
jrif;vSnf;orm;e,fy,frSm b,folrS 100d jynfhatmifay;wJUvlr&SdwJUjrif;/ 165 usyf&
vdkufojzifh nDawmfu aemifawmfBuD;udk aiGtpdwfavmuf uefawmhowJUAsm/ uRefawmfh
vufzuf&nfqdkifuawmh olwkdUom;tzudk tNyD;tydkifuefawmhqGrf; avmif;vdkufwm
ygbJ/ rdk;vif;aygufaygufvmwwfaom 'ku©dw om;tzonf jrif;r0,fNyD;aemufwaeU
reufuyifpí olwkdU[molwdkUbJ rvm&JMuawmhay/
tMuifolwa,mufonf ypönf;t0,frSm;\/ xdkypönf;onf oufrJUypönf;xuf
ouf&Sdypönf;u qdk;&Gm;\/ oufrJUypönf;u okH;r&/ b,fvdkxm;xm;? ouf&Sdypönf;um;
rvG,fawmhay/ uRefawmfhOpömrSm jrif;owå0gBuD; waumifvkH; jzpfae&um; tpma&pm
acs;ao;utp edpö"l0 wm0efBuD;awmh\/ jrif;ru tpmaumif;pGmrpm;bl;qdkaomfvnf;
rao&kHavmufawmh wkdU*Pef; qdwf*Pef; NrKHao;ojzifh aq;0g;0,fauR;&if; waeU
aomfaumif;vmEdk;Edk; npmreufpmrSefrSef tpma[mif;oGeftopfazsmfí auR;ae&yg\/
vdrfía&mif;olESifh yGJpm;vkyfoludk pdwfqdk;aomfvnf; 'Djrif;ra&m*gonfav;udkawmh
uRefawmfoem;yg\/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfolUudk udk,fESifhruGmjyKpkygonf/ nom tdrfrSm
xm;í reuf 5em&Davmuf uRefawmfvufzuf&nfqdkifzGifh&ef vmawmh olUudktpmcGuf
ESifhtwl tdrfrSqGJcJUyg\/ nvufzuf&nfqdkifydwfrS tdrfodkUjyefqGJcJU\/ waeUvkH;um;
vufzuf&nfqdkifa&SUu ukwfudkyifBuD;atmufrSm csnfxm;yg\/
þjrif;ruav; uRefawmf0,fvdkufNyDudk odMuaomtcgwGif jrif;vSnf;orm;wkdU
onf uRefawmfydkí pdwfraumif;jzpf&ef xdkjrif;r\ tjypftemtqmrsm;udk azmfxkwfMu
onf/
b,fq&mrS ukr&í ypfxm;&aomjrif;r/
jrif;vSnf;orm;wkdUxkH;pHrSm udk,fa&;udk,fwmESifh vGwfuif;orQ wpkHwa,muf\
tusKd;tjypftwGuf rnfolrQxkwfazmfajymjcif; rjyKMubJ tJwpkHwckudpö jzpfoGm;NyDqdk
aomtcgüum; rnSmrwm avSmifMuajymifMuygawmhonf/
]]zGm;ZkH zGm;ZkH zGm;ZkHqDom ydkUvdkufygawmh}}
vufzuf&nfqdkifa&SUrS jzwfarmif;oGm;&if; raeEdkif rxdkifEdkifatmfoGm;Muao;\/
rzGm;ZkHrSm jrif;om;&vQif a&mif;aom trJom;onf ig;pdrf;onfjzpf\/ ,cif eufMuKwf
wkef;u olUbJ tyfvdkuf&onfjzpfí olwdkUajymp&mvnf; jzpfaeyg\/
uRefawmfhrSm acgif;ikHUíom cH&ygonf/ udk,fhvufxJa&mufaeaom axG;r& tef
r& jrif;ruav;udkvnf; Oayu©mjyKxm;í rjzpfzJ aq;0g;rjywf auR;ae&ygonf/
odkUaomfaiGomukef\/ jrif;ruav;rSm rxl;jcm;/ tpmvnf; aumif;pGmrpm;? qD;0rf;
vnf;rrSef/ ESmvefxlbdkUawmh cJ,Of;NyD atmufarh&yg\/ okdUaomf owå0gwckuHwck/
taumif;ESifhtqdk;wkdUonf avmuü wausmhqDvSnfhvnfaeMu&onfjzpf&um; waeU
oü u,frnfholay:vmav\/

bvdkif;rmpwm
 waeUaom aeUv,fcif;0,f t0wftpm;EGrf;yg;aom tzdk;tdkwa,mufESifh tr,f
tdkwa,mufonf uRefawmfhvufzuf&nfqdkifxJodkU a&mufvmMu\/ tzdk;BuD;rSm rsufpd
rjrif&Smacs/ wdrfov’mwkdUjzifh aMumifawmif uG,fae\/ tr,fBuD;u awmifa0S;qGJ&\/
pm;yGJwckwGif tr,fBuD;u tzdk;BuD;tm; ae&mxdkifcif;ay;NyD; vufzuf&nfwcGuf
(tzdk;BuD;bdkUom)rSm\/ uRefawmfazsmfNyD; oGm;ydkUí qdkif&SifwdkU0wå&m;twdkif;
]]rkefUaum okH;aqmifygtkH;rvm;cifAsm}}
]]rpm;ygbl;uG,f/ 'geJUarmif&ifhqdkifa&SUu jrif;[mb,folUjrif;vJuG,fh}}
tzdk;BuD; rsufrjrifuar;\/
]]uRefawmfhjrif;ygbJ cifAsm}}
]]rrmwm awmfawmfMumNyDvm;}}
]]MumygNyDcifAsm/ 'Djrif;r rrmwm b,folajymvdkufygvdkUvJ}}
]]ajymvdkUr[kwfygbl;/ tem;uyfjzwfvmawmh olUteHU touf&I&wmeJUodwmaygh}}
tvm; uRefawmf tHUMooGm;onf/
]]bBuD;u jrif;taMumif; awmfawmfem;vnfw,fxifyg&JU}}
]]usKyf jrif;aq;q&mbJ/ armif&ifhjrif; aq;rukbl;vm;}}
]]teD;tem;u jrif;q&mawGaq;0,fauR;aewmbJ/ 'gayr,fh xl;jcm;w,f r&Sdyg
bl;cifAsm}}
]]'gjzifh usKyf armif&ifhjrif; Munfhcsifw,f}}
rsufpd vkH;0rjrifolu a&m*gonfjrif; Munfhcsifw,fqdkawmh uRefawmf&,fcsifpdwf
ay:rdygonf/ okdUaomf vufzuf&nfaomufNyD; tzGm;BuD;u wGJac:oGm;í jrif;rem;
a&mufvQif uRefawmfu jrif;yg;csyfudk olUvufxJ xdk;tyfvdkufonfü tzdk;BuD;onf
jrif;r vQm qGJMunfhjcif;? tmapmifEIdufjcif;? em;&Gufudk prf;oyfjcif;? ausmudkyGwfjcif;?
0rf;Adkuf ykwfjcif;? jrif;acs;eHUao;eHUudk &I&IdufMunfhjcif;rsm;jyKNyD;aemuf
]]ZD;avQmNyD; jzpfwmbJ/ armif&ifhjrif;ra&m*gudk usKyfukEdkifw,f/ raysmuf&if
wjym;rSray;eJU}}
uRefawmf&kwfw&uf 0rf;omoGm;onf/ olajymykHqdkykHrSmvnf; ,kHMunfxdkufaom
toHMoZmygygonf/
 ]]aumif;ygNyD/ okdUaomf ck&IyfrS aemif&Sif;jzpfatmif aysmuf&if b,favmufay;&
r,fqdkwm trdefU&Sdyg}}
]]'gudkawmh usKyfrajymvdkygbl;/ armif&ifhpdwfeJUapwemay:rSm wnfygw,f/
armif&ifajymoHqdkoH Mum;&&kHeJU vlrjrif&ayr,fh ted,wåwa,muf r[kwfzl;qdkwm
usKyfodygw,f}}
vufzuf&nfonf jrif;vSnf;orm;av;udkrS ajrSmufvdkavjcif;[k uRefawmf
atmufarhcJUonf/
twkdcsKyfum; jrif;rav;udk olUvufxJtyfvdkufonf/ tzdk;BuD;ESifhtzGm;BuD;onf
reufESifh nae waeUESpfcgvmí aq;auR;jyKpkonf/ uRefawmfwkdUowå0gokH;OD;uHpyf
onf[kqdk&ayrnf/ jrif;rav;onf ckESpf&uftwGif;ü ododomomajymif;vJvmonf/
tpmawGwaeUwjcm; pm;vmí qD;awG0rf;awG aumif;vmvdkuf&m wpwpESifh olUtarG;
ta&mif c0JoD;ajcmufa&mifrS 0g? 0g&mrS aemufqkH;wGif teDa&mif awmufajymifvmav
awmhonf/ þum;olUtarG;ta&mif trSef/ xdkUaMumifh þjrif;rav;udk ]rda&TeD}[k emrnf
ay;vdkufawmhonf/
tpOD;jzifh [dkjrif;vSnf;q&mrsm; ac:cJUonfh ]zGm;ZkH}trnfESifhbJ tqkH;owf&awmh
rvm; atmufarhcJUonf/ ,ckum; rda&TeDESifh uRefawmfb0pcef;wGif wZmwfvrf; zGifh&
ayawmhrnf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfwdkU aus;Zl;&Sif q&mBuD;taMumif;udk azmfjyvdkygao;
onf/ xdktzdk;BuD;onf *syefacwfu &efukef jrif;vSnf;orm;wkdUe,fy,fü uRefawmfh
jrif;rav;upNyD; vlBudKufrsm;í ]bvdkif;rmpwm}[k emrnfBuD;oGm;oljzpfyg\/
rlvBudKUyifaumufNrdKUujzpf\/ &efukefü jrif;vSnf;awGacwfaumif;onfjzpfí
BudKUyifaumufu jrif;vSnf;orm;? jrif;arT;xdk;orm;? jrif;oHcGm&dkuform;awG &efukefqif;
vmMu&mü olvnf;ygvmcJUí uRefawmfhjrif;rav;rS yxrOD;qkH; emrnfxGufoGm;jcif;jzpf
ayonf/
rsufpdrjrifaomfvnf; jrif;wkDU\a&m*gaygif;pkHudk ukpGrf;Edkifonf/ tcsKdUjrif;aq;
q&mawGvdk qD;aq;wzkH? 0rf;Ekwfaq;wvuf? ESmaq;wenf;jzifh q&mvkyfonfr[kwf/
a&S;jrefrm jrif;usrf;? aq;usrf;udk aumif;aumif;BuD; uRrf;usifcJUoljzpfonf/ emrnf&if;
Od;ykjzpfygonf/ olysKd&G,fpOfu jrif;pD;emrnfausmfjzpfcJU\/ jrif;NydKifyGJ 'kef;pD;a*smfuDrsKd;
r[kwf/ jrefrmenf; tom;us? tvSpD;jzpf\/
]]armifMuifaqG&,f? usKyfusifhxm;wJUjrif;rsm; usKyfpD;vdkuf&r,fqdk&ifawmh 'Dvdk
ukef;ESD;ay: wifyv’ifacGxdkifNyD; ZufBudK;rudkifbl;uG,fh/ a[m'Dtwdkif; vufydkufxm;vdkuf
w,f}} (ol rdefUrdefUBuD; xdkifjyykHudk ,ck uRefawmfhrsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifrdao;onf/)
]]EdkUNyD; acgif;aygif;puvJ wawmifcsvm;vuGm/ avxJrSm <uufNrD;wef;aew,fuG/
jrif;uvJ tJ'Davmufjrefwm/ 'dkUacwfNydKif&wmu jrif;tjrefwGifr[kwfzl;/ a*smfuDpwdkif
a&m? jrif; ajcusvufusa&m? vlBuD;awGu *&dkU csKd; rSwfMuwmuG}}
 vlvnf; vlcefU? Oy"d&kyfvnf; aumif;oljzpfí tajymvnf;ydkifvSonf/ xdkjrif;r
av;rSpí uRefawmf\jrif;vSnf;orm; b0rSm uRefawmf\udk;uG,fqnf;uyf&m jzpfvsuf
rMumcP pum;vufqkHuscJUygonf/
jrif;\ aAGt*Fg trsKd;rsKd;? tqdk;taumif; Mueftifvu©Pm tjzmjzmwkdUudk
usrf;*eftvmrS vnf;aumif;? olUb0 udk,fawGUrSvnf;aumif; ajymjyaom tcgrsm;ü
rSwfom;p&m aumif;onfhtjyif pdwfyg 0ifpm;atmifvnf; ajymqdkEdkifpGrf;&Sdygayonf/
ocifudktusKd;ay;rnfhjrif;? tusKd;,kwfaprnfhjrif;? tdrfrSm usufoa&r*Fvm &Sdap
rnfhjrif;? tr*Fvmjzpfaprnfhjrif;? jrif;bDvl;? jrif;ykcuf/
jrif;bDvl; rnfonfrSm n tcsdefrawmf acG;uJUokdUaqmifhaMumifhxdkifwwfonf/
jrif;ykcufrSm (jrykcuf[kvnf;ac:onf/) olUudk,fudk ykcufuJUokdU vTJ,rf;aewwfonf/
xdkjrif;rsm; taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí q&mBuD;onf cspfp&m? ESpfoufp&mrsm;omru
aMumufp&m? MuufoD; arT;nSif;xp&mrsm;yg ajymwwfygonf/

uRefawmfESifhrda&TeD

uJ? aus;Zl;&Sif q&mBuD;taMumif; ajymNyD;awmh uRefawmfESifh rda&TeDwkdU ]ESpfyg;

oGm;cef;}pMupdkU/ 'Dpum;vkH;udk NyKH;csifovm;rdwfaqG/ uRefawmf\pdwfxJ ,lqcsufudk
trSeftwdkif;a&;jcif;jzpfygonf/ olonfjrif;r? uRefawmfuvlyifjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmf
\b0wauGUZmwfvrf;wGif olESifhuRefawmfonf ta&;BuD;aom ZmwfaqmifESpfOD;jzpfcJU
ygonf/
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ESpfodrfhp&m? tonf;xdwfp&m? aMuuJG0rf;enf;p&m tjzmjzmwkdU&SdwwfonfhteufolESifh
uRefawmfh tjzpftysufrSmvnf; xdkt&mwdkUjynfhpkHcJUyg\/
MunfhygrdwfaqG/ ol uRefawmfhvufxJ a&mufvmwkef;u ydefydefcsyfcsyf a&m*gonf
rav; jzpfavawmh pdwfysufp&m? 0rf;enf;p&m r[kwfygvm;cifAsm/
uJ?aemuf bvdkif;rmpwmBuD; aq;pGrf;jzifh &Tef;&Tef;yy 00vifvifjzpfvmawmh
uRefawmfwkdU\ MunfEl;ESpfodrfhp&m ESpfyg;oGm;cef;av;vdkU rqdkxdkufygvm;cifAsm/
olUrsufESmav;rSm &Tifvef;í ,cifu wd&pämefwdkUxkH;pH emrusef;vQif jzpfwwf
onf rsuf&nfylawG wa0a0? rsufacs; rsuf0wfawG wayayaecJUaom rsufvkH;wkdUonf
,ckawmufyMunfvifvsuf uRefawmfhjrifvQif [nfí toHay;wwfonf/ olUpm;cGufudk
EIwfoD;ESifhxdk;um tpmawmif;wwfonf/ a&SUcGmuav; ,ufum ,ufum ocifudk
c&mwwfonf/ wd&pämefwkdUudk aocsmpGm avhvmrdaomtcgü cspfp&maumif;aom
tuGufuav;rsm;udk awGUvmwwfayonf/
uJ? ,cktajcwGifolESifh uRefawmfonf ZmwfxJuESpfyg;oGm;tcef;rSmvdk ]cspfvdkuf
MutkH;pdkU b0azmfrav;a&}vdkUqdkMuygpdkU/
uJ? uRefawmfwkdU b,fvdkESpfyg;oGm;rvJ odvm; rdwfaqG/ uRefawmfu jrif;vSnf;
wpD;udk aeU0ufwGuf wusyfay;iSm;NyD; jrif;vSnf;wyfxGufwmaygh/
jrif;vSnf;orm;wdkUrSm jrif;usef;rm0NzdK;aeaom tcgwGif vkyfief;udkifief; tayguf
tvrf;wnfhí &Tifvef;&onfaygh/
xdkUjyif rda&TeDonf a'gufav;ayrQ (eufMuKwfavmuf)taumif ti,fpm;yif
jzpfaomfvnf; olUt&G,frsKd;ü taumif;wef;xJu 0ifonf/ tifrwef oGufvufzswf
vwfíZufzsm;cwfrQrcHacs/ pdwfvJ qwfonf/
,cifu uRefawmfhudk avSmifajymifcJUaom jrif;vSnf;orm;rsm;tm; uRefawmfu
uvJUpm;jyefacsEdkifonf/
jrif;vSnf;bD;udk MumyGwf&dk;uyfí ]wwyfwyf}jrnfapum orefum&Sefum olwkdU
jrif;awGvdk vnf;csif;ausmfwuf&if ]]zGm;ZkHav zGm;ZkH/ 'DrSm zGm;ZkH[kwfao;&JUvm;/ oGm;ykHvJ
MunfhMuygtkH; udk,fhvlwkdU&/ [m; [m; [m;}}
&,farmoHESifhtwl olwkdUvSnf;udk csefypfcJUonf/
xdktcgü olwkdUu qdkMu\/ ausmif;om;uHaumif;w,f/ romuxNyD; tusKd;ay;
w,f/
þtcgwGif uRefawmf\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tawmfajzmifhaeonf[kqdk&ayrnf/
eHeufydkif;rSm uRefawmfvufzuf&nfqdkifxdkifí rGef;vJGydkif;rS uRefawmfhr,m;ESifh ukvm;
tzdk;BuD;tm; qdkifrSmxm;cJUum jrif;vSnf;armif;xGufonf/
xdkpOf jrif;vSnf;orm;b0rSm atmufrusyg/ ]jrif;vSnf;q&m}[kac:Muonf/
[dka&S;t*Fvdyfacwfvdk ]a[;*gvD0gvm;}r[kwfawmh/ c&D;onfudkvnf; vdkuf&Smrae&/
jrif;vSnf;xGufvmcJUvQif udk,fBudKuf&m *dwfxdk;NyD; ]]&efukef? &efukef}} odkUr[kwf ]]A[ef;?
A[ef;}}atmfvdkufyg/ rMumrDvljynfhavonf/
vufzuf&nfwcGuf q,fqifhjzpfpOfrSm uRefawmfwdkUprf;acsmif; Munfhjrifwdkifbuf
rS A[ef; okdUr[kwf &efukefudk 25 qifh (0g)wrwf&av&m jrif;waumif xkH;pHtoGm;tv
jyef ESpfacgufqGJjcif;jzifh rlrSefajcmufa,muf wifavh&Sdí waeUvQif ig;usyfteJqkH;ajcmuf
usyfcJGtxd pDayonf/ jrif;pmzdk; ig;rwf wusyfcGJEkwf/ vlwGuf okH;usyfcGJ av;usyfusef
onf/
 vufzuf&nfqdkifuvnf; aeUpOfürQ&ae&um; uRefawmfonf þESpfrsKd;aom
0ifaiGjzifh rMumrD udk,fydkifvSnf;0,fEdkifawmhrnf[k pdwful;zJ&dkufrdav\/
odkUaomf zk&m;jzpfr,fBuH a'0'wf um;,m;vkyfwwfonf wrkHU/

waeUaomn uRefawmfjrif;vSnf;jzKwfí jyefvmaomtcsdefü uRefawmfhZeD;r&Sd

awmhNyD/
]]a[h? 'dkUorD;u vufzuf&nfqdkif xdkifwJUtrsKd;r[kwfzl;/ olUtazu 0efaxmuf
t&ifhtrmBuD;uG,fh/ 'D*kPfrsm;axmufygtkH;}}
ta&;ydkifuawmf rkefU[if;cg;a&mif;aeaom acwf0,f &kH;0efaxmufuawmf
a[mif;u þpum;udkajymonf/
olUorD; vufzuf&nfqdkif xdkif&onfqdkonfrSmvnf; aumifwmpm;yGJwGif xdkifí
ydkufqHodrf;&kHyg/ tjcm;vkyfp&mwdkUrSm ukvm;tzdk;BuD;\ wm0efcsnf;jzpf\/
þrSpí 'Da,mu©ronf tajrmftjrifOmPf enf;avjcif;? wvGJqHyifaumif;
aygufavjcif;[k uRefawmf,lqcJU\/
,if;ü uRefawmfhrSmvnf; nm;cgp ZeD;rdkU rcGJEdkif rcGm&ufjzpfum olwdkUb,fydkUxm;
oenf;/ pkHprf;í oHvsifodkUvdkuf&acsawmhonf/ wcgrQ ra&mufzl;ao;aom NrdKU0,f
[dkar; onfar;ESifh aemufqkH;ü awGU&ayawmhonf/
uRefawmfhZeD;uvnf; uRefawmfhudkjrifvQif idk,dkvsuf rcGJEdkifygaMumif;? yxrOD;qkH;
uav; y#doaE¨vnf; &SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; olUOD;BuD;? OD;av; a':a':wkdUtm;ajym\/
pifppf a,mu©r\ tpDtrHrSm olwkdUpdwfBudKuf vcpm;t&m&SdrvkyfEdkifwJUtaumif
ESifh tNyD;tydkif cGJ&efjzpfayonf/ odkUaomf xdkaqGrsKd;wdkUu uRefawmfwkdU ESpfa,muf jzpfykH
udkoem;Muí twlwuGjyefydkUonf/ a,mu©ra'gyGaeonfudk auseyf&ef olwkdUpDrHonf/
,if;tpDtrHrSm a,mu©r\ qE´twdkif; olUorD;tm; vufzuf&nfqdkif rxdkifap&/
'Dvdk aiGodrf;bdkUrS udk,fhvlu qdkifwGifr&Sdawmh uRefawmfaeU0ufjrif;vSnf;xGuf
armif;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmh/
onfawmh uRefawmfhrSm tvkyfESpfck wckcka&G;&mwGif vufzuf&nfqdkifudk jzKwfypf
&avawmh\/
,if;wGif a,mu©rpdwfBudKufygavonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktcsdefwGif olUjrif;rar&D
aomfvnf;aumif;? vSnf;armif;Edkifaom olUom;ESpfa,mufaomfvnf;aumif; tdrfür&Sd
awmhNyd/ vSnf;csnf; usefawmh\/
 taMumif;rSm olUom;rsm;onf vli,frsm;yDyD ar&Dudk EdIif;qcsifhcsdefjcif;r&Sd/ rnSm
rwm armif;ESifcdkif;apMujcif;jzifh ar&Dcrsm waeUwjcm; ,dk,Gif;vmcJU&m aemufqkH;rSm
ar&Donf &xm;wyfírSrjzpfawmh/ ausmukef;onf av;udkif;uJUokdU auG;um ajcav;
acsmif;u tv,füpkaevsuf 'Pf&SdaomajcaxmufrSmrl vkH;0raxmufEdkifawmh/ 'Dtcg rSm
olUwdkUwGif 0ifaiGr&Sdawmhojzifh uRefawmha,mu©ronf olUxkH;pHtwdkif; tdrfrSm
tifrwefem;yl\/ olem;ylaom'Pfudk olUtarBuD;ESifh olUorD; (uRefawmhZeD;)rSwyg;
rnfolrQrcHEdkifMuojzifh olUom;ESpfa,mufonf ppfxJodkU vdkufoGm;Muukefownf;/
ar&Dudkrlum; 35 usyfESifh a&mif;ypfvdkuf&\/ ar&Dudk 0,folrSm a&S;acwfu
jrif;vSnf;orm;a[mif;BuD;/ olu em;vnfyg;vnfjzifh jyKpkvdkuf&vQifjzifh 'Djrif;rjyef
aumif;Edkifao;&JU/ raumif;awmif aoaom tom;bdk; 35usyfawmh &acstHU/
pifppf uRefawmfwkdUonf ar&Dtm; bvdkif;rmpwmBuD;udk jyNyD;om;/ q&mBuD;u
]]armifMuifaqG&,f jyefaumif;EdkifbdkUuawmh cJ,Of;ygNyDuG,f}}[k ajymcJUonfESifhtnDar&D
onf ESmvSefrxlawmh&Smay/ uRefawmhfa,mu©ru aemufxyfjrif;opfwaumif0,fí
uRefawmfbJarmif;ay;&\/ þodkUjzifh uRefawmfwkdU orD;a,mu©r jyefvnfyl;aygif;oGm;
Mujyefav\/

ywfvnfav;

uRefawmfha,mu©r aemuf0,fvdkufaom jrif;udk ]ywfvnfav;}[kac:ygonf/

olUemrnfum; bmrQ txl;taxGpOf;pm;rae&yg/ vSnf;wyfNyD;vQif olUudkaemufokdU
ywfvSnfhvdkufrS ajzmifhajzmifhwef;wef; xGufajy;yg\/
]qifwusifh? jrif;wusifh}qdk&mü olþokdUjzpf&onfh taMumif;um; olUudk jrif;
vSnf;pusifhpOfu vnfaAGESifhvSnf;udk tm;jyKqGJ&onfh olU&iftkH nmbufjcrf;rSm tem
jzpfcJUonf/ olUyxrydkif&Sifu av;cgvnf;om;rQ þjrif;i,fav;udk xdktemraysmufcif
bJ armif;ESifavawmh xGufpwGif þtemav;ESifh vnfaAGrdrSmudk aMumuf&Smojzifh
ola&SUokdUrwdk;yg/ xdkUaMumifh olUnmbufZufudk qGJíaemufjyefauGUvdkufjcif;jzifh
b,fbuf&iftkHESifh vSnf;udkqGJ&jcif;jzpfvsuf olUtemrxdbJ vSnf;uygvmavonf/
aemufajy;rdí aoG;yloGm;aomtcgüum; oljzL;jzL;ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; oGm;ygavawmhonf/
,if;tusifhum; aemiftemaysmufonfwdkif ygoGm;avjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
olUtm; tdrfuxGufprSmqdkvQif ajrmufzufoGm;csif awmifbufvSnfhwyf&onf/
awmifbufoGm;csif ajrmufzuf vSnfhwyf&onf/ þtaMumodaeawmh vG,fygonf/
atmufrS wa,muf qGJvSnfhay;&kHygbJ/ armif;rnfhol wa,mufjzpfaeyguvnf;
jrif;vSnf;orm;tzdkU rcJ,Of;yg/ olUwyfNyD; aemufqGJvSnfhvdkuf/ oljzL;jzL;ajzmifhajzmifh
ajy;aomtcgrS vSnf;a&SUrSudk,fu tomajy;vdkufaeNyd;aemuf vSnf;vufwHESifh
vSnf;u,fhtdrfudk vufwzufpD aemufjyefaxmufí tomav; ckefwufvdkuf/ 'grsKd;udk
uRefawmfu awmufxGef;wkef;uwnf;u uRrf;usifcJUygNyD./ ,if;odkUjyK&onfrSmvnf;
olUtusifhu tdrfu rxGufwifomygbJ/ vrf;a&mufí armif;om;usoGm;awmh rvdkawmh
ygNyD/
uRefawmfudkifcJU&aom jrif;rsm;xJwGif 'Dtaumifav;udku &Srf;jrif;/ ausmufjrif;
yk[kac:ygonf/ olUta&mifrSm azmif;0wfpdrf; 'dk;uGufjzpfí 'DtarG;rsKd;u oGufvuf
zswfvwfonf/ rmausmonf/ xdkUjyif jrif;odk;jzpfí pdwfvnf;xufavonf/
rda&TeDESifh olonf taumifcsif;wlnDonf/ uRefawmfu olwkdUESpfaumifudk ]reuf
jrif;}]njrif;}armif;&onf/
jrif;vSnf;orm;wa,muf jrif;ESpfaumif armif;&onfrSm oufomonfr[kwf/
w&ufwm 24 em&DwGif tdyfcsdefav;omem;&ygonf/ jrif;vSnf;udk rSefwef; xGufcsdefrSm
reuf 6em&DrdkU wem&DapmNyD; 5em&DrSmxí tpmauR;&ygonf/ 11 em&D 12 em&Davmuf
jyefjzKwf/
jrif;rSm EGm;ESifhrwlyg/ EGm;wkdUrnfonf cdkif;&mujyefvm bmrSvkyfp&mrvdk/
wif;ukyfxJoGif;/ jrufpOfxJ tpmxnfhauR;vdkuf&kHom/ jrif;uþodkUr[kwf/ jzKwfvQif
jzKwfcsif; wreufpmvkH; ZufoGm;udkcJxm;&aom olUyg;pyfudk vQmqGJxkwfNyD; a&aq;ay;/
0efudkqGJ&aom 0efudkxrf;&aom vufjyifay:udkvnf; t0wfa&qGwfí wdkufay;&ao;
onf/ NyD;awmhrS qD;wnf/ xdkUaemuftenf;i,f vrf;qGJavQmufay;OD;/ vlwkdUtm;upm;
yGJrsm;ü 'kef;ajy;NyD; csufcsif;r&yfem;vdkuf&bdouJUwnf;/ þudpöt00wkdUNyD;rS olUtm;
tpmuR;/
uRefawmfvnf; xrif;pm;/ xdkUaemuf njrif;udkwyfxGuf/ ae0ifrdk;csKyf 6em&D 7
em&DavmufjyefjzKwf/
tdrfa&mufrS jrif;tm;jyKpk&onfrsm;udk ,cif uRefawmfha,mufzrsm; &SdpOfwkef;u
ulnDabmf&aomfvnf; olwkdUppfxJvdkufoGm;rSrl uRefawmfwa,mufwnf;om BuJ&ygawmh
\/ jrif;acs;? ao;odrf;&onfrsm;awmh txl;azmfjyp&mr[kwfawmhyg/ odkUpOfvsuf
þjrif;vSnf;orm;b0udk uRefawmfpdwfrysufcJUyg/ rnnf;nLcJUyg/ ukd,hfuHypfcsonfh
udk,fhb0wm0efudk ausyGefcJUygonf/ ,if;b0ü usa&mufaom'ku©wdkUudkvnf; vSvSBuD;
cHcJU&ygonf/
 vSnf;eif;cH&jcif;

waeUaomtcg0,f uRefawmf\ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif; ,if;acwfü

ppfAdkvfjzpfaeolESifhawGUí xdkaeUtdrfjyefvSnf;jzKwfaemufuscJUonf/ prf;acsmif;xdyfrS
&Srf;vrf;rBud;okdU 0ifaomtcg arSmifíaeygNyd/ tdrftjyefrdkU uRefawmfonf vlvnf;
cyfaxGaxGjzpfaeí jrif;Zufudk aumif;pGmrxdef;EdkifawmhbJ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf pum;
wajymajymESifh vmcJUMu\/ xdktcgrSm rda&TeD rsufESmwyfxm;aom tkyfcGufonf
olUacgif;ESifh cyfacsmifacsmifaeaomaMumifh ZufoGm;u olUyg;pyfrSjyKwfae\/ 'gudk
uRefawmfrod/ tu,fwdwpkHw&m taESmifht&Sufr&Sdbl;qdkvJ bmrQrjzpfEdkifay/
okdUaomf anmifwkef;vrf;xdyf ta&mufwGif oHykH;wvkH;w0kef;0kef;usoHudk Mum;&
onfü rda&TeDrSm eudkaMumufwwfaom OmOf&Sdonfhtwdkif; wcgwnf; vefUí uqkef
pdkif;ygavawmhonf/
uRefawmfu ZufBudK;qJGaomfvnf; ZufoGm;vGwfaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh r&awmh/
t&rf;qGJí tkyfcGuf olUrsufESmrS uRwfoGm;aomtcgü ydkqdk;ayawmhonf/
þae&mü rda&TeD tpGrf;ukefvefUum vrf;rBuD;wavQmufü ajcukef uqkefpdkif;ay
awmhonf/ ,if;udk jrif;pum;jzifh ],lajy;onf}[kac:onf/ vrf;u tm;vkH;vlawG
tvefUwMum; ab;udk&SJMuonf/ atmfolatmf? qJolqJ? uRefawmfholi,fcspf ppfAdkvfum;
*syefpm;&SnfBuD; um;,m;ESifh vSnf;ay:u 'vdrfhacgufauG; uscJUayNyD/
uRefawmfrl jrif;vSnf;orm;yDyD owd&Sdí jrif;vSnf;vufwHudk wG,fvdkufoGm;um
jrif;rrsufESmudk zrf;csKyfEdkif&ef a&SUrSqif;\/ okdUaomf jrif;r\jrefvSaomt&Sdefudk
rvkdufEdkifojzifh uRefawmf 0rf;vsm;arSmufvJí vSnf;bD;u cg;udkjzwfeif;oGm;awmh\/
jrif;ronf &Srf;vrf;rBuD;twdkif; ajy;&mrS xdkpOfu ESpfusyfcGJuGufopfac:aom
qif;&Jom;tdrfpk wJtdrfrsm;xJodkU auGU0ifum tdrftcsKdUudkwdkufNyD;aemuf o&ufawmvrf;
odkUwufajy;\/
uRefawmfESifh uRefawmfholi,fcsif;rSmrl vrf;aumif;pGmravQmufEdkifawmhbJ aemufrS
axmheJUaxmheJUESifhvdkuf&\/ o&ufawmvrf;ESifh vif;vGef;vrf;a'gifh urljrifhay:
utdrfa&SU uezsif;wdkifudk vSnf;bD;cGwdkufum jrif;r&yfaeonfudkawGU&\/ vltcsKdUu
csKyfudkifxm;\/ vSnf;bD;wzufrSm a'gufawG '*lawGusKd;yJUí ykHvsufom;usae\/
uezsif; wjcrf;,dkifoGm;\/ ,if;ydkif&Sifu udk,fhvdkbJ jrif;vSnf;orm;rdkU
udpör&Sdaomfvnf; ESpfusyfcGJuGufopfu yGwfwdkufoGm;aom tdrfwdkUudkrl tavsmfay;&\/
olwkdUt,ltqrSm ,mOfwcku yGwfwdkufoGm;ygu bmrQrusKd;yJUaomfvnf; tdrfudk
cdkufwwfonfrkdU tdrfewfrif; r[m*D&dudk uefawmh&rnfqdk\/
olwkdU&yfuGufudk ESpfusyfcGJuGufopf[k ac:onfrSm *syefacwfuAkH;'PfaMumifh [dkrS
onfrS ajymif;vmMuaom qif;&Jom;awG wJtdrfwae&mpmudk wvvQif ESpfusyfcGJ
ay;aqmufae&aomaMumifh jzpf\/ wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifbJ xdktcsdefü uefawmhyJGwck\
tkef; iSufaysmwefbdk;rSm ESpfusyfcGJrQjzpfí uRefawmfhjrif;vSnf;yGwfoGm;onfqdkaom wJtdrf
av;ig;vkH;udk ESpfusyfcGJpD ay;vdkuf&yg\/
jrif;vSnf;bD;jyefjyifvdkuf&wmu 50ausmfukef\/ uRefawmf
jrif;vSnf;ay:uusNyD; cg;vSnf;eif;oGm;onfh 'Pfuvnf; awmfawmfMumcHvdkuf&\/
ra&TeDESifh uRefawmfjzpf&ykHu 'gwGifbJvm;wJU/ ruao;bl;cifAsm/

a[;[dk; taqmfcH&jcif;

waeUoü uRefawmfonf rda&TeDudk A[ef;wacguf? &efukefwacguf armif;NyD;í

aeUwGufudkufayNyD/ olUvkyftm;vnf; 'DaeUtzdkU ukefavNyD/ rdk;csKyfcgeD; jrif;pm0,f&if;
vrf;xdyfwGif &yfxm;wkef; jAKef;qdka[;[dk;ppfom; ckESpfa,mufa&mufvmum uRefawmfh
vSnf;udk olwkdUESifhvdkufygqdk\/
uRefawmfu þjrif;udk 'DaeUtzdkU aemufxyfarmif;rjzpfawmhaMumif; tusKd;
taMumif; ajymjyum tBudrfBudrfawmif;yef jiif;qdkygaomfvnf; tjcm;vSnf;wpD;rQ r&Sd
awmhí (&Sdyghrvm; tajctaeMunfhNyD; xkH;pHtwdkif; vpfMuwmudk;/) vSnf;ay:twif;
wufxdkifMuum olwkdU[molwkdU armif;oGm;rnf vkyfMuawmh\/ ,if;ü uRefawmfu jrif;
ZufBudK;udk ray;bJ olUbufudk,fhbuf vkMuonfwGif iwdwkdUvnf; ]]'Daumifacgif;rm
w,faqmfuGm/ rif;b,favmufrdkufvdkUvJ}}qdkNyD; t&ufrl;rl;ESifholwkdUcg;u bJeufawG
xkwfMuum ckESpfa,mufESifh wa,mufaqmfvbef awMuawmh\/
ESpfa,mufu uRefawmfh&if0ESifhausmudk a&SUaemuf bJeufESifhaxmufxm;Mu\/
usefig;a,mufu toGm;ESifhvnf;aumif; tjym;ESifhvnf;aumif;? taESmifhESifhvnf;
aumif; ckwfMu&dkufMu\/
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olwkdUonf *syeftm;udk;ESifh Armtcsif;csif; rdkuf&dkif;Muolrsm;jzpf\/
uRefawmfu þae&mü aoG;ylyljzifh aocsifaoyapawmh? ighjrif;rawmh 'if;wkdU
vufxJrtyfzl;[k ZGwfaycH\/ onfvdk pdwfwif;xm;vdkufaomtcgü udk,fay: acgif;ay:
rD;zGm;wazsmufazsmuf usovdkom cHpm;&ayawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü cHaeol oufoufudk
wzufowfvkyfí tm;&MuawmhrS todw&m;&ovdk olwkdUtcsif;csif; ]]vGef r,f
vGefr,f}}[kajymNyD; xGufcGmoGm;Muawmh\/ xdktcgü uRefawmfhrSm jrif;vSnf;vufwH
udkrSDum OD;acgif;rS rsufESmay:aoG;rsm;pD;,kdvsuf rdef;armrl;a0í usefcJUawmh\/
'kwd,tBudrf tMuyfudkifolrsm;um; edyGefrmpwmrsm;udk,fawmfwdkifjzpfawmh\/
tcsdefu jrif;rtwGufydkíyif qdk;acsonf/ aEG&moD aeUv,frGef;wnfhvkeD;jzpf\/
xdk&ufydkif;u uRefawmfonf rda&TeDudk reufcsdefom xGufarmif;í aeUwGufESpf
acguf armif;NyD; jrif;roHcGmwck uRwfoGm;ojzifh vrf;xdyfwGif topf&dkufay;aepOfjzpf\/
,if;tcdkuf *syefwodkuf a&mufvmNyD; A[ef;udkydkUyg[kqdk\/ uRefawmfu jrif;r
acR;oH&TJ&TJ a[m[JjzpfaeykHudkjyNyD; aovdrfhr,f rydkUEdkifbl;[k ajymaomtcg ]cl;&m;}vkyfMu
awmh-
[J [J olwkdUtm; uRefawmfowådrjy0HUawmhay/ (oufOD;qHydkifrsm;udk;/) okdUaomf
uRefawmf jrif;rawmh uRefawmfrnSmrwm rarmif;&uf/ rcsdwifuJ 0efudk qGJ&onfvnf;
rMunfhvdkí teD;ü toifh&Sdaeaom ]vSnf;BuKHarmif; py,f,m}ukvm; tmyem;tm;
tusKd;taMumif;ajymjyNyd;
]]uJ rif;ajz;ajz; oufomMunfhNyD; armif;ydkUvdkufygawmhuGm}}
rda&TeDonf b,favmufyJyef;yef; vlcdkif;aporQudkawmh rwGefUrqkwf aqmif&Guf
wwf\/ olUtm;&SdorQ oGm;EdkiforQawmh cdkuyfjcif;[lí olUb0woufwmrSm
wcgrQr&SdcJU acs/
,ck *syefig;aumif wifoGm;&mrSmvnf; cGmoHjyif;jyif; av;bufuJGuGJyifxGufoGm;
onf/
odkUaomf em&D0ufrQtMumü A[ef;rSvmaomjrif;&xm;wpD;u
]]udkMuifaqG? cifAsmhjrif;rav; a&wm&Snfvrf;xdyfrSm vJaeNyD}}
rda&TeDudk ESmvHxlatmif ukay;cJUaomq&mBuD;onf ]]'Djrif;rudk waeUESpfacguf
xuf b,fawmhrS ydkrcdkif;eJU/ avQmhEdkifoavmufom avQmhcdkif;yg}}[k rSmpum;&Sd\/
,ck rvTJra&Smifom jyKvdkuf&onf/
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aomtcg rda&TeDtoufr&SdawmhNyD/
]]uRefawmfwcsufrS &dkufrarmif;bl; udkMuifaqG}} tmyem;u qD;ajym\/ ]]cifAsm;
rSmvdkufwJUtwdkif; olroGm;EdkifvdkU&yf&if? uRefawmf*syefawGudk qif;cdkif;rSmbJ/ tckawmh
a[m 'Dae&mrSm bkH;bkH;vJwJUtxd olUajc[m wcsufrSrysufzl;As/ tm*jrif;r &SmrS&Sm;
a&m}}
rda&TeDonf ol\wm0efudk toufaoonftxd xrf;aqmifoGm;&Smayonf/

tmwm;

*syefacwfonf &efukefNrdKUwGif jrif;vSnf;acwftaumif;qkH;jzpf&um; aygif;wnf?

ewfwvif;? BudKUyifaumuf? rif;vS? vufyHwef;? wdkufBuD;? arSmfbD? anmifav;yif? yJcl;?
vSnf;ul;? oeyfyif ponfht&yfu jrif;vSnf;awGyg vma&mufarmif;ESifMuukefonf/
oxkHu bkHjywfawGyif a&mufvmMuavonf/
bkHjywfonf vSnf;uefUwdkwdk rwfapmufapmufESifh Munfh&wmwrsKd;yif/ &efukef
vSnf;awGum; u,fhtdrf ajccsESifh ,Ofpp&Sdonf/ jynfa&TawmifrS BudKUyifaumuf
wdkufBuD;txd jrif;vSnf;wkdUum; u,fhtdrf ajccsrygí uRefawmfwkdUu ]jAefUvSnf;}[kac:
Muonf/ 0efrsm;rsm; vlrsm;rsm; wifEdkifonf/ cdkifcefUonf/ av;vHonf/
jrif;vSnf;aps;onf &efukefrSmqkH;onf/ &efukefrSm tBuD;qkH;jzpfonf/ &efukefrS
wjcm;xGufí a0;avaps;oufomavjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf\ 'kwd,jrif;udk 0,f&ef o&ufacsmif;odkU a&mufcJUonf/
þo&ufacsmif;qdkaomt&yfonf &Gmomom NrdKUrus awmru awmfawmfacsmifusonf/
arSmfbDESifhwdkufBuD;tMum;0,f wdkufBuD;bufeD;onfü taemufpl;pl;udkoGm;aom vrf;cGJ
uav;&Sdonf/ þvrf;uav;tqkH;rSm acsmif;uefUvefUcHaeonf/ o&ufacsmif;onf
xdkacsmif;uav;eab;rSm wnf&Sdonf/ ukvm;? w&kwf? ukefpkHqdkif? acgufqGJqdkifrsm;
&Sdonf/
xdkUaMumifh NrdKUrus awmru[kqdkygonf/ jrif;vSnf;vrf;? avSvrf;qkH&m
jzpfonf/ þt&yfudk arSmfbD vSy'g;&GmrS 0g;c,frvrf;&Sd udkarmifcif\tdrfrSmwnf;NyD;
jrif;vSnf; armif;aeMuaom OD;xGef;&if udkwifat;wkdUESifhywfoufNyD;
a&mufcJUMujcif;jzpfonf/
uRefawmfwkdU&efukefrS vmcJUuwJudku udkarmifcif\ jrif;vSnf;ESifh vSy'g;&GmrSm
c&D;axmufNyD; aemufwaeU o&ufacsmif;okdU armif;cJUMuonf/ OD;xGef;&ifESifh vlquf&Sd
onf/
 þrSm uRefawmfwkdU qdkifrdMuonfum; vSnf;ESifhjrif;ESifhwGJ&uf/ okdUaomf jrif;
uav; av;cgvnfom;rQ i,fNyD;vSnf;BuD;u azmfjycJUonfh ]jAefUvSnf;}rsKd;jzpfaeonf/
þjrif;ESifh þvSnf;udkum; roifhavsmfay/ okdUaomf aps;uoufomayonf/ vSnf;BuD;u
BudKufavmuf\/ jrif;uav;um; touft&G,fi,fojzifh tm;udk;cGifhudk rokH;avmuf
ao;ay/ vmrdvufp vufcsnf;jyefonfxuf &efukefa&mufawmh jrif;uav; vSnfhxkwf
rnf[k uRefawmf0,fcJUawmh\/
þjrif;uav; tarT;ta&mifu jrif;eD 'l;rJ? a0S;oif;NyD;om;rdkU oabmoum,
tvGefaumif;\/ okdUaomf olUtarT;ta&miftavsmuf jrif;aumif;xJ ra&mufay/
av;av;rSefrSeftpm;xJujzpf\/ onftxJ olUtoufuav;uEkao;ojzifh wESpf
avmuf olUtm; jrif;wef;aph rarmif;Edkifao;ay/ tjcm;jrif;vkyftm;\ w0ufrQ (0g)
waeUwacgufavmufom 0efayghayghESifh armif;Edkifao;rnfjzpfaomaMumifh olUemrnfudk
0,fNyD;uxJu uRefawmfwkdUonf t&uform;yDyD ]tmwm;}[krSnfhac:vdkufMu\/
tmwm;onf ywfv,fav;vdk jrif;yk? jrif;nSuf? jrif;trmpm;xJu r[kwfay/
vnfpwdkwdk? EGm;udk,fvdk ykuGuGESifh taumifBuD;vrf;&Sdao;í aemifwESpfavmufapmifh?
ig;ESpfausmf ajcmufESpfxJa&mufrS tm;udk;cGifudk; cdkif;&rnf/
okdUaomf uRefawmfhvufxJa&muf okH;vavmuftMumü A[ef;pmwdkufa&SUwGif
*syef ppfum; aemufNrD;&dkufcH&í nmbufvufqpfrSm BuD;pGmaom'Pf&m&onf/
wmarG zdk;pdefvrf;ü uRefawmfha,mu©r\ aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sdonf/ a&S;t*Fvdyfacwfu
ta&;ydkiftqifhtwef;rdkU jcH0if;us,fBuD;ESifh tdrfBuD;uvnf; BuD;us,fvSygonf/ xdktdrfü
tzGm;tdktysKdBuD;wa,muf&Sdonf/ a,m*D0wfonf/ waeUoü þa,m*DBuD;onf
uRefawmfwdkUtdrf a&mufvmNyD; uRefawmfh a,mu©rtm; ]]atmifr,fav;? orD;tdrfaxmif
uswmrS 'dkUrod&ygvm;/ aqGrsKd;tquf jzwfxm;wmvm;/ ararBuD;wdkUtdrfudk rvmMu
awmhbl;vm;}}bmvm; nmvm;jzifh wntdyftvGrf;o,fNyD; aemufwaeUreufrSm olUvdkuf
ydkU&if; uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH;yg olwdkUtdrfvdkuf&ef ac:ojzifh jrif;vSnf;ay:rSm þtzGm;BuD;
&,f? uRefawmfha,mu©r&,f? uRefawmfhZeD;ESifh orD;av; xdkifEdkifpt&G,f ygcJUonf/
&xm;udk *syefppfum;twkdufü idkufceJ uRefawmfwa,mufom a&SU0yfvsm;xdk;
usonf/ vufarmif;tenf;i,fyGef;oGm;onf/ usefvlrsm; bmrQrjzpf/
jrif;vSnf;nmbuf vufwH xufydkif;usKd;í þtusKd;ESifhxdk;jcif;jzifh tmwm;vufrSm
BuD;pGmaom 'Pf&m& onf/ ESpfvavmuf vkH;0rarmif;EdkifbJ aq;ukae&onf/
,if;udk tavsmfay;onfhoabmjzifh a,m*DtzGm;BuD;onf uRefawmfhZeD;ESifh
orD;av;udk uRefawmfyg olwkdUtdrfrSm vma&mufaexdkifapygonf/
okdUaomf uRefawmfraysmfydkufEdkifyg/ xdkacwfxdktcgü a&S;acwfu t&m&Sda[mif;
wkdU\ tdrfaxmifrsm;rSm twGif;ypönf;udk tvDvDxkwfí a&mif;pm;ae&onfjzpfyg\/
aeMuwmrSmvnf; tzGm;BuD;ESpfa,mufESifh orD;toufokH;q,frQ wckvyfrwa,muf/
rdef;rom;csnf;jzpfí tacRwmqkH;okH;Muonf/ [if;udk r,fr,f&&0,fNyD; csufrpm;Mu/
EGm;EdkUESifhxrif;pm;onf/ iSufaysmfoD;ESifh pm;onf/ uRefawmfu 'gawGrpm;EdkifrSef;odawmh
rS tmvl;? yJ? ig;ajcmufavmufcsufauR;onf/
xdkUjyif tqdk;&Gm;qkH;um; 'DtdrfBuD;rsKd;rSm tdyfcef;wdkif;aemufaz;cef;&Sdí aemufaz;
tdk;xm;onf/ a&S;acwfaumif;pOf ta&;ydkiftdrfqdkawmh tapcHawG trsKd;rsKd;ESifh
aemufaz;tdk;odrf;qnfhrnfh r,fw,fukvm;vJ &Sd&rnf rkcsaygh/ ckawmhcifAsm? avmu"r®
wm &aom? vmabm? NyD;awmh ta&;ydkifrif;BuD; uG,fvGefNyD;wnfhaemuf t&aom?
tvmabmESifh BuKHBudKufcsdefjzpf&um; tapcHa0;vdkU acG;waumifrQr&Sd/ udk,fhaemufaz;
tdk;udk,faeUpOf okwfoifae&awmh uRefawmf ESpf&ufavmufyJ aeEdkifcJUygw,f/ uRefawmfh
ZeD;eJU orD;av;om csufcsif;BuD; jyef&rSm olUtzGm;rsm; tm;emygw,fqdkNyD; qJUav;ig;
&ufavmuf MumcJUxifygh/ onftwGif;rSm uRefawmfhZeD;tm; acgufqJGaMumf? xrif;aMumf
rsm; ydkUcJU&ygonf/
tmwm; vufemaepOfrSm uRefawmfonf ywfv,fav;waumifudkom armif;cJU
&yg\/ okdUaomf tmwm; jyefarmif;EdkifNyD; &ufrMumrDrSm ywfv,fav;aoygonf/
olaoykHu jrefqefvS\/ w&ufrS tarmif;rysufcJUyg/ aornfhreufrSm nu xnfhxm;
aom tpmawG vkH;0rpm;bJ wkH;vkH;vJaeonf/ jrif;q&mac:jyawmh tat;ywfNyD; qD;csKyf
0rf;csKyfjzpfwmwJU/ aq;wdkufvdkU auR;vdkUr&awmhyg/ q&mu 0rf;csLygonf/ acs;rxGufrD
toufxGufoGm;yg\/ jrif;wkdUrnfonf þodkUvsifjrefpGmvnf; aowwf\/
xdkoa&mtcgrSm uRefawmfwdkU tdrfaxmifonf waeUvQif wacgufrQomarmif;&
í w0ufrQaom 0ifaiGom&onfh tmwm;ESifh rjzpfawmhNyd/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf tmwm;udk a&mif;ypfNyD;awmh a,mu©rBuD;u aiGw0uf
pdkufjzifh &mEIef;jynfh cdkif;Edkifaom xdyfwef;jrif;waumifudk orufa,mu©rESpfOD;ydkif
0,fvdkufMuawmh\/ þjrif;emrnfudk ]wufwkd;}[k uRefawmfuay;vdkufonf/
þae&mü pmzwfolonf q&mwufwdk;udk owd&Muayvdrfhrnf/ pifppfvnf;
uRefawmfhjrif; wufwdk;rSm q&mwufwdk;\ emrnfrSwqifh vmaMumif;0efcHygonf/
uRefawmfausmif;om;b0uyif q&mwufwdk;onf uRefawmfBudKufaom pma&;
q&mwa,mufjzpfcJU\/ txl;ojzifhtrSwf&onfrSm ('*kefr*¾Zif;rSmxifonf/) ]tdkifpD
tufpf}0w¦K/ xdkacwfu tdkifpDtufpf&l;? tdkifpDtufpfudk orufzrf;vdkolrsm;tm; oa&mf
xm;onf/
oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufonf vlavmufBuD;aom arsmufBuD;tm; tarG;rsm;&dwfí
AD;vwfom;vdk 0wfqifay;um tdkifpDtufpf orufzrf;vdkol tdrfodkUac:oGm;í 'golwkdU
tudkBuD;yg/ AD;vwfu tdkifpDtufpf atmifNyD; jyefvmcJUwmrMumao;/ oif;abmay:rSm
tat;rdcJUojzifh toH0ifaeípum;rajymEdkifao;aMumif; Zmwfvrf;qifxm;\/
 eudkADZ"mwfcHu onfvdkoa&mfpmrsKd; tifrwef BudKufaom uRefawmfonf
þ0w¦Kwyk'fwnf;jzifh ]tdkifpDtufpf}ESifh ]wufwdk;}emrnfudk pGJcJUonf/ uRefawmfonf
b,ftajcbJa&mufa&muf? bmvJvkyfae&ae&? pmaypdwfuawmh udk,frScGmonf r[kwf
rlí pdwfBudKufawGUaom udk,fhjrif;udk emrnfay;&ef pOf;pm;vdkufaomtcg udk,fhpdwfBudKuf
jzpfcJUaom ]wufwkd;}udk owd&jcif;yif jzpfawmhonf/
aESmif;aomfumv? uRefawmfpma&;q&m jzpfvmaomtcgvnf; acG;aomfwmaqG?
aMumifaomfwmaqG? armfawmfum; aomfwmaqG ponfrsm; jzpfaeonfwdkUudk Mum;od
awGjrif&yg\/ þum; vlwkdU\ cifrifESpfoufrItrSwfw& jyKwwfMujcif;rsm;
jzpfayonf/

uRefawmfhOmOfqdk;

uRefawmfonf rdrdudk,frdrd qef;ppfMunfhrdonf/ pifppf uRefawmfonf vl&dk;

vlwnf r[kwfay/ wzufom;udk aemufcsif ajymifcsifoa&mfcsifonf/ rawmfwa&mf
vkyfcsifonf/ uRefawmf,aeUwdkif rarhEdkifaom t&mwckjyKcJUrd\/
uRefawmfvufzuf&nfqdkif xGufaepOf OD;[HomwdkU om;tzr&Sdonfhaemuf
udk,fhvrf;xJubJ toufqJUokH;av;ESpf&G,f armifydef&dk;ac: oli,fav;a&mufvmonf/
olUom;av;udk cdkif;ygapyg qkH;ryg[k olUtarutyfESHygonf/ armifydef&dk;wdkUrSm zatr&Sd
ay/ olUtartdkBuD;ESifh trtysKdESpfa,muf? nDri,fwa,muf/ vufvkyfvufpm;/
tdrfi,fav;wvkH;udk iSm;&rf;aeMuonf/
armifydef&dk;onf emrnfESifhvdkufatmif &dk;&kHru t&dk;vGefojzifh aygwJUbuf
a&mufaeonf/ cdkif;vdkUapvdkU aumif;onf/ tifrwefzifayghonf/ zifayghvdkufonfrS
wcgw&Hb,fu b,folUqD oGm;acsprf;qdk&kH&Sdao;? bmudpö[krajym&rD olxGufoGm;NyD
jzpfaewwfí jyefac:NyD; em;&GufqGJajym&\/ aemufawmholUtm; wjcm;cdkif;p&m&SdvQif
yxrem;&Guf odkUr[kwf vufudkqGJxm;? ajymNyD; pum;qkH;rS vTwfvdkuf&\/
armifydef&dk;onf uRefawmfhudk ]tudk tudk}ESifh tifrwefcif'/ uRefawmfvufzuf
&nfqdkifjzKwfNyD; jrif;vSnf;csnf;armif;aomtcgvnf; ]py,f,m}vdkufygwwfonf/
rdk;wGif;BuD;rSm wcgaomf uRefawmfESifhcifrifaom rdwfaqGrsm;u ]]a[h? armifMuif
aqG? rif;jrif;vSnf;u rdk;vkH&JUvm;uG}}ar;í uRefawmfu (jrif;vSnf;orm; yg;pyfudk cGifh
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jyefajym&m rdwfaqGrsm;u oabmus&,farm ukefMuonf/ 'gudk t"dyÜm,f em;rvnf
aom armifydef&dk;u rSwfxm;wJUNyD; waeUrdk;uav;wzGJzGJ &Gmaecsdef a&Twd*kHbk&m;
A[ef;buf apmif;wef;tqif;rSm
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uRefawmfhrSm xdkifaeaom vufzuf&nfqdkifrS tjrefxoGm;NyD; olUyg;pyfydwf&awmh\/
atmf? armifydef&dk; armifydef&dk;/ oleJUuRefawmfuawmh ]awmifiluvJ awmifil
armif;axmifuvJ armif;axmif qdkouJUokdU ygbJcifAsm/
waeUnae trJowf&kHudk trJom;wifbdkUatmf'g&í vdkufygoGm;onf/ EGm;owf&kH
xJrSm usD;csDcsD? acG;pm;pm; vTifhypfxm;aom EGm;odkacsmif;rsm;&Sdonf/ 'gudk uRefawmfu
armifydef&dk;tm; ]]a[h? [dkrSm trJtl*if;ydwfawGuG/ csufpm;vdkU odyfaumif;wmbJ/ rif;,l
oGm;NyD; rif;trawG csufckdif;ygvm;}[k ajymrdawmh wu,fyif olonfwaxG;BuD;aumuf
í oiftlavQmfBudK;ESifh qGJoGm;onf/
'gavmufawmh olUtdrfusvQif olUtrawGu odwefaumif;&JU[k atmufarhrdonf/
okdUaomf xdkn uRefawmfxrif;pm;awmh [if;wcGufonf 0g;r&/ t&ufrl;rl;ESifh
0g;rsKdomcsvdkuf&NyD; okH;wkH;avmufukefrS tdrfu rdef;rtm; ]][JU? 'D[if;u bmwkef;/
0g;vJ r&ygvm;}}ar;awmh
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yg}}wJU/

atmifbk

uRefawmfha,mu©rESifh uRefawmfonf wufwdk;udk pyfwl0,fNyD;onfaemuf

aps;acsmifí udk,fhvufxJ a&mufNyD; jyKjyifvdkufygu tjrwf&Edkifrnfh vSnf;wpD;ESifh
jrif;av;waumifudk a,mu©ru aiGpdkuf? uRefawmfu vlpdkuf? tjrwfudkwa,mufw0uf
jzifh 0,fvdkufMujyef\/
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vlBuD;rSm qif;&J&Sm\/ vSnf;udk&GufzsOfprS rrdk;Edkifí "edrdk;xm;\/ jrif;uav;udk tarG;rQ
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avmuf a'gufr&Sd/ ykonfh trsKd;tpm;rdkU uRefawmfu olUudk ]atmifbk}[k emrnfay;
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tvGefoifhjrwf\/ NcHxJvTwfxm;vQif acG;ESpfaumifupm;ouJUokdU ESpfaumifom; ywyf
&yf vkH;owfupm;wwf\/ tpmauR;vQif tpmcGufxJ ESpfaumifEIDufpm;NyD; wcGufukefrS
aemufwcGufodkU twlajymif;pm;\/
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taumif;qkH;jzpf\/ olwkdUcsif;vnf; tifrwefcspfcifMu\/ Oyrm atmifbk jrif;vSnf;
wyfxGufoGm;vQif wufwkd; NcHxJrS[nfí EIwfqufvdkuf\/ jyefvmaomtcg atmifbku
[nfvdkufí wufwkd;u jyef[nf&if; NcH0acgif;jyLvm\/
okdUaomf olwkdUcspfjcif;udk Mum&SnfpGm twlwuG rxm;Edkifygacs/ olwkdUonf
uRefawmfha,mu©rESifh uRefawmfh\ tpkpyfrsm;jzpfMuay&m orD;a,mu©r(usKyfwkdUxkH;pH
twdkif;)roifhrjrwfjzpfMuonfü olwkdUudk a&mif;csí pD;yGm;cJvdkufMujcif;jzifh olwkdUvnf;
waumifwXmeqD a&mufoGm;Mu&avawmhonf/ þtcgü uRefawmfhrSm udk,fydkifjrif;
waumif 0,fEdkifaomtajcodkU a&mufvmav\/
uRefawmfhrSm tmwm;ESifh wGJ0,fcJUaom vSnf;vnf;&SdaeNyDjzpfí jrif;ydkifvSnf;ydkif
jzpfoGm;awmh\/
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xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhjrif;vSnf;emrnfonf ]rdk;wdrfawmif}jzpf\/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif
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qdkif;bkwfa&;q&mtm; jrif;vSnf;trdk;rSm rdk;om;rdk;wdrfrsm;ESifh a&;aponf/ tvSom;cif
Asmh/
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tusKd;&SdaMumif; odaeojzifh jrif;vSnf;orm;wydkif; jrif;ukefonfwydkif; jzpfcJUavNyD/
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a&muf? NyD; jrwfonfcsnf;jzpfonf/
vSnf;udkvnf; udk,fwdkif tarmif;enf;NyD; '&dkifbmwa,mufiSm;vdkufonf/
udkjrwfomwJU/ tJ olUtaMumif;udkjzifh pmay0goem&Sifrsm; twGufajymjy&ygOD;rnf/
udkjrwfomonf pmzwftvGef0goemyg\/ odkUaomftvGefysif;\/ zsif;\/
olUudk,f ol owfaoavmufatmifvnf; rdkufrJ\/
olUtaMumif;udk wae&mü uRefawmftenf;i,fazmfjycJUNyD/ olUrSm jrif;ydkif
vSnf;ydkifr&Sd/ olrsm;vSnf;tiSm;armif; '&dkifbmrQjzpfaomfvnf; vlcsif;&dkuf&JESuf&J &Sdjcif;
aMumifh jrif;vSnf;toif;BuD;\ trIaqmifwOD;jzpfonf/
okdUaomf olUtm; b,folurSawmh xm0pOf '&dkifbmriSm;cJUMuyg/ tqifoifh&m
acwåarmif;&jcif;omjzpfonf/ armif;crSm &orQrS Munfhay;&jcif;omjzpfonf/
pifppf jrif;vSnf;'&dkifbmrSm þodkUr[kwfacs/ &orQ\av;ykHwykH ,l&onf/
þ'&dkifbm\ wm0efrSm vSnf;wyfarmif;&kHwGifr[kwfyJ jrif;acs; odrf;&jcif;? jrif;pmauR;&
jcif;? jrif;a&csKd;ay;&jcif;? vrf;qGJavQmuf&jcif; ponfjzifh jrif;\Am[D&udpörsm;udkvnf;
jyKpkay;&onf/ udkjrwfomum; jrif;vSnf;ay: xdkifarmif;jcif;rSwyg; usefaomt&mrsm;udk
rjyKvkyfvdkacs/
olUudk '&dkifbmtjzpfESifh cefUxm;tHU/ olUwGifom;r,m;ESifh olUtdrfESifhol aeonf
jzpfí jrif;vSnf;ydkif&Sifonf olUtm;tdyf&m oGm;EId;&onf/ aeUydkif;qdkvQif vdkuf&SmNyD;
ac:&onf/ oluawmh tcsdefrSefrSef vmvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
xdkUaMumifholUudk rnfolrQ xm0pOf '&dkifbm rcefUtyfjcif;jzpf\/ 'geJU uRefawmf
utb,faMumifh cefUtyfygoenf;/
olUwGif uRefawmfESpfoufaom t&mESpfck&Sd\/
(1) owådaumif;onf/ &dkuf&JESuf&J&Sdonf/ vufvsifonf/ txdk;towfusifvnf
onf/
(2) pmzwfonf/
eHywfwpfudk uRefawmftb,faMumifh vdkygoenf;/ uRefawmfwdkU jrif;vSnf;orm;
tvkyfonf wa,muf wa,muf Adkvfusjcif;? npfywfjcif;? nOf;yef;apmfum;jcif;rsm;
jyKwwfonf/ þt&mrsKd;wGif uRefawmf\ADZowådu atmufusrcHvdk/ okdUaomf þtcsdef
ü touft&G,fEke,fao;aom uRefawmfhrSm olwkdUvdk vlMurf;BuD;rsm;ESifh rzufNydKifEdkifyg/
xdkUaMumifh udkjrwfomudk tm;udk;&onf/ olUqDrS &dkuf&JESuf&Jaom rdkufaoG;rdkufpdwfudk
ul;,l&onf/ udkjrwfomonf a&S;t*Fvdyfacwfuyif bwfpum;ydkif&Sifwa,mufu
olUum;rsm; apmifhxdef;&ef vlrdkufpy,f,mtjzpf awmrSac:,lNyD; tdrfazmfrESifh ay;pm;
xm;&ol jzpfonf/
eHywfESpfudk uRefawmfvdkonfum; uRefawmfjrif;vSnf;orm;b0ü tcsdef&ocdkuf
pma&;avh&Sd\/ xdkacwfü pma&;NyD;b,frSvJ ydkUp&mr&Sdí olUudkbJ zwfcdkif;&\/ olu
ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKufzwfNyD; aumif;onf[k csD;usL;wwf\/
uRefawmfhrSm udk;wef;a&mufuwnf;u uAsma&;? pma&;0goempGJcJUonf/
,ckacwfvdk a&;NyD; r*¾Zif;wdkufawGydkUEdkifonf r[kwfrlbJ udk,fh[mudk,fa&; udk,fh[m
udk,fzwfNyD; auseyfae&aom t&omomjzpf\/ xdkUtjyif taygif;toif;rsm;udk
acsmharmhzwfcdkif;um olwkdU\csD;rGrf;jcif;udkcHvdk\/
ausmif;om;wkef;u oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; olwkdUzwfvQif roum vufzuf&nfwkduf
&kHom&Sd\/ jrif;vSnf;orm; b0üum; uRefawmfhpm zwfrnfholrSm a&Txuf&Sm;\/
udk,fhywf0ef;usifrSm t&ufwdkufí zwfrnfholvJr&Sd/ jrif;vSnf;orm;xJü pmzwfcsifol
udkjrwfomwa,muftm; awGU&jcif;yif uRefawmfhtzdkU uHaumif;vSonf[k qdkcsifygonf/
udkjrwfomonf uRefawmfhudk rsufESmvdkrsufESm&zwfonfr[kwf/ olUudk,fEIdufu
pmzwf0goemyg\/ olonftwef;pm rnfrQoifcJUbl;onf rar;vdkufrdaomfvnf; pmudk
aumif;aumif;BuD; zwfwwfol? 0w¦Kt&om cHEdkifoljzpfyg\/ uRefawmfonf *syefacwf
ü &orQpmtkyfawG &Smzwf\/ olUudkay;\/ olonfpmtkyfESifhawGUvQif bmrQrvkyfcsif/
tdyf&mxJu rxawmhacs/ 'grsKd;udk uRefawmfu cGifhvTwf\/ jyefawG;vdkufvQif &,fp&m
BuD;ygay/ udkjrwfomESifh uRefawmfonf tdrfwvkH;udk pyfwlaqmufum ESpfa,muf
twlaecJUbl;onf/ xdktcgü uRefawmfa&;aompmudk olzwfaecsdefrsm;wGif jrif;acs;BuKH;?
jrif;pmauR; ponfhudpörsm;udk olUtm;rcdkif;&uf&kHru olUudk,fwGifem;aom jcif? ,ifrsm;
udkyif uRefawmfu armif;ay;vdkufao;onf/ uRefawmfonf jrif;aZmif;xJ vkyfp&m&Sd
onfrsm;udk olrodatmifvkyfypfvdkufygonf/
uRefawmfonf udkjrwfomtm; q&myDrdk;eif; a&;aom t&if;rpdkuf avSxdk;vdkuf?
udk,fh'l;udk,fcRef? om;*kPf&nf? orD;*kPf&nfponfh pmtkyfrsm;udkay;zwfygonf/ ol
ususeezwfygonf/ okdUaomf udkjrwfom\ vlysif; vlzsif;b0um; b,fawmhrS rajymif;
vJacs/ olonf pmudk zwf&kHomzwfí vdkufemusifhokH;ol r[kwfacs/
udkjrwfomü xl;jcm;aom owådwrsKd;awmh &Sd\/ tvkyfawmh
BudK;BudK;yrf;yrf;rvkyf? xrif;pm;p&mr&Sd tiwfcHrnf/ a&aomufAdkufarSmufaernf
qdkonfh pum;twdkif;yif/ olUtdrfqefr&Sdí xrif;rpm;bJ tdyf&mxJ ausmajymifBuD;ESifh
0rf;vsm;arSmufí aeonfrsm;udk uRefawmftBudrfBudrf awGUcJUbl;ygonf/
olUwGifr,m;ESifh uav;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf/ olUr,m;roif;uvnf; olvdkbJ
ysif;vS zsif;vSonf/ vifu tokH;rusí r,m;u wzufwvrf;rsm; pGrf;rvm;
ratmufarh ygESifh/ xrif;[if;csufpm;wwfonfrSwyg; tjcm;bmrQrvkyfwwfacs/
vifudkvJ aMumuf vS\/ vifuay;rS 0,fjcrf;csufjyKwfwwfí vifuray;vQif
bmrQrajymbJ vifESifh twlyif AdkufarSmuftiwfcHae\/ uav;rsm;udkum; oem;í
eab;tdrfrsm;u ac:auR; arG;Mu\/ olwkdUvifr,m;vJ ac:auR;vQif oGm;pm;onf/
rauR;vQifum; bmrQ nnf;nLoH qlyloHrMum;&bJ vifr,m;ESpfa,mufom;
at;Nidrf;pGmyif tdyf&mxJrSmyif acGaeMu\/ (wGJvJwGJrdMuwJU vifr,m;ygay/) aemufqkH;ü
tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;u r,m;ESifh uav;awGoem;í b,fawmhrSjyefr&aom qefacs;jcif;jzifh
olwkdUAdkufarSmufjyóemudk ajz&Sif;ay;&onfomjzpf\/ udkjrwfom uRefawmfESifh
wGJrdonfhaemufydkif;üum; olwkdU tiwfjyóemray:awmhay/
1946 ckESpf uRefawmf jrif;vSnf;orm; tvkyfjyKwfí olESifhcGJcGmcJUaomtcgwGif
olUrSmjrif;waumifpm t&if;tESD;usefcJUonf/
*syeftajy; 1945 ckESpf rwfvESifh {NyDvtMum; &efukefrif;rJUwdkif;jynfjzpfcsdefü
[krf;vrf;u (*syefppfwyfodrf;cJUaom)opfawG uRefawmfhjrif;vSnf;ESifhwdkufum
udkjrwfom\wJykwfudkzsufNyD; olUae&mwGif opfom;tdrfaqmufpOfu uRefawmfwkdUESpfOD;
pyfwlydkif[k pum;&SdcJUonfhtwdkif; uRefawmf&efukefrS xGufcGmawmhrnf[k xdktdrfa&mif;
awmh 1946 ckESpfOD; uufpbDacwf t*FvdyfaiG 850 usyf&ojzifh olUudk 425usyfay;cJU
onf/ þaiGonf jrif;waumifaumif;aumif;BuD; &Edkifojzifh udkjrwfomtm; jrif;0,f
um toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKayawmh[k rSmMum;cJU\/
xdkUaemuf uRefawmfaygif;wnfESifh rEåav;qefukeful;aecJUí wBudrfaomtcg
uRefawmfrEåav;rStjyef &efukef0ifcJUonfü udkjrwfom\owif;udk Mum;&onf/
]]udkMuifaqG ajymcJUwJUtwdkif; oljrif;waumif 0,fygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jrif;&wJU
aeUupNyD; tkHempdwfaygufNyD; oludk,fwdkifrarmif;bl;/ jrif;acs;odrf;bkdUutp abmf'g
(tdrfvmuyf&yfaeol) wa,mufxm;w,f/ olu &wJUydkufqHeJU pwdkifusus pm;w,f?
aomufw,f/ (udkjrwfomonft&ufudkvnf; tifrwefBudKufwwf\/ b,favmuf
aomufaomuf rl;vJonf[lír&Sd/) aemufqkH;awmh vufxJaiGuav;eJeJ udkifrdwmeJU
zJ&dkufypfvdkufwm tJ'D jrif;uav;ygjyKwfua&m/ olUvufxJ okH;vavmufbJ cHygw,f/
tckawmh &efukefrSm pm;p&mr&SdjzpfNyD; olUr,m;&Gmqdkvm;? olU&Gmqdkvm; awmjyefajy;av
&JU}}
1947 ckESpf uRefawmf pma&;q&mjzpfNyD; &efukefjyefvnfqdkufa&mufvmaomtcg
ü udkjrwfomtm; olrsm;jrif;vSnf;armif;aeonfudk awGU&jyefonf/ olUr,m;taMumif;
ar;Munfhaomtcg roif;ESifhom;i,fav; armifjrpdefqkH;í om;BuD;armifpHodef;tm;
arG;pm;rnfholudk ay;xm;cJUNyD; olUwudk,fa& wum,bJ &efukefudkjyefvmcJUaMumif;/
þaemufydkif;ü udkjrwfomESifh uRefawmfonf tvkyfcsif;vlcsif;uGmjcm;oGm;bd
vnf;rMumcP uRefawmfESifhawGUí olpmtkyfrsm; awmif;zwfonf/
udkjrwfomudk vlcsif;cifrif&if;ESD;pGJ&Sdí uRefawmfhtvkyfESifh eD;pyfatmif olUtm;
pmpDpm&dkufoifbdkU ajymjyonf/ okdUaomf udkjrwfomonf tifrwefysif;olzsif;ol
jzpfonfh twdkif; 'Davmufyifyef;aomtvkyfrsKd;udk rvkyfvdk[k jiif;qdkonf/
jrif;vSnf;axmifay; &ef ylqmonf/ uRefawmfu ]]'Dwd&pämefeJUvkyf&aomtvkyfawmh
awmfygNyDAsm}}
1951 ckESpf uRefawmftxufArmjynfodkU c&D;xGufaeNyD; jyefvmaomtcgwGif
udkjrwfom olUudk,folowfaovdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; Mum;&onf/ taMumif;uawmh þrQ
ysif;olzsif;oludk oli,fcsif;&,fvdkU tdrfrSmvufcHxm;&NyD; olUtm; jrif;vSnf;armif;cdkif;&m
wGif tppt&m&m ayghavsmh&kHru olUcRwf,Gif;rIaMumifhyif jrif;vSnf;usKd;í jrif;vnf;
'Pf&m&onfü ydkif&Sifu olUudkawmfawmfbJ awmufwD;jrnfwGefvdkufonfqdk\/ 'gudk
0r&SdbJ 0dvkyfum rmeBuD;aom udkjrwfomu r[mt&Sufawmf&NyD; olUudk,fol tqkH;pD&if
vdkufygowJUcifAsm/
olESifhoifhavsmfwJU Zmwfodrf;ygbJ/

jrif;vSnf;orm;b0 ed*kH;

uRefawmfonf ]rdk;wdrfawmif}rnfaom vSnf;wpD;ESifh jrif;rsm;udk armif;onf

a&mif;onf[laom oabmrsKd; jrif;vSnf;orm;wydkif;? jrif;ukefonfwydkif;vkyfcJU&m
aemufqkH; uufpbDacwfrSm ]wdrfwvkH;}rnfaom jrif;eufBuD;ESifh ed*kH;csKyf&ef zefvmay
awmhonf/ þjrif;BuD;rSm A,fbufrsufpdwGif wdrf&Sdonfjzpfí uRefawmfi,fpOfu zwfcJU
&aom a&S;acwf '*kefr*¾Zif;xJrS pma&;q&maiGtdk;\ 0w¦Kvl&dk;BuD; wdrfwvkH; emrnf,l
rSnfhxm;jcif;ygwnf;/
wdrfwvkH;onf tvkH;txnf t&yftarmif; awmufxGef;avmufBuD;í
awmufxGef;vdkbJ jrif;odk;BuD;jzpf\/ okdUaomf awmufxGef;vdk aAGqdk; oaE¨qdk;r&Sday/
tifrwef oabmoum,aumif;\/ tvefUtzsyfr&Sd/ wae&m&mrSm AkH;awGw0kef;0kef;
csaeygap/ uRefawmfu jrif;vSnf;ay:u qif;NyD; AkH;cdkusif;xJoGm;ae? olUtm; wae&m
&mrSm &yfypfcJU? olonfraMumufr&GHU rvIyfr&Sm;ae\/ at;OMoqGJawmhrS uRefawmfu
at;usif;xJu xGufcJUNyD; wufarmif;cJU&kHygbJ/ þrQpdwfcs&aom jrif;BuD;ygay/
 *syeftajy;wGif [krf;vrf;u *syefppfwyfydkif; opfawGvSnf;ESifhwifum udkjrwfom
ESifh pyfwlydkif tdrfaqmufcJUonfrSm wdrfwvkH;ESifhaygh/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhwGif uufpbD
acwfü tdrfydkifvSnf;ydkifjrif;ydkifESifh jzpfcJUonf/ uRefawmfh ZeD;orD;av;wa,mufESifhyg
udkjrwfomwdkU tdrfom;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í twlwuGcsufjyKwfpm;aomufMuonf/
xdktcsdefrSm Nidrf;cgeD;qDrD;cGuf tpGrf;ukefawmufbdouJUodkU jrif;vSnf;armif;í
taumif;qkH;ygwnf;/ Munfhjrifwdkifprf;acsmif;rS A[ef;? &efukefodkU vlwa,mufvQif
t*FvdyfaiGwusyf/ 'DaiGwefbdk;[m renf;ygacs/ vufzuf&nfwcGuf ajcmufjym;wrl;rQ
jzpfvsuf csuft&ufwykvif;ESpfusyf&,fyg/ &xm;ay: vlESpfa,mufwufxdkifvdkuf&if
wykvif;jzpfaeNyD/ uRefawmfwkdU jrif;vSnf;orm;taomuform;csif; ajymavh&SdonfrSm
]][m udk,fhvl/ ESpfvkH;cGJ&aerS xGufa&maygh}}
]]okH;vkH;jynfhrSbJ xGufr,fAsm}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf ajcmufa,mufrSefwrf;xm;í wifonf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf\
aeUpOf0ifaiGrSm ESpfq,ftenf;qkH;rS tpdwfokH;q,ftxd &cJUygonf/ onfawmhvlrsm;
raumif;wm uRefawmfu azmufvmonf/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u jrif;yGJzGifhavawmh uRefawmf
jrif;avmif;ygonf/ uRefawmf ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u udkoefUZifESifhaygif;í
jrif;upm;wwfaeonf/
aemufqkH; twkdcsKyfajym&aomf jrif;vSnf;orm;udk jrif;uefí &SdwJUjrif;ESifh
vSnf;omru tdrfyg a&mif;ypfvdkuf&ygawmh\/
xdkrSwNyD;um; uRefawmfonf ZeD;ESifh orD;av;udkac:í ZmwdXmae arG;&yfajrokdU
jyefygawmh\/

uRefawmfwkdU om;tz

tpuazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfhtazu uRefawmfhtm; aiG 200ay;í

wrdk;wGif;pm i&kyf? MuufoGef0,f&ef anmifpma&;odkU vTwfvdkuf&mrS uRefawmf &nf;pm;
awGUí xkH;bdkrSmusefcJUNyD/ xdkrS&efukefa&muf? 'Drdef;uav;ESifhnm;NyD; jrif;vSnf;armif;ae&
NyDudk tazonf vlBuKHowif;ESifh Mum;&onf/ *syefacwfrSm pmydkUvkyfief;r&Sd/ uRefawmfh
rSmvnf; jrif;vSnf;armif;&onfu aeUpOftvkyfqdkawmh &GmodkUrjyeftm;/ wESpfausmf
ausmf ESpfESpfxJa&mufawmh zatuvnf; om;qDvmcsifvmygonf/ om;uvnf; zat
qD oGm;csifaeygonf/ om;tzESpfa,muf wOD;ESifhwOD; rnfrQwrf;waeMuygoenf;/
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif waeUwnf;rSmyJ zatonfom;qDoGm;&ef aygif;wnfrS xGufcJU\/
om;onf zathxHjyef&ef MunfhjrifwdkifrS xGufcJU\/
vrf;rSm rawGUMuyg/
zatonf om;\a,mu©rtdrfa&mufawmh ighom; &GmrSm ighrawGU&ifjzifh jyefvm
rSmbJ[k Munfhjrifwdkifu apmifh\/ om;uvnf; ightazighrawGUjyefvmrSmbJ[k &Gmu
apmifh\/
w&ufu ESpf&uf okH;&ufajrmufawmh
om;u [m ightazawmh ighudk[dku apmifhaeya[hqdkNyD; &GmrSjyefcJU\/
zatuvnf; ighom;uawmh &GmubJapmifhaeNyD[k MunfhjrifwdkifrSjyefcJU\/
w&ufxJ wreufxJbJ/
vrf;rSmvnf; rawGUMuyg/
odkUjzifh awGUcsifvGef;Muaom om;tz tvGJBuD;vGJcJUMuNyD;aemuf ,ck om;jzpfolu
ZeD;ESifhorD;uav;wa,mufESifh jyefvmawmhrS Zmwfaygif;Mu&ygawmh\/
av;ESpfausmfrQ tdrfuxGufcGmoGm;cJUaomom;? jrif;vSnf;armif;cJU&awmh ae'Pf
rdk;'PfaMumifh rlvu jzLjzL0if;aom tom;ta&mifuav;rSm eDndKa&mif oef;aeí
trrsm;ESifh nDrrsm;uyg rsuf&nfpdkUMuonf/

qefukefonfav;

om;auR;rIr,m;auR;rIwckynm udk,fEIdufyg qdkpum;t& uRefawmfhrSm q&mjzpf

atmifxm;aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtajctaet& ausmif;q&mtvkyfr&Edkifyg/ onfawmh
tazu pOf;pm;pDrHay;onf/
aygif;wnfNrdKUu jynfvkH;Mobm qefpufydkif&Sif oaX;OD;armifBuD; (jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pm wdkufydkif&Sif) onf *syeftajy; wdkif;jynfA&kwfA&uftcsdefü &Gmu uRefawmfwkdU
tdrfrSm av;ig;ajcmufvrQ vma&muf cdkatmif;oGm;bl;ojzifh vlcsif;tifrwef cifrif&if;
ESD;aeonf/
xdkUaMumifh tazonf uRefawmfhtm; OD;armifBuD;qDac:oGm;NyD; pufxJrSm
oifhavsmfaom tvkyf rpyg[k ajymonf/
 tazonf uRefawmfhtm; pufxJrSm uwåm; tulpma&;avmufupNyD; pufrefae
*smavmuf a&mufatmif &efrSef;onf/
uRefawmfuawmh yxrOD;armifBuD; cdkif;wmvkyfNyD;aemuf uRefawmfpmay0goemyg
aMumif; ajymjyí &efukefu jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufodkU ydkUay;bdkU ajymrnf[kpdwful;
onf/
okdUaomf xdktcsdefrSm atmufjrefrmjynfwGif qefrsm;ta&mif;&xdkif;aeí OD;armif
BuD;onf olUpufxJu BudwfNyD;om; qefawGrEåav;okdU oGm;a&mufa&mif;csay;yg[k
ajymjcif;jzifh uRefawmfhrSm rajrSmfvifhaom qefukefonfb0odkU a&mufoGm;&ygawmh\/
OD;xGef;&if? OD;atmifav;wkdU vufxJa&mufaomtcgü tpdk;&ESifh trIjzpfí
jynfolydkiftodrf;cH&aom aygif;wnfNrdKU ]jynfvkH;Mobm}qefpufrSm xdkpOftcgu &efukef
NrdKU jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwdkufydkif&Sif OD;armifBuD; (,ck uG,fvGef)\ qefpufjzpfyg\/
OD;armifBuD;\wdkufonf ¤if;puf0if;xJrSmyif pufESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkifwGif&Sd\/
OD;armifBuD;onf uRefawmfESifh pwifoduRrf;pOfu touf 50 cefU tom;jzLjzL
ESifh vlykyk00 oabmoum,aumif;olljzpf\/ odkUaomf olonf ydkufqHaMu;aiGcsrf;om
vifhupm; um,okcjynfh0olr[kwf&Smay/ olUrSm oaX;emac: aoG;wdk;a&m*gu &Sdav
ojzifh pm;csifwmrpm;&/ aomufcsifwmraomuf&/ tpm;taomuf taetxdkifqifjcif
&oljzpfyg\/
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jzifh rdrdü&Sdaom aiGvkH;aiGcJudk rlvxuf r,kwfavsmh&/ wdk;yGm;atmifom BudK;pm;aqmif
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a&mif;csNyD; aiGudk '&yfzfvkyfNyD;jyefydkUaeyg/
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ü vrf;yef;tquftoG,f tm;vkH;jywfí rEÅav;NrdKUrSm qefwtdwfudk ig;q,fausmftxd
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olUaiGawG tvGJokH;pm;vkyfw,f/ 406 eJU w&m;pGJr,f ajymavawmh uRefawmf tJ'Drdef;r
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wa,mufwa,mufowfw,fqdkwmu t&ifaoeJU aemufao twlwlaoMuwmygbJ Asm
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bmajym&rSef; rodbJ idkifaeMuawmh uRefawmfu qufvufNyD;
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udkwufjym;[m vlysKd/
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odoGm;awmh oem;vmMuw,f/
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oGm;p&mqdkvdkU q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;wtdrfbJ &Sdawmhw,f/
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tjcm;r&SdawmhNyD/ tJonftcsdefrSm pme,fZif;rsm;vJ vIyf&Sm;vmp/ &Ir0r*¾Zif;vJ
ay:vmNyD/ wifhw,f? oef;aqG? rdk;a0? rif;&Sif? &JacgifpwJU uavmifopfawG vuf&m
zwf&w,f/ ]b,fhES,f? rif;olwkdUtxJ 0ifwkd;Edkifyghrvm;}vdkU udk,fhudk,fudk ar;vdkufw,f/
]raMumufygbl;}qdkwJU tajzxGufvmw,f/
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pkHaxmuf0w¦Ka&;q&mbJ vkyfr,fpdwful;cJUwmeJU jyefudk rMunfh&ao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh
tJonf0w¦KvJ pkHaxmuf0w¦KeJUtwlbJ uRefawmfaeav&m oGm;av&mrSm udk,fht0wf
aowåm&JU atmufqkH;xyfrSm tNrJ&SdcJUw,f/
'gaMumifh q&mBuD;u ]]rif;? [morsm; ra&;wwf zl;vm;}}ar;awmh ]]OD;BuD;&?
uRefawmfuawmh udk,fhudk,fudk bmrqdk a&;wwfw,fxifwmbJAs}}vdkUajymNyD; tJ'D [mo
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pma&;p&m pm;yGJukvm;xdkifr&Sdbl;/ vufzuf&nfMurf;0dkif;zGJUwJU wef;vsm;ukvm;xdkifBuD;
ESpfvkH;eJU pmyJGMurf;BuD;wckbJ&Sdw,f/ udkwufjym;taz OD;rQm;u opfukefonf yGJpm;BuD;
qdkawmh azmiform;awGeJU opfa&mif;opf0,fvmwJU vlawGeJU {nfhjywfw,fudk r&Sdbl;/
'gaMumifh uRefawmf[m axmifxm;wJUpm;yGJ0dkif;uav; tm;wJUtcsdefrSm,lNyD; tay:u
ykqdk;av;cif; a&;&w,f/
onfvdkcsif; uRefawmfwukwfukwfa&;aewm jrifawmh OD;BuD;rQm;u ar;w,f/
(olUudkuRefawmf OD;BuD;rQm;ac:NyD/)
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]][ 'Dvdkqdk rif;[mu at;at;aq;aq;wa,mufxJ a&;&if ydkaumif;rSmayghuG/
'gjzifh wufjym;a&}}olUom;tm; ]]rif;vludk eef;awmfuRef;u 'dkUtdrfBuD;ac:oGm;vuGm}}
]][kwfuJU/ eef;awmfuRef;rSm vufESpfzufawmif ruwJUuRef;wdkifBuD;awGeJU
aqmuf xm;wJU olwkdUtdrftBuD;BuD;&Sdygonf/ vlwa,mufrS raeyg/ odkUaomf
uRefawmfu wac:avmufa0;aom udkwufjym;nD udkvSpdeftdrfrSm xrif;pm;&rnfjzpfí
,if;tdrfBuD; xuf udkvSpdefa,mu©r\ aqmufNyD;p tdrfBuD;udk oabmusygonf/
aeUtcsdefwGif tay:xyfü vlraeMuyg/ ,if;tdrfopfBuD;ay:rSmyif ,cifu
rdk;wdrfawmif\ tzsm; jzwfaq; 0w¦Kudk aomfwmaqG\ b&ef'Dwykvif;
jzpfcJUygawmh\/
rlva&;onfh tzsm;jzwfaq;0w¦Kwkef;u t*Fvdyfacwfudk aemufaMumif;cHonf/
b&ef'Dwykvif;rSmawmh *syefacwf/ ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;awGvnf; rsm;pGmcsJUxGifypfvdkuf
&m]b&ef'Dwykvif;}ESifh rNyD;awmh/ ]r,fwyfukef;}? ]pkHaxmufarmifjzwfp}[lí okH;yk'f
a&;awmhrSbJ 1941 ckESpf uRefawmf ausmif;om;b0u OD;wkwfayg (qdkygawmh)ESifh
olUajr;rudk uvJUpm;acscsifwJU udpötqkH;owfyga&m/
b&ef'Dwykvif;rSm OD;wkwfaygBuD; wa,mufom ESH&ao;onf/ r,fwyfukef;ESifh
pkHaxmufarmifjzwfprSm olUajr;rudk rm*&ufom0ufvkyfí r,fwyfukef;bJGUay;NyD; ydefcsd
ukef;uG armifjzwfpESifh ay;pm;ypfvdkufonf/
pifppftJonf 0w¦KawG a&;aeawmh olwkdUajr;tzdk;um; r&SdawmhNyD/ ajr;ronf
uRefawmf pmay;NyD; aemufwESpfbJ ausmufBuD;aygufí aoqkH;onf/ tzdk;BuD;u *syef
acwfubJ udpöacsmonf/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhpdwful; ZmwftdrfxJüum; olwkdUonf
touf&Sifvsuf&SdcJUí olwkdUudk,fyGm; 0w¦KZmwfaumifrsm; ay:cJUayonf/
 xdkrS uRefawmfpma&;q&m jzpfcJU&m 1947 ckESpf Mo*kwfvrSm ]b&ef'Dwykvif;}
0w¦K pygcJUonfjzpfí ,ck 1972 ck *sLvdkifvonf aomfwmaqG\ 25 ESpfajrmuf
aiG&wkobifygwnf;/
uRefawmfpma&;q&mjzpfvmawmh

rdrdu olrsm;udkowfzdkUvnf; 0efrav;? rdrdao&rnfqdkvnf; trIrxm;Edkifavmuf

atmif pdwfaomu a&mufaecsdefü [mo0w¦Krsm;a&;&ef wdkufqdkifvmav&m? ,if;onf
uRefawmfvdk vltwGuf avsmfuefvSonf[k qdkcsifygawmh/
taMumif;rSm xdkpOfwGif azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfonf olwyg;\ aiGajrmuf
rsm;pGmudk qkH;&IH;atmifjyKcJUonf/ tdrfrSm om;r,m;&Sdygvsuf r,m;i,fac:vmcJUrdí
uRefawmfhZeD;onfESifh rdbaqGrsKd;awG pdwfraumif; jzpfMuonf/ xdkUtjyif a<u;&Sifu
vnf; tvJGokH;pm;rIESifh uRefawmfhudk w&m;pGJrnf/ onftxJ uRefawmfhpdwfwGif rvTJom
cGJcGmvdkuf&aom r,m;i,fav;udk pdwfxJu woo/
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uRefawmfhtzdkU tvGefaumif;jcif;bJ/ uJ....usm;bom; usdwfvdkuf/
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rdrd ZmwfvdkufvkyfNyD; ausmfpHau;eJU wufyk [pfwvkH;wdkU om;tzudk uRefawmfzefwD;
vdkufawmhoaygh/
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onfhaemuf jzLjymrlvusD Zmwfvdkufom;tz wufykeJU [pfwvkH;/
 ,if;vdk udk,fhudk,fudk pdwfajymif;NyD; [mo0w¦KawGa&;aewJUtcg uRefawmfhrSm
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uvJ uRefawmfa&;orQ pGHw,f r[kwfvm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;xHuvJ a&;orQ a&T;cs,f
aMumif;ESifh aemufxyf rjywfydkUbdkU awmif;qdkawmh pmzwfol pOf;pm;yg/ uRefawmfrnfrQ
pdwf"mwf wuf<uvdkufygrnfenf;/ a&;-a&;-a&;NyD;&if;a&;/ a&S;,cifu tawG;awGeJU
aemufxyf0ifwJU tawG;awGuvJ a&;vdkUrukefEdkif/ uRefawmfonf raorcsif; pma&;&
rnfholyg/

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yxrOD;qkH; pGHaom b&ef'Dwykvif; 0w¦Ka&;cJUonfh Xmeuum; bdk;awmfbk&m;ESifh
ywfoufaeygonf/ uJ...[ BuHzef<um;&wmbJ/
taMumif;rSm bdk;awmfbk&m;onf jrefrmjynfwGif tBuD;qkH;aom rif;uGef; acgif;
avmif;BuD;ESifh rif;uGef;apwDawmfudk wnfpOfu rif;aeNrdKUawmfrS udk,fawmfwdkif <uvm
vsuf þrif;uGef;\ wzufurf;&Gm &Gmuav;wnfí ,m,DpHjref;awmfrl&m þ&Gmudk
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,if;&Gmudk uRefawmf\ atmifajr[k orkwfí xdk&Gmav;taMumif; odaumif;p&m
udk azmfjy&OD;rnf/
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aexdkifMuav&m? uRef;opftvGefaygojzifh vlcsrf;omwkdU\ aetdrfrsm;rSm awm&Gmav;
ESifh rvdkufatmif BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSyg\/ uRefawmfu pma&;csifonfqdkí wOD;wnf;
aeaponfrSm udkwufjym;nD udkvSpdef\ a,mu©tdrfBuD; tay:xyf/ xdktdrfonf aqmuf
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wdkifBuD;awGrSm uRefawmfhvufESpfzufESifhyif rywfrdaom uRef;wdkifBuD;rsm; jzpfí atmuf
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 uRefawmf þ&Gmü aeonfrSm 0gqdk? 0gacgif a&azmifazmifvrsm;wGifjzpfí jrpfa&
urf;jynfhNyD;aemuf ]a&wufvmya[h}[k ajymMuaom naerSm jrpfurf;ESifh ay 300-rQ
uGmaom &GmxJodkU a&rsm;0ifvmNyD;? eHeuftdyf&mxrSm uRefawmfaeaom tdrfaatmuf
xyfudk a&vTrf;rdk;aeavNyD/ udkvSpdefonf reufvufzuf&nfaomuf&ef avSESifhvmac:
awmhrawGUbl; rBuKHbl;aom uRefawmfrSm tHUMoaeonf/ udkvSpdefrl rxl;jcm;bJ ]]a&tck
wufaewkef;bJAs}} ajymawmh uRefawmfu ]][m..onfhxuf wufrSjzifh &Gmysufua&maygh
Asm}}
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]][J..[J...'godcsif&if ckbJ uRefawmfcifAsm;u acsmw,fqdkwJU vSoDwkdUtdrfudk
vdkufjyr,f}}qdkNyD; ,if;tdrfav;qDodkU olUavSudk avSmfoGm;í tqifha&jrKyfaeaom
tdrfa&SUwHcg;0ayguf0ü avS&yfum...
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vdkufawmh vm;vm;.... vSoDwdkU rdom;pkonf xkwfay:rSm tqifhxdk;í aeMu\/
uRefawmfu tHUMopGm MunfhaepOfrSmyif udkvSpdefu...
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bJ/ ,dktdrfomrsm;vnf; 'DvkdbJ/ olwkdUudkwjcm; a&TUroGm;atmifawmh BudK;ESifh csnfxm;&
onf/
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rsm;uvnf; avSESifhvnfía&mif;\/
 'Dvdk]txm}odoGm;awmh uRefawmfrSm aysmfíoGm;awmh\/ xdkESpfa&rSm tvGefBuD;
av&m aemufwaeUrSm vSoDwdkU rdom;pkESifh tjcm;tdrfaxmifrsm;yg uRefawmfaeaom
tdrfBuD;ay:odkU ajymif;a&TUvmMuonf/ a&uBuD;vdkuforS þtdrfjrifhBuD; tay:xyf
a&muf&efyif wawmifavmufom vdkawmhí jywif;ayguf0awGrSm þtdrfwGifvmaeMu
aom olwkdU\avSrsm;udk csnfxm;Muukef\/
xdkESpfonf 1947-ckESpfjzpf&m rEÅav;om;rsm; rSwfrdMuygOD;rnf/ NrdKUwGif;odkU
jrpfurf; usKd;aygufNyD; a&awG0ifrSmudkyif pdk;&drf&aomtajcodkU a&mufaeyg\/
uRefawmfaeaom eef;awmfuRef;&Gm tygt0if tjcm;jrpfab;&Sd &Gmrsm;u vltcsKdU
wdkUonf {uEÅjrpf&dk;awmhusKd;aygufawmhrSmbJ/ xdktcg avSawGESifh0ifí aps;csKd&SdqdkifawG
xJu ypönf;awG ,lMu&ef[k avSrsm;ESifh jrpfxJu oGm;apmifhaeMu\/
olwkdUajymom;aumif;vSojzifh uRefawmfvnf; waeUvdkufoGm;bl;yg\/ uRefawmfh
pdwful;rSm rEÅav;NrdKUxJrSm armfawmfum;vnf; pD;bl;NyD;? jrif;&xm;vnf; pD;bl;NyD;
qdkufum;vnf; pD;bl;NyD? ,ck jrpf&dk;usKd;cJUaomf avSpD;NyD;q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;tdrf oGm;&ef
jzpf\/ aps;csKdxJ 0ifrusKH;bl;vm; ar;&ifaum? bmaevdrfhrSmwkef;/ tJonfhtcsdef
uRefawmf odyfqif;&JaewmbJ/
uRefawmf vdkufoGm;aom avS&Sifudk aumif;aumif;rSwfrdygonf/ eef;awmfuRef;
ESifh rEÅav; ul;wdkUavSorm;udkomausmfwJU/ olonf &kyfao;rif;om;jzpf&ef BuKd;pm;cJUbl;
í ZmwfoDcsif;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;&? toHuvnf; tvGefus,fí tqdkususESifh oDcsif;
w[J[Jae&m olUavSay:rSm tawmfaysmfp&maumif;yg\/ olonf jrpf&dk;usKd;rSmudk
oDcsif;qdkí apmifh\/
okdUaomf trsm;odMuonfhtwdkif; rusKd;aygufcJUyg/ 3-&ufrQom pdk;&DrfrSwfa&muf
NyD;aemuf a&wtDtDusoGm;ojzifh &mZ0ifwGif rBuKHbl;aom yGaygufBuHolwdkU vufavQmh
umjyefMuukefonf/
a&usoGm;awmh uRefawmfaeaom tdrfBuD;ay: vmaeMuolrsm;vnf; olwkdUtdrf
olwkdU jyefukefMuavNyD? EGm;wif;ukwfawG aumuf&dk;ykHawG tdrfom;awGvnf; olwkdUae&m
olwkdUjyefa&mufMuukefavNyD/
þrQ a&BuD;onfhtwGuf eef;awmfuRef; &Gmom;awGtvGef0rf;omukefMu\/
taMumif;rSm olwkdUv,f,mawGrSm Ekef;wifajrEkawG trsm;BuD;usefcJUojzifh ajrMoZm
odyfaumif;avNyD/ olwkdUonf pyg;xuf ESrf;awGajryJawG pdkufMuonfESifh olwkdUt&yfrSm
qDrsm;pGmxGufavrnf/ olwkdUt&yfxkH;pH xrif;yGJwdkif;rSmygaom ]yJa&yG}qdkonfrSm qDawG
u vufESpfvkH;avmuf tay:uae\/ yJudk rpm;csifaom uRefawmfyif BudKufoGm;\/
txl;ojzifh ,cifu rpm;bl;bJ þ&Gma&mufrS uRefawmfpGJoGm;onfrSm ]ig;acs;csuf}jzpf
\/ olwkdUqDrSm jrpfxJuig;rsm;vnf; &Muav&m? wHigonfawGu ig;ydvkyfaom
ig;rsm;rS Adkufazmufí xkwfypfaom ig;tltoJ 0rf;wGif;om;rsm;udk qDEdkifEdkifESifh
csufjcif;yif jzpf\/
udkvSpdefrdef;r t0if;onf [if;csufvnf; aumif;\/ wOD;wnf;aomord;jzpfí
uRefawmf olwkdUtdrfa&mufvmonfrSm tudkwa,muf aumuf&jcif;bJqdkvQuf? reuf
ol[if;vsm0,fbdkUjyifwdkif; ]tudkusifarmif 'DaeUbmpm;rvJ}ar;avh&Sd&m/ uRefawmfu
xyfwvJvJ ]]ig;uvDpmcsufzJ}}ajymavh&Sd\/ EdkUNyD; olwkdUt&yfac: ig;acs;csuf [k rac:
oifhbJ ]]ig;uvDpmcsuf}}[k ac:oifhaMumif;vJ tqdkjyKcJU\/
pifppfawmh ]ig;acs;azmuf} onf qkdpum;rSm ]ig;acs;}[k ac:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ EdkU
ig;acs;aum rygbl;vm;qdktHU/ ig;tlxJ igacs;ygwmayghAs? þacs;uyif cg;oufouf
uav;ESifh qdrfhjcif;jzpf\/ þig;acs;csufu qDEdkifrSvnf; aumif;&m t0if;wkdU csufvdkuf
aom qDjyef[if;rSeforQ yef;uefxJwGif tay:u qDvufESpfopfavmuf tdkifaeonfom
jzpf\/ olwkdUtdrfrSm qDqkHuvnf; &Sdayoudk;/
udkvSpdefwkdU tdrfom;rsm;tjyif þ&Gmü uRefawmf txl;ojzifh cifrifcJUonfrSm
udkuHxl;ESifh udkvSazjzpf\/ udkuHxl;u xkdpOfü touf 30-ausmf vlysKdBuD;/ rdbr&Sd/
olkUtdrfwGifolwa,mufwnf;ae\/ udkvSazu uRefawmfhxuf i,fonf/ vlysKd/ olUrdb
rsm; csrf;om\/ aemif tdrfaxmifusaomtcg rEÅav;NrdKU a&Tjynft&yfrSm a&TjynfqDpuf
wnf\/ olwkdUonf pmay0goemtdk;rsm;wnf;/
uRefawmfu rajym&bJESifh uRefawmfhudk aomfwmaqGrSef; yxrOD;qkH;odolrSm
udkvSazjzpf\/ uRefawmfonf eef;awmfuRef;wGif aeaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfvqef;p r*¾Zif;
rsm;xGufcsdefwGif rEÅav;odkU jyefavh&Sd\/ 1947-ckESpf? Mo*kwfvxkwf &Ir0rSm uRefawmf
\yxrqkH;aom 0w¦K? b&ef'Dwykvif;0w¦K ygvmawmh rEÅav;rSm 3-&ufrQMumcJUonf/
uRefawmf eef;awmfuRef;odkU jyefa&mufaomtcg udkvSazonf uRefawmfhtm; ]]a[m...
aomfwmaqGjyefvmNyD}}[k ajym\/ t0if;u em;rvnfbJae&m olonf &Ir0pmtkyfxJu
b&ef'Dwykvif; 0w¦Kudk jyef&Sif;jy\/
taMumif;rSm uRefawmfonf olwkdUtm; uavmifemrnfb,fol? bm0w¦K
a&;onf[k ajymjyrxm;aomfvnf; t0if;wkdUtdrftay:xyfrS uRefawmfa&;&if;rBudKuf
onfh pm&Gufrsm;udk atmufodkUvkH;acsí ypfcsonfrsm;udk udkvSazpmay0goemtdk;u
aumufí zwfavh&Sdojzifh þb&ef'Dwykvif;0w¦KrSm uRefawmfhvuf&m jzpfaMumif;
olodae\/ ]]t0if;&m eifwkdUtdrfopfBuD;ay:rSm pma&;q&mwa,muf aygufzGm;wmudk
*kPf,lprf;yg}}[kajym\/

tojym&rSm Xmejyefonf
 uRefawmfonf eef;awmfuRef;&GmrSmaomf¤if;? rEÅav;NrdKUydkufusKH;&yf udkwufjym;wkdU
tdrfrSm¤if;? ul;csnf oef;csnfaecJUí 3-vrQMumaomtcg udkwufjym;taz OD;rQm;onf
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;vmojzifh ]&Sdawmhay;ygrnf}[laom olUuwdtwdkif; uRefawmfhaiGudk
&Sif;ay;ygonf/ uomrSm udkwufjym;tay: 2500d-wifcJUaom aiGudk olwkdUxHaepOf
tvDvD ,lokH;aiGrsm; Ekwfvdkufawmh 1900d-ausmfausmf&yg\/
xdktcsdefü olwkdUtdrfom;rsm;a&m aqGrsKd;rsm;yg uRefawmfhtm; aoG;om;vdk cifrif
aeMuNyDjzpfí olwkdUqDrSm qufvufí aevdku aeEdkifaMumif; ajymMuygao;\/
OD;rQm;u ]]aiGray;bl;qdk&if wufjym;owfr,f/ &Sd&ifay;ygr,fqdkawmh r&rcsif;
rjyefbl;qdkwJU rif;owådudk igcsD;usL;ygw,fuGm/ tckaiG&NyD;vJ igwdkUqDrSm aecsif
oavmufaeEdkifygao;w,fuGm}}qdkawmh uRefawmf olwkdUtay:rSm &SufNyD;tm;emvm
onf/ xdkUaMumifh aiG&&csif;bJ olwkdUvifr,m;tm; &Sdcdk;uefawmhNyD; udk,fhtdyf&m vdyf
uav; ydkufum olwkdUtdrfrSm xGufcGmvmcJUawmhonf/ OD;rQm; ZeD;ujzifh udk,fhtdrfom;
vdkaeNyD; tckoGm;awmhr,fqdkawmhvJ pdwfraumif;bl;[kqdkí rsuf&nfrsm;pdkUao;\/
uRefawmfh&ifrSmvJ av;vHvSygonf/
uRefawmf pma&;q&mjzpfonfvnf; 1947-ck Mo*kwfv xdkaiGrsm;&onfvnf;
þESpf þv/
1951-ckESpfü uRefawmf pma&;q&mtjzpfESifh rEÅav;NrdKUEdkifiHawmfoBuFef
zdwfMum;jcif;cH&aom tzGJUxJü ygoGm;awmh OD;rQm; udkwufjym;wdkUonf pD;yGm;a&;tvGef
aumif;í ydkufusKH;vrf;rSm wdkufBuD;wnfaqmufum armfawmfum;ESifh bmESifhjzpfaeonf/
udkwufjym;vnf; tdrfaxmifusaeNyD/ udkvSpdefESifh t0if;wkdU vifr,m;vnf; rEÅav;NrdKU
ay:odkU ajymif;a&TUum yGJ&kHzGifhí pD;yGm;a&;aumif;aeonf/ udkvSazBuD; wa,mufum;
olU&GmrSmbJ olUtdrf olwa,mufwnf; vlysKdBuD;bJ/ udkomausmfuvnf; olUavSay:rSm
oDcsif;wausmfausmfESifhygbJ/
&efBuD;atmif

uRefawmfxdkaiG&NyD; q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;tdrfodkU oGm;ygawmhonf/ tdyf&mvdyf

uav;ydkufí qdkufum;ay:rS qif;vmaom uRefawmfhtm; q&mBuD;u OD;pH&Sm;rsufpdESifh
Munfhí-
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]]&wmaygh OD;BuD;&? r&bJ b,fjyefcJUvdrfhrvJ}}
 ]]ighvl awmfouGm}}
a':BuD;pdk;u ]]eifrdkUvdkU[,f....tJ'D wufjym;tazOD;rQm;qdkwm [dkwkef;u
emrnfBuD; vlqdk;BuD;bJ[JU}}
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toufBuD;oGm;vdkUayghuGm/ i,fwkef;uqdk cufw,fvdkU ajymw,fAs}}
xdkpOfü q&mBuD;onf 0w¦Krsm;a&;aomtcg oludk,fwdkifra&;bJ yg;pyfuajymay;
í vdkufa&;bdkU vlwa,mufiSm;xm;\/ xdkolrSm jynfnTefUr*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmudkbaomif;
jzpf\/ wv 60d-ay;\/
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udkbaomif;udk ydkufqHay;iSm;raeeJUawmh}}
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]]at;...[kwfNyD/ rif;ightdrfrSmaeawmh iga&;csifwJUtcsdefa&;&wmaygh}}
,if;uJUodkU q&mBuD;u EIwfu&Gwfum vdkufa&;cJUojizfh uRefawmfa&TOa'gif;
avrsKd; a&;Edkifyg\/
odkU&SdpOf q&mBuD;tdrfodkU vmavh&Sdaom ykHESdyfpuf&Sifwa,mufESifh tvkyfqufrdMu
\/ olUtaMumif;taumif;a&;p&mr&Sdojzifh olUemrnfudkawmh razmfjyvdkawmhyg/
uRefawmfESifh &G,fwlavmufbJ/
tvkyfum; q&mBuD;qDwGif [dk,cif t*Fvdyfacwfu a&;cJUaom &efBuD;atmif -
0w¦K (pmrsufESm rjynfhrpkH) tpkwftNyJwtkyf&Sd\/ 'gudkjyefa&;í pmtkyfxkwf&ef/
þtcgü uRefawmfhwGifOD;rQm; om;tzqDu 1900d-ausmf&cJUonfrS aygif;wnfNrdKU
OD;armifBuD;xH waxmifjyefydkUvdkufí 900d-rQ vuf0,f&Sdae\/ ¤if;udkt&if;jyKum
&efBuD;atmif0w¦Kxkwfrnf/ 'Dawmh q&mBuD;u 0w¦K?vkyf&orQ tjrwf3OD;tnDtrQ cGJ,l
rnf/ wu,fawmh uRefawmfwdkU b,favmuftoenf;/ [dkykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifudk ykHESdyfc
ay;&kHESifh NyD;aeonfr[kwfygvm;/ 'gudk tpk&S,f,m0ifvkyfckdif;í pmtkyfjzpfvmawmh
3000d-&dkufukefvQifwa,mufudk waxmifjrwfpdrfhaomiSm pmtkyfzdk; 3-usyfcGJvkyfvdkuf
\/ trSefu pmrsufESmonf 3-usyfrQ rwefacs/ xdkUaMumifh ¤if;pmtkyf a&mif;raumif;
yg/ rEÅav;NrdKUudk txufjrefrmjynfwGuf &J&ifh udkbZHtm; udk,fpm;vS,fay;í
atmufjrefrmjynftwGuf &Ir0odkU ydkUvdkufonf/
þ0w¦KtwGuf q&mBuD;onf rEÅav;udkbZHxHrS aiGrnfrQ&ao;onf r&vdkuf
onfudk rod&aomfvnf; uRefawmfrl aiG 900d t&if;pdkufonfhteufrS aiG 300daysmhaysmh
ESifh vufoD;rmrmwcsufzJ xdk;vdkuf&ygonf/
taMumif;rSm pmtkyfxkwfa0ol ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifonf pmtkyfxkwfNyD;aemuf
uRefawmfwkdUqDodkU ay:rvmawmhbJ olUtdrfoGm;ar;awmh &efukefqif;oGm;onf[k
ajymonf/ xkdUaemuf uRefawmf&efukefa&mufoGm;awmh tJonfwkef;u AdkvfcsKyfaps;
taemufzufwef; tcef;eHygwf 146-&Ir0wdkufrSmbJ olESifhyufyif;wdk;aví uRefawmfu
OD;ausmfa&SUrSmbJ &efBuD;atmifpmtkyfzdk;awG b,frSmvJ ar;awmh ol,lí okH;ypfvdkufNyD;
ykHESdyfcbJ&w,f? uRefawmfwkdUtwGuf ay;p&mr&Sdawmhbl;? qdkonfESifh uRefawmfhvufoD;
onf cGyfueJ olUrsufESmodkU oGm;aqmifhawmh\/ wcsufzJ xdk;vdkuf&ygw,f? Avcsif;
rQ&ufeJU udk,fhjyefrckcHbJ idkrJUrJUav;vkyfaeawmh uRefawmfaemufxyf rxdk;&ufawmhygbl;/
opömr&Sdol[m owådr&Sdbl;/ 3-usyfcGJaps;eJU pmtkyf 1500d avmufa&mif;&wm b,fykHESdyf
c urSmwkef;/ uRefawmfu &Ir0rSm useforQ pmtkyfawGta[mif;aps;eJU ,la&mif;wm
300d-eD;yg;&vdkuf\/
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uRefawmfu tptqkH; vdkufa&;vdkuf&jcif;ESifh aemifwGif &efBuD;atmif0w¦K &kyfjyZmwf
vrf; OD;aiGudkifvuf&mESifh &Ir0r*¾Zif;xJrSm ygvmjcif;yif/

cdkwkdU\obm0

q&mBuD;onf uRefawmfpwif awGUpOfu "m;wef;&Sdaq;&kHpma&;BuD;? olUwl

udk0if;armif\ wdkufcef;wGifjzpf\/ þ&efBuD;atmif0w¦Ka&;awmh vlxkowif;pmwGif
t,f'DwmcsKyf vkyfaeNyDjzpfí 83-vrf; *kPfwef&yfu vlxkOD;vSwdkUay;xm;aom
wdkufcef;wGif jzpf\/ ,if;rSm wdkufcef;[kqdk&aomfvnf; *dka'gifESifh wlygonf/ jywif;
aygufr&Sd? qdk&aomfvnf; *dka'gifESifhwlygonf/ jywif;aygufr&Sd? a&SUwayguf aemufw
aygufom&Sdí tkwfeH&Hav;bufumESifh oGyfrdk;rsufESmusufr&SdbJ vlraewmMumNyDrkdU?
cdkawG ckdawG &mESifhcsD&Sdum cdktdrfBuD;jzpfae\/
,if;cdkwkdUonf vlawGa&mufvmMuaomfvnf; vludkraMumuf? tkwfeH&Hay:ay:rSm
todkufawGESifh aeNrJ? jrL;wl;NrJ/
vlawGu cdkawGudk wtD;tD;nnf;aeMuonf[k ajym\/ b,fnnf;wm [kwfrnf
enf;/ cdkxD;u cdkrudk yufywf&pfum zdkoHay;aeMujcif;jzpf\/ oH0gorIuvnf;
pmuav;rsm;ESifh rjcm;yg/ onftvkyfzJ vkyfaeMu\/ jrifvdkUravsmfay/ EdkUNyD;eH&H av;
bufudk [dkbufonfbuf ysHvsuf&Iyf&Sufcwfaeum ysHoef;&if; acs;rsm;vnf; wAspfAspf
ygcsí uRefawmfwkDUrSm tNrJwrf; jcifaxmifatmufrSm ae&\/
 uRefawmfa&mufprSm onfcdkawGawGU&awmh awmfawmf0rf;omoGm;\/ bmaMumifh
qdk 'DaumifawG[m [if;awGbJ/ atmufuae 0g;vkH;&SnfESifh odrf;odrf;&dkuf waeUav;ig;
aumif ta&qkwfqkwfay;vdkuf? rao;uaMumf/ cdkaMumfcsnf; aeUwdkif;wkwfae&/ wywf
avmufMumvmawmh q&mBuD;u-
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Munfhaewm r[kwfbl;uG? rif;'Davmuf&dkufae&if wjcm;rsm;oGm;Murvm;vdkU? ckawmh
oGm;ykHray:bl;? 'dkUu oGm;bdkUom pdwful;&awmhr,f}}
uRefawmfvnf; cdkom;pm;&wm NiD;aiGUvmonfESifhtqifoifhbJ/
uRefawmfwkdU pma&;MuwmrSmvnf; tay:ujzwfysHNyD; acs;ygrcsatmif trdk;
a,mufwef;rSm 0g;vkH;&Snf cg;vnfuuefUvefUcsnfNyD; BudK;qJGxm;um atmufw&rf;&rf;
vkyfay;ae&\/ BuD;vdkufwJU 'ku©ES,fAsm/ þykHpHtwdkif;jzifh uRefawmfonf q&mBuD;EIwfrS
&Gwfonfudk vdkufa&;&\/ EkdUNyD; udk,fh0w¦Kudk,fa&;&\/ [pfwvkH;onf xdktdrfrSmayguf
zGm;cJUay\/

&efukefjyef

&Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif ]b&ef'Dwykvif;}ESifh ][pfvdkUomidkvdkufcsifawmh} 0w¦KESpfyk'fygNyD;

]r,fwyfukef;}ESifh ]jzLjymrlvusD}0w¦Krsm;vnf;ydkUí a&G;cs,faMumif;? aemufxyfrjywf
a&;ydkUygOD;qdkaom &Ir0upmrsm;&NyD;onfü uRefawmfhudk,fuRefawmf pma&;í toufarG;
EdkifNyD[k cefUrSef;um &efukefacwåqif;vmonfh q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;ESifhtwl jyefcJUyg\/
1947-ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 'kwd,oDwif;ywf waeUaomeHeufapmapmwGif t&yf
&Snf&Snf touf (60)ausmf vlBuD;wa,mufESifh t&yf 5-ay 5-vufr touf(28)ESpf rQ
tom;jzLjzL w&kwfujym;ESifhwlaom vli,fwa,mufwkdUonf &efukefNrdKU xdkpOfu
paumhaps; taemufzufwef; tcef;eHygwf 146-a&SUodkU a&mufvmMuNyD; ]]&Ir0OD;ausmfudk
awGUcsifvdkUyg...}qdkaom tcg ,if;tcsdeftay:xyfcdk;avSum;i,fuav;rSqif;vmol
tom;jzLjzLrsufESm0dkif;0dkif; bJOESifhwlol touf 38 ESpfcefU&Sdvlu ]]uRefawmfarmifausmf
ygbJ...}qdkum okH;a,mufom; tNydKifoGm;rsm;udk NzJjyMuavonf/
,if;ü ol\ b,fbufoGm;wufzl;av;ESifh yg;csKdifhBuD;cGufatmif tm;&yg;& NyKH;ae
ol vli,fu vlBuD;tm; nTefjyí ]]a[m'gu q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;ygbJ? uRefawmfuawmh
aomfwmaqGyg}}
 xdktcg OD;ausmfonf ydkrdkíNyKH;&,fvsuf ]][m...awGU&wm 0rf;omvdkufwmAsm?
xdkifMuyg}}[k ae&mxdkifcif;ay;í aumfzDESifhrkefUrsm; rSmay;ygawmh\/
xdkUaemufü q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;onf olUwnf;tdrfodkU jyefoGm;í uRefawmfrSm
&Ir0wdkufüusefcJU\/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfhvdyfpmrSm rEÅav;NrdKU q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;rS
wqifh jzpf&m OD;ausmfESifh wifhw,fwdkUonf uRefawmfhtm;rEÅav;om;[k xifMuvsuf
naeapmif;aomtcg wifhw,fonf ]]b&ef'Dwykvif;0w¦KeJU pmaye,fxJ0ifvmwJUvludk
b&ef'Dwykvif;eJU{nfhcH&r,f}}[k a[mfw,fac:oGm;NyD; aomufMupm;Muí olUtdrfvdkuf
tdyf&ef ac:oGm;\/
uRefawmfonf xdkn olUtdrfrSm tdyfNyD;aemuf reufa&mufawmh uRefawmfhwGif
prf;acsmif; rtlyifvrf;rSm om;r,m;rsm;&SdaMumif;ajymNyD; a,mu©rtdrfodkU r&GHUr&Jav;ESifh
jyefcJUygawmh\/ uRefawmfhudk &GmrS olUtartdrfodkUjyefcJUNyD; uRefawmfhtm; a&ydwfpyg;uJU
okdU oabmxm;cJUaom ZeD;onfu...
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a&;orQ ,lr,fqdkwJUvl

uRefawmfonf &efukefwGif jyefvnfaeom;wus&SdoGm;í &Ir0wdkufom;rsm;ESifh

&if;ESD;oGm;aomtcg OD;ausmfu uRefawmfhtm; ]]wjcm;ra&;ygeJU? a&;orQ uRefawmf,lygh
r,f? wyk'f 100d-ay;yghr,f}}qdkavawmh uRefawmftvGef0rf;omavonf/ rlv b&ef'D
wykvif;0w¦Kwkef;u 50d? aemuf [pfvdkUom idkvkdufcsifawmhrSm 75d? ,ck wyk'f 100d
usyfqdkawmh edyfy[aygh/ tJonfwkef;uaiG[m t*FvdyfaiG? 200 avmuf&&if wtdrf
axmif aumif;aumif;pm;avmufwmbJ/
odkUaomf ESpfvavmufbJMumygw,f/ OD;ausmf&JUyg;pyfpmcsKyf[m olU[molzsufyg
a&m/
pifppf zdk;wdxifwmu 'Darmif;a&;EdkifvS wv 3-4yk'favmuf atmufarh[efwl
onf/ uRefawmfu pma&;cgp aZmif;xJuvTwfwJUjrif;vdk 3-4&ufrSm wyk'favmuf a&;
a&;NyD;awmh olUay;avawmh zdk;ausmfvufwm;um...
]][dk...awmfNyDq&m? cifAsm;a&;wdkif;om usKyf,l,lae&&if &Ir0rSm onfhjyifpma&;
q&mawGay;bdkU aiG&SdawmhrSmr[kwfbl;}}
 uRefawmfhrSmvJ tJ'Dwkef;u pOf;pm;NyD; pkaqmif;NyD; 0w¦KawGuvJ acgif;xJrSm &meJU
csDNyD;&SdaewmbJ? aemufxyftopfopfawGu &&vmvdkufao;/
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif ,if;tcsdefrSmbJ wifhw,fESifhudkausmfu {uEÅaumpjzpfaeMu
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cdkifhtem;u 'a&maomyg;xGufcGmoGm;wmudk awG;rdwdkif; cdkif&ifemvScsnf&JU tudkaqG&,f/
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rsm;awmh tudkaqGudk cdkif,lvdkufrdrSmpdk;vdkU? azmfjycJUwJU taMumif;ESpfcsufaMumifh
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tudkaqGa&U/
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awmhbl;qdkwmvJ odygw,f/ 'gayr,fh rcspfrESpfoufoleJU aygif;ae&wJU cdkif[m udk,fh
i,fcspfOD;BuD;udkawmh vGrf;w,fuJUG vGrf;w,f...odvm;/
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bmaMumifhvJqdk xdkpOfu uRefawmf[m rdrdudk,frdrd vlysKdvkyfí pma&;ae\/
uRefawmfh 0w¦KawGrsm aomfwmaqGZmwfvdkuf? a*:rpGHaumif? tysKdawGeJUawGUvdkuf?
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uRefawmf &kyf&Sifrif;om;? uRefawmf jyZmwfrif;om;? uRefawmfyef;csDq&m?
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uRefawmf&nf;pm;jzpfatmif vkyfua&mAsKdU/
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tck uav;rum; "mwfykHay; &Jwif;vSavpG/ &Jwif;onfhtaMumif;uvnf;
olonf xdktcsdefü tysKdabmf0ifp vlUb0udk bmrS eufeufeJeJrawG;wwf/ wu,fbJ
olUpdwful;,OfrSm uRefawmfhudk tudkawmfcsifaeí jzpfayrnf/ NrD;acgifaygufpdwfuav;
awGudk; qef;Mu,fpG/
tvsOf;oifhí a&Tref;olav; ESpfa,muftaMumif;ajym&OD;rnf/
vif; ,kef eD ESifh uRefawmfonf wacwfxJ wcsdefxJ xcJUonfjzpf&m? þrdef;u
av;ESpfa,mufonf 'Dvdkq,fausmfoufuav;awGaygh/ vif;,kefeDESifh aomfwmaqG
ESpfa,mufpvkH;udk BudKufMuowJU/ onfawmh olwkdUESpfa,muf[m wa,mufpD rdwfquf
pma&;bdkU rJcsMuowJU/
tJonftaMumif;udk olwkdUeJUuRefawmfwkdU tudkBuD;a&...nDrav;a&..jzpfMuawmh
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olwkdUrvJ pm;&aomuf&wm usaewmbJ/ trSefawmh ol[m tudkacsmacsm&w,fvdkU
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qdkwJU 0w¦Kwtkyf xGufcJUygao;vm;As/
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aronf uRefawmf\ yxrOD;qkH;pm &nf;pm;jzpfí vufa&;vnf;vSonf/
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toJeifhatmif cspf&ygwJU
arharmif&,f/
28.2.50
armifhqDu (19.2.50)aeUpmudk 22-&ufaeUu rSbJ&ygw,f/ arharmifav arhqD
ujyefpm arQmfvSa&mhr,fvdkUvJ arawG;rdygw,f/ armifhudk arxm0pOfbJ vGrf;aewmbJ
armif&JU/ armifhezl;jzLjzL0if;uav;eJU armifhqHyif aysmhacGacGuav;awGudkjzifh arhrsufpd
xJu b,fawmhrS rxGufygbl;armif&,f/ b,fawmhrS ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif erf;&ygrvJvdkUvJ
armifhezl;vSvSav;udk arwoobJ aew,farmif&JU/ pmudk csufcsif;jyefbdkU[mvJ
tdkarmif&,f pdwfnpfygw,f/ tcsdefr&bl;qdk&if armifem;vnfa&mayghaemf.../
atmf...armifu arhqDu pma&mufoifhtwJUtcsdef ra&muf&if 0w¦Kra&;Edkifawmh
bl; [kwfvm;/ 'DvdkrjzpfygeJUarmif&,f/ awmfMum armifhpmzwfy&dowfawGu arhudk
usdefqJaeMuygtkH;r,f/
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awmh armif..aemf/ armifhqDudk aru wcgwavrSm pmcsufcsif;rjyefEdkifwmu
armifhtay:rSm tcspfayghoGm;vdkU r[kwfygbl;armif&JU/ arwdkU rdef;uav;qdkawmhav
pdwfoGm;wdkif; udk,frygvSbl;/ cufw,farmif&JU cufw,f/
 tckwavm arav-armifhudk odyfvGrf;aewmbJ tcspf&,f/ bmjzpfvdkUrSef;
rodbl;/ owd&wdkif; &wdkif; armifhqDupmawG jyefjyefzwf&vGefvGef;vdkU? tm;vkH; tvGwf
awmif &awmhr,f odvm;/ armif arhudk roem;bl;vm;[if/
armif&,f- arhudkrsm; b,fawmhrS rrkef;ygeJUaemf/ wcgwav taMumif;aMumif;
aMumifh arpmjyef aemufuswmudkvJ pdwfraumufygeJUaemf? armif pdwfaumifcsif&ifav
areJUarmif nm;awmhrSaumufygaemf/ tJ'Dawmhrs aruav pdwfaumufaewJU arhvJUvJU
0if;av;udk arh&ifcGifxJ ayGUNyD; acsmhEdkifrSm armif&JU/ tdk...tckbJ armifhudk arayGUNyD; acsmh
csifvdkufwmuG,f? bmbJ jzpfjzpfarmifhudk ar toJpGJcspfw,fqdkwm ,kHprf;yg aemfuG,f...
aemf uG,f arhtcspf&,f/
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av;awGtem;ay;vdkufygNyD/
With thounsands of kisses
armifhtcspfar

uRefawmfonf 0w¦Ka&;awmhrnf[k pmyGJxdkifvdkufvQif arhpmwapmifapmifudk

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pum;vkH;awG &Tifrnfh [moOmPf? uAsmOmPfawG yg0ifawmh\/
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onf uRefawmfhcspfol ]ar}wdkUtdrfeHab;u a&mifpkHyef;csKHay:okdUa&mufaomtcg &yfem;
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&yfaeygonf/
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em;rvnfyg/ uRefawmfvnf;em;rvnfyg/ q&mhta&;tom;rSm El;El;nhHnHU aysmhaysmh pdpd
yufusduav;vrf;avQmufaeonfESifh wlygonf/ olUpmudk zwfvdkuf&aomtcgüum;
uRefawmfhoabmt& ajym&aom &SefydefaomufNyD; vdyfudkpD;í c&D;oGm;&onfESifh
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rsm;rsm;BuD;aomufrS rodromrl;aom 0dkifwrsKd;jzpfygonf/) xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu
olESifh wefaom uAsmav;wckESifh q&mhudk *kPfjyKygrnf/
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udk,fzefwnf;onfh Zmwfaumiftwdkif; aysmf&Tifaewwfyg\/ vlwkdU tdyfrufaeonfh
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odkUaomf uRefawmfhb0 pifppfum;

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onf;ajcBudKufoljzpf\/ uRefawmfhZeD;uvnf; xdkenf;¤if;bJ/
uRefawmfonf rEÅav;NrdKUrS pma&;q&mjzpfcJUNyD; &efukefNrdKUjyefa&mufawmh
a,mu©rtdrfxuf jyefíwuf&aom rsufESmi,foruf wywfEGrf;av;? jzpf&um;
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uRefawmf uomrSm aomifwifaepOfu 'kwd,om;a,mufsm;av;udkarG;onf/
xdktcg olUorD;tm; ]]nnf;vifvkyfpmr&SdbJeJU cav;ESpfa,mufeJU nnf;udk igauR;rxm;
Edkifbl;? oGm; awmu nnf;a,mu©rqDudk}}qdkojzifh olwkdUom;trdawG uRefawmfhtaztdrf
a&mufaeMuonf/
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tdrf jyefa&mufaeMujcif;jzpf&um; uRefawmfonf a,mu©rqE´twdkif; wvw&mbJ
ay;&rnfaygh/
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wefbdk;vnf; wdk;aeNyDubJ/
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vmvQif uRefawmfhtm; tdrfay:u armif;csawmhonf/
uRefawmfhtvkyfonf vcpm;r[kwf? aiG&csuf aeU&ufrrSefbl;qdkonfudk
olvufrcH/ ]][JU eifhudk b,folu pma&;q&mvkyfcdkif;vdkUvJ [JU? igwkdUu vcpm;rsKd;?
vc pm;tvkyfrS BudKufw,fvdkU ajymcJUNyDr[kwfvm;}}
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&SdcJUygw,f}}
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jzLNyD; 0g0if;aom rsufESmESifh acsmarmvSyoljzpfonf/
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&m rvdkawmhay/
xdkUaMumifh aumifrav;u oGm;&ef[efjyifawmh uRefawmfu twGif;cef;ü
puf&dkufaeaom ukvm;av;tm;...
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awmif;&if rif;bJay;NyD; pm&if;rSwfxm;vdkufuGm}}
]][kwfuJU...tudk;}}
þpOfwGif olUjcif;&Guf&ef acgif;zkjyefvdyfaeaom uRefawmfwdkU ya'omtzGJU0if
topf pufpufuav; rMuifa&Ttm; olUacgif;zkvdyfqGJí jyefqefUvdkufNyD;..
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olu rsufESmcsKdcsKdav;ESifh uRefawmfharmhMunfhí..
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]]qGJEdkifatmif vkyfay;rSmaygh ay; a[m'Dtxkyf BuD;BuD;ESpfckudk ]]qdkNyD; uRefawmf
,lvdkufum...]]vdkufydkUrSmaygh oGm;csifwJUae&mudk b,fxdatmifoGm;rvJ? {0&ufawmif
xdyfudkvm;? a&&Sm;wJU oJuEÅm&oGm;rvm;? aerjrif a&jyifcJwJU ajrmuf0ef&dk;pGef;udkvm;}}
olonf tvGefoabmuspGm EIwfcrf;udkrzGifhbJ usdwfí&,fjcif;rsKd;jzifh toHxGuf
atmif&,fvdkufNyD;..
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]]tajymygvdkU pma&;q&mjzpfwm r[kwfygbl;Asm ta&;awmfvdkUyg}}
]][kwfygowJU&Sif...q&mhawmh uRefrrEdkifawmhygbl;}}
,if;odkUajymMu&if; olujcif;qGJ uRefawmfutxkyfESpfckydkuf? om"ktdrfuxGufNyD;
vrf;ay:avQmufvmMu&if; uRefawmftvdkcsifqkH;aom ,mOfudk&Smonf/
rMumrD awGUygNyD? vefuwfpwm vrf;xJrS bk&m;vrf;bufxGufvmaom vefjcm;
wpfpif;? uRefawmfvSrf;ac:vdkufonf/
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]]tjcm;qyf}}qdkNyD; rMumrD uRefawmfwdkUa&SUawmfarSmufjym;jym;0yf a&mufvmawmh
onf/ ukvm; vefjcm;cs&if 'DvdkbJ/
]]wuf rMuifa&T aeylw,f ajcylw,f? ukvm;pD;&if tm;BuD; trsm;BuD; oufom
w,f}}
 ol uRefawmfhMoZmoH jiif;EdkifpGrf;r&Sd/ rMumrD uRefawmfwdkUrSm oGm;aeusvmaeus
ESpfa,mufuJUokdU vefjcm;ay:rSm [ef<um;armfum../
olonfvefjcm;ay:wGif olUeHab; uRefawmf0ifxdkifvdkufpu rsufESmrSm &SufaoG;
uav;zsef;oGm;aomfvnf; ukvm;uvnf; tajy;aumif;í avuav; aoG;awmh rMumrD
&SufaoG;uav;ajyoGm;um olubJ pum;ponf/
]]q&mu tckeu usrudk jcif;awmif;BuD;acgif;ay:&Gufwm awmolrBuD;usaewm
bJwJU}}
]]EdkU r[kwfzl;vm;}}
]][kwfygw,fq&m&JU usrawmolrbJ? tcke tzGJU0ifvdyfpmay;wJU
'DNrdKUxJutdrfu usrwdkU aqGrsKd;tdrf? usrwdkUaewJU&Gmu ydkUprif;ra&mufzl;? pmwdkufeJU
pmay;pm,lvkyfvdkUr&bl;? anmifyifav;qdyfuaeNyD; wGHaw;vrf;twdkif;avSeJU aeU0uf
c&D; oGm;&w,f}}
xdktcg uRefawmfonf vufywfem&dudkMunfhí..
]][m...3em&DausmfaeNyD? 'gjzifh 'DaeUjyefvdkU rjzpfawmhbl;aygh}}
]]b,fjzpfawmhrvJ}}
]]'gjzifh tckb,foGm;rvJ? aps;0,fvdkUNyD;yvm;}}
]]NyD;ygNyD 19-vrf;tdrfudk oGm;r,f}}
xdkUaMumifh bk&m;vrf;ESifh usKH;BuD;vrf;qkH a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfu vefjcm;
ukvm;tm;...
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ukvm;u nmbufauGUvdkufNyD; cPMumaomtcgolu..
]]q&m...qif;ae&pfcJUawmh}}
]]tdk...bmvdkUvJ? tdrfod&atmifav...tdrftxd vdkufydkUr,f}}
]]rjzpfzl;q&m..rjzpfzl;...rjzpfzl;}}
]]bmaMumifhwkef;}}
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 onfawmhrS uRefawmfowdjyKrdum...
]]tm;....[kwfom;bJ[...'dkUvkyfykHuvJ}}[k uRefawmfhpdwfxJrS udk,fhudk,fudk ajymrdNyD;
ukvm;tm;...
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b,fbufyvufazmif; uyf&yfcdkif;NyD;? qif;vdkuf&awmhonf/ olonf ukvm;tm;
]]pD;wm;a*smif;}}[k ajymNyD; uRefawmfhudk NyKH;NyKH;uav; vufjyoGm;onf/
aemufaeUwGif ya'omwdkufokdU olUqDrS pmwapmifa&mufvmonf/
tudkav;&Sifh....
'DvdkbJ ac:yg&apawmhaemf/ tudkav;u raeUu ajymw,frdkUvm; armifESr awmif
jzpfEdkifaeNyD}vdkU/ tJ'g usrodyfoabmusoGm;wmbJ tudkav;&,f/ tudkav;u tJvdk
ajymvdkufcsif;bJ usrpdwfxJrSm tudkav;vdk cspfoGm;wmbJ/ usrudkvJ nDrvdkUac: r,f
r[kwfvm;/ ac:yg tudkav;&,f/ nDrrSmav [dkwkef;u tudkav;vdkU ac:cJU&wJU
tudkwa,muf &SdcJUygw,f/ tckawmh *syefacwfubJ qkH;oGm;&SmygNyD/
raeUu tudkav;eJU awGU&awmhrS tudkpm;&NyDvdkU nDrodyf0rf;omoGm;wmbJ
tudkav;&,f/ nDrtudk&Sd&ifvJ tudkav;t&G,favmufaerSmbJ/ tudkav; touf
b,favmufvJ/ nDru 26-ESpf/
nDrrSmav tck tartdkBuD;eJU armifav;wa,mufeJU &GmrSm ukefpkHqdkifzGifhxm;yg
w,f/ tck&efukefvmwm[m ukefawG0,f&atmifyg/ reufukefawGudk avSeJUwifNyD;awmh
jyefr,f/ tck 'Dpmu tudkav;eJU cJGcJUNyD; 19-vrf;tdrf a&mufa&mufcsif;qdkovdk
a&;wmygbJ/ EdkUNyD;pmodrf;csdeftrDxnfhcJUr,f/
wckajymcsifw,ftudkav;/ nDrqDudkpma&;r,fqdk&if 19-vrf; tdrfvdyfpmeJU
rxnfheJU/ olwkdUuazmufNyD;zwfwwfw,f/ w&kwfawG/ nDreJUtudkav; 'DvkdqufoG,f
Muwmudk BudKufr,f r[kwfzl;/
'Dawmh nDrwdkU&GmvJ pmwdkufu raygufawmh pmjyefraeygeJUawmh tudkav;&m/
EdkUNyD; ya'om r*¾Zif;udkvJ olwkdUtdrfvdyfpmeJU rydkUeJUawmh/ nDrudk,fwdkifav
xGufwJU&uf owif;pmxJ aMumfjimNyD; aemufwaeUrSm 'DaeUvmcJUwJUtcsdefrsKd;
ya'omwdkufudkvmcJUr,f/ tudkav; apmifhaeaemf/
tudkav; udk,fpdwfESpfjzm usef;rm csrf;omygap/
nDr Muifa&T
 xdkrSwNyD;um; olESifh uRefawmfonf vpOfr*¾Zif; xGufwdkif;awGUMuvsuf? xdkUjyif
olvv,f&ufrsm; ukef0,fvmvQifvnf; csdef;qdk pma&;um avSqdyf vmBudKapvsuf
uRefawmfwkdU ESpfa,mufonf tifrwef &if;ESD;oGm;Muav\/
ol ukef0,fvm&mudk uRefawmf avQmufvdkufonf/ rkefUtwlpm;Muonf/ &kyf&Sif
twl MunfhMuonf/
oltacgufwdkif; tacgufwdkif; uRefawmfhudk olwdkU&Gmudk vdkufvnf&efac:onf/
vdkufvmNyD; at;at;aq;aq; pma&;yg tudkav;&JU/ ararudkvJ nDrtudkpm;
&NyDvdkU ajymxm;NyD/ araru Munfhcsifw,f ac:cJUygwJU/
nDr tudkav;udk aysmfatmifjyKpkygr,f/ tudkav;BudKufwJU t&ufvJwdkufygr,f
tudkav;&JU/
okdUaomf uRefawmf rvdkuf&Jyg/ olUavSqdyftxd avSxJta&mufvdkufykdU&kHom/
Munfhav? olUavSudku ukefawGtjynfheJU/ c&D;onfu olwa,mufwnf;&,f/
c&D;a0;oGm;wJU &efukef oAÁmefawGudkvJ rdwfaqGjrifbl;rSmaygh/ pD;oltwGuf rdk;vkHavvkH
aygif;rdk;eJU yJUydkif;u wufESpfacsmif;ESifh avSmfcwfolu tNrJwrf; rwfwwf/ vIdif;av;u
vnf; wzswfzswf/
tu,fwd oleJU uRefawmfESpfa,mufwnf; 'Daygif;rdk;av;xJygoGm;rnfqdkygu
þaeU0ufc&D;BuD;wGif tudkav;&,f nDrav;&,fqdkaeMuwJU þb*Fvm;armifESronf
bmjzpfoGm;rnfenf;/
onfawmh uRefawmfolUudkwu,f ,lEdkifovm;/
b,f,lEdkifrSmwkef;/ a,mu©reJU xrif;vc 150d awmif rSefrSefray;EdkifvdkU
w0kef;0kef; jzpfaeMuwm/
EdkUNyD; 'Da,mu©rrsKd;uvJ 'DudpörsKd;jzpfvm&if Nidrfaer,frxifaveJU/ atmifr,f
av;...awmif;vdkufr,fh uav;p&dwf/ uRefawmfhpdwfuvnf; uRefawmfhom;orD;av;awG
awmh wm0efrJUrjyKEdkif/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu ]]tudkav;rSm ya'om wm0efawGeJU tvkyfu rtm;vyf
atmifrsm;vGef;vdkUyg nDr&,f}}[lí [líom ESpfodrfhí vTwfvdkuf&yg\/
pifppf wu,fvnf; uRefawmfhrSm tvGeftvkyfrsm;vSyg\/ ya'ompwif
wnfaxmifpu rdk;a0ESifh oef;aqGygcJUaomfvnf; rdk;a0uyxr? oef;aqGu 'kwd,?
a&SUqifhaemufqifh xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/
'Dawmh wifhw,fu ajym\/
 ]]olwdkUr&Sd 'dkUbdkUcsnf;aygh armifaqG&m? BudK;pm;vdkufprf;}}
[kwfuJU...olUpum;emcHNyD; BudK;pm;vdkuforS uRefawmfhwoufwmwGif þodkU
pdwfyg vufyg vkyfcJUaom tcgrsKd;rBuKHcJUbl;ao;/ aemifvJ þodkUvkyfEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwfacs/ xdkpOfu touf 29-ESpf? ,ck 50-ausmfcJUNyD/
Munfhyg/ tJonfwkef;ursm; eHeufrdk;aomuf tvif;a&mufonfqdkvQifyif
vG,ftdwfwvkH; vG,fum uRefawmfhtdrf rtlyifvrf;rS rD;&xm;blwmausmfí Munfhjrif
wdkif tdk;bdkvrf;&Sd wifhw,ftdrfodkU a&mufcJU&onf/ wcgw&H oltdyf&mrSrxao;/
q&morm;udk acsmif;oHay;í EId;&onf/
]]a[h....armifaqG vmyvm;a[h}}qdkNyD; oltdyf&mrSx udk,fvufokwfoifNyD;
vufzuf&nf pm;yGJrSmxdkif? pm&Gufw&GufjzefUNyD; uRefawmf'DaeUvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfawG
a&;ay;av\/ erlemwck jyygrnf/
(1) ighpmrludk yef;csDudkav;qDudk oGm;ay;? rdef;rykHvSvSqGJcdkif;? raeUu umvm
jc,fcdkif;xm;wJU ykHawGudk,l bavmufwdkufydkU/
(2) vrf;rSm OD;b*srf;tdrf0if? [dkaeUu ajymwJUykHNyD;&if wcgxJ,loGm;/
(3) OD;b*srf;qDu ykH&&if csufcsif; rSef&dkufcdkif;/
(4) tJ'DtwGif;rSm bavmufwdkuf xdkifraeeJU? OD;tkef;vGiftdrfoGm;tkH; ykH&&if,lcJU/
(5) NyD;wJU bavmufawG,lNyD; om"kqDoGm;ay;? olUudktjref&dkufcdkif;/
(6) 'DaeU q&mwufwdk;qDu pmrl&r,f ajymw,f? olUtvkyfwdkufoGm;? &&if
pef;vGifqD,loGm;NyD; acgif;pnf;qGJcdkif;/
(7) pef;vGifqDrSm [dkaeUu qGJcdkif;xm;wJU q&maZ,s&JU aqmif;yg;acgif;pnf;ykHNyD;
&if bavmufwdkufydkU/
( tif;vsm;vrf; ykHESdyfpufudkoGm;NyD; azmifzGJUaewJUpmrl tydktvdk jzwfp&m
jznfhp&m&Sd&if ighqD,lcJU/
(9) om"kqDrSm 'DaeU aiGb,favmufa&mufovJar;? w&mausmf&&if 50d-,lNyD;
OD;aiGudkifoGm;ay;? t&iftyfxm;wJUykHawG tjrefqGJygvdkUajym/
(10) bavmufwdkufjyefoGm;NyD; rSef&dkufNyD;om;ykHawGudk umvmjc,fbdkU yef;csDq&m
awGqD jyefydkU? tcsdef&&if 'DaeUtNyD;jc,fcdkif;? tem;uxdkifae? NyD;&if tjrefbavmuf
wdkufydkU/
þum; q&mwifhw,f aeUpOfcsay;avh&Sdaom uRefawmfhtvkyfZ,m; erlem
ygwnf;/
 uRefawmfoGm;&aom Xmersm;udk azmfjyygrnf/ yef;csD OD;udkav; tdrfu 9-vrf;?
OD;b*srf; tdrfu 13-vrf;? bavmufwdkufu vGpövrf;? OD;tkef;vGifu 39-vrf;? OD;aiG
udkiftdrfu yef;qdk;wef;/ pef;vGiftdrfu a&ausmf/ q&mwufwdk; tvkyfwdkufu
pywfvrf;/
þae&mawGudk uRefawmf yifhul,SufouJUodkU acgufuJUjyefuJU oGm;&ygonf/
oGm;&ykHrSm Oyrm OD;b*srf;tdrfrS vGpövrf;uJUodkU c&D;rsKd;um; bwfpfum;vrf;jzpfí
um;pd;&ygonf/ teD;tem;ESifh [dkacsmifonfacsmifwkdUudkum; qdkufum;? vefjcm;crwwf
Edkifí ajcvsifcsnf;oGm;&onf/
ajcukefvlyef; tjzpfqkH;rSm wifhw,f\&kH; okH;xyfwdkufavSum;xpf 70-ausmfudk
wuf&qif;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ olonf xdkpOfü jyefMum;a&;&kH;rSm tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
olUqDudk uRefawmfwaeUvQif ysrf;rQjcif; ESpfacgufavmuf a&muf&ygonf/
oluawmh xdkifNyD; Z,m;csay;&kHyg/ nae&kH;qif;aomtcgü olya'omwdkuf
(om"ktdrf) okdUa&mufvmNyD;/ uRefawmfhvkyfief;rsm;udk pdppfygonf/ olxifoavmuf rNyD;
ajrmufcJUaomf tvkyfayghavsmhonf[k rmefrJygonf/ uRefawmf acgif;ikHUí cHcJUygonf/
þtvkyfawG Mum;xJrS uRefawmfonf ya'omtzGJUwm0efcHjzpfí tzGJU0ifawGxH
pmjyef&ygao;onf/ olwkdUpmrlawG zwf&ygao;onf/ uRefawmf0w¦K a&;csdefrSm
noef;acgifausmf wa&;edk;wGif jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfonf bmaMumifh þrQBudK;pm;ygoenf;/
ya'om r*¾Zif;onf 1948 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvupxkwf&m? yxrOD;qkH; 3500d-
NydKufueJ ukefoGm;onf/ aemuf 4000d-aemuf 5000d-aemuf 6000d-onfvdkcsnf;
axmifESifhcsDwufaeawmh uRefawmfwkdUb,favmuftm;&Sdp&m aumif;aeygoenf;/
pma&;q&m tm;aumif;aom ya'omonf rMumrD &Ir0xuf a&SUausmfí BuD;yGm;&awmh
rnf/
xdktcg ya'omydkifwdkufBuD; 0,fvdkufrnf/ armfawmfum;BuD;pD;vdkfufrnf?
uRefawmfwdkU wawG ,ckvc enf;orQ aemifcgrS twdk;csí ig;&mwaxmifpD ,lvdkufMu
rnf/ ya'omydkif armfawmfum;onf tvkyfcsdefwGif tdrfvmac:í tvkyfqif;tdrfjyef
ydkUvdrfhrnf/ aemif uRefawmfwdkUwawGtoufBuD;í ra&;EdkifrcRwfEdkifaomtcgvnf;
bmrQylp&mrvdk/ ya'omwdkufBuD;onf om;pOfajr;quf wnf&Sdaernfjzpfí &S,f,mESifh
yifpifvcESifh 'l;ESHUaebdkUom &Sdawmhonf/ uRefawmfwkdU aoaomfrSvnf; þya'om
vkyfief;BuD;udk tkwfjrpfcscJUol uRefawmfwkdU "mwfykHodkUr[kwf
ykHwlqDaq;yef;csDum;BuD;awG rSm ya'omwdkufcef;wGif tNrJwap&Sdaeayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmf&nf&G,fcsufum; þya' omr*¾Zif;vpOf atmifjrifaomf aemufxyftywfpOf
*sme,f? aemufwqifh aeUpOf ya' omowif;pmtxd xkwfOD;rnfudk;/
 pdwful;,Ofqdkwm ydkufqHwjym;rS ray;&bJESifh w,faumif;wmbJAs/ pifppf 'gawG
[m wifhw,f&JU &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ tu,fwd olom
t*FvefroGm;jzpfzl;qdkygu owif;pm*sme,ftxd ra&mufaomfvnf; &Ir0avmufawmh
atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[k ,ckwdkif uRefawmf,kHMunfygao;\/
okdUaomf pdEdÅwH BuHwdkif;vnf;rjzpfMuonfrdkU? wifhw,fonf tarausmfa'G;awmf
vGrf;onfhES,f 1948-ck Edk0ifbmv 20-&ufaeUwGif jrefrmjynfu xGufcGmoGm;uwnf;
u uRefawmfwdkU ya'omvkyfief;onf z&dkz&Jjzpfav&m? aemufqkH;rSm uRefawmfwkdU\
pdwful;,Of taqmufttkHBuD;onf avxJwGif aMurG aysmufuG,foGm;avownf;/

(*)

vpOfvmaeus rMuifa&Tonf uRefawmfhtm; bk&m;vrf;&Sd om"ktdrfwGif rawGU&

aomtcg uRefawmf\aetdrfvdyfpmudk ar;í pdrf;acsmif;odkU vdkufvmav\/
'Dawmh rif;tdrfa&muf? rif; om;r,m;eJUawGUvdkU udpöNyD;oGm;a&mr[kwfvm;[k
ar;bG,f&Sd\/
[ifhtif;-aomfwmaqGu 'grsKd;bufrSmawmh w,fuHaumif;w,fAs/ bmaMumifhqdk
ya'omu vpOf&aeus aiG100dr&uwnf;u uRefawmfhrSm 0ifaiGcsKdUwJUum a,mu©rESifh
yGJBuD;yGJaumif; EGJxm;NyDwnf;/
xdkn uRefawmftdfjyefawmfawmfaemufus\/ nOfhvJtawmfeufaeNyD/ rdk;awGu
vnf; &Gmaeonf/ uRefawmft&ufvnf; rl;aernfqdkwmawmh ajymp&mrvdkygbl;aemf/
uRefawmftdrfa&SUwHcg;acguf\/ ZeD;emrnfac:\/ bmoHrQrMum;ojzifh owdkU
tdyfarmusaeMuovm;[k wHcg;udk ememxk\/
pifppfawmh xdkvt&uf 20-ausmfaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf; a,mu©rtm; xrif;vc
75-usyfrQom ay;&ao;&m? usefaiG 75-usyftwGuf a,mu©ru rauseyfcsuf&Sdaeí
olwkdUom;trdwdkifyifNyD; wrifrMum;csifa,mif aqmifaeMuwmudk;/
'Dawmh 'DaumifuvJ bm&rvJ om0bJ? vufeJU wHcg;xk&wm tm;r&awmh tdrf
atmufqif;? tkwfcJusKd;wckaumufvmNyD; tjyif;txefaqmfawmhwmaygh/
]]eifwdkU tdrfom;tm;vkH; em;yif;aeMuovm;}}[lívnf; xyfumxyfumatmf\/
aemufqkH;awmh a,mu©rtoHxGufvm\/
]][JU eiftdrfeJU,meJUrwefbl;? tJ'D avScg;wufrSmtdyf}}
 'Dawmh uRefawmfa'gojzpfum olUemrnfac:í-
]]'DrSma':bD uRefawmfu acG;uwufawmh tdyfwJUaumifpm;rsKd; r[kwfzl;AsKdU}}
]]igwHcg; zGifhray;awmh eifbmwwfEdkifvJ}}
]][m odaprayghAsm}}
tJonftcgrSm olUrwfawmfarmif? uRefawmfhZeD;\ OD;av;u uRefawmfhtm;
oifMum;ay;vdkufonfudk owd&vm\/
uG,fvGefol uRefawmfha,mu©xD;\ emrnfrSm t*Fvdyfvdk qpf'eDbm&dk;jzpfí
olUwGif t,f&dwfbm&dk;rnfaom nDt&if;wa,muf&Sd\/

olwkdUaqGrsKd;

1946-ckESpfü uRefawmftnmodkU qefukefonftjzpfESifh oGm;aomtcg a,mu©r

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oGm;awmh..oGm;awmh}}
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 uRefawmfrSm þ(atmf)av;wvkH;ESifhyif olUtem;u xGufcGmcJU&ygawmh\/
31-vrf;a&mufawmh olUudk uRefawmfjyefMunfhvdkufao;\/ oluvJ uRefawmfhudk
Munfhaevsuf/ uRefawmfhpdwf0,folonf ,cifwkef;uxuf ydkívSaeonf[k atmufarh
rdonf/ uRefawmfaemufqkH; vufjyEIwfqufvdkufNyD; wm0gbm;xJodkU 0ifcJUonf/
]]a[h..u&pf&Sfem;? tBuD;wvkH;eJU csdpfwyGJ}}
uRefawmfwdkU vufpGJawmf bGdKifukvm; u&pf&Sfem;um; tvGefvl&nfvnfonf
jzpfí-
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aomufaeustcsdef 5-em&DvJ rxdk;ao;bl;}}
xdkacwf xdktcgü bGdKifwkdUonf pm;yGJteD;ü rwfwwf&yfae&um t&ufiSJUay;&
onf/ qdk'g0,fay;&onf/ azmufonftBudKufudk odwwfonf/ uRefawmfonf t&uf
udkqdk'gav;q pyfaomufavh&Sd&m xdkaeUawmh...
]]a[h u&pf&Sfem;? t&ufzefcGuf w0ufxnfh? qdk'gw0ufxnfh }}
olonf uRefawmfwckck jzpfvmNyDudk odí-
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igvdkcsifrS ac:r,f}}
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qD;BudKcJUw,f}}
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]]pdwfraumif;vdkufwm nDr&,f? olu b,fuvJ}}
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eJUnDryxrOD;qkH; ya'omwdkufrSm awGUNyD;tudkav; nDrudkvefjcm;eJUvdkufydkUwJUaeUupNyD;
olUudkusrjiif;cJUwm? tckawmh tckawmh}} ol idkoHygvmNyD; oGm;awmh tudkav;
oGm;awmh..oGm;awmh}}
uRefawmfvnf; 0rf;enf;oHxGufvmum..
]]bmvdkU 'gavmufawmif ESif&wmvJ nDr&,f}}
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 ]]atmf...}}
uRefawmfrSm þ(atmf)av;wvkH;ESifhyif olUtem;u xGufcGmcJU&ygawmh\/
31-vrf;a&mufawmh olUudk uRefawmfjyefMunfhvdkufao;\/ oluvJ uRefawmfhudk
Munfhaevsuf/ uRefawmfhpdwf0,folonf ,cifwkef;uxuf ydkívSaeonf[k atmufarh
rdonf/ uRefawmfaemufqkH; vufjyEIwfqufvdkufNyD; wm0gbm;xJodkU 0ifcJUonf/
]]a[h..u&pf&Sfem;? tBuD;wvkH;eJU csdpfwyGJ}}
uRefawmfwdkU vufpGJawmf bGdKifukvm; u&pf&Sfem;um; tvGefvl&nfvnfonf
jzpfí-
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aomufaeustcsdef 5-em&DvJ rxdk;ao;bl;}}
xdkacwf xdktcgü bGdKifwkdUonf pm;yGJteD;ü rwfwwf&yfae&um t&ufiSJUay;&
onf/ qdk'g0,fay;&onf/ azmufonftBudKufudk odwwfonf/ uRefawmfonf t&uf
udkqdk'gav;q pyfaomufavh&Sd&m xdkaeUawmh...
]]a[h u&pf&Sfem;? t&ufzefcGuf w0ufxnfh? qdk'gw0ufxnfh }}
olonf uRefawmfwckck jzpfvmNyDudk odí-
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igvdkcsifrS ac:r,f}}
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qD;BudKcJUw,f}}
þpum;onf uRefawmfhpdwf0,f xdcdkufvSonf/
wu,fqdk tusKD;taMumif;udk igpma&;bdkU aumif;w,f/ ckawmh rif;&ufpufvGef;
w,f/
tdk....tJonfwkef;u rif;olUqDudk tJ'DpmrsKd;vJ ra&;&ufzl; r[kwfvm;/ tvdkvdk
wjznf;jznf;eJU arhoGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU aecJUwmr[kwfvm;/
at;..rif;vdk aumifuawmh arhrSmayghuGm/ &nf;pm;awG trsm;BuD;eJU[mudk?
olUcrsmav;awmh tckawmif idkoHav;ygvdkU/
a[h...'gawG awG;raeeJUawmh/
 t&ufaomufrSm aomufuGm...aomufuGm../
aomufNyD;oDcsif;qdk/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmft&ufcGufjynfhudk armhcsvdkufNyD; pdwfxJrSm oDcsif;&Gwf\/
t&ufudk tazmfvkyfum t[kwfzJ aomufvdkUaysmfawmhr,f/ tem;r,f...wyg;
r,f azsmfajzol a0;NyD/
[,f...olUbJ owd&jyefNyDaum/
,cifwkef;uqdkvQif rMuifa&TESifh uRefawmf 3-em&DcGJyGJMunfhNyD; &kyf&SiftjzKwf?
'Dwm0Smbm;xJ [dkwkef;u&SdcJUwJU oD;oefUcef;xJ0ifNyD; uRefawmft&ufaomufawmh rMuif
a&Tu eHab;u tjrnf;pm;vdkUaygh/ tckawmhav olUvifvufrSwf,lwm apmifhaew,f/
[Gef; tck olUtaumifu b,favmufcsrf;omovJ/ ESpfusyfcJGwef;u
vufrSwfwdk;vdkU/ igeJUwkef;uqdk&if rMuifa&T b,f'Dvdk[kwfrSmwkef;/ udk,fu ydkufqHcsrf;
omwJUaumifr[kwfayr,fh tNrJwrf; 'DpD 3-usyfcGJwef;ubJ/ bmaMumifhqdk tNrJwrf;
arwåmvufrSwfu &oudk;/ yav'D,H&kHqD udka&Tabmf? *vkyf&kHqdk udkausmfrif;? vrf;jzwf
oGm;wmjrifwmawmif xGufvdkufvmNyD; ]]q&mMunfygtkH;? 'Dum;aumif;w,fq&m}}[k
wdkufwGef;wwfMuyg\/
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*vkyf&kHqdk&if aemufydwfqkH;jypfucef;em;uyfaewJU axmifh/
arSmifrdkufrdkuf acsmifBudKufMuwJU t&G,fawGudk;/
EdkUNyD; rD;rSdwfvdkU &kyf&SifjyNyDqdkawmh uRefawmfb*Fvm;armifESr[m
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tJ'g b,fvdktcspfqdkwmudk t&G,fysKdrspfwJU uRefawmfwkdUu...
xkwfazGum EIwfacRrajymaomfvJ
cspfwm arwåm oabmawGu
raem udk,fpD odMuordkU
 a[m[dkqD rxdatmif owdaqmifvdkU&Sm;cJUMu
rrSm;wJUb0rSmjzifh wnfcJUonf/
atmf...ork',aZmawGeJU
tckrSESajrmNyD; vk&r,fh oabmqdk&ifjzifh
'k-o-e-aom a[haomfwmaqG&JU
rif; olUr&aumuGm
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ukefpifatmifawmif rif;rokH;Edkifygbl;uGJU/
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*Dwm&SdwfawGcsnf;bJ/ edkUNyD;ausmhwdkU EGJUwdkUaum/ tdk...trsm;BuD; rif;rSm&Sd&ufom;eJU/
'D[mrav;wa,muf ESajrmraeygeJUawmhuGm? olUtdrfaxmifeJUoljzpfoGm;ygNyD/ udk,frpm;
EdkifwJUtpm; olrsm;0g;yapayghuGm/ rif;aumifrav;awGUcJU&vdkU pdwfraumif;jzpfaewm/
avSarsm avSeJUvdkuf? aiGarsmaiGeJUvdkufqkdwmvdk jrmarsmawmh jrmeJUbJvdkufayghuG/
rif;tdrfu pma&;pm;yGJxJrSm rif;&nf;pm;pmawGeJU "mwfykHawG trsm;BuD;bJ/ tJ'gawG
jyefMunfh/ jyefzwfygvm;uG/
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q&m}}
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pdwfysufygw,f}}
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ynm&Sm t&G,fwGif;[mrdkU
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 axG;ESr xHyg;/

uRefawmf vlysKdayguf &efukefa&mufwJUESpfu uRefawmfhcspfOD;olodkU a&;ydkUvdkufwJU

uAsm0g EkEk av;csKd;uav;ygbJcifAsm/ olu 14-ESpf? uRefawmfu 16-ESpfom;rSm
pwifBudKufvm cJUMuwm uRefawmf 19-ESpfom;rSm ol[m uRefawmfhtoJudk
cGJypfvdkufwmygbJcifAsm/ (olUudk]cspfaomod*Ø}vdkU 0w¦Ka&;NyD;NyD/)
pifppfawmh toufi,fi,feJU &nf;pm;xm;wJU vlawG[m toJuGJ&rSmcsnf;aygh
cifAsm/ bmaMumifhvJ qdkawmh ]orD;unm? tcgrvifh ]£w¦d&lyH-"eH}qdkxm;awmh olwdkUrSm
u vif,lbdkUu w,fvG,foudk;As/ uRefawmfwdkU a,mufsm;awGrSmawmh ynmoiftkH;[
NyD;awmh tvkyf&SmtkkH;[/ rdef;rwa,muf&bdkUta&; awmfawmfav;cufom;As/
EdkUNyD; uRefawmfh&nf;pm;OD;uvJ 4-ykH 3-ykHw&kwfaoG;ygawmh olU]tw,f}[m
uRefawmfhvdk awmuv,form;om;udk b,fenf;eJUrSoabmrwlbl;/ t&ufqdkifuaZmf
qdkifydkif&Sif taygifqdkifydkif&Sif axmifuJBuD; qdkawmh olUorD;eJU uRefawmfjzpfrSef;vJ oda&m
olwdkUvdk w&kwf0ufowfvdkifpifpD 0ufaxmifrSL;om;eJU ay;pm;vdkufoAs/
tJonftcsdefrSm uRefawmf &l;rwwfcHcJU&w,f/ uRefawmfhtoJuGJcgpuqdk&if
uRefawmf[m rdef;rrSeforQ pdwfemNyD;awmh vlysKdBuD; tjzpfeJUbJ woufvkH; aeoGm;awmh
rvdkvdk? ouFef;bJ qD;awmhra,mifa,mif? pdwfabmifbifcwfNyD; aemufw,frMumygbl;?
&nf;pm;qdkwm wa,mufxJxm;vdkU raumif;bl;? rsm;rsm;xm;rS pdwfat;&r,f/ ]rdef;rqdk
wm aqmif;avyrmnd? twGif;oabmrwnf? ajymif;vJwwfonf}vdkU cifarmif&ifqdkcJU
wJU twdkif;? uJ..tJvdk wa,mufajymif;vJoGm;wJUtcg? udk,fhrSm vufusefawG&Sdaew,f
qdk&if bmylp&mwkef;/ tJonfvdkpdwful;NyD; wcgxdNyD;vdkU cJrSefbl;wJU
pmoli,fvdkjzpfaewJU uRefawmf[m &nf;pm;awG &oavmuf ajAmufxm;awmhw,fAsKdU/
&efukef{&d,mu e,fus,fwmbJAsm/ &nf;pm;rsm;rsm;xm;vdkU&w,f/
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wa,mufxm;vdkufwmeJU wNrdKUvkH; owif;jzpfaeNyD/
tJvdk uRefawmfhrSm &nf;pm;awGrsm;aeawmh b,folUudkjzifh igr&&ifraeEdkifawmhyg
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pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;vdkufwmbJ/
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uRefawmfpçwkef;u 13-4ESpf tysKdawmifrjzpfwjzpfxifygAsm/ olUudkr&t&BuHw,f
vJr[kwfygbl;Asm/ ppfBuD;jzpfvdkU &efukefNrdKUysufNyD; tm;vkH;&nf;pm;awGeJU
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rarQmfvifhbJeJU aemfrmawGUNyD; nm;oGm;wmAs/
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wuxJ &efukefNrdKUBuD; at;aq;oGm;vdkU *syefacwfrSm jyefawGUMuawmh tajctaet&
wcsKdUvJ tdrfaxmifawGusvdkUayghAsm/ odkUaomf 'Di,fucspfawG[m (uRefawmfuolwkdU&JU
tcspfOD;vJ jzpfcsifjzpfaer,fayghAsm) usm;aoaomfvJ usm;a&rajymif;bl;qdkwmvdk
cspfpdwfawGu rys,fMuawmh apmifhxdef;oifhoavmuf apmifhxdef;MuwJU &nf;pm;w0rf;uGJ
&nf;pm;wckvyfawG jzpfukefMuwmayghAsm/ tr,f tJ'gvJ t&omwrsKd;cifAs/ uRefawmf
urdef;uav;awGudk r&ufpufwwfzl;/ trsKd;orD;qdk&if oem;vJ oem;? tm;vJemwwf
w,f r[kwfvm;/ 'Dawmh 'Daumif&nf;pm;rsm;w,fvdkU t&yfu tajymcH&jyefa&m/
tJ...tck pma&;q&m jzpfvmjyefawmhvJ rdwfaqGwkdUodMuwJUtwdkif;bJ? wuxJ
&efukefuom r[kwf/ tNrdKUNrdKUte,fe,fuyg vmMujyefoAs/
tcke uRefawmfa&;cJUw,f? rMuifa&Tav;eJU ywfoufNyD;av-
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jyefxGufcJUonfupNyD; uRefawmfhZmwfvrf;qufygonf/
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5-4-51
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4-4-51
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tm; ]]'DrSm aomfwma&...rif;q&m &efukefudkoGm;aew,f? 'grSr[kwf wjcm;c&D;xGuf
aew,fqdk&if udk,fawmfjrwfBuD; vmawmfrrlawmhygbl;cifAs? wcgwav tdrfa&SUa&muf
vm (q&mra&mufao;bl;vm;ar;) (ra&mufao;bl;)qdk&if okwfueJ xGufoGm;a&m?
uJ..'DrSm Munfhprf;aomfwm? rif;jrifwJUtwdkif;bJ? aeUpOfaumfzDvufzuf&nfeJU rkefUyGJjyif
ay;&wmuig? wu,fqdk&if q&mr&Sdwkef; q&muawmf uRefawmfbmvkyfay;p&m&Sdao;
vJ ar;bdkUraumif;bl;vm;? ckawmh ar;aygifawmf? tdrfawmif vmazmfr&awmhbl;?
olUq&mrS olUq&muGighrsm; touf&Sdw,fawmif atmufarhwm r[kwfzl;}
q&mvGifu &,farmae\/
uRefawmfu ]]tck olUzdeyfeJU bdkifpu,fxm;NyD; b,fudkoGm;wmvJ}}
]]bk&m;rSm waeUvkH;oGm;aewm}}
]]r[mjrwfrkedudk r[kwfvm;? awmfawmfa0;om;bJ? bmvdkUbdkifpu,fpD;roGm;vJ}}
]]atmifr,f..olUvJ MunfndKwJUvlawG&Sdw,farmif? tJ'Dbk&m;vrf;ajy;wJU
bwfpfum;orm;awGu olUqdk&if b,folurS ydkufqHr,lMubl;}
xdkvlBuD;onf q&mvGifaoonftxd aeUpOfrjywfvmcJUí ]]q&m'DaeUuRefawmfh
bmcdkif;p&m &SdovJ}}[kar;jref;cJU\/
 uJ...oifhwGif þrQcspfcif&dkao av;pm;ol&Sdygovm;/
q&mvGifum; vlvlcsif;uom r[kwf? wd&pämefrsm;uvnf; cspfcifMuao;\/
q&mvGifonf oDv&ifawGudk qGrf;qefavmif;avhr&Sdaomfvnf;? aeUpmuav;
awGESifh iSufuav;awGudk qefyufauR;\/ &SOfhuav;awGudk xrif;auR;\/ opfoD;?
iSufaysmoD;auR;\/ olwkdUtwGuf oifykwfpifuav; jyKvkyfxm;\/
q&mvGif tvkyfrSm pmuav;? iSufuav;awG tpmauR;&mwGif jyóemr&Sdaomf
vnf; &SOfhawG auR;&mrSm olUwGifatmf&aiguf&ao;\/
taMumif;rSm (uRefawmf&SdpOfcdkuf owdjyKrdonf) &SOfhtBuD;qkH;waumifonf
Adkvfus\/ oifykwfpifrSm olwaumifxJ vmpm;NyD; 'djyiftaumifi,fawGudk rmefzDí
olUtem;vmvQif udkufudkufvTwf\/
onfawmh q&mvGifrSm 'Daumif tpmpm;aeonfudk Munfhae&\/ ol0NyD;rpm;
awmhbl;? odkUaomf oifykwfay:u roGm;bJ onfhjyifaumifawGudk tNrD;wzGm;zGm;?
apmif;arG;waxmifaxmifESifh rmefzDaeNyDqdkygu q&mvGifu 'DaumifqDoGm;um-
]]a[haumif...rif;pm;NyD;&if oGm;awmh? olrsm;&ef&SmraeeJU? rif;awmhaemf awmfawmf
pdwfESvkH;ykwfwJUaumifBuD;? rif; t&dkufcH&awmhr,f}} qdkNyD; 'D&SOfhausmudk
olUvufnId;av;ESifh &dkufvdkufawmhrS udk,fawmfjrwfu okwfawmfrl\/ 'DawmhrS tjcm;
&SOfhawGvmpm;&\/
þ&SOfhawGudk q&mvGifzrf;í&onf/ uRefawmfhudkrlum; tem;uyfrQrcHMu/

AGwfuvkH vifr,m;
waeUaomtcgü q&mvGifxdkifaeaom tdrfa&SUpm;yGJwGif AGwfuvkHuav;
ESpfaumif vmem;í q&mvGifu rraomif;tm;-
]]ratBuD;a&...a[m'D rif;cav;awGvmaeMuw,f/ qefuav;,lcJUygtkH;uGm}}[k
vSrf;ajymvdkufí rraomif;u qef,lvmNyD; tdrfa&SU yufauR;vdkufawmhrS oGm;pm;Mu\/
q&mvGifu uRefawmfhtm;-
]]aomfwm...tJ'D AGwfuvkHESpfaumif b,f'if;txD;vJ b,f'if;trvJ odvm;}}
uRefawmfvnf; wd&pämefudk tawmfavhvmoljzpfí-
 ]][dkbufaumifu txD;? 'Dbufutr r[kwfvm;}}
]]at;.[kwfw,f 'gayr,fh olwdkUi,fvifi,fr,m;r[kwfzl;uG? txD;av;u
rkqdk;bdk? trav;u aemufr,m;}}
]][m...q&m b,fhES,fvkyf odvJ}}
]]'DtxD;uav;[m t&ifr,m;eJUwkef;uxJu 'dkUtdrfrSmvmpm;aomufaewm?
olwkdU0&if jyefoGm;Mua&muG? aemufqmrSvmMuw,f? pkHwGJb,fawmhrSrcGJbl;? waeUawmh
udkaomfwma&..trçav; ygrvmbl;? txD;av;waumifxJ? ola[m'Dpm;yGJay:rSm
tawmfav;wzswfzswfeJU vl;vdkufvSdrfhwm...yg;pyfuvJjrnf&JUuGJU? olUiSufrav;udk
wa,mufa,mufu ypfvdkuf cwfvdkufygvdrfhr,f..oem;p&m tifrwefaumif;w,f?
oabmuawmh olusKyfudkvmNyD; wdkifwmajymwm jzpfygvdrhfr,f? aemufqkH;awmh a[m'D
usKyf&ifbwf pGyfus,fEIwfcrf; ajcav;ukyfvmem;NyD; usKyf&ifbwfudk tawmifav;
wzswfzswfcwfNyD;awmhrS ysHoGm;w,f? wv udk;oD;wif;avmuf olay:rvmawmhbl;?
aemufqkH;rS tckaumifrav;eJU jyefvmwmudk&if&JU}}
q&mvGif\apwem
25-11-62
aomfwm
owif;pmxJrSm zwf&onf/ trIjzpf&if aiGvdkw,f/ udpöudk rar;vdkbl;/ aiG&Sd&JU
vm;/ r&Sd&if T.M.O eJUydkUvdkufrnf/
bvGif
q&mvGifonf pmudkwdkwdkESifhvdk&if;oma&;onf/ þpmuRefawmfhqD a&mufvm&
aom udpöum; 1962-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 22-&ufaeUnwGif uRefawmfhtdrfajc&if;tdrfu
tzGm;BuD;tm; uRefawmfuykvif;ESifhaygufí &kH;a&muftrIjzpfaeaomaMumifh owif;pm
rsm;xJ ygoGm;í jzpf\/
þudpöudk pmzwfolrsm;tm; ,ck uRefawmfhb0rSwfwrf;usrSbJ &Sif;&awmhrnf/
onftzGm;BuD; trIwdkifonfrSm uRefawmfuaomufpm;rl;,pfNyD; taMumif;rJU
oufouf olUudkykvif;ESifhypfcwfygonf[kqdkonf/
uRefawmf t&ufrrl;bl;awmhrqdkyg/ naewdkif; rl;aeusbJ/ taMumif;uawmh
&Sdyg\/
'DtzGm;BuD; tdrfaemufaz;wnfhwnfhrSm NcHuGufvyfwck&Sdonf/ olu rwefwq
aps;ESifh 0,faeonf/ ydkif&Sifu ra&mif;/ 'gudk uRefawmfu uRefawmfholi,fcsif;
(AdkvfMunf) ,ck tif;pdefygwD,lepf OuúXAdkvfBuD; armifMunftm; ESpfaxmifESifh0,fay;
vdkufonf/ þrSpí 'DtzGm;BuD; uRefawmfhudk&efnId;odkawmh\/ uRefawmfwdkUtdrfom;rsm;
ESifh rac:rajymawmhbJ uRefawmfhtaMumif; tremyajymawmh\/
xdkpOf AdkvfMunfrSm yJEG,fukef;rSmaeí opfESifhvuform;awGvTwfí tdrfaqmuf
ap\/
þtzGm;BuD;tdrfonf rlvuwnf;u aemufaz;NcHxJudk olUrD;zdkwHpufNrdwf
wawmifavmuf0ifatmif aqmufxm;\/ NcHydkif&Sifu &dk;om;&kHru 'DtzGm;BuD;udkvnf;
aMumuf&GHUírajym0HUMu? olu ydkufqHav; awmfawmf&Sdí t&yfxJ aiGwdk;acs;pm;aeolrkdU
qif;&Jom;wkdU tay:ü MoZmvJ&Sd\/
olUudk awmfvSef&Jolu uRefawmfwa,mufbJ jzpfaeoudk;/
vuform;awG tdrfaqmufaeMuawmh olvkyfykHrSm olUtdrftay:xyf rD;zdkcef;u
aeNyD;awmh tnpftaMu;a&awG wrifwumusL;aeaom olUwHpufNrdwfrS wzsef;zsef;
oGefcsaeonf/ vuform;awG olUNcHpyfuyf&if; avmif;cs&if;rdkU vuform;rsm;u
uRefawmhvmwdkif\/
uRefawmfu olBuD;tm; oGm;wdkif\/ vuform;rsm;tvkyf vkyfrjzpfEdkifavmuf
atmif jzpfaeonf/ 'gaMumifh a&awGroGefcsbkdU? odkUr[kwf a&wHavQmufvkyfzdkU oGm;ajym
ay;yg[k awmif;yef\/
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awmfawmfrsm;&Sdaewmudk;/
]]igu olBuD;rsm; aomuf*&kpdkufvdkU}}[k uRefawmfMum;atmif wrifajymNyD;
ydkíoGefcs\/
uRefawmf'kwd,txpf vkyfao;\/
AdkvfMunfuawmf a':Munfvnf; a&mufaecdkufjzpfí rlvNcHydkif&Sif a':a&ayg&,f
uRefawmfhZeD;&,f? a':Munf&,fokH;a,muf 'DtzGm;BuD;tdrfay: oGm;NyD;ajymbdkUcdkif;\/
xdkaeUn 7-em&Davmuf uRefawmftdrfjyefa&mufawmh rD;zdkcef;xJ 'DtzGm;BuD;
tdrfbufuyfaewJU jywif;aygufem;rSm uRefawmfwkdU vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpum;ajymMu
w,f/
]]ar 'DuaeU armifajymwJUtwdkif; oGm;ajymvm;}}
 ]]ajymw,f...tr,fav; bmjyefajymw,frSwfvJ? ighoabmwJU? nnf;wkdUightdrfay:
uqif;oGm;MuwJU}}
,if;tcdkufrSmbJ 'DtzGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtdrfjywif;aygufeJU wnfhwnfh? olUtcef;
jyKwif;aygufrSm uRefawmfwkdUudk yrmrcefUrsufESmBuD;eJU bGm;ueJ ay:vmawmh uRefawmfh
aMumiftdrfay:u iefjym&nf ykvif;ESpfvkH;[m uRefawmfawmif aumif;aumif;rodvdkuf
&ygbl;/ 0kef;0kef;eJU wvkH;NyD;wvkH; xGufoGm;Muwm wvkH;u wHcg;abmifrSefNyD; vnfyif;
usKd; atmufydkif;u tdrfatmufusoGm;w,f? aemufwvkH;uawmh olUtcef;xJ 'g&dkufzJ
0ifoGm;w,f/
wu,fawmh 'Dykvif;awG[m olUudkrrSefygbl;/ uRefawmfaumif;aumif;odygw,f/
aoaocsmcsm rSefapcsifwJUpdwfeJU csdefypfwmrSr[kwfbJ/ uRefawmfu a'goBuD; tifrwef
vufjrefwJUaumifrdkU...
tu,fíom uRefawmfaoaocsmcsm csdefypfvdkUykvif;omolU&ifbwfrSefr,fqdk&if
'gBuD; b,foufomrSmwkef;? 10-ayavmufuGmwmbJ?
tckawmh olUrSm b,fwkef;ujzpfxm;wJU 'Pf&ma[mif;rSef;rodygbl;? nSyf&dk;
atmufem;rSm uRefawmfhykvif;rSefygw,fvdkU pGJcsufwifw,f/ q&m0efuvJ wkH;aomt&m
0w¦KeJU xdcdkufrdwm jzpfEdkifw,fvdkU xGufw,f/
trIrSm olUbufu oufaoav;a,mufawmif xnfhxm;w,f/ olUorD;&,f?
olwdkUtdrftdkBuD; ysufpD;wm vmjyifaewJU vuform;okH;a,muf&,f? 'Dvuform;
okH;a,mufteuf q&mBuD;wa,mufom tJ'DtcsdefrSm nolUqDvuform;c r&ao;vdkU
ay;rvm; apmifhaewm/ ESpfa,mufu naeuwJu jyefoGm;MuNyD/
aemuf...udkazodef; tdrfaqmufawmh uRefawmftJ'Dvuform;awGbJ iSm;ay;vdkU
tukefzGifhajymNyD; uRefawmfhudk awmif;yefMuygw,f/ olUtdrfrSm tcif;jzpfcsdef&SdaewJU
vuform;BuD;uvJ olbmrSodvdkuf jrifvdkuf&wmr[kwfygbl;/ 'DtzGm;BuD;udkvJ
tJ'Dtcsdefu bmrS xdcdkuf'Pf&mr&Sdygbl;wJU/ olUqDu vuform;c &p&m&Sdwm oloif
wJU twdkif;rxGuf&if ray;bl;qdkvdkUwJU/ vl&dk;awmom;BuD;awGcifAs/
uRefawmfuawmh b,foufaorS rac:ygbl;/ tJ'D&kH;u pma&;awG a&SUbwfawG
u uRefawmhfpmzwfrdwfaqGawGjzpfaeawmh uRefawmfolwkdU&kH;a&mufvmwmudkbJ awGUbl;
jrifbl;&vdkU 0rf;omaeowJU/ 'DtrIuvJ uRefawmfhtwGuf bmrSrjzpfEdkifygbl;wJU/ tzGm;
BuD;&JU pGJcsufMunfhNyD;awmh b,fvdkxGuf&r,fqdkwmvJ oifxm;Muygw,f/
'DtzGm;BuD;&JUpJGcsufu ]]aomfwmaqG[m tvGeftuRHaomufpm;rl;,pfNyD;awmh
olUudk taMumif;rJUoufouf ykvif;ESifhypfygw,f}}qdkawmh olU[mudku redyfawmhbl;/
olUtjypfol zkH;csifvGef;tm;BuD;aewmudk;/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfu oifMum;xm;wJUtwdkif;..
 ]][kwfygw,f uRefawmftvGeftuRH rl;aeygw,f? tJ'Dykvif;eJU ypfvdkufrdw,fqdk
wmawmif *wfuuRefawmfhvmzrf;rSbJ od&ygawmhw,f}}vdkU olUpGJcsuf0efcHvdkufawmh
olqifxm;wJU oufaoawGawmif ppfp&mrvdkawmhbl;/ 6-vtwGif; aumif;rGefpGmaeap
[laom pD&ifcsufeJUbJ NyD;pD;oGm;ygawmh\/
,if;odkUjzifh 'DwdkufyGJrSm uRefawmfatmifjrifonf[k qdk&rnf/ bmaMumifhqdk
uRefawmfykvif;eJU nOD;ydkif;rSm ypfvdkufwm aemufwaeUeHeuf apmapmrSmbJ AdkvfMunfNcH
buf usL;aewJU olUwHpufNrdwfudk a&wHavQmufwyfNyD; AdkvfMunfNcHxJ a&rusatmif vkyf
awmhoAs/ olUpdwful;u'DvdkcifAs/ uRefawmfu olUudk tJ'DwHpufNrdwfa&uswJUudpöaMumifh
ypfw,fvdkUqdkr,f/ 'Dawmholu r[kwfygbl;/ tdrfrSmvmMunfhEdkifygw,f? 'Da&wHavQmuf
wyfxm;wmbJ? b,favmufMumygNyD? a[m'Dvuform;awG oufao&Sdygw,fvdkU tuGuf
qifwmudkcifAs/ tm* tzGm;BuD;/ odkUaomf avmuü trSefbufuom atmifjrif&\/
,if; tusKd;taMumif;awG jynfhjynfhpkHpkH q&mvGifqD pma&;vdkufawmh q&m
auseyfoGm;ygonf/
aomfwm
tJ'Dpdwf tJ'DowådrsKd;awG q&mcsD;rGrf;w,f/
bvGif
uJ-aus;Zl;&Sif q&mvGiftaMumif; NyD;awmh cspfol]vGif}taMumif; jyefqufygrnf/
xdkrQruao;/ þtzGm;BuD;tm; uRefawmfvufvGefajcvGef usL;vGefjyKrdonf/
uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm NrKHaeaom tjcm;taMumif;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ olUtdrfrSm tapcHr
av;wa,muf xm;avh&Sd&m uRefawmfwkdU olUtdrfteD;odkU ajymif;vmcJUaom ESpfrSm
tkH;usifrnfaom tysKdaygufrav; acsmarmaom &kyf&nf&Sd\/
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rauR;? tapcHrawG tysKdjzpfNyD; 0vSvm&ifcufw,f? ocifudktmcHNyD; vifaemufvdkuf
wwfw,f[laom olU0g'jzifh olUNcHaygufudk arG;jrLvmaom tkH;usif acsmarmvSyvm
onfudk r&Ipdrfh/ xdkUaMumifh tkH;usifudk wzkH;zkH;&dkufvsuf xrif;udk 0pGmrauR;? ,if;udk
tkH;usifuraeEdkifvdkU cdk;pm;awmh ]olcdk;r}[kqdkNyD; vnfyif;udkeif;í eIwfcrf;udk tyfESifhxdk;
\/
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tkH;usifu þrQyifruyg olUudk,fcE¨mESifh &ifom;rsm;udkyg emusifatmifjyKygao;onf[k
uRefawmfhZeD;tm;ajymawmh uRefawmfwdkUtvGefw&m u&kPmoufMuonf/ eif'Dtdrfu
xGufajy;ygvm;? eifhrSmaqGrsKd;r&Sdbl;vm; ar;awm armfvNrdKifbufrSm&Sdygonf/ odkUaomf
olb,fub,fvdkoGm;&rSef;rod? armfvNrdKifa&muf&ifawmh oGm;wwfygonf EdkUNyD;
c&D;p&dwfu wjym;rSr&Sdyg/
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&xm;ay: ta&muf vrf;p&dwftjynfhtpkHESifh aemufaz;tdrfu vlysKdBuD; udkuHnTefUtm;
ydkUcdkif;vdkuf\/
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xdkrSpNyD; oluRefawmfwkdUudk trsufodkonf/
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a&Tem;awmf ayguf[JU}}[k uRefawmfhudkMum;atmif wrifatmfajymavh&Sdojzifh uG,fvGefol
olUcifyGef;u rnfolenf;pkHprf;Munfhawmh [dkacwfu pmwdkufAdkvfwJUAsm? tJ'gaMumifh
a&Twdkufpm&if;0ifwJU? olUom;rsm;u &SufMuí tar'gawGrajymygeJUqdkvnf;r&? om;awG
udk jyefrmefrJ\/
xdkUjyif uRefawmfwkdUtm; qJykHuvnf; ynmom;yg\/ uRefawmfwdkUtdrfu acG;rsm;
olUtdrfbuf oGm;aomtcg...
]][JU..*rsif;rtdrfuacG;awG}}'gu uRefawmfhrdef;rudk wG,fwm/ uRefawmfhwG,fykH
uawmh ]][JU aomuf*rsif;rtdrfuacG;awG? eifwkdUocif t&uform;u eifwkdUudkaMumfNyD;
t&ufeJUNrD;bdkU ightdrfvmNyD; ighacs;pm;Muwmvm;wJU}}
uJ..olUpum; t"dyÜm,f b,favmufwmoGm;ovJ? 'Drdef;rBuD;u taumif;buf
om rawmfcsifae&r,f? onfvdkwzufom; ESHbdkUuawmh awmfoAs/
uRefawmfrSm udk,fpdwful;r&onfh pum;oGm;rsKd;yif jzpfaeí olUcsD;rGrf;NyD; NyKH;rd
onf/
odkUaomf...uRefawmfwdkU aqmif&Gufcsufum; udk,fh[mudk,f rk'dwmjzpf&onf/
taMumif;rSm av;ig;ajcmufESpfrQ Mumaomtcgü tkH;usiftm; &efukefNrdKUrSmbJ csrf;om
aom vifa,mufsm;ESifh acsmarmvSyaom ZeD;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfaps;rSm rMumcPawGU& onf/
vGefcJUaomESpfuyif olUuav;ESpfa,mufESifh uRefawmfwkdUtdrf vma&mufvnf
ywfao;\/ olUrSmvuf0wf vufpm;awGtjynfh/

tcef;-7

tyltat;
 vGifqDu olb,faeUrEÅav;odkU vmEdkifrnfudk uRefawmf awmfawmfESifh&ufcsdef;r&
ao;acs/ taMumif;jycsufvnf;razmfjy/ uRefawmfh&ifcGifxJ a&mufrSbJ zGifh[awmif;yef
0HUygrnf[k vQKdU0SufoJzdk vkyfxm;onf/
onfawmh uRefawmfrSm ydkí pdwfapm&onfaygh/
xdktckdufrSm a&Tref;NrdKUu yltdkufonf? arNrdKUajymif;umtdrfiSm;í waEGcdkrnf[k
q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;u pDpOfonf/ arNrdKU&Sd olUwynfhrsm;xHpma&;í tdrfiSm;aponf/
nHawm&yf0,f ESpfxyfwdkuf? atmufxyf wv 50-usyfESifh &vdkUajymif;awmh uRefawmf
vJygoGm;oaygh/
tJonftcgrSm uRefawmfarNrdKUodkU yxrOD;qkH;a&mufzl;jcif;/
ae&mXmewckckodkU yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf a&muf&onfrSm udk,fhtzdkUopfí? tef;í?
ae&xdkif&? Munfh&&I&? vnf&ywf&t&om&SdvSonf/ MumoGm;awmh? odkUr[kwf tacguf
tacguf tcgtcg a&muf&awmh &dk;ítDí oGm;awmhonf/ bmESifhwloenf;/ vifr,m;
ESifhwlonf/ nm;pawmh [J..[J..cifAsm;wkdU odMuwJU twdkif;ygbJ/ aemufawmhbmjzpfvm
oenf;/ w,f...'D[mr igrajymvdkufcsifbl;/
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odkUaomf uRefawmfonf wjznf;jznf;eD;vmaom uav;r\ ajcvSrf;ykHudk
tuJzrf;um...
]][kwf&r,fAsm...udkbZH? uRefawmfu rjrifbl;ao;ayr,fhvdkU uRefawmfhtwGif;pdwf
rSm tvdkvdkodvmw,fqdkygawmh}}
uRefawmfhpum; qkH;onf\ ra&S;raESmif;yif oli,fronf ausmif;0if;xJodkU
csKd;0ifvmum uRefawmfwkdUqdodkU tNyKH;yef; yGifhvdkufavonf/
udkbZHvnf; ol\ oGm;oHacs;wufBuD;awGudk jyum...
]][m...[kwfw,fAs}}
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odkU...uRefawmfwdkU cyfwdk;wdk;ajymaepOf jrifhonf uRefawmfwkdU xaemif;yifuav;
atmufodkU a&mufvmum xD;uav;udk csvdkufNyD;..
]]tm;...ylvdkufwm? a&mufaewm awmfawmfMumyvm;}}
jrifhxuf q,frdepfyJ apmw,f}}
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udkbZHu EIwfqufav&m uRefawmfu-
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udkbZH NyKH;BuJBuJBuD;ESifh xGufoGm;aomtcg jrifhu uRefawmfhudk apaphMunfhí
&,fygonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; rsufvkH;csif;qkHí &,fvdkufygonf/
atmf...rjrifbl;wJU &nf;pm;csif; awGUMuNyDaemf/
 uRefawmfwkdU rsufvkH;awGrSm þt"dyÜm,f ay:ygonf/
wa,mufudk wa,mufaphaphMunfhMuygonf/ yDwdpdrfhaeMuygonf/ ]cspfcsif;
'kwd, rsufpdu}/
Munfhae&kHeJUrS rNyD;ao;wm uRefawmfu pum;pygonf/
]]jrifha&..'Dtkwfuav;awGay: xdkifMupdkUvm;}}
xaemif;yifuav; ajc&if;rSm tkwfusKd;ykHuav; &Sdygonf/
þrS olonf uRefawmfhrsufESmrS rsufpdcGmum...
]]atmf...b,faumif;rvJ aqG? ausmif;cef; wckckxJ 0ifMuwmaygh}}
]]wHcg;awG tukefvkH; ydwfxm;wmbJ}}
]]zGifhxm;wm waygufaygufawmh &Sd&rSmaygh vmygaqG...}}
olu uRefawmfha&SUrS OD;aqmifoGm;ygonf/ yxrtxuf&Sdaom taqmuftODudk
oGm;í MunfhMuygonf/
]]'gjrifhwdkU aecJUwJU abmf'gaqmifaygh}}
odkUaomf þtaqmifü wHcg;wckrS wGef;r&acs/ uRefawmfu aemufzufu
wef;vsm;wck jyefMunfhvdkufNyD;...
]][dkrSm wHcg;uav;wck [aew,f jrifha&}}
]][kwfNyD...aqG? tJ'DbJ oGm;MupdkU&JU}}
twGif;odkU a&mufaomtcgü uav;wdkif; ukvm;xdkifuav;awG xyfqifhpkykH
xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ uRefawmfu ESpfckudk qGJcsvdkufum..
]][m zkHcsnf;bJ jrifha&}}
]]'Dtcef; raumif;ao;ygbl; aqG? onfhjyif tcef;oGm;MuygpdkU&JU}}
0ifvmcJUaom wHcg;udkydwfNyD; olu a&SUrS uRefawmfu aemufu tjcm;wcef;odkU
ul;Muygonf/ þtcef;rSm uav;ti,fqkH;awG ae&mjzpf[efwlygonf/ ukvm;xdkif
r&Sd/ eH&HeHab;ü pDwef;xm;aom ausmufoifykef;wifckHuav;awGay:wGif wa,mufxdkif
oifjzL;vdyfuav;wckpD&Sdonf/
 jrifhonf tcef;xJwGif toifh&Sdaeaom wHjrufpnf;ESifh orefwvif;jyifae&mü
zkHvSJum oifjzL;uav; ESpfcsyfudk cif;vdkufNyD;...
]]aqG...xdkif}}
uRefawmfrSm aemufydwfzdeyfESifh jzpfaeí waumufauG;wifyg;qpfcs xdkifvdkuf
onf/ olu zdeyfcRwfí uRefawmfhvuf0Jab;ü ,SOfum ykqpfwkyfxdkifvdkufonf/
uJ...bmajymí bmjyKMurnfenf;/
uRefawmfawmh tawG;xJü þtwdkif;yif 0ifvmonf/
ywf0ef;usifu qdwfNidrfvSonf/ avmuBuD;0,f uRefawmfwkdU ESpfa,mufwnf;
om&SdbdodkU/ odkU&mwGif wpwp&ifhusufaeaom BuJBuJawmuf aea&mif\ atmufwGif
ajcmufaoGUaom taqmuftOD tajccHrSm rD;avmifxm;aom wrefwvif;a[mif;
tay:u trdk;0g;uyfawGrSm tyl"mwfaMumifh aumhaumhvefaeonf/ tcsKdUae&mrSm
aeajymufuGufyif xdk;aeonf/ eHb;x&HawGrSm a&eHokwfNyD;p? taygufawGu tm;vkH;
ydwfvdkU/ (zGifhcsifí rzGifh0HU/ eHab; eHbDu jrifrSm pdk;&ao;onf/) þtxJrSm
orD;&nf;pm; ESpfa,muf/
þae&mü pdwful;,Oftcspf0w¦Ka&; q&mwa,mufudk uRefawmfudk,fpm;
]oabm&Sd a&;prf;uGm}[k vTJay;vdkufcsifonf/ olrnfodkU zGJUEGJUavrnfrod/ pifppf
uRefawmfhtjzpfrSefudk azmfjy&aomfum;? uRefawmfrSm þtcsdefwGif cspfolESifhcsdef;qdkolwkdU
\xkH;pHtwdkif; befaumifvkHcsnf ouúvyftuÐs? aemufydwfzdeyfwdkUESifh rEÅav;"mwf
rodovdk pwdkifBuD; 75-ydómvkyfí vmrdonfjzpfav&m? vlrSm tae&txdkif&
Muyfvsuf (rdwfaqGvnf; 0wfaumif;pm;vSESifh yltdkufaom or,udk BuKHbl;ygvdrfhrnf/)
uRefawmfhoabmusajym&vQif wcgxJtay:u tuÐsawGvkHcsnfawGcRwf? twGif;cH
abmif;bDuav;ESifhom oifjzL;ay: wkH;vkH;vJSwJUNyD; ]uJ-rt0Sm ,yfomcwfprf;uGm}[k
ajymvdkufcsifygawmhonf/
wu,fqdkawmh rdwfaqG 'Dvdk vifr,m;ajym ajymvdkUjzpfrvm;? tckrS yxrpawGU
MuwJU orD;&nf;pm;csif; orD;&nf;pm;wkdU bm0om jyK&ayawmhrnf/
uJ..orD;&nf;pm;wdkUbm0 qdkjyefawmhaum b,fvdkub,fvdkwJUwkef;? awGUaeus
r[kwforQ wa,mufESifhwa,muf qufqHrIrSm vG,fygovm;? rvG,fyg/ rvG,fyg/
uRefawmfhudk,fawGUomru Mum;bl;wmawGygajym&vQif 'DvdkyxrtBudrfrsKd; awGrSm
txpfxpf taighaighawG? tvGJvJGtacsmfacsmfawG? vlcsif;cGJNyD;rS ][,f-igbmajymvdkuf&}
qkdwJU aemifw&rIrsKd;awG? apmapmu BudKwifBuHpnfxm;orQ MuufaysmufiSufaysmuf
aysmufukefwmrsKd;awG/
uRefawmfjzifh ,ck uRefawmfhudk,f uRefawmfyif tHUMoaeygonf/ uRefawmfh
touft&G,frSm ri,fyg/ vlysKdaygufuav;rQ r[kwfawmhyg/ þuJUodkU uv;rrsKd;ESifh
þuJUodkU yxrtBudrf awGUjcif;rsKd;onf ,ckrSm eHygwf 1 r[kwfaMumif; usef;usdefajym&J
ygonf/
'geJUawmifav uRefawmfhrSm vlcsif;ESpfa,muf ,SOfxdkifMuNyD; olUudkiJUMunhfvdkuf
w,f/
]]'dkU 'DrSmESpfa,mufxJ bmvdkU vmxdkifaeMuygvdrfh[if}} uRefawmfhacgif;xJü
þtar;rsKd;yif ar;vdkufrdygonf/ ]avmuBuD;[m bmoabmwJUvJU? bmvkyfMurSmwJUvJ}
[k cyfav;av; pOf;pm;aE&mrS ]bmvkyfMuwmvJvdkU a&yufMuwmvm;vdkU}qdkaom rqD
rqdkifpum; &kwfw&uf 0ifvmNyD; trSwfwrJU NyKH;vdkufrdygonf/ (wu,fyg?
udk,fhudk,fudk bmt"dyÜm,fvJ qdkwm ,ckwdkif awG;r&ao;yg/ uRefawmfrSm
&Twf&Twfajymifajymif taumifrdkU bJvm;awmhrod/)
þuJUodkU tNyKH;vdkufwGif zsmay: Murf;ydk;&Smovdk ae&if;rS uRefawmfhrsufESm
tuJcyfae[efwlaom jrifhu...
]]bmNyKH;wmvJaqG}}
uRefawmfhrSm tajz&MuyfvSygonf/ rajzbJaeívnf; rjzpf? odkUaomf..uHtm;
avsmfpGm owd&vdkufonfESifh..
]]atmf..udkbZHBuD;ajymwmudk awG;rdvdkUyg}}
]]olu b,fvdkajymvJ[if}}
]]jrifh [dkuvmawmhav}} þae&mü ,ck ezl;awGU 'l;awGUwGif uRefawmfhudk,f
uRefawmf [dkwkef;u pmcsif;qufcJUwmvdk ]armif}bJajym&rvm;? ]aqG}bJ ajym&rvm;?
'grSr[kwf ]uRefawmf}bJ ajymvdkuf&rvm;? ]udk,f}bJajymvdkuf&rvm; awmfawmfudk
pdwfxJa0oGm;ygao;onf/ NyD;rS oluRefawmfhac:ykHudk owd&onfESifh t&JpGefUum ]]aqGu
a[m[dkrSm jrifhvmNyDqdkawmhav? tr,f-olu r[kwfygbl;wJU? cifAsmhaumifrav;u
onfhxuf t&yfjrifhw,fvdkU ajymw,fjrifh&JU}}
uJ-uRefawmfhpum;[m b,favmufav;eufygovJ? ta&;BuD;ygovJ? pOf;pm;Mu
ygcifAsm/ 'g[mb,favmufav;eufygovJ/ 'g[m orD;&nf;pm;pum; tppfvdkUac:yg
w,f/
uav;ruvnf; 'gudkbJ pdwf0ifpm;vSpGmESifh..
]][if..[kwfvm;? oluawmifrrSwfrdbl; [dkaeUu awGUbl;&JUom;eJU}}
 ]][kwfw,f rrSwfrdbl;jrifh&JU? aqGuom ]tdk-cifAsm;bmajymajym 'g uRefawmfh&nf;
pm; tppfrStppf [kwf&r,f}vdkU ajymvdkufwmaygh}} (eJeJydkvdkufonf? rdwfaqGtodyg)
[kwfw,favjrifh&JU? aqGpdwfxJrSmu tvdkvdkodaewmbJ? tJUvdkajymaewkef;rSmbJav
jrifhu aqGwdkUqD NyKH;NyD; 0ifvmwm 'DawmhrS ieJBuD;u [m-uRefawmfvGJwmayghwJU ol&IH;
oGm;w,f}}
uRefawmfu udkbZHtm; EdkifvdkufykHudk tom;,lajymygonf/ w,f BuD;us,fvdkuf
wJU atmifjrifrIBuD;udk;As/
'gudkbJ acG;rom;eJU acG;rorD;u oabmMuvGef;vdkU wa,mufwa,muf
[uf[uf yufyuf NyKH;aeMuonf/
]]jrifhuvJ aqG 8em&DrS a&mufyghrvm;vdkU pdwfwapmapmeJU vmcJU&wm}}
]]atmifrm b,fra&mufzJ aerSmvJjrifh&,f}}
þodkUajymNyD; bmqufajym&rSef;rodí acwårQ pum;jywfaeonf/ aemufrS
BudK;pm;yrf;pm; tuGuf&Smum EdkU..jrifhtck 'Dwa,mufxJvmcJUawmh jrifheJUtwlvmcJUwJU
ta':udk bmajymcJUvJ}}
uJ-MunfhtkH;av? uRefawmfhar;ykHvJ? tdk;urylpavmif;uyl? 'gudkodcsifvdkU
ESpfa,mufom; &efukefeJUa&Tbdk csdef;awGUMuwJUtwdkif;/
]]'DvdkaqG&JU? jrifhnmcJUwmu}} (tr,f oluvJ þjyóemudkbJ ta&;wBuD;cifAs)
'DaeUu we*FaEG aeUav? we*FaEGaeUqdkawmh jrifhwdkUausmif;u q&mrawG ppfpwmawG
bk&m;&Spfcdk;ausmif;wufr,f? tJ'Dawmh jrifhu bk&m;&Spfcdk;ausmif;rSm q&mrawGeJU
awGU&atmif oGm;tkH;r,fvdkUajymNyD; vmcJUwmaygh}}
uJ..BuD;us,fpGmaom jyóemBuD;wckum; ajz&Sif;oGm;acsNyD? aemufbmqufOD;rnf
enf;/ atm..uRefawmfowd&NyD/ olu 'DvmcJU&ykHudkajymawmh uRefawmfuvJ &efukef
uae rEÅav;a&mufcJU&ykH #DumcsJU&avOD;awmhraygh/ 'grS olUudk uRefawmf b,favmuf
cspfw,f? b,favmuf BuHcJUzefcJU&w,fqdkwmawG odap&atmif xdkUaMumifh...aqGrEÅav;
vmcJU&ykHudkvJ BuHBuHzefzefjrifh&JU}}[k tpcsDum rif;&SifaemifaMumifh ygwDudkuyfNyD; vdkufcJU
&ykHawG ajymjyawmhonf/ oluav;rSm uRefawmfajymorQ pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifonf/
wtHUwMoESifh pkwfwoyfoyf &ifwrryif&Sdvdkufao;onf/
odkUESifh uRefawmfhrSmvJ ajymp&mukefa&m? vlrSmvJ zwfzwfarma&m? tcsdefuvJ
10-em&DausmfoGm;NyD? tyl&SdefuvJ &ifh&ifhusufaeNyD? uRefawmfh&SyftuÐsrSmvJ acR;awGeJU
0uf0ufpdkaeNyD/
jrifhcE¨mudk,fudkvJ uRefawmf Munfhvdkufygw,f olUEdkifvGeftuÐs wif;MuyfMuyf
uav;rSmvJ &TJ&TJpdkvdkUygbJ? odkU&mwGif olUrSm uRefawmfuJUodkU yifyef; EGrf;e,f[efr&Sd?
taMumif;udk&Smaomf...olu a&TbdkuvmcJUonf/ uRefawmfu arNrdKUuqif;cJUonf/ a&Tbdk
ESifhrEÅav;rSm &moDOwkcsif;twlwl? tylolESifh tat;aumif/
armifwvSnfh r,fwausmhqdkbdodkU uRefawmfhpum;qkH;aomtcgü olu *vJU,lyg
onf/ olajymwJUpum;vJ MunfhygtkH;rdwfaqG/ yltdkuf&wJUtxJ a&TbdkrD;avmifwJU
taMumif;/
[kwfayonf/ olUtzdkUrSmawmh olwdkUNrdKU olwdkUtdrf rD;avmifwJUudpö? Mumuvnf;
rMumao;? olUcspfoludk olajymcsifvSayrnf/
uRefawmfonf olpdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ajymaeaom olUrsufESmykHo@meftrlt&m
uav;udk aphaphMunhfum em;axmifae&mrS tyl"mwfaMumifh eD;aoG;vkaeaom yg;jyif
rdkUrdkUuav;udk rsufpdpdkufrdí olUudk,f&eHUoif;ysHysHuav;udk tm&kHcHpm;rdonfwGif orD;
&nf;pm;wdkUbm0 ayGUzuferf;&IyfrIudk owd&vmonf/ erf;csifpdwfay:vmygonf/
uJ..erf;csifpdwfay:awmh b,fvdkerf;rwJUvJ/ taMumif;rMum; owdray;bJeJU
olUyg; uRefawmfhESmacgif; ajy;uyfvdkuf&kHwJUvm;/ r[kwfao;yg/ uRefawmfonfavmuf
rtao;yg/ yxr q&mpjE´vdkvdk bmvdkvkdESifh olUnmbuf vufz0g;uav;udk
aumufudkif vdkuf&ygonf/ olpum;ajymaewkef; tawmfMumuav;rQ yGwfoyf,k,ae
NyD;aemuf olU0Jbuf yckH;udk uRefawmfhb,fbufESifh qGJ,lvdkufum udk,fcsif;a&SUaemufxyf
í olUyg;jyifESifh uRefawmfhESmacgif;tyfvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfhpdwfxJü tpyxrjzifh
olenf;enf;yg;yg; &kef;uefvdrfh OD;rvm;atmufarhygonf/ odkUaomf cspfaomjrifhonf
rjiif;qef&kHru? uRefawmfhESmacgif;trSef;tqwGif vrf;w0ufüyif olUyg;ESifhqkHvdkuf
aMumif; odvdkuf&\/ t"dyÜm,frSm (rdwfaqGem;vnfNyD;ae&ifvJ cGifhvTwfyg) olUyg;onf
c&D;w0ufodkU vmBudKvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfhESmacgif; olUyg;tdkUuav;xJodkU
jrKyfoGm;pOfü olpum;ajym&yfoGm;ygonf/ uRefawmftoufwatmifh &IvdkufNyD;aemuf
xGufoufudkxkwf&ef cGmvdkuf&ygonf/ yg;csif;tyfxm;vdkufygonf/
jrifh\yef;Eka&mif EIwfcrf;uav;udk uRefawmfjrifygonf/ uRefawmf,cifzkH;ESifh
pum;ajymcJUpOfu¤if;? a&;aom pmawGxJrSm ¤if; ]jrifh EIwfcrf;uav;awmh awGUrS t&rf;
BuD; pkwfypfvdkuftkH;r,f}[k taemufEdkifiH &kyf&SifawGMunfhí¤if;? [dkq&m onfq&m
a&;aom tcspf0w¦K pmtkyfawGzwfí¤if;? t[kwfBuD;rSwfum Budrf;0g;cJUbl;onfudk
owd&ygonf/ wu,fqdkawmh EIwfcrf;csif; pkwfrIrSm rvG,fulyg/
wa,mufESifhwa,muf tawmfBuD; ukwf&zuf&rnf/ wG,f&wuf&rnf/ roufrnSm
zspfnSpf&rnf/ tay;t,l &Sd&rnf/
uJ..'DtcsdefrSmawmh uRefawmf'grsKd; jyKEdkifyghrvm;/ jyKvdkpdwf&Sdyghrvm;/ 'Davmuf
awmif yl&tdkuf&wJU txJ/
 xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf rdrd pdwful;vGefí Budrf;0g;xm;cJUonfwdkUudk vufavQmh
vdkufum jrifhEIwfcrf;udk pkwf&efrBuDK;pm;awmhyg/ olum; rawGUbl;ao;í pdwful;,Of
uav;ESifh ajrSmfvifhaumif; ajrSmfvifhayrnf/
odkUaomf uRefawmfrwwfEdkifyg/ ylu yltdkufvSNyD/ ,ckykqpfwkyfuav;awGESifh
udk,fcsif; Muufajccwf a&SUaemufxyfí uyfxm;&onfrS yxrx<uvdkufaom
pdwfuav;aMumifhom/ wjznf;jznf;ESifhawmh NiD;ívmygonf/ om,mrIukefí
vmygonf/ bmwJUwkef; umr*kPfqdkwm/
]pifppf vlwdkU\cE¨mudk,fonf yx0D awaZm tmayg 0ga,m "mwfBuD;av;yg;ESifh
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ rdrdwdkUaexdkifaom a'o\&moDOwk tavsmuf cE¨mudk,fvdko
avmuf þ"mwfav;yg; rQwaevQif aeíxdkifí aumif;onf/ usef;rm&Tifvef;onf/
tm&kHig;yg; t&omcHpm;Edkifonf/ cHpm;vdkpdwf&Sdonf/ odkU&mwGif þ"mwfav;yg;rS wckck
wGif ,kwfavQmhvQif¤if;? ydkvGefvQif¤if;? vlrSmaeíxdkifíraumif;awmh/ &omtm&kHwdkUudk
rcHpm;Edkifawmh/ cHpm;vdkpdwfr&Sdawmh}[k Mum;bl;ygonf/ &kyfu pdwfudk zefwD;rIayaygh/
,ck uRefawmfrSm arNrdKUwGif aexdkifcJUonfh rdrdcE¨mudk,f? vdkonfxufydkaom
awaZm"mwf vGefuJrIaMumifh jzpf&rnf/ uRefawmfa&S;u cspfpdwf<uí wrf;wcJUonfh
nmEGJUysKdpif jrifhav;wif? a&T&ifawmfatmuf? ykHUykHUuav;a&mufaeygvsuf? ayGUzuf&Iyferf;
pdwfxifwdkif; Murf;í touf&SLyifyef;ojzifh ]awmfprf;ygtkH; armifarmif&,f}[k nKoH
uav;rQ rMum;cJU&avwum;..
þtaMumif;udk jyefajymif;í uRefawmfb,fawmhrS aemifw&ygoenf;/
rGef;wnfh 2-em&D xdk;avmufrS cspfoljcif; tEdkifEdkifcGJcJUum uRefawmf rEÅav;rSm
raeEdkifawmhojzifh todrdwfaqGawG EIwfqufcJUNyD; arNrdKU&xm;pD;í c&D;w0uf
awmiftwufa&mufrSjzpfygonf/ þtcsdef þae&mwGif &moDOwkat;í uRefawmfh
udk,frSm "mwfav;yg; nDrQoGm;avNyD/ jrifhESifhawGUcJU&ykHudk woojzpfavNyD? uRefawmf
rajymcJUrd? rjyKcJUrdonfh taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufawGudk wNyKHwacgif;BuD; owd&
avNyD/
ta&;xJ wJGtwGif;rSm nm;cgp ZeD;armifESHu ygvmao;onf/ olwdkUpkHwGJrSm
wa,mufudk,fwa,muf arS;í¤if;? wa,mufvuf wa,mufudkifí¤if; uEGJUu,
aeMuonf/ awmifapmif; &IarQmfcsif;udkMunfhum MunfEl;aeMuonf/ wcsufwcsufü
eHab;uvlawG toufxGufukefNyD[k ,lqovm;rod? yg;csif;yif tyfaevdkufMuao;
onf/
]awmuf...rif;wkdUESpfa,mufawmh igwkdUtcke awGUcJUwJUae&mrsKd; ydkUvdkufcsifw,f
uGm} uRefawmfhpdwfxJü usdwfrEdkifcJr&ESifh a&&Gwfvdkufrdygonf/ ]jrifh&,f... jrifheJUaqG tck
vdk ae&mrsKd;qdk b,favmufaumif;rvJ}}
 uRefawmfhpdwfxJü ydkí,lusKH;r&tjzpfqkH;rSm ntdyf&m0ifwGifjzpfygonf/
jrifhuav;ESifh cGJcJU&onfudk ESajrmwoo aeonf/ [dkvSnfh'Dapmif;ESifh tdyfvdkUraysmf?
usdwfrEdkifcJr& ,ckaersm; oGm;íjzpfvQif jrifhtdrfwHcg;ykwfíEId;NyD;-
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txl;awmif;cHcsifwmu awmh tcktcgrSma&m? aqG aemuftdrfaxmifjyKwJU tcgrSma&m?
vGifhudkav ]arSmifxJucspfol} ]pdwfxJur,m;}vdkU oabmxm;NyD; tckvdkbJ
cspfo0PfvTmawG a&;ygarmif/ armifh0w¦KawGxJ u aeNyD;awmhvJ tcGifh&wdkif; tckvdkbJ
vGifhudkacsmhygjrLygarmif/
vGifhZmwmrSmygwJUtwdkif; vGifaemuftdrfaxmifjyK&&ifvJ tJ'Dvludk b,fenf;eJUrS
cspfEdkifrSmr[kwfzl;armif/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh armifu vGifhtoJESvkH;xJrSm
udef;atmif;aeNyD/ b,fawmhrSvJ jyefxGufawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? vGifu wa,mufqdk
wa,mufxJbJ cspfwwfolyg armif&,f/
armif...t*Fvdyf &mZ0ifrSm zwfbl;rSmaygh/ Quean mary of England t*Fvdyfbk&ifr
ar&Dav/ aocgeD;awmh olUrdbbdk;bGm;vufxufwunf;u ydkifcJUwJU jyifopfjynfu
Calais uav;NrdKUudkvJ ppf&IH;vdkU pGefUvdkuf&cgprdkU ]olaovdkU olUtoJESvkH;udk cGJMunfh&ifjzifh
olUa,mufsm; emrnf Philip qdkwJU pmvkH;&,f/ Calais qdkwJU pmvkH;&,f
olUtoJjyifrSmaqmufeJU xGif;xm;ovdk jrif&r,f} qdkwmav armif&JU/ tJvdkbJ
armif..tckES,frsm; vGifaooGm;vdkU vGifh&ifcGJMunfhr,f qdk&ifvJ vGif&JUtoJjyifrSm
]aomfwmaqG}qdkwJU vGifcspfr0EdkifwJU pmvkH; tu©&m[m txif;om; aerSmygarmif/
tdk...awmfygNyDarmif&,f? vGif pma&;&if; &ifawGylvmvdkufwmuG,f/
with eternal love

armifhxm0pOf vGif

rdk;ukwf
 atmufwdkbmv 3 &uf? 1951/
armifa&...armifarmif...
armiftdyfrufqdk;rsm; rrufbl;vm;uG,fh/ a&SmifMuOfvdkU r&wJUb0uHu
zefwJUtwdkif; vGifhudk vGif aA'ifa[mcJUwJUtwdkif;bJ tck armifcspfol[m olrsm;&ifcGifxJ
a&mufoGm;&ygNyD armif&,f/
ararpDrHwm? arar pdwfcsrf;omatmif vkyf&wm/ 'Dvlu ydkufqHcsrf;omw,f?
olvJ rkqdk;zdkbJ/ pdwfESvkH;awmh aumif;ygw,f/ odkUaomf cspfwm[m pdwfESvkH;aumif;wm?
aiG&SdwmeJU rqdkifbl;aemf/ armifodygw,f/
oleJUaygif;oif;&wm 7-&ufajrmufrSm 'DpmarmifhqDudk a&;wmbJ/ tpOD;awmh
vGifeJU armif[m arSmifxJucspfol? tdyfrufxJu vifr,m;awGbJ/ armifhudktodray;bJ
jrKHaer,f atmufarhcJUao;w,f/ ckawmh raeEdkifawmhbl;armif/ udk,fhcspfoludk
vQKdU0Sufxm;wm[m opöm azmufwm jzpfraebl;vm;/ cspfoludk rSefwmtoday;&r,f/
EdkUNyD; oleJU&rS armifhudkvJ ydkvGrf;vm w,f/
t&ifaqGUudk vGifajymcJUtwdkif;bJ/ 'Dvludk vGifcspfvdkUr&ygbl;uGm/
vGifhtcspfuawmh armifhqDrSm tjrpfwG,faeNyD/ a&TUajymif;vdkUr&awmhbl;/
oleJUr,lcifrSmav armifeJUvGifjzpfysufcJUwmudk tukefzGifhajymw,f/ tckvJ pmay;
pm,l awG vkyfaeMuw,fvdkU pdwfysufoGm;rvm;vdkU/ rysufzl;armif/ (vlqdkwm
twdwfawmh &SdMuwm csnf;ayghwJU) atmifrmolu/ 'DawmhvGifu (twdwfrubl;? tck
ypöKyÜefrSmvJ armifeJUpmcsif; qufMuOD;rSmbJ/ &Sifusrudk ,lcsifrS,l) qdkwmvJ (tdk udk,fu
toufBuD;awmh vGifhtvdkvdkuf &rSm)vJ ajyma&m? vGifa'goxGufNyD; (&Sifusrudk
vGifvdkUrac:ygeJU? ararac:ovdk jrvGifbJac: yg? ]vGif}qdkwmu urÇmay:rSm
armifwa,mufxJac:bdkU od&JUvm;vdkU)r&cifu &efawGUwm awmif 'Dvl
pdwfrysufzl;armif&m/ olu touf 35ESpf? vGifxuf 6-ESpfBuD;w,f/ t&kyfqdk;xJ
uawmh r[kwfygbl;? oluvGifh&kyfudk rufNyD; aiGeJU0,f,lwJU t"dyÜm,fygbJ armif&m/
araru orD;udk aiGeJUa&mif;w,f/ awG;rdwdkif; odyfpdwfysufwmbJ armif&m/
'DrSm armifeJUvGif[m vifr,m; jzpfcJUNyDaemf/ 'Dawmh pum;ukefajymcsifw,f?
oleJUvGif[m narSmifarSmiftdyf&mxJ wa,mufwa,muf rjrif&wJU tcgrSmolUudk
armifvdkU pdwfESvkH;oGif; Munfhw,f/ r&ygbl;/ rom,mygbl; armif&m/
vlcsif;rSrwlbJudk/ He is unedu cated aiGom em;vnfwJUukefonf/ He does't know how
to make love; He knows only for himself.

armifem;vnfa&mayghuGm/ 'geJUav vGifwcgwcg pdwful;&&if vnfyif;rSm?

&ifbwfrSm? &ifnGefUrSm? rifeDeJU rifeufeJUpyf? eDndKndK ta&mifeJU armifvGifhudk tcspfwHqdyf
cyfESdyfvdkufwJU ykHrsKd;awG? tJonfae&mawGrSm aq;jc,fxm;w,f/ 'Dawmh olu
('gbmvkyfwmvJ)wJUar;w,f/ vGifu rajymygbl;/ (em;rvnfbJeJU rodcsifprf;eJU)vdkU
aigufvdkufw,f/
vGifu tJonfvdk armif&JU tcspfwHqdyfawGvkyfNyD; rSefxJMunfhae&awmh [dk3-
&ufuav; jyefawG;NyD; aysmfvmwwfw,f armif&JU/ b,fawmhrS jyefr&EdkifawmhwJU 'D 3-
&uf vGifarmifhudk vGrf;wdkif; tJ'DarmifhtcspfwHqdyfawG cwfESdyfwmbJ/
tJonfwkef;u onfxufqufNyD; &ufrsm;rsm;ae&r,fqdk&if
vGifhtBuHatmifrSmaemf/ ckawmhtdrfu uav;rdcsLcsmav;aMumifh/ tck 'DvleJU
,ljzpf&wmvJ? olUya&m*ygw,farmif&JU/ bmaMumifhvJodvm;/ armifhudk
zGifhrajym&ao;bl;/ armifpdwfraumif;rSmpdk;vdkU/ 'Duav; rqkH; rDu emwm&Snfav;/
aq;trsKd;rsKd; q&mtrsKd;rsKd;eJUukvdkuf&wmav/ tJonfawmh tckvlu
ararudk&uf&ufa&ma&m aiGacs;yga&m/ 'if;u 'D,kefjrifvdkU 'DcsKHxGifwmudk;/
vGifhvcav;eJU olUa<u;awmfawmfeJU jyefrqyfEdkifrSef;vJoda&m olararhudk
em;azmufawmhwmudk;/ 'gygbJ armif&,f/ b0uHrvSwJU rdvGiftjzpfu-
odkUaomf ol[m vGifhcE¨mudk,fudkbJ&r,f/ pdwfudkawmh b,fawmhrSr&bl;/
vGifhpdwf uawmh xm0pOf armifhqDrSmbJ/ w&ufxJeJU woufpGJwJU armifhqDrSmbJ/
uJ-vGif[m armifhudkb,favmufcspfw,f/ b,favmufpGJw,fqdkwm armifodNyD/
'Dawmh armifu vGifhudk ([dkwkef;uvdk cspfao;&JU jrwfEdk;ao;&JUvm;/ ]arSmifxJucspfol}
]pdwfxJur,m;} vdkU oabmxm;Edkifao;&JUvm;/
tdk...tdk..onfvdkar;rdawmh armifhtay: wif;rm&m a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
wu,fawmh vGifu armifhudk awmif;yef&rSmyg/ armifvGifudk oem;yguGm cspfygtkH;uGm/
pmo0PfawGeJU armifh0w¦KawGeJU acsmhygjrLygtkH;armif&m/ vGif[m
tckodyfNyD;tm;i,faeygw,f&Sif/ awmfOD;r,f armif/
With countless Kisses

armifhxm0pOfvGif
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf 1961-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf &Ir0wGifygaom
atmufyg0w¦Kudk a&;cJUyg\/

tcef; - 10
jyefvnfawGUqkHonfwdkifatmif
wcgawGUol&JU? MumMumavarhygbl;/
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armifhrSm ]wD}udk vGrf;wJU pdwfeJUbJ wjznf;jznf;aqG;ajrU ausrGNyD; trIefUuav;awGjzpf?
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odkUwdkif udkausmfu rsufvkH;udkNzJjyefum-
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tckacwf 'gbJaumif;w,f}}
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zufudk udkifí...
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rnfolrnf0genf;qkdonfudk uRefawmfodygNyD/ xdkUaMumifh xdkaeUb,frSroGm;awmh
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awGU&onfwdkifatmif}}
uRefawmfonf aeUv,faeUcif;rsm;ü bm;wGif bdvd,uf bD,mwnf;[laom
bDokH;vkH;ESifh tcsdefjzKef;avh&SdaMumif; rdwfaqGodNyD;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
xdkaeU em&DjyefESpfcsufcefUwGif uRefawmfrl;vdkufbm; (Moon Light Bar)bdvd,ufckH
eHab;ü MuLwHudkifum rdrdtvSnfhudkapmifh&if;? b,fbufyg;apmifu pD;u&ufudkcJvsuf?
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bGdKifwa,muf uRefawmfhqDodkU a&mufvmum...
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